Chandigarh College of

Architecture

Astha

[BUILDING SERVICES IN HIGH

MA-08/18
M.Arch Sem III

RISE]
EVOLUTION OF HIGH RISE
What is a high-rise building?
Definition given by The Council of Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat-
“A building whose height creates different conditions in the design, construction, and use than
that exist in common buildings of a certain region and period.”
Definition of the HIGH RISE does not lie in the height factors but in whether or not the design,
operation or urban impact are influenced by the quality of tallness and require special measures
in planning, design and construction when compared with buildings representative of ordinary
construction.
Following criteria's define a tall building:
 Net Density
 Mechanical Systems
 Specialized construction and management systems and techniques

Overview
 High Rise is a solitary machine, an out of scale object, a vertical gated city, a mock up of a
stand still city.
 As solitary High Rise is, it needs public and collective infrastructures to exist.
 High Rise can be perceived as an attempt at privatization of the city.
 Hence depending on the function they can be Single-Function or Mixed-Use buildings.
 “High buildings “have only a few floors and not uncommonly only one although very high
floor. They are crowned by a high roof and turrets (in the manner typical of medieval and
gothic cathedrals).
 “High-rise buildings "on the other hand, have many usually identical floors normal height
one above the other.
 High-rise buildings became possible with the invention of the elevator and cheaper, more
abundant building materials.
 Buildings taller than 492 feet (150 m) are usually classified as skyscrapers.
 A skyscraper taller than 300 meters (984 ft) may be referred to as super tall.
 Shorter buildings are still sometimes referred to as skyscrapers if they appear to dominate
their surroundings, depending on the average height of the rest of the buildings and structures
in a city.
 Skyscrapers clearly stand out above its surrounding built environment and significantly
change the overall skyline of that particular city.
Historical Evolution
 Most early skyscrapers emerged in Chicago, London, and New York during the end of the
19th century.
 After World War II, the Soviet Union planned the construction of "Stalin Towers" for
Moscow.
 The rest of Europe began to permit skyscrapers during the 50s starting with Madrid in Spain.
 Finally, skyscrapers also began to appear in Africa, the Middle East and Oceania from the
late 50s and early 60s.
 The first high-rise office building was built in Chicago in 1885: the Home Insurance
Building.
 It has twelve floors – there were originally ten, but two were subsequently added – and was
built in roughly Eighteen months.
 The architect W. L. B. Jenney used an uncommon new method for the construction of his
building: the weight of the walls was borne by a framework of cast-iron columns and rolled
I-sections which were bolted together via L-bars and the entire “skeleton” embedded in the
masonry
 The increase of the high of buildings came together with the technological development.
 Before these inventions buildings of over six stories were rare because the materials could
not support the weight and very impractical for his habitants.
 Later, with development of the elevator and water pumps the industry of skyscrapers has
been seen increasingly high in places.
 Modern skyscrapers are built with resistant materials such as steel, glass, reinforced
concreted and granite.
Home Insurance building Equitable Life Building Monadnock Building

Gilbert said: “A skyscraper is a machine that makes the land pay.”

“There are many ways to place new buildings successfully alongside old buildings, but what
goes best with old good architecture is new good architecture.” ……..Osmond Overby

Timeline

Demand for High Rise Buildings

• Scarcity of land in urban areas
• Increasing demand for business and residential space
• Economic growth
• Technological advancements
• Innovations in Structural Systems
• Desire for aesthetics in urban settings
• Concept of city skyline
• Cultural significance and prestige
• Human aspiration to build higher
The tall buildings had three fold motives:
1. Artistic Aesthetic motive: Architectural emphasis of a certain place in a city like a landmark.
2. Sociological motive: Social distinction of individual, group or nation
3. Religious motive: Demonstration of power.

