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Floristic diversity and carbon stock in dry forest of Chad: case of Manda
National Park

Article  in  Ecological Engineering · September 2019

DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-0014-9

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5 authors, including:

Ngaba Waye Taroum Caleb Louis Paul Roger Kabelong Banoho

ICRAF University of Yaounde I
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Carbon sequestration in the protected areas of Chad: Case of Manda National Park View project

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FLORI
STI
CDI
VERSI
TYANDCARBONSTOCKI
NDRYFORESTOFCHAD:CASEOFMANDA
NATI
ONALPARK.
eb1*, 2
NGABAWayeTaroum Cal DJEKOTAChr i
stopheNgarmari
,
Kabel
ongBanohoLoui
s-PaulRoger1*
,ZAPFACKLouis1*
1Uni
ver
sit
yofYaoundeI,Facul
tyofSciences,P.
OBox802, Yaounde/
Cameroon
Tel.:
(235)66374142/( 237)699923396/( 237)675384679,
ngabacaleb@gmai
l.
com /lzapf
ack@y ahoo.
fr/r
ogerbanoho@yahoo.
fr
 2Uni
ver
sit
yofN’
Djamena,Facul
tyofExact
lyandAppl
ySci
ences,Labor
ator
yofPl
antSy
stemat
icandVeget
abl
es

Ecol
ogy
,P.
OBox1027,
N’Dj
amena/
Tchad,
Tel
.:(
235)66283126,
cdj
ekot
a@y
ahoo.
fr

Keywor
ds:Pr
otect
edar
eas,
flor
ist
icdi
ver
sit
y,car
bonst
ock,
REDD+pr
ocess,
Nat
ional
Par
kof
Manda,
Chad,
Moy
enChar
i,al
l
omet
ri
céquat
ion,
dryFor
est
,tr
ansect
,quadr
ats,
epi
geecar
bon,
hy
pogeum car
bon,Rubi
aceaeandCombr
etaceae.

1.I
ntr
oduct
ion
Cent
ralAf
ri
cancount
ri
esar
einapr
ocessofi
ntegr
ati
ngt
her
educt
ionofgr
eenhousegas
(
GHG)emi
ssi
onsf
rom t
hef
orestsect
ori
ntot
hei
rnat
ionalpol
i
cies,i
ncl
udi
ngt
hepr
omot
ion
ofmeasur
es(
compensat
ionf
orenv
ironment
alser
vices)t
oencour
aget
heconser
vat
ionof
f
orest
edar
eas(
Banoho,2014)
.Thesef
orest
swhi
char
econsi
der
edasl
ungsoft
hepl
anet
ar
ever
ythr
eat
enedbyt
heef
fect
sofcl
i
mat
echangei
ncompar
isont
otr
opi
cal
for
est
sar
ound
t
hewor
ld(
Zapf
ack,2005)
.Inaddi
ti
ont
othewor
ld'
str
opi
calf
orest
sandt
hoseofCent
ral
Af
ri
ca,
ther
ear
esav
annasandst
eppest
hatar
evul
ner
abl
ear
eas(
Ngomandaetal
.2013)
.
Chad,wher
emor
ethanhal
foft
hegeogr
aphi
calar
eai
sdeser
t,hasaf
lor
athr
eat
enedbyt
he
cr
eat
ion ofagr
icul
tur
all
and,t
he ext
ensi
on ofci
ti
es,t
he sear
ch f
orf
ir
ewood,past
oral
pr
essur
e,et
c(Ouy
a,2010)
.Theseact
ivi
ti
esar
eresponsi
blef
ordeser
ti
fi
cat
ionandf
ood
i
nsecur
it
y(Ber
trand&Lagnaba,2011)
whi
chl
eadi
ntoadecr
easei
nbi
ologi
caldi
ver
sit
yand
pr
omot
ingt
heappear
anceofi
nvasi
vespeci
es(
Sar
adoum etal
.2012)
.Inor
dert
oconser
ve
t
hel
argebi
odi
ver
sit
yar
easar
oundt
hecount
ry,Chadhasopt
edf
ort
hedev
elopmentofa
net
wor
kofPr
otect
edAr
eas(
PA)consi
sti
ngof30f
orestent
it
iescl
assi
fi
edandr
epr
esent
ing
anar
eaof​​15,
787,
200haort
he12.3%oft
henat
ional
ter
ri
tor
y(Wor
gue,
2012)
.
MandaNat
ionalPar
k(MNP)i
spar
toft
hisPAnet
wor
k(Kol
magne,2000)
.Thi
sPAnet
wor
k
i
nit
iat
ivei
sver
y si
gni
fi
cantknowi
ng t
hatt
hatbet
ween 1990 and 2000,t
he annual
def
orest
ati
onr
atedet
ermi
nedbyFAOf
orChadwas0.
6%pery
ear(
Ouy
a,2010)
.
Ver
yfewst
udi
eshasbeenunder
takeni
ntheMandaNat
ional
Par
k(MNP)whi
chi
sver
yri
chi
n
t
ermsofnat
uralr
esour
ces,f
aunalandf
lor
ist
icf
lor
ist
icdi
ver
sit
y(Sar ,2012)
adoum etal .
Howev
er,i
tsf
lor
a,wel
lpr
eser
vedt
il
lpr
esent
,isundert
het
hreatofur
bani
zat
ionoft
het
hir
d
ci
tyofChad:
Sar
h(Ouy
a,op.
cit
).
I
ntr
opi
calf
orestecosy
stems,car
bon i
s st
ored i
n di
ff
erentr
eser
voi
rs,i
ncl
udi
ng pl
ant

1
bi
omassandsoi
l(Asaseetal
.2008)
.St
udi
est
odat
eont
heassessmentofcar
bonst
ocksi
n
t
heCongoBasi
nfor
est
sdi
dnoti
ncl
udesav
annasandst
eppesi
ntheSudano-
Sahel
i
anzones.
Thi
sst
udyai
mst
ofi
l
lthi
sknowl
edgegap and t
o br
ing cur
rentknowl
edgeon woody
bi
odi
ver
sit
yandt
hecapaci
tyoft
heseenv
ironment
stost
orecar
bon.

Thegoaloft
hisst
udyi
stodet
ermi
net
hef
lor
ist
icdi
ver
sit
yoft
heMNPaswel
last
oev
aluat
e
t
hecar
bonst
ocks.Thi
swor
kispar
toft
hepr
ocesst
hatcont
ri
but
es,ont
heonehand,t
othe
ev
aluat
ionofsequest
rat
ionbyt
heMNPf
lor
a,wi
thav
iew t
oident
if
yingt
heor
ient
ati
ons
ai
mingt
oreconci
l
etheconser
vat
ionandt
her
ati
onaluseofnat
uralr
esour
ces,andont
he
ot
her
,toacqui
rebasest
hatwi
l
lfaci
l
itat
ethei
nscr
ipt
ionoft
heMNPi
ntheREDD+pr
ocess.

