TUGAS PERTENGAHAN SEMESTER

OLEH

KADEK AYU MUSTIKA DEWI 2502009684

ARCHITECTURE

BINA NUSANTARA UNIVERSITY

JAKARTA

2023
1. Explaining the high-rise building project’s general information.

The definition mentioned by Britannica, tall buildings were first built in the United States in
the 1880s. By the mid-20th century, such buildings had become a standard feature of the architectural
landscape in most of the world's countries. Tall buildings are tall buildings or structures. Usually, the
function of a building represents a tall building or tall office building. Tall buildings are the answer to
the problem of increasingly expensive and scarce land, so they have a high economic side and are the
solution at that time. impossible to build horizontally. High-rise buildings include office buildings,
apartments, hotels, etc. with multiple floors, in this case more than 4 floors. The high-rise system has
several main systems that work in an integrated manner to form an efficient intact high-rise, a system
resembling the human body with features such as structure (bones), architecture (skin and shell). ,
perhaps also muscles and the beauty of their form), mechanical and electrical (such as the respiratory
system, circulatory system, and lymphatic system), although these functions are not exactly the same,
they are similar to how an organism works. The construction of tall buildings was made possible by
the invention of elevators and cheaper and stronger building materials. Buildings between 23 and 150
meters high are considered tall buildings by some standards. Buildings that are more than 150 meters
high are called skyscrapers. The average height of a floor is 4 m, so a building with a height of 24 m
has 6 floors. Tall buildings have ten characteristics, including:

1. Building Height 6. The Influence of High Winds and Earthquakes

2. Types of Building Structures 7. High Risk

3. Floor Area 8. High Complexity

4. Typical 9. Aim High

5. Limited Land 10.High Safety Demands

Although the definition remains unclear, many bodies have attempted to define what 'tall
building' means:

The International Conference on Fire Safety in High-Rise Buildings defines a high-rise building as
"any structure where height can have a major impact on evacuation."

The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines a tall building as "a building that has many
storeys"

Massachusetts General Laws defines a tall building as taller than 70 feet (21 m)

Many engineers, inspectors, architects and similar professions define a tall building as a building
that is at least 75 feet (23 m) high.
 Tall structures present construction challenges for structural and geotechnical development,
especially when located in clay soils with geotechnical risk factors such as high pressure or silty soils.
They also present a serious challenge to firefighters in an emergency in tall buildings. Such problems
affect new and old building structures, building systems such as the standpipe systems in buildings,
HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) systems, sprinklers and other things such as fire
escapes and elevators. An elevator, also called an elevator, is a vehicle that moves in a vertical shaft to
transport people or goods between levels of a multi-storey building. Most modern elevators are
powered by an electric motor with a balancing cable and wheels (pulleys). Paving the way for taller
buildings, elevators have played an important role in shaping the urban geography of many modern
cities, especially in the United States, and promise to play an invaluable role in the future
development of cities.

The practice of lifting weights by mechanical means during construction dates back at least to
Roman times; the Roman architect-engineer Vitruvius completed it in the 1st century BC. a platform
using pulleys and cogs, ie. windshields used by humans, animals or hydropower. Steam power was
used for such devices in England in the 19th century. In the early 19th century, hydraulic elevators
were introduced, with platforms attached to cylindrical inner slides that were lowered below the shaft
to a depth equal to the height of the shaft. . A steam pump is used to apply pressure to the liquid in the
cylinder. The wheel combination is then used to double the car's motion and reduce the depth of
thrust. All of these devices use counterweights to balance the car's weight and require sufficient force
to increase the load.

example of a high rise building, to start designing the structure, Rhode Partners relied on
modeling their own structure in the Archicad environment. The simple concrete slabs and columns
stimulated various discussions on project specifications with the structural engineers. The architects
made initial suggestions for addressing the supporting elements of the building and the roof. 3D
modeling allows designers to find elements that need a solution and model those elements with
Archicad. Structural designers working in Revit submit their drawings, which can easily be converted
into Archicad files.
Project Data

Architect Rhode Partners

Location Austin, Texas, United States

Type Residential Tower

Size Over 1,000,000+ sq ft

Software Used Archicad, BIMx

this building is called a high rise building because it

has twenty eight floors, this building uses glass as the main
material on the outside of the building.

