COST EFFECTIVE HIGH

RISE BUILDING
INTRODUCTION

 Building or purchasing a dream home is everyone’s aspiration. Everyone person wants to construct a home where they can cherish their
memories. But when people want to make their dream into reality it is very hard to fulfill. It is because house construction cost is not
cheap nowadays. For the middle-class family is about investing their whole life-income in building a home , it is because of increasing
number of buyers and less availability .
The projected population in 2014 accounted for 54% of the total global population, up from 34% in 1960, and continues to grow. The
urban population growth, in absolute numbers, is concentrated in the less developed regions of the world . Even in less developed
countries, a majority of people is living in urban areas (WHO). This urban migration for work and other things leaves cities short on
affordable housing, transport link and can either lead to inner city poverty or urban sprawl.
Urban sprawl is basically another word for urbanization . Its refers to the migration of a population from populated towns and cities to
low density residential area and rural land . The end result is the spreading of a city and its suburbs over rural land . In other words
,urban sprawl is defined as low density residential and commercial development on undeveloped land . Migration and urban sprawl
become more popular now a days . Cities and their suburbs are now becoming overcrowded because of migration and urban sprawl.
The effects of urban sprawl are even more problematic. The increase in public expenditure, health issues, increased traffic, environmental
issues. These issues can be reduced in dense living. The cities that are denser perform the best. The cities like Manhattan, Hong Kong are less in
environmental issues compared to other cities. The vertically might be our solution in dense living area

At present, it is impossible to find a major city without Skyscrapers and high rise buildings. Tall buildings are the most famous landmark of the
cities, symbol of pride, dominance in power, confidence in human ingenuity over nature. The importance of skyscrapers in the present and
future urban development is without doubt increasing despite the negative effects in the quality of life. The feasibility and desirability of tall
buildings have always depended on the available materials, the level of construction technology and the state of development of the services
necessary for the use of the building. Therefore, advances in structural design concepts, analytical techniques and a more sophisticated
construction industry with the collaboration of lightweight materials it has become quite easy to construct tall skyscrapers at a low cost
compared to conventional construction.
AIM
The aim of this dissertation is to research on how we can construct cost effective high rise and sky scrapers buildings according to the
site conditions in India.

OBJECTIVE
-To study about the high rise building and its components
-To understand the meaning and role of high rise building and sky scrapers
-To study the strength and stability of the skyscrapers and high rise buildings
-To study what makes high rise buildings cost effective .
-To analyze the cos effective high rise buildings in Indian Context

METHODOLOGY
Process start by identifying aims and objective and data collection through field survey to get the live experience, photographic
information, observational study as well as questionnaire survey and architectural detail documents and secondary data from the literature
review. Interviews with the people were also a help to get information on what has been going. All the secondary data has been collected
through a detail literature review and by interpreting the data.
 HIGH RISE BUILDINGS AND SKYSCAPERS

AIMS AND OBJECTIVE

LITERATURE REVIEW

ARCHITECTURE WITH RESPECT TO HISTORY OF HIGH RISE & SKYSCRAPERS SOCIAL COCERN CASE STUDY

COST EFECTIVE
BUILDING
HIGH RISE MIXED USE ISUUES
&SKYSCRAPERS

MATERIALS CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY

MANAGEMENT
BYE LAWS

CONCULUSION
DEFINATION OF HIGH RISE BUILDING
As the notion of size or appearance of tallness is relative matter ,and not consistent over time and place ,it is difficult to define or distinguish
the tall building ,’high – rise building ‘ or skyscraper just in term of size . The high –rise building has been accepted as abuilding type since the
late 19th century , tall buildings have been constructed since ancient times for several purposes and , therefore , the history of tall buildings is
much older than a century.
“A building whose height creates different conditions in the design, construction, and use than those that exist in common buildings of a certain
region and period.”
The Council of Tall Building and Urban Habitat (CTBUH)

Consequently, the use of the terms ‘tall building’, ‘high-rise building’ ,and ‘skyscraper’ have common associations, and depending on time and
places, the concept of height varies in relation to the progress of technology and the desires of society.
different consensus on what comprises a tall building or at what magical height , or number of stories , buildings can be called tall. The term s
all mean the same type of building which is built extremely high – in which skyscraper is a more assertive term .

