Assignment No 1

Repetition and Noun/Pronoun Substitution

ENGLISH
English has almost become an international language. Except for Chinese, more people speak English
than any other language. Spanish is the official language of more countries in the world, but more
countries have English as their official or unofficial second language. More than 70 percent of the world's
mail is written in it. It is the primary language on the Internet. In international business, English is used
more than any other language, and it is the language of airline pilots and air traffic controllers all over
the world. Moreover, although French used to be the language of diplomacy, English has displaced it
throughout the world. Therefore, unless you plan to spend your life alone on a desert island in the
middle-of the Pacific Ocean, English is a useful language to know.

DOLPHINS
Dolphins are interesting because they display almost human behavior at times. For example, they
display the human emotions of joy and sadness. During training, when dolphins do something correctly,
they squeal excitedly and race toward their trainer. When they make a mistake, however, dolphins
droop' noticeably and mope' around their pool. Furthermore, dolphins help each other when they are in
trouble. If a dolphins is sick, it sends out a message, and others in the area swim to help it. They push it
to the surface of the water so that it can breathe. They group stay with it for days or weeks until it
recovers or dies. Dolphins have also helped trapped or lost whales navigate their way safely out to the
open sea. Dolphins are so intelligent and helpful, in fact, that the U.S. Navy is training them to become
underwater bomb disposal experts.

OLYMPICS
Olympic athletes must be strong both physically and mentally. First of all, if they hope to compete in an
Olympic sport, they must be physically strong. Furthermore, aspiring Olympians must train rigorously for
many years. For the most demanding sports, they train several hours a day, five or six days a week, for
ten or more years. In addition to being physically strong, athletes must also be mentally tough. This
means that they have to be totally dedicated to their sport, often giving up a normal school, family, and
social life. Being mentally strong also means that they must be able to withstand the intense pressure of
international competition with its attendant media coverage. Finally, not everyone can win a medal, so
they must possess the inner strength to live with defeat.

Activity 1: Replacing Names with Pronouns

 POE
Poe was born in Boston in 1809 but grew up in Richmond, Virginia and attended the University of
Virginia. His early years were plagued by the death of his mother when he was two, his first love when
he was 15, and his foster mother when he was 20. After dropping out of college and getting expelled
from West Point, Poe took a job as an editor at the Southern Literacy Messenger in Richmond. His
controversial fiction and scathing book reviews boosted the magazine‘s circulation seven times in
seventeen months, and he only got fired twice in the process. After his second termination, Poe took a
series of editorial positions at the leading magazines in Philadelphia and New York and supplemented his
income with lectures and public readings. His short story The Gold Bug‘ was a smash hit, but the
publication of The Raven‘ made him internationally famous (while only earning him about $15)

Activity 2: Replacing Nouns and Noun Phrases with Pronouns

The Fortune Teller

The fortune teller moved her dry, shriveled hands over the glass ball that she had bought at a dollar
store a long time ago. She could hear the laughter and the occasional shouts of the children as they ran
outside from ride to ride and from tent to tent. They never came in to see her. Instead it was always the
face of a laid-off dock worker or a romantic teenager who peered through the entrance way of her tent.
The unemployed dock workers wanted to hear about winning lottery tickets and new job opportunities.
The teenagers were eager to hear stories about far-away places and dark, mysterious strangers. And so
the fortune teller always told them what they wanted to hear. She liked giving them something to dream
about. She tried to fill their minds with great expectations. Just then, a young man appeared in the
entrance way. He was nervous, and his smile was timid. He shuffled into the dark tent, his head full of
dreams and yet, at the same time, innocently empty. The fortune teller took his trembling hands into
her own hands and peered at the revealing lines etched on his palms. Then, slowly, in her cracked,
ancient voice, she began to speak of new job opportunities, far away places, and dark, mysterious
strangers.