ASSIGNMENT/ASSESSMENT COVER SHEET

Student Name: KHURRAM ABBAS

FIRST NAME FAMILY / LAST NAME

Registration Number: MCS-021R19-6

Course Code Course Title: Artificial Intelligence

C S -

Department (Computer Science / Information Technology)

COMPUTER SCIENCE

Class & Semester MCS 4th

Assessment Item Title: ASSIGNMENT # 03 Due Date/Time: 17-01-2021

Tutorial Group (If applicable): Word Count (If applicable):

Lecturer/Tutor Name Sir Ahmad Raza

Extension Granted: Yes No Granted By:

I declare that this assessment item is my own work unless otherwise acknowledged and is in accordance
with the University’s academic integrity policy.
I certify that this assessment item has not been submitted previously for academic credit in this or any
other course. I certify that I have not given a copy or have shown a copy of this assessment item to
another student enrolled in the course.
I acknowledge that the assessor of this assignment may, for the purpose of assessing this assignment:
• Reproduce this assessment item and provide a copy to another member of the Faculty; and/or
• Communicate a copy of this assessment item to a plagiarism checking service (which may then retain a copy of
the item on its database for the purpose of future plagiarism checking).
• Submit the assessment item to other forms of plagiarism checking.

I certify that any electronic version of this assessment item that I have submitted or will submit is
identical to this paper version

Signature: KHURRAM ABBAS Date: 15-01-20201

 Assignment Questions
Question No.1

Explain the Types of Machine Learning.

Answer:

Machine:

A machine is a tool containing one or more parts that uses energy to perform an intended
action.

Learning:

Learning is the act of acquiring new, or modifying and reinforcing, existing knowledge,
behaviours, skills, values, or preferences and may involve synthesizing different types of
information.

Machine Learning

Ability of a machine to improve its own performance through the use of software that
employs artificial intelligence techniques to mimic the ways by which humans seems to learn,
such as repetition and experience.

Machine Learning is a subset of artificial intelligence which focuses mainly on machine

learning from their experience and making predictions based on its experience.

What is Machine Learning -Evolution of Machines?

As you know, we are living in the world of humans and machines. The Humans have been
evolving and learning from their past experience since millions of years. On the other hand,
the era of machines and robots have just begun. You can consider it in a way that currently
we are living in the primitive age of machines, while the future of machine is enormous and
is beyond our scope of imagination.
In today’s world, these machines or the robots have to be programmed before they start
following your instructions.

Machine learning is fundamentally set apart from artificial intelligence, as it has the
capability to evolve. Using various programming techniques, machine learning algorithms are
able to process large amounts of data and extract useful information.

How does Machine Learning Work?

Machine Learning algorithm is trained using a training data set to create a model. When new
input data is introduced to the ML algorithm, it makes a prediction on the basis of the model.
The prediction is evaluated for accuracy and if the accuracy is acceptable, the Machine
Learning algorithm is deployed. If the accuracy is not acceptable, the Machine Learning
algorithm is trained again and again with an augmented training data set.

This is just a very high-level example as there are many factors and other steps involved.

Types of Machine Learning

There are 3 types of machine learning are as follows:

1. Supervised Learning
2. Unsupervised Learning
3. Reinforcement Learning
 1. Supervised Learning
Supervised learning is one of the most basic types of machine learning. In this type, the
machine learning algorithm is trained on labeled data. Even though the data needs to be
labeled accurately for this method to work, supervised learning is extremely powerful when
used in the right circumstances.

In supervised learning, the ML algorithm is given a small training dataset to work with. This
training dataset is a smaller part of the bigger dataset and serves to give the algorithm a basic
idea of the problem, solution, and data points to be dealt with. The training dataset is also
very similar to the final dataset in its characteristics and provides the algorithm with the
labeled parameters required for the problem.

What is Supervised Learning?

Supervised Learning is the one, where you can consider the learning is guided by a teacher.
We have a dataset which acts as a teacher and its role is to train the model or the machine.
Once the model gets trained it can start making a prediction or decision when new data is
given to it.

2. Unsupervised Learning
Unsupervised machine learning holds the advantage of being able to work with unlabeled
data. This means that human labor is not required to make the dataset machine-readable,
allowing much larger datasets to be worked on by the program.

In supervised learning, the labels allow the algorithm to find the exact nature of the
relationship between any two data points. However, unsupervised learning does not have
labels to work off of, resulting in the creation of hidden structures. Relationships between
data points are perceived by the algorithm in an abstract manner, with no input required from
human beings.

What is Unsupervised Learning?

The model learns through observation and finds structures in the data. Once the model is
given a dataset, it automatically finds patterns and relationships in the dataset by creating
clusters in it. What it cannot do is add labels to the cluster, like it cannot say this a group of
apples or mangoes, but it will separate all the apples from mangoes.

Suppose we presented images of apples, bananas and mangoes to the model, so what it does,
based on some patterns and relationships it creates clusters and divides the dataset into those
clusters. Now if a new data is fed to the model, it adds it to one of the created clusters.
 3. Reinforcement Learning

Reinforcement learning directly takes inspiration from how human beings learn from data in
their lives. It features an algorithm that improves upon itself and learns from new situations
using a trial-and-error method. Favorable outputs are encouraged or ‘reinforced’, and non-
favorable outputs are discouraged or ‘punished’.

What is Reinforcement Learning?

It is the ability of an agent to interact with the environment and find out what is the best
outcome. It follows the concept of hit and trial method. The agent is rewarded or penalized
with a point for a correct or a wrong answer, and on the basis of the positive reward points
gained the model trains itself. And again once trained it gets ready to predict the new data
presented to it. itself. And again once trained it gets ready to predict the new data presented to
it.
Applications of Machine Learning
1. Machine learning algorithms are used in circumstances where the solution is required
to continue improving post-deployment. The dynamic nature of adaptable machine
learning solutions is one of the main selling points for its adoption by companies and
organizations across verticals.

2. Machine learning algorithms and solutions are versatile and can be used as a
substitute for medium-skilled human labor given the right circumstances. For
example, customer service executives in large B2C companies have now been
replaced by natural language processing machine learning algorithms known as
chatbots. These chatbots can analyze customer queries and provide support for human
customer support executives or deal with the customers directly.

3. Machine learning algorithms also help to improve user experience and customization
for online platforms. Facebook, Netflix, Google, and Amazon all use recommendation
systems to prevent content glut and provide unique content to individual users based
on their likes and dislikes.

4. Facebook utilizes recommendation engines for its news feed on both Facebook and
Instagram, as well as for its advertising services to find relevant leads. Netflix collects
user data and recommends various movies and series based on the preferences of the
user. Google utilizes machine learning to structure its results and for YouTube’s
recommendation system, among many other applications. Amazon uses ML to place
relevant products in the user’s field of view, maximizing conversion rates by
recommending products that the user actually wants to buy.

END Assignment # 03