2.Mat
eri
alandmet
hods
I
ntr
oduct
ionoft
heSt
udyar
ea
TheMNPi
slocat
edat25ki
l
omet
ersi
ntheNor
thWestoft
heci
tyofSar
hint
heDepar
tment
ofBar
hKôh,Regi
onofMoy
en-
Char
i,about450km i
ntheSout
hEastofN'
Djamena,and80
km f
rom t
heCent
ralAf
ri
canbor
der
.Iti
sbet
weenl
ati
tude9°
20’and9°
35'i
ntheNor
thand
l
ongi
tude17°
45'
and18°
20'
int
heEast
;it
sal
ti
tudev
ari
esf
rom 344m t
o691m (
Fig.1)
.Wi
th
anest
imat
edar
eaof​​1,
14,
000ha,t
hispr
otect
edar
eai
slocat
edi
noneoft
hemost
popul
atedar
easofChad,
wit
hadensi
tyof21.
8inhabi
tant
s/km i
nthef
ourper
ipher
alcant
ons
oft
heMNP(
Zougl
ou,
2010)
.Thepopul
ati
onoft
hesef
ourcant
onssur
roundi
ngt
heMNPhas
i
ncr
easedf
ivef
oldf
rom 17,
914t
o85,
592.TheMNPi
sli
mit
edi
nit
ssout
her
npar
tbyBar
h
Sar
a,i
ntheWestbyt
heSar
h-N'
Djamenanat
ional
road,
int
heEastbyt
heChar
iri
verandi
nthe
Nor
thbyt
hecr
ossi
ngoft
heSar
h-N'
Djamenanat
ionalr
oadLocat
edi
ntheSudani
anzone,
the
MNPenj
oysahumi
dtr
opi
calcl
i
mat
eint
woseasons:adr
yseasont
hatr
unsf
rom Nov
ember
t
oMar
chandar
ainyseasonf
rom Apr
ilt
oOct
ober
.Anav
eragemont
hlyt
emper
atur
esr
ange
f
rom 21°
Cto35°
C(annualav
erage:28°
C).TheMNP v
eget
ati
oni
scomposedofmi
xed
ecol
ogi
calt
ypesnamel
y,openf
orest
,woodedsav
anna,t
reesav
anna,shr
ubsav
annaand
gr
assysav
anna.Agr
icul
tur
eist
hemai
nact
ivi
tyar
oundt
hebor
deroft
heMNP(
Ouy
a,2010)
.
Woodandcoalneeds,t
hemai
nsour
cesofdomest
icener
gyi
nthepopul
ati
on,ar
egr
owi
ng,
andmor
ethan0.
77%oft
het
reesav
annasar
edef
orest
edeachy
ear
.Thi
sper
ipher
alzonei
s
hi
ghl
ypopul
atedandt
hel
anddegr
adat
ioni
ncr
easesof0.
3%eachy
ear(
Ouy
a,op.
cit
).

2
 Fi
gur
e1:
MandaNat
ional
Par
kmap(
sour
ce:
CNAR,
2012)

1.
2.Met
hods

1.
2.1.Epi
geeandHy
pogeum Car
bonSampl
ingDev
ice
The i
nvent
ory made dur
ing t
his st
udy i
s sy
stemat
ic wi
thaf
ixed si
ze t
ransectas
r
ecommendedbyPi
car
d(2006)whent
hemassi
fhasmanyt
reesofsmal
l
ersi
zes.Sev
eral
aut
hor
s had al
ready used t
his met
hod under si
mil
ar condi
ti
ons i
n Cent
ralAf
ri
ca
(
Nkongmeneck,1999)
;Har
dyandSonké,2004;Zapf
ack,2005;Nt
onmen,2013;Kabel
ong,
2013)
.Ident
if
icat
ionofv
eget
ati
ont
ypeswasdoneusi
ngv
isualdi
scr
imi
nat
oryf
eat
urest
hat
wer
e:spaci
ngbet
weent
rees,l
i
ght
ing,andspeci
esal
ongt
ransect
.Thei
mpor
tanceofeach
t
ypeofl
anduse(
TLU)al
ongt
ransect
sal
l
owedf
ort
heassessmentofv
eget
ati
oncov
er
changesi
ntheNor
thWestoft
heMNP.
I
nsummar
y7l
ayonseachof1200m wer
eusedf
ori
nvent
ory
ingt
hef
lor
a.Thusal
ongt
he
si
det
heset
ransect
s,126quadr
atsofv
ari
abl
edept
hwer
ear
rangedi
ntheNor
thWest
ernpar
t
oft
heMNPt
odel
i
neat
etheper
manentsur
veypl
ot.I
twas:42quadr
atsoft
hedi
mensi
on(
1x
1)m;
42oft
hedi
mensi
on(
0.5x0.
5)m and42oft
hedi
mensi
on(
20x50)cm.
Dat
acol
l
ect
ion(
count
ing)wasdoneal
ongt
ransect
sint
he2.
4ha(
1.2km l
ongand20m

3
wi
de)pl
ots.Foreacht
reeencount
ered,i
dent
if
icat
ionwasdonebasedonsev
eraldi
sti
nct
par
amet
ers,andt
hedi
amet
eroft
het
reet
runkwasmeasur
edatbr
easthei
ght(
dbhi
ncm)
,
1.
3m abov
efr
om gr
oundusi
ngdbhmet
erandatl
astt
hehei
ghtoft
heshaf
t(i
nm)
.
I
nvent
ori
ed t
rees ar
e mar
ked so t
hatt
heyar
e notcount
ed t
wice.The but
tresses ar
e
measur
ed30cm abov
ethesef
oot
hil
l
s.

1.
2.2.Est
imat
ionoft
hebi
omass
Theest
imat
ionoft
hewoodybi
omassEpi
geewasdoneaccor
dingt
otwomet
hods:
- Thenon-
dest
ruct
ivemet
hodusedt
oest
imat
ethecar
boncont
entofDHPt
reesDHP≥
4cm ( .
Ngomandaetal,2013)
.Itt
akesi
ntoaccountt
woaccessi
blepar
amet
ers
namel
y,di
amet
eranddensi
tybyt
heal
l
omet
ri
cequat
ionofChav
eetal
,(2005)
.These
par
amet
erswer
eobt
ainedatt
heendoft
hef
lor
ist
icsur
vey
s;
- Thedest
ruct
ivemet
hodwasusedf
ort
heest
imat
ionoft
heEpi
geeandhy
pogeum
car
bonoft
hel
owerst
rat
a(under
growt
h,l
i
tter
,fi
nesoi
lroot
s).