Located in the thriving Gårda sector, adjacent to

downtown Gothenburg, Reflex Arkitekter has designed the
Kineum: a high-rise building that revitalizes and brings new
interactions to the area. Comprising 28 floors of multi-
purpose programs housing offices, hotels, spas, gyms,
conference facilities and services, Kineum provides a
combination of spaces that promote dynamic progress,
exciting meetings and relaxing holidays. The name Kineum
comes from the Greek word "kinéo" which means "to move". The concept - House in Motion - is
based on the idea of setting the pulse, energizing the neighborhood and getting people involved.
Seamless combination and interaction between hotel guests, office workers and spa visitors. Kineum
is considered to be in constant motion and crowded. The building will create traffic flow both day and
night, improving connectivity and services to the area. Additionally, it increases security awareness in
office areas that appear inactive after hours. 

2. Explaining all the high-rise structure and services attributes

structure in tall buildings is very important, so that buildings can be created properly and can
last a long time. There are several structures in the tall buildings.

A. RIGID FRAME

A rigid frame structure is a structure consisting of linear elements, usually beams and
columns, which are connected at the ends by joints which prevent relative rotation between the
members being joined and allow the members to be continuous in the joints. Continuous beam, rigid
frame structure is a statically indeterminate structure, many rigid frame structures appear to be the
same as the column and beam system, but in fact these frame structures behave very differently from
the column and beam system, that is because of the joints of the rigid frame. , the attachment points
can be rigid enough to accept lateral loads on the frame when those loads cannot act on the frame
structure, which is reinforced by the rigid joints between the legs and the horizontal. Board.

The rigid truss system is usually a regular rectangular grid consisting of horizontal beams and
vertical supports connected flush with rigid straps. Rigid frame systems (framework) or often referred
to as portal structures are widely used in buildings. At first glance, the portal building has the same
form configuration as the beam-column construction, but in reality it has a different static function
due to the connections. or rigid joints between beam and column elements. The presence of these
joints provides structural stability against lateral forces. Rigid frame principle:

The most appropriate way to understand the behavior of simple frame structures is to
compare their behavior under load with columns and beams.
 The behavior of these two types of structures is different according to the connection, the
connection is rigid in the frame and not rigid in the column and beam structure.

A rigid frame structure is a structure consisting of linear elements, usually beams and
columns, which are connected together at their ends by joints which prevent relative rotation between
the connected members.

B. RIGID FRAME & CORE

Rigid frame and frame structure is a hybrid frame with a combination of rigid frame structure
system and core structure system. Rigid frames respond to lateral loads, especially from bending of
beams and columns. Such behavior leads to large lateral movements of buildings of a certain height.
On the other hand, if it is equipped with a core construction, the transverse resistance of the building
increases significantly due to the interaction of the core and the frame. This core system includes
mechanical systems and vertical transportation. In addition to:

The presence of a core in a rigid frame system makes the rigid frame and core structure
more stable. Mainly resist twisting or torsion applied to the building

Centralized utilities and system axes at their core make monitoring and maintenance easier
and simpler, more efficient, and more practical.

There are linear elements that resist lateral forces. Lack:

Compared to other building systems, rigid frames and foundations are good, but they can
only be used in buildings under 50 floors.

Structurally, there is no visibility due to an obstacle in the form of a rigid frame.

The ability to withstand horizontal loads with the truss system and the truss system. The
integrity of the core structure forms the core as a big and strong pillar that strengthens the plan order
system. The first solution for the vertical load of a structure can be a load-bearing wall panel
structural system consisting only of parallel walls. The horizontal stiffness of the wall panel structure
can also be achieved by a rigid core tube system, in which case the load-bearing wall system is then
stiffened. The rigidity of this massive structure to horizontal loads is achieved by a core tube system,
making the box structure system rigid.

C. PARALLEL BEARING WALL STRUCTURE SYSTEM

can be considered as a traditional structural system used in tall buildings. This structure
consists of vertical structural members which carry all loads directly to the foundation. Finally, due to
the wall load, dead load and traffic load, the compressive force exceeds the resistance of the wall
itself, the wall is so thick that the floor below becomes unusable. This structural system relies on
massive loads to withstand lateral loads. The system consists of vertical elements which are
prestressed by their own weight to effectively absorb lateral impact forces. Thanks to this system, the
arrangement of buildings using a retaining wall system becomes uniform and does not require large
open spaces, making this high-floor structural system suitable for use in residential buildings such as
hotels and apartments. There are various types of wall construction systems and they can be classified
into three types namely:

1. Transverse wall structure This structure consists of linear walls arranged perpendicular to
the longitudinal direction of the building

2. Long Wall Structures These are linear walls arranged parallel to the length of the
building.

3. Two Way Structural System This structural system consists of linear walls placed in both
directions. The properties of the retaining wall structural system, where the wall serves as
a support, is also an important part in determining the thickness of the wall, because it
depends on how much load the floor wall can support. When practiced in tall buildings,
the walls on the lower floors are usually the thickest, because the walls receive most of
the load from the upper floors. The higher you go, the thinner the wall thickness will be.
Wall openings should be located on the same vertical axis to avoid tensile stresses.
Vertical loads are sometimes transmitted directly to the walls through the floor
construction. The walls look like long thin columns.

4. WALL & CORE BEARING STRUCTURE SYSTEM

Shear walls are placed inside the building, for example around the heart which serves
as maintenance areas, shafts and exit stairs in the form of boxes or other rigid forms as
 structures. The core bearing walls are designed so that all electrical grid lines, elevators,
stairwells, etc. orderly management is more effective, because high-rise buildings require
a directional flow, so that the flow is not obstructed, and reaches its destination quickly,
so that if damage occurs, it is not too difficult to find the cause of the problem.

5. FLAT PLATE STRUCTURE SYSTEM

In general, disks are classified as unidirectional or bidirectional. Plates that bend
mainly in one direction are called that one way plate. When the panel supports are
arranged in a row so that the panels can be bent in both directions, the panel is said to be a
two-way panel. Two-way slab is a reinforced concrete slab with a ratio of less than 2
(two) in length to width. Two-way slabs can be strengthened by adding beams between
columns, thickening slabs around columns (drop plate) and thicken the support under the
plate (support head/chapter).
Flat slabs are solid concrete slabs of uniform thickness that transfer loads directly to
the supporting columns without the aid of beams or column ends or drop plates. With a
simple arrangement of formwork and reinforcement, flat plates can be produced quickly.
These tiles require the lowest floor height to meet room heights and offer the best
flexibility in laying out columns and partitions. They also block very little light and have
high fire resistance because there are very few sharp corners where flaking of concrete
can occur. Flat slab is probably the most commonly used reinforced concrete ceiling
system in multi-storey hotels, motels, apartments and hospitals today. Flat plates can
cause shear transmission problems around columns. In other words, there is a risk that the
support will break through the plate. Therefore, it is often necessary to increase the
column dimensions or plate thickness, or use cutting edges.
The cutting ends are made of I or channel steel arranged in a plate above the column.
Although the process appears to be expensive, simply forming flat sheets usually results
 in an economic structure that compensates for the additional cost of cutting heads.
However, for heavy loads or large spans, a different ceiling system is required. Flat slabs
include oversized two-way concrete slabs, false slabs, or both. These plates are especially
suitable for heavy loads and large spans. Although formwork is more expensive than flat
slabs, they require less concrete and reinforcement than flat slabs for the same load and
span. Flat slabs are generally preferred for buildings, car parks and factories and similar
structures where false slabs or exposed columns are permitted.

The image shows a two-way slab with beams. This flooring system is used
because it is less expensive than flat or smooth tiles. In other words, when the loads
or spans, or both, are very large, the slab thickness and column sizes for flat slabs and
slabs increase and it is more economical to use two-way slabs with beams, even
though formwork costs are higher. Waffle plate which is an example in the attached
picture. Floors are made by stacking square fiberglass or metal shapes with conical
sides and the space between them while pouring concrete and forming the wafers
between the shapes. The space between the prints forms a grid. These bridges are
quite high and offer large moment arms for reinforcement. With the help of waffle
plates, the weight of concrete is significantly reduced without significantly changing
the moment-bearing capacity of the ceiling system. As with flat panels, sliding can be
a problem near studs. Therefore, the wafer floor near the posts is usually stiffened to
increase the shear strength.

6. STRUCTURE SYSTEM CANTILEVER STRUCTURE

A cantilever is a beam with double support at one end and a hanging (free) end at the
other. A cantilever against gravity experiences a negative moment along its length. As a
result, the cantilever reinforcement is arranged on either the head or tension side, as
 shown in Figure 1. In the case of the beam shown in Figure 1, the greatest moments in the
cross-section occur in the fixed members. Because of this, a large amount of
reinforcement is required in this phase. Reinforcement must not only reach the supports,
but must also extend beyond the supports or be anchored to the concrete. This extension
is called the developmental length. These distribution lengths do not have to be straight as
shown in the drawings because the reinforcement is installed 90 degrees or 180 degrees.

