TUGAS PERTENGAHAN SEMESTER

OLEH

KADEK AYU MUSTIKA DEWI 2502009684

ARCHITECTURE

BINA NUSANTARA UNIVERSITY

JAKARTA

2023
1. Explaining the high-rise building project’s general information.

The definition mentioned by Britannica, tall buildings were first built in the United States in
the 1880s. By the mid-20th century, such buildings had become a standard feature of the architectural
landscape in most of the world's countries. Tall buildings are tall buildings or structures. Usually, the
function of a building represents a tall building or tall office building. Tall buildings are the answer to
the problem of increasingly expensive and scarce land, so they have a high economic side and are the
solution at that time. impossible to build horizontally. High-rise buildings include office buildings,
apartments, hotels, etc. with multiple floors, in this case more than 4 floors. The high-rise system has
several main systems that work in an integrated manner to form an efficient intact high-rise, a system
resembling the human body with features such as structure (bones), architecture (skin and shell). ,
perhaps also muscles and the beauty of their form), mechanical and electrical (such as the respiratory
system, circulatory system, and lymphatic system), although these functions are not exactly the same,
they are similar to how an organism works. The construction of tall buildings was made possible by the
invention of elevators and cheaper and stronger building materials. Buildings between 23 and 150
meters high are considered tall buildings by some standards. Buildings that are more than 150 meters
high are called skyscrapers. The average height of a floor is 4 m, so a building with a height of 24 m
has 6 floors. Tall buildings have ten characteristics, including:

1. Building Height 6. The Influence of High Winds and Earthquakes

2. Types of Building Structures 7. High Risk

3. Floor Area 8. High Complexity

4. Typical 9. Aim High

5. Limited Land 10.High Safety Demands

Although the definition remains unclear, many bodies have attempted to define what 'tall
building' means:

The International Conference on Fire Safety in High-Rise Buildings defines a high-rise building as
"any structure where height can have a major impact on evacuation."

The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary defines a tall building as "a building that has many
storeys"

Massachusetts General Laws defines a tall building as taller than 70 feet (21 m)

Many engineers, inspectors, architects and similar professions define a tall building as a building that
is at least 75 feet (23 m) high.
 Tall structures present construction challenges for structural and geotechnical development,
especially when located in clay soils with geotechnical risk factors such as high pressure or silty soils.
They also present a serious challenge to firefighters in an emergency in tall buildings. Such problems
affect new and old building structures, building systems such as the standpipe systems in buildings,
HVAC (heating, ventilation and air conditioning) systems, sprinklers and other things such as fire
escapes and elevators. An elevator, also called an elevator, is a vehicle that moves in a vertical shaft to
transport people or goods between levels of a multi-storey building. Most modern elevators are powered
by an electric motor with a balancing cable and wheels (pulleys). Paving the way for taller buildings,
elevators have played an important role in shaping the urban geography of many modern cities,
especially in the United States, and promise to play an invaluable role in the future development of
cities.

The practice of lifting weights by mechanical means during construction dates back at least to
Roman times; the Roman architect-engineer Vitruvius completed it in the 1st century BC. a platform
using pulleys and cogs, ie. windshields used by humans, animals or hydropower. Steam power was used
for such devices in England in the 19th century. In the early 19th century, hydraulic elevators were
introduced, with platforms attached to cylindrical inner slides that were lowered below the shaft to a
depth equal to the height of the shaft. . A steam pump is used to apply pressure to the liquid in the
cylinder. The wheel combination is then used to double the car's motion and reduce the depth of thrust.
All of these devices use counterweights to balance the car's weight and require sufficient force to
increase the load.

example of a high rise building, to start designing the structure, Rhode Partners relied on
modeling their own structure in the Archicad environment. The simple concrete slabs and columns
stimulated various discussions on project specifications with the structural engineers. The architects
made initial suggestions for addressing the supporting elements of the building and the roof. 3D
modeling allows designers to find elements that need a solution and model those elements with
Archicad. Structural designers working in Revit submit their drawings, which can easily be converted
into Archicad files.
Project Data

Architect Rhode Partners

Location Austin, Texas, United States

Type Residential Tower

Size Over 1,000,000+ sq ft

Software Used Archicad, BIMx

 this building is called a high rise building because it
has twenty eight floors, this building uses glass as the main
material on the outside of the building.

Located in the thriving Gårda sector, adjacent to

downtown Gothenburg, Reflex Arkitekter has designed the
Kineum: a high-rise building that revitalizes and brings new
interactions to the area. Comprising 28 floors of multi-
purpose programs housing offices, hotels, spas, gyms,
conference facilities and services, Kineum provides a
combination of spaces that promote dynamic progress,
exciting meetings and relaxing holidays. The name Kineum
comes from the Greek word "kinéo" which means "to move".
The concept - House in Motion - is based on the idea of
setting the pulse, energizing the neighborhood and getting
people involved. Seamless combination and interaction between hotel guests, office workers and spa
visitors. Kineum is considered to be in constant motion and crowded. The building will create traffic
flow both day and night, improving connectivity and services to the area. Additionally, it increases
security awareness in office areas that appear inactive after hours.

2. Explaining all the high-rise structure and services attributes

structure in tall buildings is very important, so that buildings can be created properly and can
last a long time. There are several structures in the tall buildings.