Need for High Rise

 STATUS SYMBOL: The tendency to “rise above the self” is a fundamental urge satisfied by
the development of high-rise structures. Buildings grew taller to achieve distinction,
dominance, & as manifestation of power.
 RAPID URBANIZATION: With more and more people moving towards the urban areas the
demand for high rise structures take pace. The increase of area per dwelling units of the same
density in urban areas also led to rapid vertical growth.
 Connections to the infrastructure could be improved by concentrating so many people in a
smaller consolidating area.
 The world trade center alone provides jobs for over 50,000 people – that is the equivalent of
a medium-sized town. All institutions of public life are united under a single roof and the
distances between them have been minimized.
 Production and services acquired greater economic significance throughout the world and the
price of land rose higher and higher in economic centers after the Second World War need
began to grow vertically like in the Cities in Europe and Asia.

Reasons for building High Rise

 The rise in land prices will force developers and landowners to utilize their land more
efficiently. Consequently taller high-rise buildings will be constructed.
 High-rise buildings, particularly taller buildings, are more prevalent in the center of the
metropolitan region in order to utilize the high priced land more efficiently.
 At a stage where the metropolitan region will continue to disperse, generating new growth
poles at the fringes, the negative exponential land-rent function is expected to flatten out with
time. Thus we hypothesized that the utilization of land will also intensify at the fringe of the
metropolitan region as the construction of high-rise buildings intensifies.
 We thus expect to find the strengthening of clustering of taller high-rise buildings in the
center of the metropolitan region.
 Under the assumption that land-prices dictate the way land is being utilized, we would expect
substitutions between land uses in favor of those that can afford the site (e.g., substituting
commercial and business for residential uses).
 We then would expect to find high-rise buildings stratified by function following the
steepness of their bid rent curves. (e.g., commercial and service high-rise buildings will be
located closer to the center of the metropolitan area than will residential high-rise buildings).
 With time, we would expect that taller commercial/business buildings will creep toward the
fringes of the city; on the other hand, taller residential buildings, primarily for the high-
income group, will penetrate the center.
 More intensive use of land, as indicated by building heights, will take place in high-status
areas, whereas less-intensive high-rise building for lower-income groups will take place in
less-prestigious areas.
Geographical Distribution of High Rise Buildings
Evolution of Structural System
 A clear classification of high-rise buildings with respect to their structural system is difficult.
 A rough classification can be made with respect to effectiveness in resisting lateral loads.

Structural Systems
 Moment resisting frame systems
 Braced frame, shear wall systems
 Core and outrigger systems
 Tubular systems
 Framed tubes
 Trussed tubes
 Bundled tubes
 Hybrid systems
Shear Frame System
 Resists lateral deformation by joint rotation
 Requires high bending stiffness of columns and
beams
 Rigid joints are essential for stability
 Not effective for heights over 30 stories

Braced Frame System

 Lateral forces are resisted by axial actions of
bracing and columns
 Steel bracing members or filled-in bays
 More efficient than rigid frame system

Core Structure System

 Lateral and gravity loads supported by central core
 Eliminates columns and bracing elements
 Core is inefficient because it is not deep in respect to
bending
 Moment supported floors are inefficient

Outrigger Braced Structure System

 1 or 2 story deep truss connects core to perimeter
columns
 Increases the bending rigidity
 Dependent of rigid core for shear resistance

Tubular System
 Majority of structural elements around the perimeter
 Sides normal to lateral load resist bending
 Sides parallel to lateral load resist shear
 Minimize number of interior columns
 Closely spaced exterior columns

Hybrid System
 Combine advantages of different structural and material systems
 Composite material system
 Concrete super columns
 Steel encased concrete columns
 Composite floor system
 Steel truss and outrigger systems
 High strength concrete super columns reduce deflections and
weight
 Steel encased HS concrete combines easy erect ability of steel,
axial load capacity of HS concrete and efficient
confinement and reinforcement.
High-Efficiency Mega-Braced Frame System
 Very large columns and bracing
 Small number of columns
 Bracing extends over multiple floors
 Stiff transfer floors allow for internal flexibility

Evolution of Materials
 High performance concrete (HPC)
 High performance steel (HPS)
 Composite construction

 High rise buildings enjoy rapid evolution and new innovations

 Efficient composite hybrid structural systems for super-tall buildings
 Use of composite material systems
 Improved analysis and design tools for better fire, impact, blast resistance
 Redundancy against progressive failure
 Effective egress strategies
 Use of passive and active control systems
 Implementation of health and long-term performance monitoring