So far much has been discussed only about specific static sections, but the general
situation for beams and slabs is continuous across multiple supports as shown below.
positive and above when the moment is negative. There are several ways to position the
reinforcement to resist positive and negative moments under continuous load.

So far much has been discussed only about specific static sections, but the general
situation for beams and slabs is continuous across multiple supports as shown below.
positive and above when the moment is negative. There are several ways to position the
reinforcement to resist positive and negative moments under continuous load.

7. INTERSPATIAL (INTERSPATIAL) STRUCTURE SYSTEM

A cantilever frame structure system is installed on each mezzanine, allowing flexible
space within and above the frame.
8. SUSPENSION STRUCTURE SYSTEM

Is a structural system that uses steel cables as a hanger structure (withstanding tensile
forces). The gravity load carried by the cables forms a cantilever frame at the central core,
essentially imitating the construction of a typical suspension bridge.

A. Used to build bridges, roofs, ground suspension of tall buildings.

B. System with indirect vertical load suspension system (suspension)

C. A system in which several steps are suspended from a central beam

D. Continuous suspension system

E. Systems with combined hangers and supports in several floor groups

9. STRUCTURE OF SELF SUPPORTING BOXES

The self-supporting box structure or what is often called the self-supporting box
structure is a factory molded structure (pre-cast) that is made to order.
 The boxes are stacked like bricks in an English Bond pattern so that there is
an arrangement of alternating wall blocks.

10. STAGGERED TRUSS SYSTEM

The high floor truss is arranged so that the load on each floor of the building can be
placed both on the frame and on it. This truss arrangement not only supports vertical
loads, but also reduces the need for wind anchors by directing wind energy through the
structure's beams and slabs to the floor of the building.

BASIC CONCEPTS OF STAGGERED GRID.

The basic concept of the system compensation network that is, the behavior of the
entire frame as a support when the system is laterally loaded. All buttresses located on the
outside of the building temporarily serve as buttresses In the transverse direction, trusses
spanning the entire width between the supports serve as a frame for the cantilever beams.

With columns only on the exterior side of the building and usually the interior
columns omitted, the system staggered trussprovides a column-free span. An alternating
arrangement of floor-deep trusses is located at alternate levels of adjacent column lines,
allowing the span of the floor slab to be the distance between the two truss supporting
columns. So that the system provides freedom of arrangement of floor functions for
architects.

The floor system extends from the top edge of one Truss to the bottom edge
truss others nearby. Furthermore, the floor becomes the main component of the structural
framework system which acts as a structure diaphragm which transfers lateral shear
forces from one column line to another. So lets structure behave as single braced frame,
even though the truss lies in two parallel planes.
1. The column has a relatively small bending moment compared to the truss system
due to the cantilever effect of the two-story truss system.
2. Columns aligned on a strong axis can be useful for resisting lateral forces in the
longitudinal direction of the building. Offset grid beams with a length of more than 15 m
not only serve to absorb lateral forces in the transverse direction of the building, but also
to design the function of the room flexibly for architectural purposes.
 3. The slab covers the short gap obtained between two columns or two trusses. In this
way the thickness of the tiles can be as small as possible.
4. On the ground floor, a very large open space for parking or as a meeting place is
possible because the supports are right outside the building.
5. The resulting drift is small because the entire frame behaves as a rigid frame with
direct axial loads applied to all structural members.
6. Relatively light steel construction is achieved through the use of high strength steel
and efficient frame systems.
The staggered truss system can be used as an alternative for wide-span structures in
multi-storey buildings with the following considerations:

11. SPACE FRAME STRUCTURE SYSTEM

Space frame structure is a space frame structure in which the connection system between
rods/parts is a ball/socket joint as a connection in the form of a triangular module. Space
Frame is a tubular lattice frame made of black tubular iron with cones, hexes and steel
bolts mounted on ball joints/balls as spacers. This ball joint can be made of solid steel or
stainless steel. Finishing ball joints and parts, namely electrostatic powder coating, Duco
galvanized or hot-dip galvanized. The basic elements of this frame construction are:

-Flat grill
-A pyramid with a rectangular base forms an octagon
-Pyramids with triangular bases form a tetrahedron
Several systems were further developed using space frame models based on the
development of the connection construction system, including:
-Mero System
-Space deck system
-Triodetic system
-Unistrut System
-Octaplatte System
-Unibat System
-Nodes System
-System NS SpaceTruss
Structure space frame has several advantages, including:
1. One of the biggest advantages of a structure space frame is a lightweight structure. This
is because each material is distributed spatially in such a way that the load transfer
mechanism works into axial loads. As a result, all materials in each element that is
installed can be used to its full potential. Besides that, structure space frame currently
built with steel or aluminum, with a material self-weight that is relatively light. This is a
very important basis in planning large-span roofs.
2. trunks space frame usually mass-produced in factories so that it can provide advantages
for the construction industry system. Space frames can be produced simply through
prefabricated units, according to standard sizes and shapes that are often used. They can
be transported more easily and assembled more quickly by semi-skilled labour. so that the
space frame structure can be built at a lower cost.
3. A structure space frame has sufficient rigidity despite having a light structure. This is
due to the three-dimensional elements of its constituent elements that work fully in
holding symmetrically concentrated loads. Structure space frame also allows greater
flexibility in column layout and positioning.
4. Structure space frame has a flexible shape. Architects also recognized the visual beauty
and impressive simplicity of the structure space frame.
 Disadvantages of the Space Framea Structure.
a.Expensive. The elements are ordered from the factory, so they are expensive.
b.The number of experts is still small. The Space Frame structure is rarely used, only in
certain buildings. So there are still few experts in this field.
c.Not fireproof. The structure used is made of metal. We know that metals are not heat
resistant, they can melt due to heat.
CONNECTION
Connections to the Space Frame Steel Construction system in the form of bolts, nuts,
washers, welding electrodes must meet the following requirements:
Steel to non-steel bonding must be made of carbon steel that meets the requirements of
ASTM A370
Steel-to-steel joint fasteners must be made of carbon steel that meets the requirements
of ASTM A325 and/or ASTM A490.
Dissimilar metal joint fasteners shall be made of corrosion-resistant steel meeting the
requirements of ASTM A276 type 321 or other types of corrosion-resistant steel.

12. STRUCTURE SYSTEM BELT TRUSS FRAME AND CORE

The belt truss frame and core structural system is a combination of 2
structural systems where the belt truss structural system functions to bind the facade
column to the core thereby eliminating the separate action of the frame and core. This
recognition is called stamp trussing if it is at the top of the building, and belt trussing
if it is at the bottom.

Structural plan of the placement of the frame on the belt truss structure and
analysis of the model of the belt truss frame and core system.

Part of the belt truss structural system, namely the braced core, cap truss and
exterior column.
 How the belt truss frame and core system works
The stiffened frame becomes inefficient above 40 storeys because a great deal
of material is required to make the stiffeners sufficiently stiff and strong. The
efficiency of a building structure can be increased by 30% by using horizontal truss
belts or belt trusses to tie the frame to the core. The frames are rigidly attached to the
core and connected to the exterior columns. When the shear core flexes, the belt truss
acts as a sleeve which transmits the axial stresses directly to the outer column.
Furthermore, these columns act as struts to counteract the deflection of the core. That
is, the cores collect horizontal shear forces, and the belt truss transmits vertical shear
forces from the core to the façade frame. Thus the building will act as a unit, similar
to the cantilever tube.

Comparison of the structure using only the core truss system and reinforced
with a belt truss frame, so that buildings that are reinforced with a belt truss frame
become more rigid and resistant to shocks.

The number of storeys of a building that can be constructed with steel frames is based
on the structural system. It can be seen that the belt truss system is capable of building buildings up to
about 40 floors.

13. TUBE STRUCTURE SYSTEM(TABULAR SYSTEM)

Tube system (tabular system tube structure is a tube-like structure and stands
like an amp chimney. For a tall building, this tube structure is the best structure used
to withstand lateral loads. Example picture of a tube system
a. Frame Tube
 b. Musses Tube
1. Column Diagonal Trussed Tube
2. Lattice Mussed Tube

c. Internal Braced Lithe:(i). Parallel Shear Wall Tube (tube with Parallel. Shear
Wall).