A. RIGID FRAME

A rigid frame structure is a structure consisting of linear elements, usually beams and columns,
which are connected at the ends by joints which prevent relative rotation between the members being
joined and allow the members to be continuous in the joints. Continuous beam, rigid frame structure is
a statically indeterminate structure, many rigid frame structures appear to be the same as the column
and beam system, but in fact these frame structures behave very differently from the column and beam
system, that is because of the joints of the rigid frame. , the attachment points can be rigid enough to
accept lateral loads on the frame when those loads cannot act on the frame structure, which is reinforced
by the rigid joints between the legs and the horizontal. Board.
 The rigid truss system is usually a regular rectangular grid consisting of horizontal beams and
vertical supports connected flush with rigid straps. Rigid frame systems (framework) or often referred
to as portal structures are widely used in buildings. At first glance, the portal building has the same form
configuration as the beam-column construction, but in reality it has a different static function due to the
connections. or rigid joints between beam and column elements. The presence of these joints provides
structural stability against lateral forces. Rigid frame principle:

The most appropriate way to understand the behavior of simple frame structures is to
compare their behavior under load with columns and beams.

The behavior of these two types of structures is different according to the connection, the
connection is rigid in the frame and not rigid in the column and beam structure.

A rigid frame structure is a structure consisting of linear elements, usually beams and columns,
which are connected together at their ends by joints which prevent relative rotation between the
connected members.

B. RIGID FRAME & CORE

Rigid frame and frame structure is a hybrid frame with a combination of rigid frame structure
system and core structure system. Rigid frames respond to lateral loads, especially from bending of
beams and columns. Such behavior leads to large lateral movements of buildings of a certain height.
On the other hand, if it is equipped with a core construction, the transverse resistance of the building
increases significantly due to the interaction of the core and the frame. This core system includes
mechanical systems and vertical transportation. In addition to:

The presence of a core in a rigid frame system makes the rigid frame and core structure more
stable. Mainly resist twisting or torsion applied to the building

Centralized utilities and system axes at their core make monitoring and maintenance easier
and simpler, more efficient, and more practical.

There are linear elements that resist lateral forces. Lack:

 Compared to other building systems, rigid frames and foundations are good, but they can
only be used in buildings under 50 floors.

Structurally, there is no visibility due to an obstacle in the form of a rigid frame.

The ability to withstand horizontal loads with the truss system and the truss system. The
integrity of the core structure forms the core as a big and strong pillar that strengthens the plan order
system. The first solution for the vertical load of a structure can be a load-bearing wall panel structural
system consisting only of parallel walls. The horizontal stiffness of the wall panel structure can also be
achieved by a rigid core tube system, in which case the load-bearing wall system is then stiffened. The
rigidity of this massive structure to horizontal loads is achieved by a core tube system, making the box
structure system rigid.

C. PARALLEL BEARING WALL STRUCTURE SYSTEM

can be considered as a traditional structural system used in tall buildings. This structure consists
of vertical structural members which carry all loads directly to the foundation. Finally, due to the wall
load, dead load and traffic load, the compressive force exceeds the resistance of the wall itself, the wall
is so thick that the floor below becomes unusable. This structural system relies on massive loads to
withstand lateral loads. The system consists of vertical elements which are prestressed by their own
weight to effectively absorb lateral impact forces. Thanks to this system, the arrangement of buildings
using a retaining wall system becomes uniform and does not require large open spaces, making this
high-floor structural system suitable for use in residential buildings such as hotels and apartments. There
are various types of wall construction systems and they can be classified into three types namely:

1. Transverse wall structure This structure consists of linear walls arranged perpendicular to
the longitudinal direction of the building

2. Long Wall Structures These are linear walls arranged parallel to the length of the
building.

3. Two Way Structural System This structural system consists of linear walls placed in both
directions. The properties of the retaining wall structural system, where the wall serves as
a support, is also an important part in determining the thickness of the wall, because it
 depends on how much load the floor wall can support. When practiced in tall buildings, the
walls on the lower floors are usually the thickest, because the walls receive most of the load
from the upper floors. The higher you go, the thinner the wall thickness will be. Wall
openings should be located on the same vertical axis to avoid tensile stresses. Vertical loads
are sometimes transmitted directly to the walls through the floor construction. The walls
look like long thin columns.

4. WALL & CORE BEARING STRUCTURE SYSTEM

Shear walls are placed inside the building, for example around the heart which serves
as maintenance areas, shafts and exit stairs in the form of boxes or other rigid forms as
structures. The core bearing walls are designed so that all electrical grid lines, elevators,
stairwells, etc. orderly management is more effective, because high-rise buildings require
a directional flow, so that the flow is not obstructed, and reaches its destination quickly, so
that if damage occurs, it is not too difficult to find the cause of the problem.