 -Hy
pogeum bi
omass

The est
imat
ion ofr
ootbi
omass ofpopul
ati
ng t
rees was ev
aluat
ed usi
ng t
he met
hod
i
ndi
cat
edi
nthegui
del
i
nesest
abl
i
shedbyt
heI
nter
gov
ernment
alPanelonCl
i
mat
eChange
(
GIEC,2006)
.Inf
act
,accor
dingt
othel
att
er,t
heequi
val
encei
nrootbi
omassofpopul
ati
ng
t
reesi
sfoundbymul
ti
ply
ingt
hev
alueoft
heabov
egr
oundbi
omass(
AGB)byacoef
fi
cientR
(
stem /r
ootr
ati
o)whosev
aluei
sest
imat
edat0.
24.
BGB=AGBxR.
Eq.1
Toest
imat
ethebi
omassofsmal
lli
gni
fi
edr
oot
sandr
oot
let
s,t
hesoi
lcont
aini
ngt
hem i
s
ext
ract
edi
nfr
amesf
rom 20x20cm (
lengt
hxbr
eadt
h)t
o50cm dept
h.St
rai
nsaswel
last
he
mai
nroot
sar
eav
oided.Al
ongeachst
ri
psi
xbl
ocksof20x20x50cm wer
etaken.Soi
l
sampl
esar
etakenev
ery10cm deepoft
he50cm dept
h(Boul
maneetal
.
,2013)
.Ast
he
descenti
ntot
hef
iel
dtookpl
acedur
ingt
hedr
yseason;r
oot
sar
eext
ract
edf
rom t
hesoi
l
sampl
esusi
ngasi
eveandgl
oves,usi
ngasi
eveofsuf
fi
cientsi
zesoasnott
oloset
he
v
eget
almat
eri
al.Af
tersev
eralsi
eves,t
her
oot
sar
ecompl
etel
yremov
edandt
hesoi
lwas
di
scar
ded(
Zapf
ack,
2005)
.
Thewei
ghi
ngser
iesoft
hepackagi
ngwasmadeusi
nga2000gcapaci
tyscal
e,br
and
Sar
tor
ius.The f
resh and chl
orophy
ll
ous bi
omass condi
ti
oned i
n 107 l
abel
ed sampl
es:
her
baceous,
li
tt
er,
finer
oot
sandr
oot
let
swer
epackagedi
nenv
elopesanddr
iedi
nanov
enat
75°C.Bef
oredr
yingi
ntheov
en,
thewei
ghtoft
heempt
yenv
elopeswasmeasur
ed,
andt
hen
t
hewei
ghtoft
hepackagedf
reshbi
omasswasmeasur
edaswel
l
.Oncei
ntheov
en,t
he

4
sampl
eswer
ekeptf
or48hour
s.Ther
eaf
ter10sampl
esr
andoml
ysel
ect
edf
rom t
hebat
ch
wer
ewei
ghedi
nor
dert
ocheckt
hev
ari
ati
onbet
weenf
reshwei
ghtandt
hatbei
ngdr
ied.Af
ter
t
hisr
out
inewei
ghi
ng,t
hesampl
eswer
ekepti
ntheov
enf
or48hour
sunt
ilaconst
antdr
y
wei
ghti
sobt
ained.Theconst
antwei
ghtmakesi
tpossi
blet
odeducet
hatal
lthewat
er
cont
ainedi
nthemat
eri
alhascompl
etel
yev
apor
ated(
Ngomandaetal
.
,2013)
.Thev
alueof
car
bonst
ocksi
sest
imat
edbymul
ti
ply
ingt
hev
alueofdr
ybi
omassbyt
hecoef
fi
cient0.
47
(
Zapf
ack,
2005)
.

 Tot
albi
omassofpopul
ati
ngwoodyspeci
es

Thet
otal
biomass(
Tot
alBi
omass(
kg)
)ofpopul
ati
ngt
reesi
sest
imat
edasf
oll
ows:
TB=AGB+BGB Eq.
2
Tabl
e1:
All
omet
ri
cequat
ionsf
ort
hedet
ermi
nat
ionofabov
egr
oundbi
omass

Al
lomet
ri
c Fi
eldofv
ali
dit
y Aut
hor
s
Localr
ainf
all(
mm/y
r)
equat
ion(
Kg/
tree)

AGB(
Kg)=0,
0509 eetal
Chav ,
1000-1500 5≤DHP≤156cm
xpD²
H (
2005)
Al
lomet
ri
cequat
ion(
Kg/t
ree) Aut
hor
s

3
omoetal
Dj .
,
AGB(
Kg)=ρ*
exp(
-1,
499+2,
148l
nD+0,
207l
n(D)
²)-
0,0281(
lnD))*
0.001
(
2010)
ρ:
Speci
fi
cdensi
tyofwood(
g/cm³
)

 Someecol
ogi
calpar
amet
ersev
aluat
ed

o Tr
eedensi
tyanddi
str
ibut
ion(
Nha/1)
n
N= Eq.3hasbeenappl
i
edt
oobt
ainr
elat
ivedi
ver
sit
y:
S
N:densi
ty(
in/
trees/
ha)
,n:numberoft
reespr
esentont
hesur
faceconsi
der
edandS:ar
ea
consi
der
ed(
ha)
.s
-Rel
ati
vedensi
ty=(
Numberofspeci
es/
Tot
alnumberofspeci
esi
nthesampl
e)×100;
-Rel
ati
vedi
ver
sit
y=(
Numberofspeci
eswi
thi
naf
ami
l
y/Tot
alnumberofspeci
es)
.×100;
Thet
woi
ndi
cesabov
eshowt
hei
ncr
easei
nthenumberoff
ami
l
iesort
reesaccor
dingt
oa

5
gr
owi
ngar
ea(
Doucetetal
.,
1996)
.
o Basalar
eaG(
m²/ha)
Thebasalar
eaof​​at
reei
sthecr
oss-
sect
ionalar
eaof​​t
hist
reeat1.
30m abov
ethe
gr
ound(
Rondeux
,1993)
.Thi
sist
hear
eaoccupi
edbyat
reeiperhect
are.Thebasalar
eaof
​​apopul
ati
on(
G),t
her
efor
e,r
epr
esent
sthesum oft
hebasalar
easofi
ndi
vi
dual
staken
i
ndi
vi
dual
l
y(g)
,whi
ch make up t
hispopul
ati
on (
Par
dré and Bouchon,1998)
.Theyar
e
cal
cul
atedusi
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ngr
elat
ionshi
ps:

πD2
gi = i Eq4
4
Di=Di
amet
eratchesthei
ght
gi
=basalar
eaof​​l igneous(m²/ha)
Di
:Di
ameterofwoodyi;
gi
:Woodl
andbasal eai(
ar m² /
ha).

Eq.5

d:popul
ati
ondensi
typerhectar
e;
n:
Populati
onsi
zeintheplot.

