TECHNICAL REPORT

ON

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

CONDUCTED AT

PRIMARY HEALTH CARE GUIWA LOWCOST, WAMAKKO, SOKOTO STATE

FROM 18TH NOVEMBER 2019 TO 9TH FEBRUARY 2020

BY

S/N NAME ADMISSION NO

1 TIGER SIMON 185292067 (M)
2 VICTOR B. MUSA 185202115 (E)
3 NABILA ABBAKAR ALIYU 185292400 (M)
4 NUSAIBA SANUSI GADO 185292693 (M)
5 AMINA TUKUR 185292729 (M)
6 ABDULROHMAN ABUBAKAR 185292721 (M)
7 ABUBAKAR USMAN 185292045 (M)
8 ABDULRAHMAN BELLO 185292328 (M)
9 AMINU YUSUF SIFAWA 185292722 (M)
10 MUSA UMAR 185292506 (M)
11 SURAJO LAUWALI 185292642 (M)
12 SULEMAN ADAMU 185292497 (M)
13 ISAH ABUBAKAR 185292390 (M)
14 SAFIYA ADAMU 185292857 (M)

SUBMITTED TO THE
DEPARTMENT OF SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY,
COLLEGE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY,
UMARU ALI SHINKAFI POLYTECHNIC SOKOTO, SOKOTO STATE.

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE AWARD OF

NATIONAL DIPLOMA IN SCIENCE LABORATORY TECHNOLOGY

FEBRUARY, 2020
 DEDICATION
This Technical Report is dedicated to our beloved family for their support throughout our

SIWES program and also to our Lecturers and the entire staff of Primary Health Care Guiwa

Lowcost Sokoto State.

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 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
To God be the glory for giving us the privilege to start and finish this technical report

successfully.

We want to show gratitude to our lecturers and the staffs of Primary Health Care Gwiwa

lowcost, most especially the medical staff Umar Muhammad, Aisha S. Adam and Hamida Ango

for their contribution to us during our work experience scheme.

Our gratitude also goes to our able lecturers in the Department of Science Laboratory

Technology and especially the Head of Department Sani Garba Tureta for their guidance.

We also appreciate the SIWES coordinator Mal. Aminu Usman for his effort in granting a

smooth ground for the completion of our Siwes program. We are also indebted to our supervisor

Mal. Kamaru Bashir for his guidance and assistance towards us.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE - 1

DEDICATION - 2

ACKNOWLEDEMENTS - 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS - 4

CHAPTER ONE

1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE ORGANIZATION - 5

1.2 SCOPE OF THE WORK - 5

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LABORATORY WORK - 6

2.1 Pregnancy Test (PT) - 6

2.2 Malaria Parasite (MP) Test - 6

2.3 Blood Grouping - 7

2.4 Widal Test - 8

2.5 Urinalysis Test - 9

2.6 Hepatitis Test - 10

CHAPTER THREE

3.1 ACHIEVEMENT AND OUTCOME OF THE INDUSTRIAL TRAINING - 12

3.2 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED - 12

3.3 SOLUTION PROFFERED - 12

3.4 RECOMMENDATIONS - 12

CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 CONCLUSION - 13

REFERENCES - 13

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 CHAPTER ONE
1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF THE ORGANIZATION

This is a Health Centre Located at Guiwa Lowcost Area of Sokoto State. It is a referral centre

that services the health problems of people within and outside the area. It established by the

Sokoto State Government in 2017 under the Health Service Management Board to solve the

challenges of health problems in the state. The clinic consist of units or department and also has

wards where patients are admitted, medical lab, consulting room, family planning center,

maternity ward, emergency room and medical report room.

1.2 SCOPE OF THE WORK

The organization operates from Mondays to Friday, and it comprises of different sections with

Laboratory section inclusive. The following test were carried out; Malaria parasite test,

Pregnancy test, blood grouping tests, widal tests, urine sample collection, Hepatitis B test

and Hemoglobin estimation.

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 CHAPTER TWO

2.0 LABORATORY WORK

2.1 Pregnancy Test (PT)

Aim: To detect the presence or absence of pregnancy with the use of strip and urine sample

provided.