5. FLAT PLATE STRUCTURE SYSTEM

In general, disks are classified as unidirectional or bidirectional. Plates that bend mainly
in one direction are called that one way plate. When the panel supports are arranged in a
row so that the panels can be bent in both directions, the panel is said to be a two-way panel.
Two-way slab is a reinforced concrete slab with a ratio of less than 2 (two) in length to
width. Two-way slabs can be strengthened by adding beams between columns, thickening
slabs around columns (drop plate) and thicken the support under the plate (support
head/chapter).
Flat slabs are solid concrete slabs of uniform thickness that transfer loads directly to
the supporting columns without the aid of beams or column ends or drop plates. With a
simple arrangement of formwork and reinforcement, flat plates can be produced quickly.
These tiles require the lowest floor height to meet room heights and offer the best flexibility
in laying out columns and partitions. They also block very little light and have high fire
resistance because there are very few sharp corners where flaking of concrete can occur.
Flat slab is probably the most commonly used reinforced concrete ceiling system in multi-
storey hotels, motels, apartments and hospitals today. Flat plates can cause shear
transmission problems around columns. In other words, there is a risk that the support will
break through the plate. Therefore, it is often necessary to increase the column dimensions
or plate thickness, or use cutting edges.
The cutting ends are made of I or channel steel arranged in a plate above the column.
Although the process appears to be expensive, simply forming flat sheets usually results in
an economic structure that compensates for the additional cost of cutting heads. However,
for heavy loads or large spans, a different ceiling system is required. Flat slabs include
oversized two-way concrete slabs, false slabs, or both. These plates are especially suitable
for heavy loads and large spans. Although formwork is more expensive than flat slabs, they
require less concrete and reinforcement than flat slabs for the same load and span. Flat slabs
are generally preferred for buildings, car parks and factories and similar structures where
false slabs or exposed columns are permitted.

The image shows a two-way slab with beams. This flooring system is used because
it is less expensive than flat or smooth tiles. In other words, when the loads or spans,
or both, are very large, the slab thickness and column sizes for flat slabs and slabs
 increase and it is more economical to use two-way slabs with beams, even though
formwork costs are higher. Waffle plate which is an example in the attached picture.
Floors are made by stacking square fiberglass or metal shapes with conical sides and
the space between them while pouring concrete and forming the wafers between the
shapes. The space between the prints forms a grid. These bridges are quite high and
offer large moment arms for reinforcement. With the help of waffle plates, the weight
of concrete is significantly reduced without significantly changing the moment-bearing
capacity of the ceiling system. As with flat panels, sliding can be a problem near studs.
Therefore, the wafer floor near the posts is usually stiffened to increase the shear
strength.

6. STRUCTURE SYSTEM CANTILEVER STRUCTURE

A cantilever is a beam with double support at one end and a hanging (free) end at the
other. A cantilever against gravity experiences a negative moment along its length. As a
result, the cantilever reinforcement is arranged on either the head or tension side, as shown
in Figure 1. In the case of the beam shown in Figure 1, the greatest moments in the cross-
section occur in the fixed members. Because of this, a large amount of reinforcement is
required in this phase. Reinforcement must not only reach the supports, but must also
extend beyond the supports or be anchored to the concrete. This extension is called the
developmental length. These distribution lengths do not have to be straight as shown in the
drawings because the reinforcement is installed 90 degrees or 180 degrees.

So far much has been discussed only about specific static sections, but the general
situation for beams and slabs is continuous across multiple supports as shown below.
positive and above when the moment is negative. There are several ways to position the
reinforcement to resist positive and negative moments under continuous load.
 So far much has been discussed only about specific static sections, but the general situation
for beams and slabs is continuous across multiple supports as shown below. positive and
above when the moment is negative. There are several ways to position the reinforcement
to resist positive and negative moments under continuous load.

7. INTERSPATIAL (INTERSPATIAL) STRUCTURE SYSTEM

A cantilever frame structure system is installed on each mezzanine, allowing flexible
space within and above the frame.

8. SUSPENSION STRUCTURE SYSTEM

Is a structural system that uses steel cables as a hanger structure (withstanding tensile
forces). The gravity load carried by the cables forms a cantilever frame at the central core,
essentially imitating the construction of a typical suspension bridge.

A. Used to build bridges, roofs, ground suspension of tall buildings.

B. System with indirect vertical load suspension system (suspension)

C. A system in which several steps are suspended from a central beam

D. Continuous suspension system

E. Systems with combined hangers and supports in several floor groups

9. STRUCTURE OF SELF SUPPORTING BOXES
The self-supporting box structure or what is often called the self-supporting box
structure is a factory molded structure (pre-cast) that is made to order.

The boxes are stacked like bricks in an English Bond pattern so that there is an
arrangement of alternating wall blocks.

10. STAGGERED TRUSS SYSTEM

The high floor truss is arranged so that the load on each floor of the building can be
placed both on the frame and on it. This truss arrangement not only supports vertical loads,
but also reduces the need for wind anchors by directing wind energy through the structure's
beams and slabs to the floor of the building.
 BASIC CONCEPTS OF STAGGERED GRID.
The basic concept of the system compensation network that is, the behavior of the entire
frame as a support when the system is laterally loaded. All buttresses located on the outside
of the building temporarily serve as buttresses In the transverse direction, trusses spanning
the entire width between the supports serve as a frame for the cantilever beams.

With columns only on the exterior side of the building and usually the interior columns
omitted, the system staggered trussprovides a column-free span. An alternating
arrangement of floor-deep trusses is located at alternate levels of adjacent column lines,
allowing the span of the floor slab to be the distance between the two truss supporting
columns. So that the system provides freedom of arrangement of floor functions for
architects.