Thi
ssi
zedependsbot
hont
hesi
zeandt
henumberoft
reesandi
scor
rel
atedwi
tht
hecov
ert
oft
rees,whi
ch makes i
tpossi
blet
o quant
if
ythe l
eveloft
he compet
it
ion wi
thi
nthe
popul
ati
on,andt
hecondi
ti
onsofi
l
lumi
nat
ionoft
hesoi
l
.Accor
dingt
oCRPFandFOGEFOR
(
2011)
:
-Adenseandol
dpopul
ati
onmayhav
eahi
ghbasal
areaof​​25t
o50m²/ha;
-Ay
oungerorcl
ear
erpopul
ati
onwi
l
lhav
eal
owbasal
area:
5to15m²/ha.

1.
2.3.Est
imat
edcar
bonst
ockandat
mospher
icCO2equi
val
ent
The t
otalbi
omass est
imat
ed f
rom t
he di
ff
erent equat
ions was conv
ert
ed t
othe
cor
respondi
ngsequest
eredcar
bonst
ockbymul
ti
ply
ingi
tby0.
47accor
dingt
otheGI
EC
(
2006)
.Concer
ningt
othesequest
eredat
mospher
icCO2 st
ock,i
tisr
ecogni
zedt
hatt
he
at
omi
cmassofCar
bon(
MaC)i
s12and16f
ort
heOx
ygen.Themol
ecul
armassofCO2i
s44.
Thus,t
hecombi
nat
ionr
ati
oofcar
bon(
C)t
odi
oxy
gen(
O2)i
s3.
67.Theat
mospher
icCO2
equi
val
entst
ocki
sest
imat
edbymul
ti
ply
ingt
hecar
bonst
ockf
rom bi
omassby3.
67.Thi
s

6
met
hodofest
imat
ingoft
hest
ockofat
mospher
icCO2equi
val
entwasal
sousedbyTsoumou
(
2016)
.
Tocal
cul
ateourcar
bonst
ock,wehav
echosent
woequat
ionsment
ionedabov
ebecause
t
heyi
ntegr
atet
hreepar
amet
ers:t
heDi
amet
erat1.
3m namedi
nFr
enchDi
amèt
reaHaut
eur
dePoi
tr
ine(
DHP),t
hehei
ghtandt
hespeci
fi
cgr
avi
tyofeachspeci
es.I
naddi
ti
on,t
he
al
l
omet
ri
cequat
ionofChav
eetal
.(2005)hasbeenr
ecogni
zed ast
hemostaccur
ate
compar
ed t
othe ot
herexi
sti
ng equat
ions namel
ythatoft
he GI
EC (
2006)
,and t
hat
est
abl
i omoetal
shedbyDj ,(2010)( eretal
Mugni ,2009)
.

1.
2.3.Dat
aPr
ocessi
ngAndAnal
ysi
s
Thedat
awasanal
ysedf
ort
heassessmentofspeci
esr
ichness:r
elat
ivedensi
tyand
r
elat
ivedi
ver
sit
y;Ar
cVi
ew3.
2sof
twar
ewasusedt
orepr
esent
ingt
hedev
icei
nthepl
ot.
Thedendr
omet
ri
cpar
amet
ers(
diamet
erandl
engt
h)oft
hespeci
escol
l
ect
edi
nthef
iel
dwer
e
capt
uredandcompi
l
edusi
ngMi
crosof
tEXCEL2007f
ort
het
reat
mentandcal
cul
ati
onof
bi
omassandsequest
eredcar
bon.Thi
smet
hodofdat
apr
ocessi
ngandanal
ysi
swasal
so
usedbyTsoumouetal
.,(
2016)
.Knowi
ngt
hatt
hesequest
eri
ngcapaci
tyofanecosy
stem i
s
r
elat
edt
oit
sspeci
fi
cdi
ver
sit
y,t
hiscoef
fi
cienthasmadei
tpossi
blet
odef
inet
her
eli
abi
l
ityof
t
heMNPv
eget
ati
oni
nter
msofcar
bonsequest
rat
ionbyest
abl
i
shi
ngt
hef
oll
owi
ngr
ati
o:
Numberofthegender
CG = x100
NumberofSpecies

Nat
uralr
egener
ati
onconcer
nst
reesl
esst
han20cm i
ndi
amet
er.Ther
egener
ati
onr
ate
makesi
tpossi
blet
oest
imat
ether
enewalpot
ent
ialoft
hespeci
es.I
tiscal
cul
atedbyt
he
f
ormul
abel
ow(
Anony
mous,
2007;Banoho,
2013)
.
Numberofi
ndivi
dualsofci
rconfer
encelesst
han20cm
Tr= x100
Total
Numberofi ndi
vidual
s

2.RESULTS
2.
1.Char
act
eri
zat
ionoft
hef
lor
ist
icdi
ver
sit
yoft
heMNPsThef
lor
ist
ici
nvent
oryof5964
DHPt
reesgr
eat
ert
hanorequalt
o10cm r
eveal
edt
hepr
esenceof22f
ami
l
ies,37gener
a
and45speci
es.Themostr
epr
esent
edf
ami
l
iesar
etheRubi
aceaewi
th6gener
aand6
speci
es,
theCombr
etaceaewi
th4gener
aand5speci
es,
theMi
mosaceaewi
th3gener
aand
4speci
esandt
heCaesal
pini
aceaewi
th3gener
aand3speci
es.I
nter
msofdi
ver
sit
yindi
ces,
Fi
gur
e3showst
hatt
heRubi
aceaef
ami
l
yist
hemostr
epr
esent
ed16%,
fol
l
owedbyt
hoseof
Combr
etaceae(
11%)
,Mi
nosaceae(
8%)
,andCaesal
pini
aceae(
8%)
.
2.
2.Regener
ati
onr
ateandpopul
ati
onst
ruct
ure

7
Theav
erager
egener
ati
onr
ateoft
hespeci
esi
s24.
58%.Thi
srat
eisr
elat
ivel
ylowbecauseof
t
heshor
tdur
ati
onoft
her
ainyseason,
whi
chi
ssomet
imesonl
y4mont
hsonav
erage(
endof
Mayt
oAugust
),butal
so def
ici
encyofsoi
lwat
err
eser
vesandexcessi
nsol
ati
onwhi
ch
causesdel
ayi
nseedger
minat
iont
il
lther
ainyseason.