Materials: Urine sample, pregnancy test strip, time.

Principle: The pregnancy test is a rapid one step lateral flow of immunoassay for the qualitative

detection of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (HCG) in urine to aid in detection of pregnancy.

The test utilized a combination of antibody of pregnancy including a monoclonal HCG antibody

to selectively elevated level of HCG.

Procedure:

- The PT strip was removed from the preserved park and inserted into the urine sample for

10seconds until it is thoroughly wet bellow the arrow mark.

- The strip picks up the urine by capillary action.

- It was then removed from the urine sample

- And replace on bench for about 5minutes.

Results:

- If the strip shows two line it indicate a positive result

- If the strip shows one line, it means a negative result and also if it shows no line it means

invalid. It has to be repeated (Umar, 2019).

2.2 Malaria Parasite (MP) Test

Aim: To detect the presence or absence of Malaria Parasite (Plasmodium species) of a given

blood sample by the use of Kit/Device.

Material: Device or Kit, Assay buffer solution, micro pipette, lancet, alcohol pad, timer, cotton

wool, and sharp box (Umar, 2019).

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Procedures:

- The finger was swap and cleaned with alcohol pad.

- A lancet was used to prick the disinfected area of the finger tip.

- The first drop of blood was wipe off with sterile cotton wool

- A micro pipette was used to collect 5µL of the blood sample and placed in the mp device

of the specimen hole.

- The 3 drops of assay buffer solution was added into the assay hole.

- The result was taken after 5 minutes

- The device has two lines, the control and test line. Once two lines appear on the test and

control portion, it indicates the patients is positive for malaria. But one line on the control

indicates negative and no malaria is present (Umar, 2019).

2.3 Blood Grouping

Aims: To determine the various blood types.

Materials: White clean dry tile, blood specimen, Anti-sera, (A, B, and D), cotton wool, dropper,

applicator stick (Umar, 2020).

Principle: Blood grouping is done on the principle of Antigen Antibody interaction which

results to agglutination. This is done on the basis of agglutination (collection of separate particles

like red blood cells into clumping or masses). Agglutination occurs if an antigen is mixed with

its corresponding antibody which is called isoagglutinin. Agglutination occurs when an antigen

is mixed with anti A or when B antigen is mixed with anti B (specific antigen antibody

interaction).

Procedure

- Four drops of blood sample was placed on a white clean dried grouping tile.

- Anti-sera (A, B, AB, and O/D) was added on the first, second, third, fourth drop of the

blood samples respectively.

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 - The mixture was emulsified with the aid of an applicator stick.

- It was mixed and rock for 1 minute

- The result was observed for agglutination

2.4 Typhoid Fever Test (Widal Tests)

Aim: To detect the present of Salmonella typhi in patient serum.

Principle: Principle: The Principle of this test is based on antigen antibody reaction. The test is

based agglutination reaction of serum with antiserum of Salmonella typhi O and H with

corresponding Salmonella para-typhi ABC antigen (Umar, 2020)

Materials:

- Blood sample

- Disposable gloves

- Salmonella typhi rocking tile

- Widal kit containing salmonella paratyphi A,B,C and D

Introduction

The widal test commonly known as typhoid test is a serological techniques which test for the

presence of salmonella in a patient serum. Widal test is an agglutination test which detect the

presence of serum agglutinins (H and O)I in patient serum with typhoid and para typhoid fever

(Umar, 2020).

Procedure

– 3ul of patient blood was colleted into an EDTA bottle

– The sample was spun for 10 minute

– Using a clean pasture pipette, the serum was picked and dropped into eight

different portion of “O” and “H” labeled on the clean tile

– Each of the suspention (antisera a, b, c and d) was also added t o their various

roles H and O containing the serum accordingly.

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 – It was mixed, rock and rotated for one minute while examining for agglutination.