The floor system extends from the top edge of one Truss to the bottom edge
truss others nearby. Furthermore, the floor becomes the main component of the structural
framework system which acts as a structure diaphragm which transfers lateral shear forces
from one column line to another. So lets structure behave as single braced frame, even
though the truss lies in two parallel planes.
1. The column has a relatively small bending moment compared to the truss system due
to the cantilever effect of the two-story truss system.
 2. Columns aligned on a strong axis can be useful for resisting lateral forces in the
longitudinal direction of the building. Offset grid beams with a length of more than 15 m
not only serve to absorb lateral forces in the transverse direction of the building, but also to
design the function of the room flexibly for architectural purposes.
3. The slab covers the short gap obtained between two columns or two trusses. In this
way the thickness of the tiles can be as small as possible.
4. On the ground floor, a very large open space for parking or as a meeting place is
possible because the supports are right outside the building.
5. The resulting drift is small because the entire frame behaves as a rigid frame with
direct axial loads applied to all structural members.
6. Relatively light steel construction is achieved through the use of high strength steel
and efficient frame systems.
The staggered truss system can be used as an alternative for wide-span structures in
multi-storey buildings with the following considerations:

11. SPACE FRAME STRUCTURE SYSTEM

Space frame structure is a space frame structure in which the connection system between
rods/parts is a ball/socket joint as a connection in the form of a triangular module. Space
Frame is a tubular lattice frame made of black tubular iron with cones, hexes and steel bolts
mounted on ball joints/balls as spacers. This ball joint can be made of solid steel or stainless
steel. Finishing ball joints and parts, namely electrostatic powder coating, Duco galvanized
or hot-dip galvanized. The basic elements of this frame construction are:

-Flat grill
-A pyramid with a rectangular base forms an octagon
-Pyramids with triangular bases form a tetrahedron
Several systems were further developed using space frame models based on the
development of the connection construction system, including:
-Mero System
-Space deck system
-Triodetic system
-Unistrut System
-Octaplatte System
-Unibat System
-Nodes System
-System NS SpaceTruss
Structure space frame has several advantages, including:
1. One of the biggest advantages of a structure space frame is a lightweight structure. This
is because each material is distributed spatially in such a way that the load transfer
mechanism works into axial loads. As a result, all materials in each element that is installed
can be used to its full potential. Besides that, structure space frame currently built with steel
or aluminum, with a material self-weight that is relatively light. This is a very important
basis in planning large-span roofs.
2. trunks space frame usually mass-produced in factories so that it can provide advantages
for the construction industry system. Space frames can be produced simply through
prefabricated units, according to standard sizes and shapes that are often used. They can be
transported more easily and assembled more quickly by semi-skilled labour. so that the
space frame structure can be built at a lower cost.
3. A structure space frame has sufficient rigidity despite having a light structure. This is due
to the three-dimensional elements of its constituent elements that work fully in holding
symmetrically concentrated loads. Structure space frame also allows greater flexibility in
column layout and positioning.
4. Structure space frame has a flexible shape. Architects also recognized the visual beauty
and impressive simplicity of the structure space frame.
 Disadvantages of the Space Framea Structure.
a.Expensive. The elements are ordered from the factory, so they are expensive.
b.The number of experts is still small. The Space Frame structure is rarely used, only in
certain buildings. So there are still few experts in this field.
c.Not fireproof. The structure used is made of metal. We know that metals are not heat
resistant, they can melt due to heat.
CONNECTION
Connections to the Space Frame Steel Construction system in the form of bolts, nuts,
washers, welding electrodes must meet the following requirements:
Steel to non-steel bonding must be made of carbon steel that meets the requirements of
ASTM A370
Steel-to-steel joint fasteners must be made of carbon steel that meets the requirements of
ASTM A325 and/or ASTM A490.
Dissimilar metal joint fasteners shall be made of corrosion-resistant steel meeting the
requirements of ASTM A276 type 321 or other types of corrosion-resistant steel.

12. STRUCTURE SYSTEM BELT TRUSS FRAME AND CORE

The belt truss frame and core structural system is a combination of 2 structural
systems where the belt truss structural system functions to bind the facade column to
the core thereby eliminating the separate action of the frame and core. This recognition
is called stamp trussing if it is at the top of the building, and belt trussing if it is at the
bottom.

Structural plan of the placement of the frame on the belt truss structure and
analysis of the model of the belt truss frame and core system.

Part of the belt truss structural system, namely the braced core, cap truss and
exterior column.
 How the belt truss frame and core system works
The stiffened frame becomes inefficient above 40 storeys because a great deal
of material is required to make the stiffeners sufficiently stiff and strong. The efficiency
of a building structure can be increased by 30% by using horizontal truss belts or belt
trusses to tie the frame to the core. The frames are rigidly attached to the core and
connected to the exterior columns. When the shear core flexes, the belt truss acts as a
sleeve which transmits the axial stresses directly to the outer column. Furthermore,
these columns act as struts to counteract the deflection of the core. That is, the cores
collect horizontal shear forces, and the belt truss transmits vertical shear forces from
the core to the façade frame. Thus the building will act as a unit, similar to the cantilever
tube.

Comparison of the structure using only the core truss system and reinforced
with a belt truss frame, so that buildings that are reinforced with a belt truss frame
become more rigid and resistant to shocks.

The number of storeys of a building that can be constructed with steel frames is based
on the structural system. It can be seen that the belt truss system is capable of building buildings up to
about 40 floors.

13. TUBE STRUCTURE SYSTEM(TABULAR SYSTEM)

Tube system (tabular system tube structure is a tube-like structure and stands
like an amp chimney. For a tall building, this tube structure is the best structure used to
withstand lateral loads. Example picture of a tube system
a. Frame Tube
 b. Musses Tube
1. Column Diagonal Trussed Tube
2. Lattice Mussed Tube

c. Internal Braced Lithe:(i). Parallel Shear Wall Tube (tube with Parallel. Shear Wall).