The gener
ic coef
fi
cient of t
he si
tei
s 82.
22%.The Shannon-
Wiener i
ndex i
s 3.
51
bi
ts/
indi
vi
dual
,repr
esent
ingt
hespeci
fi
cst
ruct
ureoft
hesampl
e.Thi
sindexi
shi
gh,
ref
lect
ing
al
argenumberofspeci
escont
ri
but
ingt
olanduseandpoorpopul
ati
onor
gani
zat
ion.The
equi
tabi
l
ityofPi
elouEv
ennessi
ndexi
s0.
64.Thi
sindi
cat
est
hatt
hepopul
ati
ngdi
str
ibut
ed
ev
enl
y,t
hati
s,t
hedi
str
ibut
ionofi
ndi
vi
dual
sperspeci
esr
epr
esent
edi
nthepopul
ati
oni
s
appr
oxi
mat
elyt
hesame.I
tshowst
hepar
ti
cipat
i essuchas:Ter
onofspeci minal
i
alaxi
fl
ora
(
1351st ,Combr
ems) etum col
l
inum (
1088st ,Hy
ems) menocar
diaaci
da(
935st
ems)and
Anogei
ssusl
eiocar
pus(
588st
ems)t
orepr
esentt
hef
lor
albackgr
oundoft
hepopul
ati
ng.
Di
ver
sit
yindi
ces

The di
ver
sit
yindi
ces i
n Tabl
eIIpr
ovi
de an ov
erv
iew oft
he i
tems t
hatal
l
owed t
he
char
act
eri
zat
ionofv
eget
ati
ont
ypesi
ntheMNP.

Tabl
eII
 :Di
ver
sit
yindi
ces
Index Val
ue
Absol
utedensi
ty 355i
ndi
vi
dual
s/ha
Gener
icdi
ver
sit
y 82.
22%
Shannon’
sindex 3.
51bi
ts
Equi
tabi
l
ityofPi
elou 0.
64
Gener
icCoef
fi
ci
ent 84.
09
Nat
ural
Regener
ati
on 24.
58%

Absol
utedensi
tyoft
heMNP
Theabsol
utedensi
tyv
ari
esf
rom onet
ransectt
oanot
her
.Thet
ransect
ssur
vey
edt
owar
ds
nor
thwestoft
heMNP(
T1,T2,T3,T4,T5,T6andT7)asobser
vedi
nFi
gur
e2,t
hehi
ghest
densi
tywasi
n T1t
ransecti
.e.451i
ndi
vi
dual
s/ha.Thi
str
ansecti
slocat
edmor
ethan2km
af
tert
her
oadsepar
ati
ngt
hev
il
lageofNguér
éfr
om t
heMNP.Howev
ert
hel
owestdensi
ty
wasi
nT5t
ransecti
.e.300i
ndi
vi
dual
s/ha.Thi
str
ansecti
slocat
edl
esst
hanonekm f
rom t
he
r
oadsepar
ati
ngt
heMNPf
rom Nangndav
il
lage.Ther
ewer
eal
sor
epor
tedPast
urei
ndi
ces,
poacher
s,andf
ir
ewoodsal
es,apar
tfr
om r
oadsi
dechar
coal
.Ther
ewasal
soal
argear
ea

8
deci
mat
edwhent
hef
ir
epassed.
Theav
eragedensi
tyi
s355i
ndi
vi
dual
s/ha.Thef
indi
ngi
sthatt
hewoodr
esour
cev
ari
eswi
thi
n
t
heMNP,accor
dingt
oit
saccessi
bil
i
tyt
olocalpopul
ati
ons.Fur
ther
,ther
ewer
eint
rusi
onsof
t
ranshumantpast
oral
i
stsi
nsear
chofgr
azi
ngandpoacher
swhoof
tenusewoodt
osmoke
t
hei
rpr
ey,
wit
hthet
empor
aryt
entset
upf
ort
hei
rcl
andest
inest
ayi
ntheMNP.

Fi
gur
e4:
Absol
utedensi
typert
ransectnor
thwestofMNP

Absol
utedensi
tyal
soquant
if
iest
hecompet
it
ionbet
weent
reesi
naf
orestpopul
ati
on.I
n
pr
esentst
udy
,thebasalar
eaof​​t
hepopul
ati
on i
s5.
86 m²/ha.Asar
esul
t,t
he
popul
ati
oni
scl
earandgi
veseasi
eraccesst
oli
ght
.
Tr
eat
mentofci
rcumf
erencecl
assdat
aat1.
3m f
rom t
hegr
ound(
Fig.5)showst
hatt
he
maj
ori
tyofi
ndi
vi
dual
sar
eint
he20-
40cm cl
ass.Thi
scl
assr
epr
esent
s40.
59% oft
he
i
ndi
vi
dual
ssur
vey
ed.Forot
hercl
assest
henumber
sar
edi
str
ibut
edasf
oll
ows:24.
58% f
or
t
he0-
20cm cl
ass;20.
87%f
ort
he40-
60cm cl
ass;7.
69%f
ort
hecl
assof60-
80cm.f
ort
he
cl
assof80-
100cm 3.
68%;0.
97%f
ort
hecl
ass100-
120cm;0.
75%f
ort
hecl
ass120-
140cm
and0.
33%f
ort
hecl
ass140-
160cm.Thef
oll
owi
ngcl
asses,
namel
y:cl
ass160-
180cm,
class
180-
200cm,
class220-
240cm hav
eaper
cent
ageofi
ndi
vi
dual
srangi
ngf
rom 0.
10t
o0.
13%.
Fi
nal
l
y,i
ndi
vi
dual
s gr
eat
ert
han 240 cm ar
e 0.
067%.The modalcl
assi
fi
cat
ion oft
he
ci
rcumf
erences shows t
hat onl
y 6.
25% of t
he i
nvent
ori
ed i
ndi
vi
dual
s r
each
ci
rcumf
erences >80cm.

9
 Fi
gur
e5:
Modal
classi
fi
cat
ionofpopul
ati
onci
rcumf
erences
Hor
izont
alst
ruct
ureoft
hepopul
ati
on

Thehor
izont
alst
ruct
urewasobt
ainedf
rom t
heci
rcumf
erencesat1.
3m abov
efr
om t
hesoi
l
ofeachoft
he5964woodyi
ndi
vi
dual
sinv
ent
ori
ed.Thedi
str
ibut
ionoft
hest
emsbydi
amet
er
cl
assesont
he16.
8hapr
ospect
edi
nthenor
th-
westoft
heMNPshowssomest
ruct
ural
di
ver
gencescl
ear
lydi
scr
imi
nat
edbyt
henumberofst
ems.Thus,f
igur
e5pr
esent
sthe
ci
rcumf
erencecl
ass≤10cm asbet
terr
epr
esent
edi
nthepopul
ati
onst
udi
edwi
th51.
12%of
t
hepopul
ati
on;or3049st
ems.I
ndi
vi
dual
sbel
ongi
ngt
othecl
assofci
rcumf
erences[
10-
20
cm wi
th36.
77%oft
henumber
;or2193st
emsf
oll
owedbyt
hecl
ass[
20-
30[
cm wi
th9.
03%
bei
ngpoor
lyr
epr
esent
edi
nthi
spar
k.Thecl
assofl
argeci
rcumf
erences(
mor
ethan60cm)
wasv
erysmal
l
.Thi
shor
izont
alst
ruct
ureofpopul
ati
onmakesi
tpossi
blet
ounder
stand t
hat
t
heMNPhassev
eralpat
hst
oensur
eit
sreconst
it
uti
oni
nthef
utur
e.Thegener
aldi
str
ibut
ion
showst
hatMNPpopul
ati
onar
echar
act
eri
sti
coft
heSahel
o-Sudani
anbi
ocl
i
mat
icar
ea.

