JD INTONG, PhD

 It is the organized mechanism to bring the

required knowledge, skills and when
necessary, material resources that the
farmer and his/her family need in their quest
for an improved quality of life.
 The Research System.
It is composed of researchers and
scientists from national and
international research centers and from
research institutions such as universities
and experiment stations (e.g. IRRI,
UPLB, BPI).
The research system functions to
generate technological innovations that
will usher in the needed changes in line
with a country’s efforts.
 The Change System or the Extension System
This is usually an extension organization that links the generators
and the end-users of technology. It assumes the task of
disseminating information and other goods and services
designed to bring about changes in client behavior.

This function is affected by the:

a. Objectives (doctrine) the expression of what the organization
stands for, what it is striving to achieve and what approaches
or methods it intends to use to attain these objectives.
b. Organizational structure sets the formal framework for the
ways in which tasks are carried out. This includes the
resources the organization has at its disposal for the
implementation of assigned tasks.
c. Program contains all the activities performed by the
organization in line with its designated functions. It is what
the organization performs for and on behalf of its clienteles.
 The Client System or end-users

The rural people are the clients of the EDS.

Extension efforts are enhanced by an
accurate and thorough assessment of the
needs and resources, both material and
human, of the rural social system served;
as well as a working knowledge of the
principles of effective communication and
adult learning.
 Top-down Technology Transfer Model -

RESEARCH

EXTENSION

FARMER

Figure 1. Top-down Technology Transfer

model

s is a one-way process with weak involvement of farmers a

fixed roles of participants (R-E-F) with little flexibility for the
man element.
works well in activities focused on single
mmodity in a relatively uniform and predictable environment.
2. Feedback Technology Transfer (FTT) Model

RESEARCH EXTENSION FARMER

Figure 8. Feedback Technology Transfer (FTT) Model

In this model, the feedback function remains vested exclusively

with the extension service.
 3. Modified FTT Model

RESEARCH FSRE EXTENSION FARMER

Figure 9.
Modified FTT Model

In this model, the scientist is isolated from the farmer.

The farmer depends on poor/incomplete information from
extension in designing programs. It has fixed roles for R-E-F.
 4. Farmer-Back-to-Farmer Model -

Farmer
knowledge &
4. Farmer evaluation- problems 1. Farmer-extensionist
adaptation diagnosis

Solutions Common
better fitted definition of
to on-farm problems
conditions conditions

3. Seeking solutions
On-farm research Potential 2. Seeking solutions
solutions interdisciplinary

Figure 10. Farmer-Back-to-Farmer Model

In this model, the research begins and ends with farmers.

The extensionist is the active participant in diagnosis, design,
on-farm and extension station testing, farmer evaluation/adaptation,
monitoring of its adoption. The farmer is involved in all stages of FSRE.
This is basically a dynamic model; no fixed role of various participants.
 5. Farmer-First Model

This model aimed at generating choices to

enable farmers to experiment, adapt and
innovate;
. considers the primacy of farmers agenda &
knowledge;
. provides approaches for mainstreaming
farmers in research; and
. a new view on the ‘outsiders’ roles.