14. Bundled Tube Structure System

Definition of bundled pipe construction Bundled pipe construction or multi-pipe
construction is construction that connects individual pipes together and is carried out as a
single construction unit with multi-purpose pipes, because composite pipes can be reduced
at any height. independently without losing its static strength. Thus, when an architect
implements a multi-tube structure in a building, he can easily apply it with different
variations on the pattern and arrangement of each floor of the building. 2.2. Bundle Tube
Structure System The tube bundle structure system adopts the structural concept that each
internal column acts as an internal mesh of the cantilever structure, which greatly increases
the stiffness against shear forces. This is because the use of individual tubes in the inner
frame can increase resistance to the forces/rotational speeds that exist in the building. One
way to overcome torsion/momentum and increase structural rigidity is to arrange each pipe
in a tabular structure where only the perimeter columns can carry the lateral loads present
on the building. Static system analysis for blunt pipes Source: October 3, 2017 (permadi,
pdf).
 The advantages and disadvantages of the tube structure system include a) The
advantages of the tube group structure, namely: 1) The height of the truss system can reach
100 floors 2) The design of the tube bundle is not only highly efficient economically, but
also innovative in terms of the possibility to design a versatile architectural space 3) The
tube bundle system can produce extreme building shapes. height 4) Large floors can be
installed in this system. for in this system, the wider the base, the stronger the building. 5)
The shape of the building also cannot be tied to the shape of a box, as is usually the case
with building shapes. This system can adopt a variety of forms. 6) Each tube can be cut as
desired, both for specific functions and building layouts. 7) Pipe is a very rigid structure,
so the strength of the building can be relied upon. 8) Withstand rotational and shear forces.
b) Disadvantages of related tubes, namely: 1) Working with whistles is quite long, because
you have to collect individual whistles into groups of whistles. 2) There are internal
columns, so the layout is quite complicated
SERVICES ATTRIBUTES : energy supply -gas, electricity and renewable sources,
heating and air conditioning, water, drainage and plumbing, natural and artificial lighting,
and building facades, escalators and lifts, ventilation and refrigeration, communication
lines, telephones and IT networks, security and alarm systems.

3. Explaining the unique features of the high-rise structure or building service

High-rise buildings and skyscrapers are subject to significant vertical loads and must
also withstand the large side effects that form strong wind gusts and seismic events. In the
world, for high-rise buildings with a rigid core, tape toe supports are used, which connect the
outer column and the core, forming a system support and resisting lateral loads. State-of-the-
art construction is rapidly developing worldwide, creating new problems that must be
differentiated based on the possibilities of modern construction with reasonable design
evaluation. Cantilever and strapping systems are essential in modern design because they
allow for efficient building management. They play an important role in the construction of a
unique skyscraper as they are the link between the central core and the outer columns. This
article examines conventional conveyor belt and cantilever belt - sleeper designs, assesses
their applications, advantages and disadvantages of various options, design issues. The
presented materials make it possible to design a unique high-rise, to choose the optimal
design solution. Studies show that the most optimal belts compared to belts with nets and
solid waists are ponds which have a number of advantages: 1.No need to install outrigger
beams, walls, and pond structures from the core to the outer columns. Their work was
successfully carried out from the agricultural belts. Complex multiple outriggers with cores
and special docking technology implementation are not required 2. There are fewer
restrictions on external column placement. It is very easy to select the columns that will
connect directly to the truss belt, forming a support system. 3.Tipping point is reduced as a
result of the reverse torque acting on each truss belt. 4. All external supports resist tilting
moments, not only outrigger supports. 5.Reduces the extra pressure acting on foundations and
pillars. 6. The distinct longitudinal deformations of the columns and the core do not
substantially influence the design of the loin frame because the rigid diaphragms overlapping
in their planes are sufficiently flexible in a direction perpendicular to their own planes. As an
example, consider two high-rise buildings in Russia with the use of an outrigger system: the
"Lakhta Center" tower in Saint - Petersburg and the "Federation" tower in "Moscow - City"
(moscow-city.online/build/federation/). The Lakhta Centre, which is 465 meters high, was
designed with four outriggers on the technical floor, two stories high. They are located
sequentially through 14 floors. A fifth atypical outrigger as a 1.5 meter concrete slab is
provided at floor 82 (Fig.1). The tower because it basically consists of four buildings arranged
one above the other and connected by outriggers, which gives the construction spatial rigidity.
The maximum deflection at the level of the observation platform from the vertical in the
strongest static gusts of wind is only 27 cm. The tower is able to withstand an earthquake of
up to 6 points. Russian and European, including 97 floors, has a height of 374 meters and a
four-level underground passage. The main structural bearing section consists of a central core
and 25 independent perimeter colonies.

REFERENCES :

https://www.academia.edu/37613908/14_macam_jenis_sistem_STRUKTUR_bangun
an_bertingkat_docx
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317119308_The_support_systems_of_unique_high-
rise_buildings https://archi-monarch.com/what-is-building-
services-in-tall-building/
 https://www.academia.edu/37613908/14_macam_jenis_sistem_STRUKTUR_bangun
an_bertingkat_docx
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317119308_The_support_systems_of_unique_hi
gh-rise_buildings https://archi-monarch.com/what-is-building-services-in-tall-building/

https://www.academia.edu/37613908/14_macam_jenis_sistem_STRUKTUR_bangun
an_bertingkat_docx
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/317119308_The_support_systems_of_unique_hi
gh-rise_buildings https://archi-monarch.com/what-is-building-services-in-tall-building/
 KADEK AYU
MUSTIKA DEWI
2502009684
 EXPLAINING THE HIGH-RISE BUILDING
PROJECT’S GENERAL INFORMATION .
•The definition mentioned by Britannica, tall buildings were first built in the United States in the 1880s.

