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 18GA140

STRUCTURES AND SERVICES

IN
MEGA BUILDINGS
INTRODUCTION –
• Introduction to Mega Buildings – Definitions
• Classification of Mega Buildings
• Types – Multi-Storey Buildings, High Rise Buildings and Sky
Scrapers –
• Introduction to Structure in Mega Buildings – Sub Structure and
Super Structures.
• Introduction to Services at Building Level such as Water Supply
and Sanitation, Electrical Services, Fire Safety and Services,
Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems, Communication
and Networks –
• Introduction to Building Management Systems –
• Building Services at Site Level – Distribution Systems of all
Building Services
• Introduction to Landscape Design Strategies such as Sky Gardens
(Roof Gardens, Vertical Gardens etc.) – Landscape Irrigation
Systems.
More than 150 years ago, cities looked very
different from the way they look today.

“ Historically, the word tower usually designated the

church and the town hall until the birth
of the skyscraper.
 Three Generations of High-Rise Buildings

Since the first appearance of high-rise buildings, there has been a

transformation in their design and construction.
First Generation Second Generation Third Generation

After 19th C
Before 19th C In 19th C
ie WW II
before WW II

FACTORS :
Location
Forms of planning
Structures
Materials
Techniques
 Three Generations of High-Rise Buildings

First Generation Second Generation Third Generation

 Three Generations of High-Rise Buildings

Since the first appearance of high-rise buildings, there has been a

transformation in their design and construction.

First Generation Second Generation Third Generation

Which includes the

The exterior walls Metropolitan Life Building Those of steel-
of these buildings (1909), the Woolworth framed
consisted of stone Building (1913), and the construction ( core
or brick, although Empire State Building (1931), construction and
sometimes cast are frame structures, in tube construction),
iron was added which a skeleton of welded- reinforced
for decorative or riveted-steel columns concrete
purposes. The and beams, often encased in construction, and
columns were concrete, runs through the steel-framed
constructed of entire building. This type of reinforced
cast iron, often construction makes for an concrete
unprotected; steel extremely strong structure, construction
and wrought iron but not such attractive floor
was used for the space. The interiors are full
beams; of heavy, load-bearing
columns and walls.
In the 1960s, the megastructure became a significant
arena of innovative design.

Architects of the 1950s and 1960s in Western nations ‘shared an

unwavering belief that THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF CITIES
COULD TRANSFER SOCIETY’ .

Accordingly, these architects aimed to replace static space and

architecture by
‘mobility,
flows of people,
transportation,
communication, and
adaptability to change’ .

The outcome was a series of designs for multi-level cities and

cybernetic modules.
 THE MEGASTRUCTURE

n 1968, Ralph Wilcoxen

"any development in which residential

densities are able to support services and
facilities essential for the development to
become a self-contained community".
 Demand for high-rise Building

1. Scarcity of land in urban areas

2. Increasing the demand for business and
residential space
3. Economic growth
4. Technological advancements
5. Innovations in structural systems
6. Desire for aesthetics in urban settings
7. Concept of city skyline
8. Cultural significance and prestige
9. Human aspiration to building higher
Urban Context

Analysing the
relationships

Urban SYNTAX

Urban MORPHOLOGY
Urban Context
 WHO DECIDES ?????

Tall, Supertall & Megatall Buildings

CTBUH - 1969
The Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH)
developed the international standards for measuring and defining tall buildings,
as outlined below, and is recognized as the arbiter for bestowing designations
such as the “World’s Tallest Building.

The Council was founded

at Lehigh University in
1969 by Lynn S. Beedle,
where its office
remained until October
2003 when it moved to
the Illinois Institute of
Technology in Chicago.
 How to DEFINE ?????
What constitutes a “tall building;” the definition is
subjective, considered against one or more of the following
categories :

 Height Relative to Context .

 Proportion.
 Embracing Technologies Relevant to Tall Buildings.
  Height Relative to Context

A 14-story building may not be considered a tall building

in a high-rise city such as Chicago or Hong Kong, but in a
provincial European city or a suburb this may be distinctly
taller than the urban norm.
  Proportion

There are numerous buildings that are not particularly high, but
are slender enough to give the appearance of a tall building.
Conversely, there are numerous big/large-footprint buildings that are
quite high, but their size/floor area rules them out of being classed as a
tall building.
  Embracing Technologies Relevant to Tall Buildings
A building containing technologies which may be attributed as being a
product of “tall”

If a building can be considered as subjectively relevant to one or

more of the above categories, then it can be considered a tall building.
Although number of floors is a poor indicator of defining a tall building
due to the changing floor to floor height between differing buildings and
functions (e.g., office versus residential usage), a building of 14 or more
stories – or more than 50 meters (165 feet) in height – could typically be
used as a threshold for a “tall building.”
 Otis Publicly Demonstrates the
World’s First Safety Elevator. In 1854,
Elisha Graves Otis at the Crystal Palace
Exposition in New York City .
The fastest installed elevator reaches speeds of 67 feet per second (20.5
meters per second), or 46 miles per hour (73.8 kilometers per hour) in
the Shanghai Tower.
 HOW TO DECIDE ?????

Tall buildings
• Super tall (300m)
• Mega tall (600m)
 Measuring Tall Buildings HEIGHTS

1. Height to Architectural Top

...the architectural top of the building, including spires, but not including
antennae, signage, flagpoles or other functional-
technical equipment. This measurement is the most widely utilized
and is employed to define the CTBUH rankings of the “World’s Tallest
Buildings.”
 Measuring Tall Buildings HEIGHTS

2. Height to Highest Occupied Floor

...the finished floor level of the highest occupiable6 floor within the
building.
 Measuring Tall Buildings HEIGHTS

3. Height to Tip
...to the highest point of the building, irrespective of material or
function of the highest element.
Measuring Tall Buildings HEIGHTS
 Types of High-Rise Buildings

There are different types of high-rise buildings classified according to their

Primary use
Structural Systems.
 Tall Buildings characteristics
Single-function vs. Mixed-
use Buildings :
A single-function tall building is
defined as one where 85 percent or
more of its total height is
dedicated to a single function.

A mixed-use tall building contains two

or more functions, where each of
the functions occupies a significant
proportion of the tower’s total space.
7

Support areas, such as car parks and

mechanical plant space, do not
constitute mixed-use functions.

Functions are denoted on CTBUH

“Tallest” lists in descending order (e.g.,
“hotel/office” indicates hotel function
above office function).
 Tall Buildings characteristics

Building vs. Tower

To be considered a building, at
least 50 percent of its
height must be
occupiable . 6

Telecommunications or
observation towers that do not
meet the 50 percent threshold
are not eligible for inclusion on
CTBUH’s “Tallest” lists.
 Tall Buildings characteristics
Co-Joined Building
A building is a single, co-joined building (as opposed to separate
buildings in a complex) when 50 percent or more of the
total building height is connected. Exceptions to this 50
percent rule can be made in cases where the form of the building
creates a coherent arch, creating a singular architectural expression
and thus a co-joined building.
The Pearl Hong Kong Skyscraper

Will there ever be a mile-high skyscraper?-

Stefan Al-YouTube
https://www.slideshare.net/joymeer/high-rise-
structure-core
https://www.slideshare.net/AchillesAchilles/rep
ort-on-high-rise-buildings