Emporis standards- “A multi- story structure between 35-100 meters tall , or a building of unknown height from 12-39 floors is termed as high
rise.”
Building code of Hyderabad, India – A high- rise building is one with four floors or more, or one 15 meters or more in height.
The International Conference on Fire Safety – “ Any structure where the height can have a serious impact on evacuation”
History
In the late 19th and early 20th century, the first high-rises were constructed in
America, mainly in New York and Chicago. The very first skyscraper is generally
credited to William Le Baron Jenney with his Home Insurance Company Building,
built in 1885. High-rise buildings were developed when rising real estate prices and
the demand from businesses to stay close to city centers made it desirable to build
tall. These buildings were enabled by the development of cast iron and steel, and
made feasible by inventions such as the security elevator and mass produced
building elements (Fazio, et al., 2008). The first skyscraper boom culminated in the
443-meter high Empire State Building, which was completed in 1931. It would take
until the 1960’s before high-rises again became popular. Engineers had then
developed the tube structure, where load-bearing outer walls carry vertical and
horizontal loads. This enabled a very material efficient structure where the amount
of steel used could almost be halved compared to earlier structures. Examples of
HOME INSURANCE BUILDING JOHN HANCOCK CENTER
buildings in this style are John Hancock Center and Sears Tower in Chicago,
designed by engineer Fazlur Kahn and architect John Graham. John Hancock Center
is constructed as a huge truss, see Figure 1, and Sears Tower has nine tubes
consisting of stiff frames bundled together to form the tower
INDIAN SCENE

Modern construction of skyscrapers in India can be said to have started around 1955 and Bombay took the lead in this field. In 1960, the
restriction in construction above 27.4 metres (90 feet) height was removed, and there was steep rise in the growth of tall buildings all
around the city. The trend of tall building construction is now noticeable in the major cities of the country, namely, Kolkata , New Delhi,
Chennai, Ahmedabad, Bangalore etc. Mumbai is endowed with an additional advantage regarding tall building construction compared to
New Delhi and Kolkata . For foundations, fairly good rock is available at many places. This makes foundations much cheaper as
compared to the sandy strata of Kolkata and New Delhi.

SL.NO BUILDING CITY HEIGHT FLOORS COMPLETION MATERIALS USE

NAME (m)
1 WORLD ONE MUMBAI 442 117 CONCREET RESIDENTIAL
2 THREE SIXTY MUMBAI 361.2 90 - CONCREET RESIDENTIAL
WEST TOWER
B
3 BRYS BUZZ GREATER 300 82 CONCREET RESIDENTIAL
NOIDA
4 ONE HORIZON GURUGRAM 104 25 2014 CONCREET/STEEL OFFICE
CENTRE
5 RESIDENCE MUMBAI 173 27 2010 COMPOSITE RESIDENCE
ANTILA
Massachusetts, United State General Laws – A high –rise is being higher than 70 feet(21m). Building such tall buildings is big
engineering and architectural challenge, which pushes our limits and technology to improve . Such buildings are results of increasing demand of
residential and business space and overall economic growth.