By the mid-20th century, such buildings had become a standard feature of the architectural landscape

in most of the world's countries. Tall buildings are tall buildings or structures. Usually, the function of a

building represents a tall building or tall office building. Tall buildings are the answer to the problem of

increasingly expensive and scarce land, so they have a high economic side and are the solution at that

time. impossible to build horizontally. High-rise buildings include office buildings, apartments, hotels,

etc. with multiple floors, in this case more than 4 floors. The high-rise system has several main systems

that work in an integrated manner to form an efficient intact high-rise, a system resembling the human

body with features such as structure (bones), architecture (skin and shell). , perhaps also muscles and

the beauty of their form), mechanical and electrical (such as the respiratory system, circulatory system,

and lymphatic system), although these functions are not exactly the same, they are similar to how an

organism works. The construction of tall buildings was made possible by the invention of elevators and

cheaper and stronger building materials. Buildings between 23 and 150 meters high are considered tall

buildings by some standards. Buildings that are more than 150 meters high are called skyscrapers. The

average height of a floor is 4 m, so a building with a height of 24 m has 6 floors.

 EXPLAINING THE HIGH-RISE BUILDING
PROJECT’S GENERAL INFORMATION .
The International The New Shorter
Conference on Fire Safety Oxford English
in High-Rise Buildings
defines a high-rise
Dictionary defines a
building as "any structure tall building as "a
where height can have a building that has
major impact on many storeys“
evacuation.“

Massachusetts Many engineers,

General Laws inspectors, architects
and similar
defines a tall professions define a
building as taller tall building as a
than 70 feet (21 building that is at
least 75 feet (23 m)
m)
high.

TALL BUILDINGS
HAVE TEN
CHARACTERISTICS,
INCLUDING:
1. Building Height 6. The Influence of High

Winds and Earthquakes

2. Types of Building Structures 7. High Risk

3. Floor Area 8. High Complexity

4. Typical 9. Aim High

5. Limited Land 10.High Safety Demands

 RIGID FRAME
A RIGID FRAME STRUCTURE IS A RIGID FRAME & CORE
STRUCTURE CONSISTING OF LINEAR
ELEMENTS, USUALLY BEAMS AND
Rigid frame and frame structure
COLUMNS, WHICH ARE CONNECTED AT
is a hybrid frame with a
THE ENDS BY JOINTS WHICH PREVENT combination of rigid frame
RELATIVE ROTATION BETWEEN THE
MEMBERS BEING JOINED AND ALLOW THE
EXPLAINING ALL structure system and core

THE HIGH-RISE
structure system. Rigid frames
MEMBERS TO BE CONTINUOUS IN THE respond to lateral loads,

STRUCTURE AND
JOINTS. especially from bending of
beams and columns. Such

SERVICES
behavior leads to large lateral
movements of buildings of a

ATTRIBUTES
certain height. On the other
hand, if it is equipped with a core
construction, the transverse
resistance of the building
increases significantly due to the
interaction of the core and the
frame. This core system includes
mechanical systems and vertical
transportation.

HIGH-RISE STRUCTURE
PARALLEL BEARING WALL
STRUCTURE SYSTEM
can be considered as a
traditional structural system
used in tall buildings. This
structure consists of vertical
structural members which
carry all loads directly to the
foundation.
EXPLAINING ALL THE
AND SERVICES
ATTRIBUTES
WALL & CORE BEARING FLAT PLATE STRUCTURE SYSTEM
STRUCTURE SYSTEM IN GENERAL, DISKS ARE CLASSIFIED
SHEAR WALLS ARE PLACED AS UNIDIRECTIONAL OR
INSIDE BIDIRECTIONAL. PLATES THAT BEND
To THE BUILDING,
create yourFORown, MAINLY IN ONE DIRECTION ARE
EXAMPLE AROUND THE HEART
choose a topic that
WHICH SERVES AS
CALLED THAT ONE WAY PLATE.
WHEN THE PANEL SUPPORTS ARE
interests
MAINTENANCE AREAS,you.
SHAFTS ARRANGED IN A ROW SO THAT THE
AND EXIT STAIRS IN THE FORM PANELS CAN BE BENT IN BOTH
OF BOXES OR OTHER RIGID DIRECTIONS, THE PANEL IS SAID TO
FORMS AS STRUCTURES. BE A TWO-WAY PANEL.

HIGH-RISE STRUCTURE
STRUCTURE SYSTEM
CANTILEVER STRUCTURE
A cantilever is a beam with
double support at one end
and a hanging (free) end at
the other. A cantilever
against gravity experiences a
negative moment along its
length.
EXPLAINING ALL THE
AND SERVICES
ATTRIBUTES
INTERSPATIAL (INTERSPATIAL)
STRUCTURE SYSTEM
A CANTILEVER FRAME SUSPENSION STRUCTURE SYSTEM
STRUCTURE
To create SYSTEM
your ISown, IS A STRUCTURAL SYSTEM THAT
INSTALLED ON EACH USES STEEL CABLES AS A HANGER
choose a topic that
MEZZANINE, ALLOWING STRUCTURE (WITHSTANDING
FLEXIBLEinterests you.
SPACE WITHIN AND TENSILE FORCES).
ABOVE THE FRAME.