14. Bundled Tube Structure System

Definition of bundled pipe construction Bundled pipe construction or multi-pipe
construction is construction that connects individual pipes together and is carried out as a
single construction unit with multi-purpose pipes, because composite pipes can be
reduced at any height. independently without losing its static strength. Thus, when an
architect implements a multi-tube structure in a building, he can easily apply it with
different variations on the pattern and arrangement of each floor of the building. 2.2.
Bundle Tube Structure System The tube bundle structure system adopts the structural
concept that each internal column acts as an internal mesh of the cantilever structure,
which greatly increases the stiffness against shear forces. This is because the use of
individual tubes in the inner frame can increase resistance to the forces/rotational speeds
that exist in the building. One way to overcome torsion/momentum and increase
structural rigidity is to arrange each pipe in a tabular structure where only the perimeter
columns can carry the lateral loads present on the building. Static system analysis for
blunt pipes Source: October 3, 2017 (permadi, pdf).
 The advantages and disadvantages of the tube structure system include a) The
advantages of the tube group structure, namely: 1) The height of the truss system can
reach 100 floors 2) The design of the tube bundle is not only highly efficient
economically, but also innovative in terms of the possibility to design a versatile
architectural space 3) The tube bundle system can produce extreme building shapes.
height 4) Large floors can be installed in this system. for in this system, the wider the
base, the stronger the building. 5) The shape of the building also cannot be tied to the
shape of a box, as is usually the case with building shapes. This system can adopt a
variety of forms. 6) Each tube can be cut as desired, both for specific functions and
building layouts. 7) Pipe is a very rigid structure, so the strength of the building can be
relied upon. 8) Withstand rotational and shear forces. b) Disadvantages of related tubes,
namely: 1) Working with whistles is quite long, because you have to collect individual
whistles into groups of whistles. 2) There are internal columns, so the layout is quite
complicated
SERVICES ATTRIBUTES : energy supply -gas, electricity and renewable sources,
heating and air conditioning, water, drainage and plumbing, natural and artificial lighting,
and building facades, escalators and lifts, ventilation and refrigeration, communication
lines, telephones and IT networks, security and alarm systems.

3. Explaining the unique features of the high-rise structure or building service

High-rise buildings and skyscrapers are subject to significant vertical loads and must
also withstand the large side effects that form strong wind gusts and seismic events. In the
world, for high-rise buildings with a rigid core, tape toe supports are used, which connect the
outer column and the core, forming a system support and resisting lateral loads. State-of-the-
art construction is rapidly developing worldwide, creating new problems that must be
differentiated based on the possibilities of modern construction with reasonable design
evaluation. Cantilever and strapping systems are essential in modern design because they
allow for efficient building management. They play an important role in the construction of a
unique skyscraper as they are the link between the central core and the outer columns. This
article examines conventional conveyor belt and cantilever belt - sleeper designs, assesses
their applications, advantages and disadvantages of various options, design issues. The
presented materials make it possible to design a unique high-rise, to choose the optimal
design solution. Studies show that the most optimal belts compared to belts with nets and
solid waists are ponds which have a number of advantages: 1.No need to install outrigger
beams, walls, and pond structures from the core to the outer columns. Their work was
successfully carried out from the agricultural belts. Complex multiple outriggers with cores
and special docking technology implementation are not required 2. There are fewer
restrictions on external column placement. It is very easy to select the columns that will
connect directly to the truss belt, forming a support system. 3.Tipping point is reduced as a
result of the reverse torque acting on each truss belt. 4. All external supports resist tilting
moments, not only outrigger supports. 5.Reduces the extra pressure acting on foundations and
pillars. 6. The distinct longitudinal deformations of the columns and the core do not
substantially influence the design of the loin frame because the rigid diaphragms overlapping
in their planes are sufficiently flexible in a direction perpendicular to their own planes. As an
example, consider two high-rise buildings in Russia with the use of an outrigger system: the
"Lakhta Center" tower in Saint - Petersburg and the "Federation" tower in "Moscow - City"
(moscow-city.online/build/federation/). The Lakhta Centre, which is 465 meters high, was
designed with four outriggers on the technical floor, two stories high. They are located
sequentially through 14 floors. A fifth atypical outrigger as a 1.5 meter concrete slab is
provided at floor 82 (Fig.1). The tower because it basically consists of four buildings arranged
one above the other and connected by outriggers, which gives the construction spatial rigidity.
The maximum deflection at the level of the observation platform from the vertical in the
strongest static gusts of wind is only 27 cm. The tower is able to withstand an earthquake of
up to 6 points. Russian and European, including 97 floors, has a height of 374 meters and a
four-level underground passage. The main structural bearing section consists of a central core
and 25 independent perimeter colonies.

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