BURJ KHALIFA

The tallest building of the world, Burj Khalifa was designed by SOM with Adrian Smith acting as
chief architect and Bill Baker as chief structural engineer. Its height is 828 m (2717 ft) with 160 floors.
The developer is EMAAR Properties and the principal contractor is Samsung C&T of South Korea.
The construction of this mega-tower, whose original name was Burj Dubai, started in 2004 and was
completed in 2010. The global financial crisis hit Dubai at the time of the project’s completion,
causing Dubai to borrow money from oil-rich Abu Dhabi to complete the project. Therefore the tower
was renamed to honor the ruler of UAE for his support of the project. The decision to build this
ambition-driven tower was based on the government’s decision to diversify from an oil-based
economy to a service-oriented and tourist-based one, and to draw international attention and foreign
investment. The tower was designed as a centerpiece of a grand scheme for a large mixed-use
development that would include 30,000 homes, 9 hotels, 19 residential towers, the Dubai Mall, 3 ha
(7.5 acres) of parkland, and a 12 ha (30 acre) man-made Burj Khalifa Lake.
The architectural and engineering design concepts of Burj Khalifa have been widely publicized and recorded in literature . Its form is organic
and biomorphic in nature. The form was based on geometric patterning systems embodied in Islamic architecture and incorporates cultural
and historical elements of the region. The triple-lobed footprint was inspired by the flower Hymenocallis. The tower is made of three wings
forming a Y-shaped floor plan around a central plan. The form also evokes the onion domes, an integral element of Islamic architecture. The
three wings act as buttresses to the hexagonal core stabilizing the structure against lateral forces and offering panoramic views of its
surroundings, including the Persian Gulf. The entire tower used concrete as the structural material except the spire of the tower, which is
composed of structural steel. The exterior cladding system was designed to withstand Dubai’s extreme summer and consists of reflective
glazing, and aluminum and textured stainless steel spandrel panels with vertical fins
The tower will hold up to 35,000 people. It has swimming pools, 900 private apartments, corporate offices and suites, restaurants, sky
lobbies, and an observation deck. The building has 2909 stairs throughout its height, and a total of 57 high-speed elevators and eight
escalators were installed to transport people and cargo. From a distance, it has stark resemblance to the mile-high Illinois Tower conceived by
Frank Lloyd Wright in 1956 because of its look-alike needle-shaped appearance.
Like the two other mega-towers—the Petronas Towers and Taipei 101—Burj Khalifa looks enormously out of scale in its context. However, its
architect Adrian Smith thinks its setbacks connect it to the surrounding city, both now and for the future. At lower levels the setbacks relate to
existing low and mid-rise buildings and those at the higher levels will ensure that the tower will remain connected to the context in the future
when more supertall buildings are built.
Although the tower has attained global status, the exorbitant cost to build it in a rather low density city is hard to justify at a time when we note
the downturn of the world economy, a possibility that always should have been anticipated, and has reportedly resulted in excessive vacancy
rates and revenue losses. The enormous wealth spent on the tower arguably could have been better spent on social and technological projects
(e.g., education, research and development, healthcare, etc.) and on developing self-sustaining manufacturing industries that the region, as a
whole, needs for social uplifting and future long-term economic development. Of course, the Empire State Building also faced a similar fate
when it was built, but recovered later and became the symbol of New York. Something similar may happen to Burj Khalifa when the world
economy takes an upswing once again. Only the future can tell.

Total cost of construction: $1.5 billion = Rs 84,29,45,62,50,000

Total built up area : 2,80,000 m2 
Cost per sqm : Rs 3,01,05,200
Architectural aspects of high-rise
As the historical development of high-rise buildings has already shown, the construction of building reaching higher and higher into the sky was – and
to a certain extent still is – an expression of power and strength. This is equally true of both ecclesiastical and secular buildings: the power, strength and
influence of entire families – i.e. their standing in society – are mirrored in the erection of ever taller buildings culminating in a battle to build.
The building built in the past is ornamented with stylistic new elements of their time. The building that reflects the spirit of time when it is finished can
appear “old” within only a few years. The brevity of the various stylistic trends is one of the reasons for the inhomogeneous appearance of modern
towns and cities. Since architects must expect that later buildings will have their own, completely different formal identity, they do not see any reason
why they should base their own designs on existing standards, particularly as this would merely cause them to be considered “unimaginative”.

Develop a Budget-Minded Plan

Before starting any project, it’s crucial to plan out the process, which is something that all construction teams already do. However, to help conserve
costs, the planning phase should specifically include a budget limit and explore ways to remain within the confines of financial goals. Then, once the
project gets underway, all processes should continually be compared to the budgetary plan.
For example, if the initial plan outlines a specific limit for manual labor, hiring the right amount of personnel is a primary concern. Properly managing
the time and productivity of the workers employed is another major concern. Hopefully, this management helps the business stay in the green.
It’s a process that should apply to all elements of a project, from fuel and resource costs to the total use of heavy machinery and equipment.
Economical Aspects

The Economics of Skyscraper Height (Part IV): Construction Costs Around the World

Global Costs
One of the key drivers of costs around the world are wages. An unskilled construction worker in New York, for example, is paid $17.57 per hour. In
India, laborers get paid $0.63 dollars per hour. While the same type of workers in China receive about $3.36 dollar per hour. Since labor costs
represent a substantial fraction of total costs (in the U.S. they can be as high as half the costs), the less developers must pay for labor, the lower the
costs, and thus the more likely they are to build taller.
Consider some examples (in non-inflation adjusted U.S. dollars). One World Trade Center cost nearly $4 billion, as compared to the Shanghai
Tower, which cost $2.4 building to construct. On a per-floor basis, that’s nearly double the costs. The Burj Khalifa, is almost 300 meters taller than
One World Trade Center, yet the total costs were 61% less! The idea of getting a 163-story building in New York for $1.5 billion is laughable.
THE ECONOMIC THEORY OF SKYSCRAPER HEIGHT

