Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics

McGill University

CIVE327 FLUID MECHANICS AND HYDRAULICS

Assignment No. 3

1. In Fig. P4.67, neglect all losses and predict the value of H and p if h = 20 cm. (Potter & Wiggert
4.67(b))

p
H
14 cm dia. 10 cm dia.

14 cm dia.
Water 5 cm
h

Hg

Figure P4.67

Solution:
1
•
p
H
14 cm dia. 10 cm dia. 5
•2 •3 •4 •
14 cm dia.
Water 5 cm
h A

Hg
Figure P4.67

Across the nozzle:

Applying continuity equation between section 2 and 5, Q = A2V2 = A5V5
A2V2 = A5V5
πD22 πD52
V2 = V5
4 4
0.14 2
V5 = V2
0.05 2
V5 = 7.84V2 (1)
Applying energy equation between section 2 and 5,
0
p 2 V22 p V2
+ + z 2 = 5 + 5 + z5
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
p2 V22 V52
+ = (2)
ρg 2 g 2 g

Substituting Eqn. (1) into Eqn. (2),

p 2 V22 (7.84V2 )
2
+ =
ρg 2 g 2g
p2 = 30232.8V22 (3)

Across the contraction:

Applying continuity equation between section 2 and section 3, Q = A2V2 = A3V3
A2V2 = A3V3
πD22 πD32
V2 = V3
4 4
0.14 2
V3 = V2
0.12
V3 = 1.96V2 (4)

Applying energy equation between section 2 and 3,

p 2 V22 p V2
+ + z 2 = 3 + 3 + z3
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
2
p 2 V2 p V2
+ = 3 + 3 (5)
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g

Substituting Eqn. (4) into Eqn. (5),

p 2 V22
+
p
= 3 +
(1.96V2 )2
ρg 2 g ρg 2g
p2 − p3 = 1420.8V22 (6)

At level A of manometer,
p2 + ρ water gh = p3 + ρ Hg gh
p2 − p3 = 13,600 × 9.81 × 0.2 − 1000 × 9.81 × 0.2
p2 − p3 = 24721.2 (7)

Subtracting Eqn. (7) to Eqn. (6),

1420.8V22 = 24721.2
V2 = 4.171 m/s
 Therefore, V2 = 4.171 m/s
From Eqn. (3), p = p 2 = 30232.8 × 4.1712 = 525.967 kPa

Applying energy equation between point 1 and point 5 (where z5 is taken as the datum),
0 0 0
p1 V12 p V2 0
+ + z1 = 5 + 5 + z5
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g
2
V
H= 5
2g

From Eq. (1), V5 = 7.84V2

Therefore, H=
(7.84 × 4.171)2 = 54.502 m
2 × 9.81

2. Determine the power output of the turbine shown in Fig. P4.92 for a water flow rate of 18 ft3/sec.
The turbine is 90% efficient (ηT). (Potter & Wiggert 4.92)

8 in. dia.

6 in. dia.

Turbine V2

20 in.
Mercury

Figure P4.92

Solution:

•1 8 in. dia.

6 in. dia.

Turbine 2• V2

h = 20 in.
A
Mercury

Figure P4.92
 Q 18
Velocity into the turbine, V1 = = = 51.566 ft/s
A π × 82
4 × 12 2

Applying energy equation between section 1 and section 2,

p1 V12 p 2 V22
+ + z1 = + + z2 + H T (1)
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g

where HT is head intake by the turbine and ρ = density of water

At level A of the manometer,

 ρV22 
p1 + ρgz1 + ρgh =  p2 +  + ρgz 2 + ρ Hg gh (2)
 2 

Dividing Eqn. (2) by ρg,

p1 p V2 ρ
+ z1 + h = 2 + 2 + z 2 + Hg h (3)
ρg ρg 2 g ρ

Subtracting Eqn. (3) by Eqn. (1),

V12 ρ Hg
− h = HT − h
2g ρ
Therefore,
ρ Hg V2
HT = h+ 1 −h
ρ 2g
20 51.566 2 20
H T = 13.6 × + − = 62.29 ft
12 2 × 32.2 12