Fi
gur
e
Fi
gur
e6 
:Popul
ati
onst
ruct
ure
Ver
ti
calst
ruct
ureoft
hepopul
ati
ng

Thewoodyspeci
esi
nthest
udyar
eawer
ecl
assi
fi
edi
n3modal
i
tiesof10m.Thehei
ghtcl
ass
ofpl
ant
s≤4m r
epr
esent
s13.
29% oft
hespeci
es.I
nthi
scl
assdomi
nant
sspeci
eswer
e
Anogei
ssusl
eiocar
pus,Combr
etum col
l
inum,Guei
rasenegal
ensi
s,Ter
minal
i
alaxi
fl
oraand

10
Hymenocar
diaaci
da.Thecl
assof4-
7m r
epr
esent
s19.
29%oft
hespeci
es,wher
edomi
nant
speci e:Dani
eswer ell
aol
i
ver
i,Pi
l
iost
igmar
eti
cul
atum andPr
osopi
saf
ri
cana.However
,mor
e
t
han67.
4%oft
hespeci
eshav
eahei
ghtgr
eat
ert
hanorequalt
o7m (
Figur
e7)
.Thedomi
nant
speci
esbyt
hei
rhei e:Khay
ghtwer asenegal
ensi
s,Par
kiabi
globosaandBombaxcost
atum.
Thecl
assofhei
ght
s≤4m i
schar
act
eri
zedbysev
eralsav
annaspeci
eswhi
ch,al
though
mat
ure,r
etai
nar
elat
ivel
ysmal ze,suchas:Fl
lsi ugi
avi
rosa,St
rychnosspi
nosa,Zi
zi
phus
maur
it
ianaandmanyot
herspeci
es(
Figur
e7)
.

Fi
gur
e7:
Ver
ti
cal
Str
uct
ureofMNPpopul
ati
ng
2.
3.MNPcar
bonst
ocks
Byappl
yi
ngt
hepan-
tr
opi
calequat
i eetal
onofChav ,(2005)t
hecar
bonst
ocksobt
ained
accor
dingt
other
eser
voi
rsgi
ve:ast
ockof23.
82±0.
004t
C/haf
orwoodyt
rees,ast
ockof
0.
144±0.
007t
C/haf
orunder
growt
handgr
asses,andast
ockof0.
560±0.
006t
C/haf
or
l
i
tter
.
Thehy
pogeum car
bonst
ockcor
respondst
othev
alues​​obt
ainedbydr
yingandwei
ghi
ng
t
hef
iner
oot
soft
hesoi
landr
oot
let
s.Thebi
groot
shav
enotbeenr
emov
edsoasnott
o
af
fectt
henut
ri
ti
onoft
het
rees.Thev
alueoft
hest
ockobt
ainedi
s3.
129±0.
007t
C/ha.
Thet
otalcar
bonst
ockobt
ainedi
sequi
val
entt
othesum ofCar
bomassandt
hoseofl
i
tter
andunder
growt
h.

Tabl
eII
I:Summaryoftotal
carbonst
ock
Carbonwell Carbonst
ocktC/
ha
Under gr
owth 0.
144±0,007
Li
tt
er 0.560±0,
006
Root 3.
129±0,
007
Woody
23.
82±0,
004

11
 Tot
al 27.
653±0,
006
Changei
ncar
bonst
ockaccor
dingt
otr
eeci
rcumf
erencecl
asses

Thesl
i
poft
heannualav
eragepl
uvi
omet
rywasmor
ethan100mm,wi
thsui
tabl
eper
iods
f
rom t
hreet
ofi
vey
ear
si.
e.f
rom 1970af
ter
war
dst
il
l1980,andatl
astf
rom 2000t
o2005,
whi
chi
nit
iat
eda"
Sahelar
ea"oft
hebi
otope,
ther
e i
nthenor
thoft
hepar
kmor
ecl
ear
ly.
.Thi
s
expl
ainst
hear
eaconst
ancyoft
wot
ypesoft
hegr
owt
hint
heNat
ionalPar
kOfMandadur
ing
t
hel
astt
hir
tyy
ear
s,namel
y:t
heshr
ubsav
annahoccupy
inganav
erageof32.
3% andt
he
gr
assysav
annawi
thanav
erageof28.
4%oft
he 
tot
alar
eaoft
heNat
ional
Par
kManda.
I
nthecour
seoft
hel
astt
hir
tyy
ear
s,t
hev
eget
abl
ebi
omassoft
heNat
ionalPar
kofManda
(
consi
sti
ng 
thesum oft
hedi
ff
erentt
ypesofv
eget
ati
on)occupi
esanav
erage78.
75%oft
he
t
otalar
eaoft
heNat
ionalPar
kofManda.Thi
sbi
omassr
epr
esent
sahi
gh 
pot
ent
ialofcar
bon
sequest
rat
ion.