But, before we dive more deeply into the costs of building a shiny new skyscraper, we first pause to discuss the economic theory of skyscraper height.
The economic height of a structure is the one that makes the most sense in terms of best balancing the demand for height with the costs of providing
it. If we did some economic modeling, what pops out is an equation for the optimal building height (based on some simplifying assumptions). Though
one can find a more detailed treatment here, the bottom line is that this equation can be given in a simplified form:

Economic Height = (Market Price Per Floor)/(Construction Costs Index Value)

Or for simplicity:
H=P/C.
That is, the economic height is given by the market price per floor, P, relative to a measure of construction costs, C, which includes the prices of
materials and labor, and the efficiency of the construction operation. We can observe from the equation that, all else equal, the lower the value of C,
the taller a building will be in a given city at a given time.
P
If you want to understand the near-universal pattern of why there are tall buildings in the city center and low-rise building further away, then just look
at the nature of the market prices per floor (or per square foot or meter), and you will see they drop off rather steeply as one moves further away from
the center. That is to say, within a city, at a given time, we can assume that C is about the same for all builders. It’s P then that measures what building
occupants are willing to pay at various locations.
And P can be broken down into, roughly speaking, two parts. Part I is the quality of what’s inside the building (does it have fast elevators, great
views,
STRUCTURAL COST

Structural systems play a key role in determining the form of a cost-effective tall building. Because of the current trend of pluralistic architectural
style, structural systems have become more varied and somewhat lost their inherent logic by conforming to the predetermined form-giving by the
architect. The style and aesthetics of buildings are integrally related to the horizontal and vertical configurations. Earlier, the advent of computers,
in conjunction with a boom in the construction industry following the Great Depression and World War II, facilitated the development of new
structural systems and forms.
As tall buildings are becoming increasingly taller, as with other man-made structures, the greatest danger is, and has been, the danger of collapse
due to lack of structural integrity for standing up to the fierce natural forces of gravity, wind, and earthquakes. For tall buildings wind forces
primarily control the design of the structural system. A building’s slenderness ratio (ratio of height to least width) has a major influence on its
structural efficiency. Although for wind loads dynamic influence becomes important at a slenderness ratio of about 4 and above, it starts being
highly critical at higher values. Efficient structural systems can be employed to control the effects of wind for tall building. Aerodynamic
modifications of the building form in conjunction with structural optimization are effective design approaches for reducing wind-induced
vibrations in tall slender buildings, which are subjected to across-the-wind motion caused by vortex shedding. In this phenomenon, wind hits a
building’s façade swirling around adjacent faces revolving in the form of vortices. They break away from the building on one side and then on the
other, and continue this effect. As each vortex breaks away, wind speed on its building side rises, lowering the pressure and pulling in its direction.
Thus, the building experiences a side-to-side repetitive push because of the alternating effect of the vortices. Large vortices tear away and re-form
themselves whipping the tall building resulting in aerodynamic instability. The principal approach to aerodynamic modification is to “confuse” the
wind by disrupting its streamlined flow as a boundary layer and not allowing it to re-organize by creating mild turbulence around the building. Such
modifications are implemented by providing a building’s cross-sectional shape, varying the cross-section along the height, slotted or chamfered
building corners, fins, step backs, through-building openings, sculptured tops, etc., which are compatible with currently prevailing pluralistic
building forms. Different types of damping systems introduced in such buildings can also significantly improve structural efficiency.
Buildings in seismic zones warrant additional considerations; the principal among them is the requirement of ductility which provides for adequate
energy-absorption capability of the structure. Tall and slender buildings are less vulnerable to seismic forces because of their smaller fundamental
natural frequencies with regard to low-rise or mid-rise buildings. Tall buildings with low natural frequencies founded on rocks or hard soils with
higher ground frequencies perform even better because the seismic forces are not significantly amplified. However, these buildings must still be
provided with sufficient ductility.
Tall buildings transfer large magnitudes of loads to the ground and hence strong foundations are necessary for such buildings. Where bedrock is
encountered at a reasonable depth from the ground surface, loads are transferred through piles or caissons. In softer soil and where bedrock is not
available at a reasonable depth, a mat foundation is the usual choice. In many cases, piles or caissons are combined with mats to increase the
foundation capacity or to distribute the loads more uniformly to the piles or caissons. In general, foundation design is based on thorough subsurface
investigation, and although it is a technical challenge, it is not a major impediment to contemporary tall building construction
.
. An early example of a building with such a challenge in foundation design is the One Shell Plaza building of 1971 in Houston, Texas. The
project was originally envisioned as a 35-story building due to foundation limitation of the soil at the site. But the building was later
designed and built by changing the height to 52 stories. The entire structure was made lighter by building in lightweight concrete on a mat
foundation and high strength concrete was used to reduce the size of structural members, thereby making the additional 17 stories a
possibility. Tall buildings should never be built in seismic zones where liquefaction of soil may take place.
A recent trend for some time has been to build multiuse tall buildings to maximize rentability during fluctuating real estate market conditions
and the convenience of the occupants. It is possible that different vertically stacked structural systems can be designed to optimize the overall
structural performance and facilitate the use of different architectural plans catering to the needs of the occupancy and the arrangement of
mechanical and other physical systems with minimum interference with the structural systems. Even the architectural expression can be
vertically varied this way, if desired, to reflect the type of occupancy and for the sake of creating aesthetic diversity. This, of course, calls for
further research.