Interpretation of result

If agglutination occurs at any point indicates the presence of the Salmonella typhi in the serum

(Umar, 2020)

Table 2.1 showing the possible result on widal test

Titer Value Level of agglutination

1/40 no agglutination
1/80 slight agglutination
1/160 heavy agglutination
1/320 excess agglutination
NOTE: If titre greater than 1/80 is significant

2.5 Urinalysis Test

The urinalysis reagent strip are dip and read test strips for invitro use only for testing

urobilinogen, glucose, bilirubin, specific gravity, blood, ph, protein, nitrates, ascorbic acid,

leukocyte. The urine sample may provide information regarding the status of kidney and liver

function, acid base balance, and urinary tract infection (Umar, 2020).

Aim: to check any disorder in urine

Materials:

- Urine sample

- Urinalysis strip reagent

- Strip

- Disposable gloves

Procedure:

The urine appearance was first examine and recorded, the strip was dipped into the urine making

sure that all the test parameters labeled on the strip touches the urine and brought out of the urine

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sample and carefully compared with the color chat on the strip container and the result was

recorded (Umar, 2020).

The expected values are:

– Urobilirubin: normal range.0.1-1.0 ehrlich unit

– Glucose: small amount cup to 30mg (dI) are normally excreted by the kidney

– Bilitubin: Normally no bilirubin is detectable in urine

– Ketones: ketones bodies should not be detected in urine

– PH: ranges from 5-9

– Blood: normally no heamoglobin is detected in urine

– Specific gravity: normally ranges from 1.001-1.035

– Protein: normally urine contain protein of valve <20mg/dl

2.6 Hepatitis Test (HBsAg and HCV) test

HBsAg/HCV involves the detection of Hepatitis virus which causes Hepatitis. This One

Step HBsAg Test Device is a rapid test to qualitatively detect the presence of HBsAg in serum or

plasma specimens. The test utilizes a combination of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to

selectively detect elevated levels of HBsAg in serum or plasma (Umar, 2020).

Materials

Blood serum, Hepatitis test strip, and centrifuge machine.

Procedures

 Blood sample was collected from patient by venipuncture procedure.

 The blood sample was transfer in a plain tube without EDTA (Ethylene Diamine

Tetraacetic Acid) or Heparin.

 The blood sample was allowed to clott after which, it was spin on a centrifuge machine to

collect the serum.

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  The serum was then used for the test analysis, using a strip which was inserted vertically

into the serum and allow to flow due to capillary action.

Interpretation of Result

 Positive results –Two red lines appeared in both the control window and the patient

windows of the strips. Any red color in the patient window should be interpreted as

positive.

 Negative results – one red bar appear in the control window of the strip and no red bar

appears on the patient window of the test kit (Umar, 2020).

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 CHAPTER THREE
3.1 ACHIEVEMENT AND OUTCOME OF THE INDUSTRIAL TRAINING.

The knowledge acquired during the course of the SIWES program has exposed us of the ability

to bridge the gap between theory and practical, and also to carry out different laboratory

investigation under supervision.

3.2 PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED

 Difficulties in reading and interpreting of results.

 Lack of technical know-how on how to operate some equipment.

 Feeling nervous and anxious from the very first day.

 Lack of sophisticated machines and equipment to carry out some laboratory investigation

due to it is a primary Health Care Centre.

 Proximity from my residence to our place of Attachment.

3.3 SOLUTION PROFFERED

With regular practice and observation we became use to the practices and mastered every

procedures and theory of the tests carried out.

3.4 RECOMMENDATIONS

 SIWES and ITF should also assist student in searching for places by making necessary

contact with organizations. Also they should devote their time by going round to

supervise the work of students.

 Incentive such as transport allowance should be made available by the company to

motivate students.

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 CHAPTER FOUR

4.1 CONCLUSION

In conclusion this program has enabled students to gain a lot and many can now practice the

applied aspects of their various disciplines and other related areas on their own. The program has

really being worthwhile!

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REFERENCES

Naomi J.R., (2018) A Guide to Technical Report writing for SIWES student

SIWES TECHNICAL REPORT NOTE BOOK……………………………2019

Umar M. (2019). Primary Health Care Gwiwa Lowcost Wamakko.

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