Dynamic actions are caused

on buildings by both wind

and earthquakes. But, design
for wind forces and for
earthquake effects are
distinctly different.
The seismic design of structures should include proper
evaluation of seismic hazards.
The seismic design of structures should include
proper evaluation of seismic hazards.
• Ground shaking
• Liquefaction
• Ground deformations
• Loss of bearing
• Slope stability hazards
May impact the performance of foundations.
Bizzare China Building Collapse
In Shanghai (06/27/2009)
Earthquake Effects on Buildings:
• In a response to the earthquake ground motion, buildings vibrate under inertia
loads that may cause excessive stresses in weak walls, columns, beams,
and/or joints, resulting in partial failure or even complete collapse.

• The typeof the ground motion and the corresponding structural

response vary, depending on location and the physical properties of the building
(mass, stiffness, and damping).
Earthquake Effects on Buildings:

• High-rise and slender structures tend to amplify the motions of longer

periods when compared with short buildings. Also, taller buildings tend to shake
longer than short buildings. However, tall buildings are usually built to withstand strong
wind loads and precautions are taken to increase the damping,
which may make them deform less under earthquakes
Few methods are available for the earthquake analysis of buildings;

1- Equivalent Static Lateral Force Method (pseudo static method).

2- Dynamic analysis

I. Response spectrum method.

II. Time history method.
1- Equivalent Static Lateral Force Method (pseudo static method).
2- Dynamic analysis
Building codes are usually drafted to meet the demands of the
expected ground motions at a certain location that are presented by
hazard maps.
Hazard maps are constructed by examining the following:
Building codes are usually drafted to meet the demands of the
expected ground motions at a certain location that are presented by
hazard maps.
Hazard maps are constructed by examining the following:

(i)The earthquake history of the region to estimate the probability of an

earthquake.
(ii)The expected shaking intensity produced by the earthquake (often
expressed as a peak acceleration).
(iii)The frequency of the shaking and the distance from the fault.
(iv)The regional geology and site conditions.
MODELING OF BUILDING :
Some examples of passive dampers are:

• Tuned Mass Damper (TMD)

• Distributed Viscous Dampers
• Tuned Liquid Column Dampers (TLCD), also known as Liquid
Column Vibration Absorbers (LVCA)
• Tuned Sloshing Water Dampers (TSWD)
• Impact Type Dampers
• Visco-Elastic Dampers
• Friction Dampers
Tuned Mass Damper (TMD)

A device consisting of a mass, a spring, and a damper that is attached to a structure

in order to reduce the dynamic response of the structure
Distributed Viscous Dampers
A multi-directional damping units made up of a plunger (piston)
and a container (cylinder) partially filled with a highly viscous
liquid. The vibratory motion of the plunger thru the viscous
liquid shears the fluid, dissipating the vibration energy into
heat.
Tuned Liquid Column
Dampers (TLCD), also
known as Liquid Column
Vibration Absorbers
(LVCA)
Tuned Sloshing Water Dampers (TSWD)
A TSWD consists of a rigid vessel holding a given mass
of water and rigidly attached with the structure.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=56cxOzgl-
mc
Should these systems be installed in all structures? :
No. Since their application is very expensive therefore they are currently
used in structures with following conditions :

1.Structures under unusual excitations, such as extreme winds or strong

earthquakes.

2.Structures with critical functions and high safety requirements, such as

hospitals, fire stations, and power plants.

3.Structures requiring serviceability considerations, such as towers, tall

buildings, long-span roofs or bridges, and other flexible structures. Under
large environmental excitation, excessive structural vibrations could affect
occupant comfort or structural safety.
Examples of active and hybrid dampers include:

•Variable Stiffness Dampers

• Hydraulic dampers
• Controllable Fluid Dampers
• Magneto-Rheological (MR) Dampers
• Electro-Rheological (ER) Dampers
• Variable Friction Dampers
 Structural systems of tall buildings can be divided into various types due to
different criteria (e.g., internal and external). The choice of system and application
of constructional material is affected by many factors, in particular:
-
The height of the building,
-
The ratio of height to width (slenderness),
-
The required spatial rigidity for the transfer of lateral forces (wind, seismic),
-
The formation of the building’s body,
-
The conditions of the layout of the lower floor and foundation