For structural costs, we target $45-50 per gross square foot of the building. Once our initial analysis is done, our construction management
team can look for ways to bring the cost down, primarily by looking at the core.
While it has become commonplace to use 7.5” thick cast-in-place concrete slabs instead of 8”, due to different mixes and means and
methods of installation, the placement can make a difference. Limiting the number of shear walls and designing to reduce structural load
transfers will provide the greatest efficiency.
For example, re-positioning the shear-walls and columns by a foot may make the living space a little smaller, but it could save a
significant amount of money. The architect and engineer don’t always know the cost implications of some of these small changes, and the
construction manager can help close the communication gap between the architectural and engineering designs.

Finally, current market conditions have the most impact on the cost of the building structure. In the past 9-12 months, in particular, we
have seen an uptick in the cost of cast-in-place concrete due to the current level of market activity.
marble floors, etc.?). Part II is the quality of what’s outside the building—its location. This is the key reason why buildings are so tall at
the center—the location (or land) value is so high. Wall Street firms need to cluster together to earn greater profits and they pay for the
right to do it. Developers respond to the high willingness to pay by going taller. The desire to pay falls rapidly as one moves away from
the center. This has been strongly documented around the world and over time.
COSTS IN DIFFERENT CITIES

The first fact that pops out of this analysis is that it is much cheaper to build in Shanghai and Chicago than in New York City. The average price
per floor for Chicago is about $6.2 million; for Shanghai it’s about $3.7 million per floor. For New York, on average, it costs about $15 million
per floor. Or in other words, for a cost of $20 million per floor (on average), you can get a 65-story skyscraper in New York, while in Shanghai
you can one that’s 120 stories. In Chicago, at that price, you can get a 100-story structure.
Second, the minimum point for each of these cities is different. The lowest per floor costs in New York about 32 floors. For Chicago, it’s at 55
floors. Shanghai doesn’t seem to have a turning point based on the data—with per floor costs rising at all levels. (Why this is requires further
work.)

Skyscraper Costs versus Building Height for New York, Chicago, and Shanghai. Costs are given in millions of 2018 USD. Each dot is data for a particular
building. The curves are trend lines (polynomial of order 2).
MATERIALS

Consider Material Alternatives

One of the more obvious ways to save money is to use cheaper, alternate materials that are either more effective or just more accessible overall. When
you’re working out the project specifications with a client or customer, remember that material alternatives should be considered. Some clients may
not want to use certain materials, in which case the selection process is more difficult.
That said, recycled materials may be a better option in many cases. Recycled steel is a great example. Even though it’s been refined and reused, it’s
still so structurally sound that it will last for decades. The same is true of other materials that have been repurposed and reinforced, like recycled wood,
plastic and even concrete.
Another side of the argument involves using innovative materials to produce something like fabric structures. Tension fabric buildings are relatively
new to the construction scene and may be used for sheds, warehouses and even homes. Both the design and materials used in their construction enable
more inexpensive solutions.