 STAGGERED TRUSS SYSTEM

The high floor truss is arranged
so that the load on each floor of
the building can be placed both
on the frame and on it. This

EXPLAINING ALL truss arrangement not only

supports vertical loads, but also

THE HIGH-RISE reduces the need for wind

anchors by directing wind

STRUCTURE AND energy through the structure's

beams and slabs to the floor of

SERVICES the building.

ATTRIBUTES
STRUCTURE OF SELF SUPPORTING BOXES
THE SELF-SUPPORTING BOX STRUCTURE
OR WHAT IS OFTEN CALLED THE SELF-
SUPPORTING BOX STRUCTURE IS A
FACTORY MOLDED STRUCTURE (PRE-CAST)
THAT IS MADE TO ORDER.

 SPACE FRAME STRUCTURE SYSTEM

SPACE FRAME STRUCTURE IS A SPACE
FRAME STRUCTURE IN WHICH THE Several systems were
CONNECTION SYSTEM BETWEEN further developed using
RODS/PARTS IS A BALL/SOCKET JOINT AS space frame models
A CONNECTION IN THE FORM OF A based on the
TRIANGULAR MODULE. SPACE FRAME IS A
TUBULAR LATTICE FRAME MADE OF BLACK
EXPLAINING ALL development of the
TUBULAR IRON WITH CONES, HEXES AND THE HIGH-RISE connection construction
system, including:
STRUCTURE AND
STEEL BOLTS MOUNTED ON BALL
JOINTS/BALLS AS SPACERS. THIS BALL -Mero System
JOINT CAN BE MADE OF SOLID STEEL OR
STAINLESS STEEL. FINISHING BALL JOINTS SERVICES -Space deck system
-Triodetic system
AND PARTS, NAMELY ELECTROSTATIC
POWDER COATING, DUCO GALVANIZED
ATTRIBUTES -Unistrut System
-Octaplatte System
OR HOT-DIP GALVANIZED.

-Unibat System
-Nodes System
-System NS SpaceTruss


STRUCTURE SYSTEM BELT TRUSS FRAME
AND CORE
THE BELT TRUSS FRAME AND CORE
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM IS A COMBINATION
OF 2 STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS WHERE THE
BELT TRUSS STRUCTURAL SYSTEM
FUNCTIONS TO BIND THE FACADE
COLUMN TO THE CORE THEREBY
ELIMINATING THE SEPARATE ACTION OF
THE FRAME AND CORE. THIS RECOGNITION
IS CALLED STAMP TRUSSING IF IT IS AT THE
TOP OF THE BUILDING, AND BELT
TRUSSING IF IT IS AT THE BOTTOM.
How the belt truss frame and core
system works
The stiffened frame becomes
inefficient above 40 storeys because a
great deal of material is required to
make the stiffeners sufficiently stiff
and strong. The efficiency of a
building structure can be increased by
EXPLAINING ALL 30% by using horizontal truss belts or
belt trusses to tie the frame to the
THE HIGH-RISE
core. The frames are rigidly attached
to the core and connected to the
STRUCTURE AND
exterior columns. When the shear
core flexes, the belt truss acts as a
sleeve which transmits the axial
SERVICES stresses directly to the outer column.
Furthermore, these columns act as
ATTRIBUTES struts to counteract the deflection of
the core. That is, the cores collect
horizontal shear forces, and the belt
truss transmits vertical shear forces
from the core to the façade frame.
Thus the building will act as a unit,
similar to the cantilever tube.

 1.TUBE STRUCTURE SYSTEM(TABULAR

SYSTEM) INTERNAL BRACED LITHE
TUBE SYSTEM (TABULAR SYSTEM TUBE
STRUCTURE IS A TUBE-LIKE STRUCTURE
AND STANDS LIKE AN AMP CHIMNEY. FOR
A TALL BUILDING, THIS TUBE STRUCTURE IS EXPLAINING ALL
THE HIGH-RISE
THE BEST STRUCTURE USED TO
WITHSTAND LATERAL LOADS. EXAMPLE
PICTURE OF A TUBE SYSTEM

STRUCTURE AND

SERVICES
FRAME TUBE ATTRIBUTES

MUSSES TUBE
 BUNDLED TUBE STRUCTURE SYSTEM
DEFINITION OF BUNDLED PIPE
CONSTRUCTION BUNDLED PIPE
CONSTRUCTION OR MULTI-PIPE
CONSTRUCTION IS CONSTRUCTION THAT
CONNECTS INDIVIDUAL PIPES TOGETHER
AND IS CARRIED OUT AS A SINGLE
CONSTRUCTION UNIT WITH MULTI-
PURPOSE PIPES, BECAUSE COMPOSITE
PIPES CAN BE REDUCED AT ANY HEIGHT.
INDEPENDENTLY WITHOUT LOSING ITS
STATIC STRENGTH. THUS, WHEN AN
ARCHITECT IMPLEMENTS A MULTI-TUBE
STRUCTURE IN A BUILDING, HE CAN EASILY
APPLY IT WITH DIFFERENT VARIATIONS ON
THE PATTERN AND ARRANGEMENT OF
EACH FLOOR OF THE BUILDING.
Bundle Tube Structure
System The tube bundle
structure system adopts
the structural concept
EXPLAINING ALL that each internal
column acts as an
THE HIGH-RISE internal mesh of the
STRUCTURE AND cantilever structure,
which greatly increases
SERVICES
the stiffness against
ATTRIBUTES shear forces. This is
because the use of
individual tubes in the
inner frame can increase
resistance to the
forces/rotational speeds
that exist in the building.