3.DI
SCUSSI
ON

3.
1.Woodydi
ver
sit
yoft
heMNP
Thef
lor
ist
ici
nvent
oryofwoodyt
reeshasr
eveal
edaconsi
der
abl
especi
esdi
ver
sit
yint
he
MNP.Themosti
mpor
tantspeci
esi
nter
msoft
hei
rabundancei
nt e:Anogei
heMNPwer ssus
l
eiocar
pus, Combr
etum col
l
inum, Guei
ra senegal
ensi
s, Ter
minal
i
a l
axi
fl
ora and
Hymenocar
diaaci
da.Theser
esul
tsar
esi
mil
art
othoseofKabel
ong(
2013)whi
chobt
ains49
woodyspeci
es,di
vi
dedi
nto42gener
aandbel
ongi
ngt
o25f
ami
l
iesi
ntheWazaNat
ional
Par
k(WNP)l
ocat
edi
ntheSudano-
Sahel
i
anzonei
nCamer
oon,wi
thagener
iccoef
fi
cientof
83.
67%.I
tthusappear
sthatt
heMNPi
sgener
ical
l
ydi
ver
sif
ied.Thi
sgener
icdi
ver
sit
yist
he
expr
essi
onofasi
gni
fi
cantpot
ent
ialofcar
bonst
orageepi
geousaswel
lashy
pogeum Thi
sis
becausegr
eat
ert
hespeci
esdi
ver
sit
y,gr
eat
erar
ethechancesofpopul
ati
ont
oresi
stt
he
v
ari
abi
l
ityoff
act
orst
hati
nfl
uencei
tsdi
str
ibut
ion.Fori
nst
ance,t esAnogei
hespeci ssus
l
eiocar
pus,Hymenocar
diaaci
daandGuei
rasenegal
ensi
sar
eresi
stantt
obushf
ir
es,
sot
hei
r
pr
esencei
nhedgepr
otect
stheot
herspeci
esoft
hepopul
ati
onandt
huscont
ri
but
est
othe
i
ncr
ease oft
he l
i
fe span oft
he i
ndi
vi
dual
s,t
her
eby i
ncr
easi
ng t
he or
gani
c mat
ter
r
equi
rement
sthatf
urt
herr
equi
recar
bonupt
akebypl
ant
s.Fr
om t
hepoi
ntofv
iewofspeci
fi
c
abundance,
ther
esul
tsobt
ainedi
nthi
sst
udydi
ff
erf
rom t
hoseofJi
aghoetal
.(2016)wher
e
domi
ntantspeci
esi
nWNPwer
eobt
ainedas:Acaci
aseyal
,Gui
erasenegal
ensi
s,Combr
etum
sof
tandBal
ani
tesaegypt
iaca.Theyal
sodi
ff
erf
rom t
hoseofBoussi
m(2010)(
cit
.Lansi
na,
2013)i
nsav
annazonei
nBur
kina,whi
chhaddomi essuchas:Adansoni
nantspeci adi
git
ata,
Fai
dher
biaal
bida,
Lanneami
crocar
pa,
Par
kiabi
globosa,
Vit
ell
ari
apar
adoxa.
Thi
sdi
ff
erencei
ssuppor
tedbyt
heShannon-
Weav
eri
ndexof3.
51bi
tsf
ort
hisst
udy
,thi
s

12
di
ff
erencebei
ngr
elat
edt
othef
act
orst
hatgov
ernt
hedi
str
ibut
ionofspeci
eswi
thi
ntheMNP.
Thesef
act
orsar
ecl
i
mat
ici
.e.r
elat
edt
othev
ari
abi
l
ityoft
hecl
i
mat
e,edaphi
ci.
e.r
elat
edt
o
t
henut
ri
entcont
entoft
hesoi
l
,al
ongwi
tht
hecapaci
tyofdomi
nantspeci
est
omul
ti
plyand
t
oadaptt
othev
ari
abi
l
ityoft
hesef
act
ors.
.Thi
sindi
cat
esagr
eatv
ari
ati
oni
nenv
ironment
al
f
act
ors,
howev
er,
aweakor
gani
zat
ionofi
tspopul
ati
on,
ort
hei
mbal
anceofi
tsel
f.
3.
2.Popul
ati
onst
ruct
ure
Theav
eragedensi
tyofMNPpopul
ati
oni
s355i
ndi
vi
dual
s/ha.Theser
esul
tsar
edi
ff
erent
f
rom t
her
esul
tsgener
all
yobt
ainedi
nthePAsoft
heSahel
o-Sudani
anbi
ocl
i
mat
iczone.
Kabel
ong(
2013)hasanav
eragedensi
tyof30t
o50i
ndi
vi
dual
s/haandJi
aghoetal
.(2016)
obt
ainsanav
eragedensi
tyof40st
ems/hai
ntheWNP.Sani(
2009)i
nNi
gershowsan
av
eragedensi
tyofl
i
gneoust
rees,
163i
ndi
vi
dual
s/hai
nar
ever
disi
tei
nMar
ri
ah.I
ncont
rast
,
Lansi
na(
2013)obt
ainsanav
eragedensi
tyof305.
25i
ndi
vi
dual
s/hai
nthest
ri
ctSahel
i
an
sect
ori
nBur
kinaFaso.Theav
eragedensi
tyobt
ainedi
ntheMNPi
schar
act
eri
sti
coft
he
Sudani
anzone;t
hecl
i
mat
icandedaphi
ccondi
ti
onsar
equi
tef
avor
abl
etot
hegr
owt
hoft
he
speci
es.Thi
sisal
soexpl
ainedbyt
hegoodconser
vat
ionoft
hef
lor
aint
hispar
kduet
othe
pr
esenceoft
radi
ti
onalcul
tsi
tesandr
it
esbutal
sot
otheact
ionofeco-
guar
ds(
Anony
mous,
2011a)
.
Thebasal
areaof​​t
hepopul
ati
onwer
e5.
86m²/ha.Theser
esul
tswer
econt
rar
ytot
hose
ofBoul
maneetal
.(2013)i
nthedr
yecosy
stemsofMor
occo,whi
chobt
ains19.
3m²/hai
n
t
hepr
ovi
nceofI
fr
ane.Ont
heot
herhand,Tr
aor
é(2013)obt
ainedi
ntheSahel
o-Sudanese
zonei
nBur
kinaav
alueof3.
25m²/ha,av
aluet
hati
ssi
mil
art
othatoft
hisst
udy
.Tr
ees≥7
mt
allt
hatdomi
nat
eNMPpopul
ati
onwer
equi
tedi
stantf
rom eachot
herbecauseoft
he
pr
edomi
nanceofgr
assl
andandshr
ubsav
annaar
eas,
resul
ti
ngi
nlackofcompet
it
ionamong
i
ndi
vi
dual
sforl
owbasalar
eaobt
ained.Theser
esul
tssuggestt
hatNMPpopul
ati
onar
ecl
ear
andpr
ovi
deeasi
eraccesst
oli
ght
.
Thest
udyoft
hedi
str
ibut
ionofci
rcumf
erencesont
he16.
8hai
nvent
ori
esshowst
hat40.
59%
oft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
sbel
ongt
othecl
ass20-
40cm.Kabel
ong(
2013)obt
ainedasi
mil
arr
esul
tin
Camer
oon'
s WNP wi
th 34.
22% ofi
ndi
vi
dual
sint
he 20-
40 cm cl
ass.Thi
sresul
tis
char
act
eri
sti
cofsav
annaecosy
stems.Asf
ort
hedi
amet
ri
cdi
str
ibut
ion,
thest
udyshowst
hat
51.
12% oft
hepopul
ati
onbel
ongst
othedi
amet
ercl
ass0-
10(
cm)
.Ital
soshowst
hatt
he
r
epr
esent
ati
onoft
hedi
ff
erentdi
amet
ercl
asseshasadecr
easi
ngexponent
ialdy
nami
c
di
str
ibut
ionwi
th36.
77%bel
ongi
ngt
othecl
ass10-
20(
cm)andonl
y9.
03%t
othecl
ass20-
30
(
cm)
.Itshoul
dbenot
edt
hatt
henumberofi
ndi
vi
dual
soft
hecl
assofl
argedi
amet
ers(
mor
e
t
han60cm)i
sver
ysmal
l
.Thi
sdi
ff
erencei
npopul
ati
oni
sexpl
ainedbyt
hef
actt
hatf
orest
gr
ovesdev
elopt
hroughanat
uralsuccessi
onpr
ocesst
hatgoest
hroughsev
eralst
agesof
mat
uri
ty(
Mul
l
eretal
.2002,
Ngomandaetal
.2012)
.Accor
dingt
oJi
aghoetal
.(2016)t
hisi
sa