FILLAR SLAB

Filler slab is alternate slab construction technology where part of concrete in bottom of slab is replaced by filler material. The basic principal is that
the concrete in bottom half of RCC slab is structurally not required as concrete acts as compression material which is required in top half portion of
slab. So this portion concrete is replaced by low cost, light weight  filler material like mangalore tile, clay pots etc.
FLY ASH
In India, coal will continue to remain a major source of fuel for power generation. At present, about 60% power is produced by using coal as fuel,
which results in the production of about112million tons of flyashperannum. Considering the tremendous growth required in the power sector for
the development of Indian economy, it is expected that ash generation will reach 325 million tons by 2020. Ash is good resource material for
utilization in various areas such as manufacture of cement, cementconcrete, embankment construction, low lying area filling etc. The major
utilization areas of flyash are as under:
1) Manufacture of Portland Pozzolana Cement & Performance improver in Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC).
2) Part replacement of OPC in cementconcrete.
3) High volume fly ash concrete.
4) Roller Compacted Concrete used fordam & pavement construction. Use of ash in road embankment
5) Manufacture of ash bricks and other building products.
6) Construction of road embankments, structural fills, low lying area development.
7) As a soil amender in agriculture and wasteland development.
A. Examples of Use of Flyash in Concrete–Worldover fly ash has been successfully utilized in cement concrete and as component of Portland
Pozzolana Cement/ Blended cement for more than 50 years. Some of the structures wherein fly ash has been utilized are as under:
1) Fly ash concrete was used in Prudential Building the first tallest building in Chicago after World war II.
2) About 60,000 m3 of fly ash concrete with an estimated saving of 3,000 tone of Ordinary Portland Cement was used in Lednock
Dam construction in UK during the year 1955.
3) About 60,000 m3 of fly ash concrete with 80/20 Ordinary Portland Cement/ fly ash having average slump of 175 mm was used in
the piles and the foundation slab to meet the requirement of sulphate resistance concrete of Ferrybridge C power station in UK
during 1964.
4) Fly ash concrete was used for all the tunnel lining and slip formed surge shafts at the Dinorwig Pumped Storage Scheme in the
year 1979 & 1980 in UK mainly to provide increased resistance to attack from aggressive water.
PREFABRICATED PANELS

One of the quickest and most cost effective ways to build a house is to use panels that have been prefabricated. Most of these panels come as
part of a system that lets you build a custom home for a lot less. Although an entirely prefabricated house is one of the cheap homes to build,
the panels offer a lot more flexibility in building as well as materials.
As we know prefabricated panels save on labor costs and time. They also significantly reduce on-site waste removal costs and eliminate
material cost overruns and delays because of weather or shortages of materials. Homes constructed with these panels have speedier
construction as well as a tighter fit among the sections because everything was done indoors in advance. Today’s prefabricated panels can
easily be incorporated into a design made especially for the home owner and certainly don’t look prefabricated.
Concrete has become very popular for the exterior of residential homes and concrete sheets – or panels – are an easy way to achieve the
concrete look for less. Among cheap building materials, concrete panels are a stylish option that makes having a concrete exterior a lot easier.
Concrete sheets are quicker to install and are super secure and stable. These panels have been very popular around the world and are now
gaining attention in the United States as well.
Concrete panels have lots of advantages, such as durability, weatherproof qualities, sound suppression and insulation properties. Because they
are prefabricated, they also carry the benefits of general prefabricated panels. Moreover, concrete panels are fireproof! All of these benefits
also help save money on utilities as well as insurance, making concrete panel houses one of the cheap homes to build.
FINISHING MATERIALS

That leaves us with the features that sell the space: the cabinets, countertops, flooring and walls – the finishes. The finishes are more market driven
than historical cost-driven, and they change more frequently. They also provide the most flexibility to choose alternate materials to save money.
We analyze the cost of finishes based on the gross square feet of residential space. Unless the developer is targeting a more affluent tenant, the goal
is still to keep the cost of finishes within a lower range, even if the costs of the other systems leave them with more to spend.
While our estimating team looks at total cost per square foot, our construction management team prices the finishes using detailed assumptions
that assist with decisions and allow adjustments to be made as the design progresses. Essentially, they provide a giant shopping list that breaks
down the building by area and by scheme.
CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

REDUCE EXCESS CONSTRUCTION WASTE

Sustainable construction processes are designed to reduce the footprint of a project by eliminating excess waste, limiting energy and resource usage
and employing smarter, more efficient labor operations. Part of it does relate to green or eco-friendly changes, but ultimately, the goal is to reduce
excess.
An example of improving sustainability might include embracing prefabricated building materials or techniques. Another example might be renting
out equipment as opposed to buying it outright. For any team planning on using equipment less than 40% of the time, renting is a much more cost-
effective solution. This allows builders to eliminate expenses devoted to maintaining and operating older or little-used equipment.