Power output of the turbine, PT = ρgQH TηT

PT = 1.94 × 32.2 × 18 × 62.29 × 0.9
PT = 63036.3 ft.lb/s

3. The manufacturer’s pump curve for the pump in the flow system shown in Fig. P4.105a is
provided in Fig. P4.105b. Estimate the flow rate. The overall loss coefficient is:
(a) K = 5 (b) K = 20
The solution involves a trial-and-error procedure, or the energy equation can be written as Hp =
Hp(Q) and plotted on the pump curve. The system head requirement is Hs = (50 – 10) + KQ2
where K is the overall loss coefficient including both friction and minor losses. The head
supplied by the pump Hp, which depends on the flow rate Q, is given by the pump characteristic
curve as shown in Figure P4.105. (Potter & Wiggert 4.105)
 el. 50 m

100
8 cm dia. 80
P V

Hp (m)
60
el. 10 m
40

20
Water
0.1 0.2 0.3
Q (m3/s)
(a) (b)
Figure P4.105

Solution:
It is given, H S = 40 + KQ 2

(a) For K = 5
H S = 40 + 5Q 2
Try Q = 0.315 m3/s; HS = 40.496 m; HP = 40.0 m (from the curve)
Therefore, Q = 0.315 m3/s

(b) K = 20
H P = 40 + 20Q 2
Try Q = 0.310 m3/s; HP = 41.922 m (from equation); HP = 42.0 m (from the curve)
Therefore, Q = 0.310 m3/s

4. What pump power (85% efficient) is needed for a flow rate of 0.01 m3/s in the pipe shown in Fig.
7.128? What is the greatest distance from the left reservoir that the pump can be located? Pipe
elevation is el. 0.0 m. (Potter & Wiggert 7.128)

el. 80 m

el. 10 m 4-cm-dia.
Water drawn tubing
15 oC
P

800 m

Figure P7.128
 Solution:
Q 0.01
Velocity, V = = = 7.958 m/s
A π × 0.04 2
4
At 15oC, kinematic viscosity of water, ν = 1.141 × 10–6 m2/s

VD 7.958 × 0.04
Reynolds number, Re = = = 2.79 × 105
ν 1.141 × 10 −6

e 0.0015
Relative roughness for drawn tubing, = = 0.0000375
D 40
e
From the Moody diagram with Re = 2.79 × 105 and = 0.0000375,
D
Friction factor, f = 0.015

Applying energy equation between the two reservoirs,

p1 0 V12 0 p 0 V20  fL  V 2
+ + z1 + H P = 2 + 2 + z 2 +  K entrance + K exit + 
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g  D  2g

 0.015 × 800  7.958 2

H P = 80 − 10 +  0.5 + 1.0 + 
 0.04  2 × 9.81
H P = 1043.19 m

ρgQH P 999.1 × 9.81 × 0.01 × 1043.19

Therefore, required pump power, PP = = = 120.288 kW
ηP 0.85
The greatest distance a pump can be located should satisfy the minimum water vapor pressure. At
15oC, water vapor pressure is 1.60 kPa absolute.

Applying energy equation between the left reservoir and the pump location,
p1 0 V12 0 p V2  fL  V 2
+ + z1 = P + + z P 0+  K entrance + 
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g  D  2g
1600 − 101300 7.958 2  0.015 L  7.958 2
10 = + +  0 .5 + 
999.1 × 9.81 2 × 9.81  0.04  2 × 9.81
L = 12.665 m

5. A flow rate of 2 m3/s exists in the pipe shown in Fig. P7.129. What is the expected power output
of the turbine (85% efficient) if the elevation difference of the reservoir surfaces is (Potter &
Wiggert 7.128):
(a) 20 m? (b) 60 m? (c) 100 m?
 Water
15 oC 400 m

90-cm-dia.
cast iron pipe

Figure P7.129

Solution:
Q 2
Velocity, V = = = 3.144 m3/s
A π × 0 .9 2

4
At 15 C, kinematic viscosity of water, ν = 1.141 × 10–6 m2/s
o

VD 3.144 × 0.9
Reynolds number, Re = = = 2.48 × 106
ν 1.141 × 10 −6

e 0.26
=
Relative roughness for cast iron pipe, = 0.000289
D 900
e
From the Moody diagram with Re = 2.48 × 106 and = 0.000289,
D
Friction factor, f = 0.015

Applying energy equation between the two reservoirs,

p1 0 V12 0 p 0 V20  fL  V 2
+ + z1 = 2 + 2 + z 2 + H T +  K entrance + K exit + 
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g  D  2g