13
si
gnofecol
ogi
calv
igorandguar
ant
eeoft
hesust
ainabi
l
ityoft
hepopul
ati
on,t
hey
oung
i
ndi
vi
dual
sspont
aneousl
yensur
ether
epl
acementofol
dindi
vi
dual
s..
3.
5.Est
imat
ionofcar
bonst
ocks
Thet
otalcar
bonst
ockobt
ainedav
erages27.
65±0.
01t
C/ha.I
tcor
respondst
othesum of
t
heCar
bomass(
li
gneousandr
oot
s),t
hel
i
tter
,theher
baceousandt
heunder
growt
h.The
equat
ionofChav
eetal
.(2005)wasusedf
orl
i
gneousandt
hedest
ruct
ivemet
hodf
orot
her
pool
s.usi
ngt
hesameal
l
omet
ri
cequat
ionofChav
eetal
.(2005)i
ntheSahel
-Sudani
anf
orest
i
nTi
endaga,Mal
i
,thecar
bonst
ockobt
ainedav
erages37.
478t
C/ha(
Anony
mous,2013d)
sl
i
ght
lyhi
ghert
hant
hisst
udy
.Ont
heot
herhand,
forasampl
i
ngcar
ri
edouton3700hai
nthe
r
ehabi
l
itat
edsav
annaoft
heBagombépl
ateaui
nGabonNgomandaetal
.(2013)obt
aineda
car
bonst
ockof978113t
C,i
tmeansanav
erageof264.
35t
C/ha,al
l
owi
ngi
ttocl
aimt
hat
t
hedr
ybi
omassoft
heunder
growt
hofecosy
stemssav
annasi
sgr
eat
ert
hant
hosei
nthe
under
growt
hoff
orestecosy
stems.Thi
sasser
ti
oni
sduet
othef
actt
hat i
nsav
annat
he
ecosy
stem bei
ngv
eryopenal
l
owst
hel
i
ghtener
gyt
ocomedi
rect
lyt
othegr
assyst
rat
a,
whi
chl
eadst
oahi
ghbi
omasspr
oduct
ioni
nsav
annaas compar
edt
ocl
osedenv
ironment
s
orf
orest
,hencet
hehi
ghr
ateofcar
bonst
ored.
Thel
owcar
bonst
ockobt
ainedi
nthi
sst
udymaybeexpl
ainedbyt
her
educedsampl
esi
zeof
16.
8ha,t
heseasondur
ingwhi
cht
heassessmentwasmade(
dryseason)andal
sobecause
somepar
tofst
oredcar
bonwasnotest
imat
ednamel
y 
:soi
landl
arger
oot
smor
ethan2mm
di
amet
er.Thesest
udi
eswer
enotconduct
edduet
olackoff
inanci
alandl
ogi
sti
cal
resour
ces.
Thecar
bonst
ockf
rom Chav
eetal
.(2005)compar
edt
othatf
oundbyMugni
eretal
.2009at
Sal
ongoNat
ional
Par
k(Ecuador
,Democr
ati
cRepubl
i
cofCongo)i
nay
oungsecondar
yfor
est
:
79.
0tC/hahassi
mil
ari
ti
es.

3.
6.Dy
nami
csofMNPv
eget
ati
on
Thev
eget
ati
oncov
erhasi
ncr
easedf
rom anav
eraget
otalar
eaof​​88% t
oanav
erage
ar
ea of​​78.
75% oft
heext
entoft
heNI
P.Theser
esul
tswer
einf
eri
ort
othoseof
Anony
mous(
2015d)i
nLagdoi
ntheext
remenor
thofCamer
oon.Fort
heper
iodf
rom 1987t
o
2014,i
tobt
ainedadegr
adat
ionofnear
ly30% oft
heLagdof
orest
.Anony
mous(
2012a)
j
ust
if
iest
hedensi
tyoft
hepl
antcov
eroft
heMNPbyconcl
udi
ngt
hati
tsv
eget
ati
oni
sver
y
wel
lpr
eser
vedt
il
lpr
esent
.Howev
er,
thecl
andest
inei
ntr
usi
onofr
ipar
ianpopul
ati
onsi
ntot
he
par
kforv
ari
ousact
ivi
ti
es(
fi
shi
ng,hunt
ing,cut
ti
ngf
ir
ewoodandwor
ks)andpast
oral
i
sts
seeki
nggr
azi
ngar
ethecausesoft
hei
ncr
easei
nthear
eaofbar
egr
oundandsandbanks.
Banoho(
2013)i
ntheWNPst
atest
hatt
hepr
oxi
mit
yofv
eget
ati
oncov
ert
oresi
dent
ialar
eas
posesat
hreatt
oveget
ati
ongr
owt
h.Theobser
vat
ioni
sthesamef
ort
hisst
udy
.Thi
sst
ateof
af
fai
rsconst
it
utesacausel
i
kel
ytoi
nfl
uencet
hecar
bonsequest
rat
ioncapaci
tyoft
heNMP

14
v
eget
ati
onandi
tsper
ipher
y,bydest
ocki
ngt
heNMPcar
bonpool
sint
hemedi
um t
erm.

CONCLUSI
ON

Thef
lor
ist
icdi
ver
sit
yoft
heMNPconsi
stsof45woodyspeci
esdi
vi
dedi
nto37gener
aand22
f
ami
l
ies.Howev
er,t
hef
lor
aoft
heMNPespeci
all
ythatofi
tsper
ipher
yist
hreat
enedbyt
he
demogr
aphi
cpr
essur
ewhi
chpr
evai
l
s.Thecar
bonst
ocksobt
ainedwer
e27.
65±0.
01t
C/ha.
I
nthecont
extoft
heREDD+pr
ocesst
obei
mpl
ement
edi
ntheNI
P,def
orest
ati
onshoul
dbe
combat
ed,t
he est
imat
ed quant
it
ies ofcar
bon shoul
d be ext
ended t
othe whol
e NI
P
accor
dingt
othedi
ff
erentt
ypesofv
eget
ati
onandasy
stem ofr
otat
ionalexpl
oit
ati
onoft
he
massi
fshoul
dbei
nit
iat
edf
rom t
heper
ipher
yoft
heMNPt
oal
l
owaconsequentr
egener
ati
on
t
imef
ordef
orest
edsur
faces.

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