ELIMINATE CHANGE ORDERS

Last-minute changes or fixes are referred to as “change orders” and can stem from several sources. They might arise during a final inspection or
review, or they might come from a client that wants something changed. Whatever the case, it’s best to avoid them whenever possible.
A good practice is to reserve change orders for mission-critical changes like emergencies or serious errors. Smaller revisions, upgrades and requests
should all be handled much earlier on in the development process to cut down on the impact they have on time, money and supplies.
To make it work, it may be necessary to include an interim review period for every project where clients are walked through the site, giving them
ample opportunity to present suggestions and ask for revisions.
BUILDING ANALYSIS

The first analysis we complete is the building’s parking to residential ratio. Generally, the most cost effective building has a mix of 30 percent
parking and 70 percent residential space over the gross square foot of the building.
Since parking is less expensive to build, it helps bring down the cost of the building. However, more parking will also limit the ability to use that
square footage for revenue generating space.

EXTERIOR WALL RATIO

The most efficient building shape is a square, but square buildings don’t always make the most interesting structures. So besides a square building,
targeting a ratio of 40 to 45 percent of exterior wall to gross square footage of the building will give the greatest efficiency.
For example, on a recent project we were engaged with the developer during the very early phases of design. The original design was a 13-story
“L” shape.  The project was well over budget; therefore, we analyzed the building systems individually to help identify potential cost savings. The
exterior wall ratio immediately raised a red flag because it was approximately 54 percent, well above the targeted 40-45 percent ratio.
In this case, the client had the ability to gain cost efficiency by simply changing the shape of the building. They opted to adjust the design to fit a
rectangular shape, add seven stories to the top of the building and re-configure the apartment units. This change reduced the exterior wall budget
ratio to approximately 46 percent, and it made the building more efficient in terms of area, providing them additional space overall. In fact, they
were able to add one more unit on each residential floor, offering additional revenue potential and ultimately helping to close .
The other factor that can adjust the cost of the exterior wall is the type of materials that are used. This analysis is more complex so we start by
looking at the square foot ratio before looking at the façade in greater detail. I have provided a brief explanation of the façade analysis at the end.
PARKING EFFICIENCY
The building analysis, above, looks at your ratio of residential area to parking area, while the parking efficiency analyzes the actual layout of
your parking spaces. This is done by calculating the gross square foot of parking area that is being allocated to each parking space. The most
efficient parking layouts average 350-400 square feet per parking space. This gives us an indication of any efficiency that can be gained through
the configuration of your parking.
Sometimes, we are able to re-size the spaces or lay out the spaces in a different way to make the most of the area. Other times, this efficiency is
set based on design constraints, like lot size and shape or column locations, requiring us to find efficiencies elsewhere.

ELEVATOR EFFICIENCY
Vertical transportation is located in the core, central to the building. When we analyze vertical transportation, we look specifically at the
elevators.
Elevator efficiency can be a little more complex to analyze. We factor in the height of the building, number of stops, number of elevators shown
on the design documents and the total number of residential units. From this calculation, we are able to determine the most efficient number of
elevators that may be needed.  The goal is to provide enough elevators to service 8-12 units per residential stop.
We use this early indicator when working with the elevator consultant to design the elevator bank. Sometimes we recommend removing
elevators. Another option to save cost is a high rise bank and low rise bank.
DO NOT MAKE CHANGE AFTER CONSTRUCTION STARTS:

Sometimes people approve one plan before construction and during construction, they suddenly change their plan. This is one of the major reasons
which again increases the construction cost. Try to avoid this thing unless & until it is necessary.

RENEGOTIATE SUB-CONTRACTOR PRICING

Between jobs, it’s a good idea to meet with sub-contractors and third parties to renegotiate pricing. Methods, supplies and various resources may have
changed in price between projects, warranting either an increase or decrease in fees. Sticking to the same pricing guidelines is a sure way to pay too
much.
The best strategy is to meet before starting a new project to ensure everyone sees a fair shake. Some projects may be bigger than usual or include new
processes and materials that cost more.

