JD INTONG,

PhD
 It is the organized mechanism to bring
the required knowledge, skills and
when necessary, material resources that
the farmer and his/her family need in
their quest for an improved quality of
life.
The Research System.
It is composed of researchers and
scientists from national and
international research centers and
from research institutions such as
universities and experiment stations
(e.g. IRRI, UPLB, BPI).
The research system functions to
generate technological innovations
that will usher in the needed
changes in line with a country’s
efforts.
 The Change System or the Extension System
This is usually an extension organization that links the
generators and the end-users of technology. It
assumes the task of disseminating information and
other goods and services designed to bring about
changes in client behavior.

This function is affected by the:

a. Objectives (doctrine) the expression of what the
organization stands for, what it is striving to achieve
and what approaches or methods it intends to use to
attain these objectives.
b. Organizational structure sets the formal framework
for the ways in which tasks are carried out. This
includes the resources the organization has at its
disposal for the implementation of assigned tasks.
c. Program contains all the activities performed by the
organization in line with its designated functions. It
is what the organization performs for and on behalf of
its clienteles.
 The Client System or end-users

The rural people are the clients of the

EDS. Extension efforts are enhanced
by an accurate and thorough
assessment of the needs and
resources, both material and human,
of the rural social system served; as
well as a working knowledge of the
principles of effective communication
and adult learning.
1. Top­down Technology Transfer Model ­ 

RESEARCH

EXTENSION

FARMER

Figure 1. Top­down Technology Transfer model

This is a one­way process with weak involvement of farmers a
and fixed roles of participants (R­E­F) with little flexibility for the 
human element. 
 It works well in activities focused on single 
commodity in a relatively uniform and predictable environment.
2. Feedback Technology Transfer (FTT) Model

RESEARCH EXTENSION FARMER

Figure 8. Feedback Technology Transfer (FTT) Model

In this model, the feedback function remains vested exclusively

with the extension service.
 3. Modified FTT Model

RESEARCH FSRE EXTENSIO FARME

N R

Figure 9. Modified FTT Model

In this model, the scientist is isolated from the farmer.

The farmer depends on poor/incomplete information from
extension in designing programs. It has fixed roles for R-E-F.
 4. Farmer-Back-to-Farmer Model -

Farmer
knowledge
4. Farmer evaluation- & problems 1. Farmer-extensionist
adaptation diagnosis

Solutions Common
better fitted definition of
to on-farm problems
conditions conditions

3. Seeking solutions
On-farm research Potential 2. Seeking solutions
solutions interdisciplinary

Figure 10. Farmer­Back­to­Farmer Model

In this model, the research begins and ends with farmers.

The extensionist is the active participant in diagnosis, design,
on-farm and extension station testing, farmer evaluation/adaptation,
monitoring of its adoption. The farmer is involved in all stages of FSRE.
This is basically a dynamic model; no fixed role of various participants.
 5. Farmer-First Model

This model aimed at generating choices

to enable farmers to experiment, adapt
and innovate;
. considers the primacy of farmers
agenda & knowledge;
. provides approaches for mainstreaming
farmers in research; and
. a new view on the ‘outsiders’ roles.