 0.015 × 400  3.144 2

H T = z1 − z 2 −  0.5 + 1.0 + 
 0 .9  2 × 9.81
H T = z1 − z 2 − 4.114

(a) If z1 – z2 = 20 m,
H T = 20 − 4.114 = 15.886 m
PT = ρgQH TηT = 999.1 × 9.81 × 2 × 15.886 × 0.85 = 264.692 kW

(b) If z1 – z2 = 60 m
H T = 60 − 4.114 = 55.886 m
PT = ρgQH TηT = 999.1 × 9.81 × 2 × 55.886 × 0.85 = 931.172 kW

(c) If z1 – z2 = 100 m
 H T = 100 − 4.114 = 95.886 m
PT = ρgQH TηT = 999.1 × 9.81 × 2 × 95.886 × 0.85 = 1597.652 kW = 1.598 MW

6. The pump shown in Fig. P7.131 has the characteristic curves shown in Example 7.18. (Potter &
Wiggert 7.131)
(a) Estimate the flow rate and the power required by the pump.
(b) Sketch the EGL and the HGL.
(c) If cavitation is possible, determine the maximum distance from the reservoir to locate the
pump.
Assume that the elevation of the pump is 10 m below the water surface of the lower reservoir.

20 m
Water
20 oC 20-cm-dia.
Water
cast iron pipe
15 oC

300 m
Figure P7.131

Solution:
Q Q Q
(a) Flow rate in pipe, V = = = = 31.831Q
A πD 2
π × 0 .2 2
4 4
e 0.26
Relative roughness for cast iron pipe, = = 0.0013
D 200
Assume flow in the pipe to be fully turbulent,
e
From the Moody diagram with = 0.0013, f = 0.021
D
Applying energy equation between the two reservoirs,

p1 0 V12 0 p 0 V 20  fL  V 2
+ + z1 + H P = 2 + 2 + z 2 +  K entrance + K exit + 
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g  D  2g
0.021 × 300  (31.831Q )
2

H P = 20 +  0.5 + 1.0 + 
 0 .2  2 × 9.81
H P = 20 + 1704.18Q 2

Using trial-and-error from the characteristic curves shown in Example 7.18,

Try Q = 0.185 m3/s; HP = 78.325 m (from equation); HP = 78.0 m (from the curve)
Therefore, Q = 0.185 m3/s ;
VD 5.889 × 0.2
V = 31.831Q = 5.889 m/s; Re = = = 1.032 × 106 (fully turbulent)
ν 1.141 × 10 −6
 From the characteristic curves in Example 7.18, the pump efficiency is given as 70%.
ρgQH P 999 × 9.81 × 0.185 × 78.325
Therefore, required power, PP = = = 202.866 kW
ηP 0 .7

(b) Sketches of the EGL and HGL,

V = 31.831 × 0.185 = 5.889 m/s
V2 5.889 2
Head loss due to entrance = K entrance = 0 .5 = 0.8838 m
2g 2 × 9.81
fLV 2 0.021 × 300 × 5.889 2
Head loss due to friction = = = 55.679 m
2 gD 2 × 9.81 × 0.2
HP = 78.325 m
V2 5.889 2
Head loss due to exit = K exit = 1 .0 = 1.768 m
2g 2 × 9.81
V 2 5.889 2
Difference between EGL – HGL = = = 1.768 m
2 g 2 × 9.81

EGL
HGL
31.768 m
•
30 m
•
78.325 m
20 m
Water 10 m
20 oC 20-cm-dia. 9.1162 m •
Water
cast iron pipe • 15 oC
7.3482 m
P

300 m

Sketches of EGL and HGL

(c) The maximum distance from the reservoir to locate the pump which will not produce
negative pressure that will cause cavitation.

The greatest distance a pump can be located should satisfy the minimum water vapor
pressure. At 15oC, water vapor pressure is 1.60 kPa absolute.

Applying energy equation between the left reservoir and the pump location,
p1 0 V12 0 p V2  fL  V 2
+ + z1 = P + + z P 0+  K entrance + 
ρg 2 g ρg 2 g  D  2g
1600 − 101300 5.889 2  0.021L  5.889 2
10 = + +  0 .5 + 
999.1 × 9.81 2 × 9.81  0.2  2 × 9.81
L = 94.402 m