 ONE WAY TO OVERCOME

TORSION/MOMENTUM AND INCREASE
STRUCTURAL RIGIDITY IS TO ARRANGE The advantages and
EACH PIPE IN A TABULAR STRUCTURE disadvantages of the tube
WHERE ONLY THE PERIMETER COLUMNS
CAN CARRY THE LATERAL LOADS PRESENT
structure system include a) The
ON THE BUILDING. STATIC SYSTEM advantages of the tube group
ANALYSIS FOR BLUNT PIPES SOURCE: EXPLAINING ALL structure, namely: 1) The height
OCTOBER 3, 2017 (PERMADI, PDF).

THE HIGH-RISE of the truss system can reach

STRUCTURE AND 100 floors 2) The design of the
tube bundle is not only highly
SERVICES efficient economically, but also
ATTRIBUTES innovative in terms of the
possibility to design a versatile
architectural space 3) The tube
bundle system can produce
extreme building shapes.
height 4) Large floors can be
installed in this system. for in
this system, the wider the base,
the stronger the building.

5) THE SHAPE OF THE BUILDING

ALSO CANNOT BE TIED TO THE
SHAPE OF A BOX, AS IS USUALLY
THE CASE WITH BUILDING SHAPES.
THIS SYSTEM CAN ADOPT A VARIETY
. 6) EACH TUBE CAN BE CUT AS DESIRED,
OF FORMS. EXPLAINING ALL BOTH FOR SPECIFIC FUNCTIONS AND

THE HIGH-RISE BUILDING LAYOUTS. 7) PIPE IS A VERY

RIGID STRUCTURE, SO THE STRENGTH OF
STRUCTURE AND THE BUILDING CAN BE RELIED UPON. 8)
WITHSTAND ROTATIONAL AND SHEAR
SERVICES FORCES. B) DISADVANTAGES OF RELATED

ATTRIBUTES TUBES, NAMELY: 1) WORKING WITH

WHISTLES IS QUITE LONG, BECAUSE YOU
HAVE TO COLLECT INDIVIDUAL WHISTLES
INTO GROUPS OF WHISTLES. 2) THERE ARE
INTERNAL COLUMNS, SO THE LAYOUT IS
QUITE COMPLICATED

SERVICES
ATTRIBUTES
energy supply -gas, electricity and renewable

sources, heating and air conditioning, water,

drainage and plumbing, natural and artificial

lighting, and building facades, escalators and lifts,

ventilation and refrigeration, communication

lines, telephones and IT networks, security and

alarm systems.
 EXPLAINING THE
UNIQUE FEATURES
OF THE HIGH-RISE
STRUCTURE OR
BUILDING SERVICE
High-rise buildings and skyscrapers are subject to significant

vertical loads and must also withstand the large side effects that

form strong wind gusts and seismic events. In the world, for high-

rise buildings with a rigid core, tape toe supports are used, which

connect the outer column and the core, forming a system support

and resisting lateral loads. State-of-the-art construction is rapidly

developing worldwide, creating new problems that must be

differentiated based on the possibilities of modern construction

with reasonable design evaluation. Cantilever and strapping systems

are essential in modern design because they allow for efficient

building management.
EXPLAINING THE
UNIQUE FEATURES
OF THE HIGH-RISE
STRUCTURE OR
BUILDING SERVICE
. They play an important role in the construction of a unique

skyscraper as they are the link between the central core and the

outer columns. This article examines conventional conveyor belt and

cantilever belt - sleeper designs, assesses their applications,

advantages and disadvantages of various options, design issues. The

presented materials make it possible to design a unique high-rise, to

choose the optimal design solution.

EXPLAINING THE
UNIQUE FEATURES
OF THE HIGH-RISE
STRUCTURE OR
BUILDING SERVICE
They play an important role in the construction of a unique

skyscraper as they are the link between the central core and

the outer columns. This article examines conventional

conveyor belt and cantilever belt - sleeper designs, assesses

their applications, advantages and disadvantages of various

options, design issues. The presented materials make it

possible to design a unique high-rise, to choose the optimal

design solution.
EXPLAINING THE
UNIQUE FEATURES
OF THE HIGH-RISE
STRUCTURE OR
BUILDING SERVICE
As an example, consider two high-rise buildings in Russia with the
use of an outrigger system: the "Lakhta Center" tower in Saint -
Petersburg and the "Federation" tower in "Moscow - City" (moscow-
city.online/build/federation/). The Lakhta Centre, which is 465
meters high, was designed with four outriggers on the technical
floor, two stories high. They are located sequentially through 14
floors. A fifth atypical outrigger as a 1.5 meter concrete slab is
provided at floor 82 (Fig.1). The tower because it basically consists
of four buildings arranged one above the other and connected by
outriggers, which gives the construction spatial rigidity. The
maximum deflection at the level of the observation platform from
the vertical in the strongest static gusts of wind is only 27 cm. The
tower is able to withstand an earthquake of up to 6 points. Russian
and European, including 97 floors, has a height of 374 meters and a
four-level underground passage. The main structural bearing
section consists of a central core and 25 independent perimeter
colonies.
THANK
REFERENCES :
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ERTINGKAT_DOCX

YOU
HTTPS://WWW.RESEARCHGATE.NET/PUBLICATI
ON/317119308_THE_SUPPORT_SYSTEMS_OF_UNI
QUE_HIGH-RISE_BUILDINGS
HTTPS://ARCHI-MONARCH.COM/WHAT-IS-
BUILDING-SERVICES-IN-TALL-BUILDING/
REFERENCES