TECHNOLOGY
To minimize the cost of house construction you use modern technology. Use prefabricated parts for the construction of your home. In this type of
construction, a part of the building is constructed at the factory or in a separate place and then combined to a site to make the house. It has a lot of
benefits. It not only reduces the cost but also reduces the time of construction.
Glass fibre reinforced gypsum (GFRG) panel or Rapid wall is a modern building element devised by the GFRG Building System Australia
for mass-scale construction of houses in a very short span of time. A GFRG panel is basically calcined gypsum plaster, reinforced with glass
fibres which when filled with reinforced concrete in an appropriate proportion becomes strong enough to act as a load bearing and shear wall.

Professors from IIT Madras made research and found out this technology can be used for all structural elements such as walls,floors and roofs
in a building.They have built a 2 storey model house in IIT campus 2013 which was completed in 30 days for 6.5 lakhs/flat.
BIM TECHNOLOGY

Currently in most cases, the BIM technology applies only to a single or several construction activities with little mutual relevance, such as
3D visualized construction instruction, clash detection, solution optimization, and quantity calculation. Consequently, the BIM system
cannot operate efficiently. The BIM technology has not yet been applied to the real-time analysis and management of the process, progress
and cost of construction.

TUNED MASS DAMPERS (TMDS)

esearchers City, University of London are developing new vibration-control devices based on Formula 1 technology so "needle-like" high-
rise skyscrapers which still withstand high winds can be built
Current devices called tuned mass dampers (TMDs) are fitted in the top floors of tall buildings to act like heavyweight pendulums
counteracting building movement caused by winds and earthquakes. But they weigh up to 1,000 tons and span five storeys in 100-storey
buildings -- adding millions to building costs and using up premium space in tight city centres.
Recent research work published by Dr Agathoklis Giaralis (an expert in structural dynamics at City, University of London), and his
colleagues, published in the November 2019 edition of the Engineering Structures journal (Optimal tuned mass damper inter design in
wind-excited tall buildings for occupants' comfort serviceability, preferences and energy harvesting) found that lightweight and compact
inerters, similar to those developed for the suspension systems of Formula 1 cars, can
reduce the required weight of current TMDs by up to 70%.
Dr Giaralis said: "If we can achieve smaller, lighter TMDs, then we can build taller and thinner buildings without causing seasickness for occupants when
it is windy. Such slender structures will require fewer materials and resources, and so will cost less and be more sustainable, while taking up less space and
also being aesthetically more pleasing to the eye. In a city like London, where space is at a premium and land is expensive, the only real option is to go up,
so this technology can be a game-changer."
Tests have shown that up to 30% less steel is needed in beams and columns of typical 20-storey steel building thanks to the new devices. Computer model
analyses for an existing London building, the 48-storey Newington Butts in Elephant and Castle, Southwark, had shown that "floor acceleration" -- the
measure of occupants' comfort against seasickness -- can be reduced by 30% with the newly proposed technology.
"This reduction in floor acceleration is significant," added Dr Giaralis. "It means the devices are also more effective in ensuring that buildings can
withstand high winds and earthquakes. Even moderate winds can cause seasickness or dizziness to occupants and climate change suggests that stronger
winds will become more frequent. The inerter-based vibration control technology we are testing is demonstrating that it can significantly reduce this risk
with low up-front cost in new, even very slender, buildings and with small structural modifications in existing buildings." Dr Giaralis said there was a
further advantage:
"As well as achieving reduced carbon emissions through requiring fewer materials, we can also harvest energy from wind-induced oscillations -- I don't
believe that we are able at the moment to have a building that is completely self-sustaining using this technology, but we can definitely harvest enough for
powering wireless sensors used for inner building climate control."
CONCLUSION
The case study analysis puts forth that high rise residential structures are not popular due to user perception that they are expensive and
the associated fear of safety during fire.

The study concludes that fly ash is available abundantly, but not used to it full extent in the construction industry. The study of fly ash as
a material reveals that it can be more economical to use fly ash in high rise structure and in minimizing the potential damage due to high
temperatures.

GFRG TECHNOLOGY is not use in a large scale .if it can be used it can not only reduce cost it can provide better strength to the
buildings.

As the building goes high more the column will be thicker ,as a result concrete reduce occupancy spaces .So for better occupancy space
we should promote composite materials

Promote use of BIM technology which can reduce cost as well as save time .
REFERENCES

https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%29CO.1943-7862.0000226
https://www.emporis.com/statistics/new-high-rise-buildings
https://www.skyscrapercenter.com/country/india
http://www.skyscrapercenter.com/
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/12/191209131952.htm
https://issuu.com/mukeshwaranbalu/docs/mukeshwaran_b_thesis_design_mixed_u