GREEN BUILDINGS

BUILDING INFRASTRUCTURE

BY :
K.PRANATHI :- (22)
RAMYA KISHAN :- (23)
CH.REVANTH:- (24)
M.THARUN :- (25)
R. SATHESH BABU :- (26)
 HIGH RISE BUILDINGS
 Defined as a building 75
feet above the lowest fire
department access to the
highest floor intended for
occupant Defined as a
building 75 feet above the
lowest fire department
access to the highest floor
intended for occupant use.
 High rise buildings
support green features to
a small extent.
 Hence it is a bad concept
to go for the construction
of High rise buildings if
we are to incorporate
green features into the
building.
 Incorporating various
green features could make
the construction 5 times
more expensive than the
cost incurred in regular
methods of construction.
 A skyscraper is a tall, continuously habitable building of
many storey, usually designed for office and commercial use.
There is no official definition or height above which a building
may be classified as a skyscraper
 One common feature of skyscrapers is having a steel
framework from which curtain walls are suspended, rather
than load-bearing walls of conventional construction. Some
early skyscrapers have a steel frame that enables the
construction of load-bearing walls taller than of those made
of reinforced concrete.
 Modern skyscrapers' walls are not load-bearing, and most
skyscrapers are characterized by large surface areas of
windows made possible by the concept of steel frame and
curtain walls.
 However, skyscrapers can have curtain walls that mimic
conventional walls and a small surface area of windows`
 There are several variations of the tubular design; these
structural systems are fundamental to tall building
design today.
 After the great depression, skyscraper construction was
abandoned.
 Other pioneers include Hal Iyengar, William
LeMessurier, etc. Cities have experienced a huge surge in
skyscraper.
 Today, skyscrapers are an increasingly common sight
where land is expensive, as in the centers of big cities,
because they provide such a high ratio of rentable floor
space per unit area of land
 High-rise buildings are considered shorter than
skyscrapers.
 DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION
 The design and construction of skyscrapers involves
creating safe, habitable spaces in very tall buildings.
 The buildings must support their weight, resist wind and
earthquakes, and protect occupants from fire.
 The concept of a skyscraper is a product of the 
industrialized age, made possible by cheap fossil fuel
 derived energy and industrially refined raw materials such
as steel and concrete.
 The construction of skyscrapers was enabled by steel frame
 construction that surpassed brick and mortar construction
starting at the end of the 19th century and finally
surpassing it in the 20th century together with reinforced
concrete construction as the price of steel decreased and
labor costs increased.
 The amount of steel, concrete and glass needed to
construct a single skyscraper is large, and these materials
represent a great deal of embodied energy.
 Skyscrapers are thus energy intensive buildings, but
skyscrapers have a long lifespan.
 Building materials must also be lifted to the top of a
skyscraper during construction, requiring more energy
than would be necessary at lower heights.
 Furthermore, a skyscraper consumes a lot of electricity
because potable and non-potable water have to be
pumped to the highest occupied floors, skyscrapers are
usually designed to be mechanically ventilated, elevators
are generally used instead of stairs, and natural lighting
cannot be utilized in rooms far from the windows and the
windowless spaces such as elevators, bathrooms and
stairwells.
 FAR (FLOOR AREA RATIO)
 The floor area ratio (F.A.R.) is the principal bulk
regulation controlling the size of buildings.
F.A.R. is the ratio of total building floor area to
the area of the plot
 Town Planning Schemes mandates different
F.A.R. values for different areas.
 The F.A.R. value, when multiplied with the Plot
area gives us the maximum floor area that can
be constructed for a building in the plot.
 This is subject to satisfying other conditions
such as Parking, setbacks, access width etc.
 Various tools are used by for regulating or guiding the
development of our urban areas.
 The primary objective of using such tools is the optimal
utilization of precious land considering its use, reuse, misuse,
disuse and abuse.
 Among various development regulations adopted, Floor Area
Ratio (F.A.R.) is one of the most important one, which
regulates the bulk of the built space.
 Higher the F.A.R. value, more will be floor area within the
same plot, and higher the pressure on land for infrastructure.
 Carrying capacity and development priorities assigned by the
plan to each locality are the major factors which decide F.A.R.
that can be permitted in an area.
 F.A.R. values mainly determine the density or intensity of
development of an area.
 Hence different F.A.R. values are prescribed for different
locations in development plans.
 In brief; the permissible F.A.R. values are decided in
relation to different inter-related aspects such as adequacy
of water supply, sewerage system, solid waste disposal,
road capacity, land availability, harmony with surrounding
developments and other facilities, amenities and services.
 In other words, F.A.R. is a very crucial regulation, which
decides the intensity of development in an area and hence
highest care is required in fixing its maximum allowable
limit in different areas. It is high time for us to think about
the Implications of F.A.R. on the development of our
developing cities like Kochi.
 F.A.R. as such, will not hinder high-rise developments .
But, a reasonable F.A.R. mandates adequate open area in a
plot for high-rise buildings. This is for the benefit of the
occupants of the building, their neighbours and the public
at large.
 LIFTS AND TRANSPORTATION
 An elevator  is a type of vertical transport equipment
that efficiently moves people or goods between floors
(levels, ) of a building, vessel or other structures.
Elevators are generally powered by electric motors
that either drive traction cables or counterweight
systems like a hoist, or pump hydraulic fluid.
 Hydraulic elevators
 Conventional hydraulic elevators. They use an
underground cylinder, are quite common for
low level buildings with 2–5 floors (sometimes
but seldom up to 6–8 floors), and have speeds of
up to 200 feet/minute (1 meter/second).
 Holeless hydraulic elevators were developed in the
1970s, and use a pair of above ground cylinders,
which makes it practical for environmentally or
cost sensitive buildings with 2, 3, or 4 floors.
 Roped hydraulic elevators use both above ground
cylinders and a rope system, allowing the
elevator to travel further than the piston has to
move.
 The air from the lobby constantly leaks into the
elevator shaft due to elevator movements as
well as elevator shaft ventilation requirements.
 Using this conditioned air in the elevator does
not increase energy costs. However, by using
an independent elevator air conditioner to
achieve better temperature control inside the
car, more energy will be used.
CURTAIN WALLS
 A curtain wall system is
an outer covering of a
building in which the
outer walls are non-
structural, but merely
keep the weather out
and the occupants in.
 As the curtain wall is
non-structural it can be
made of a lightweight
material reducing
construction costs.
•When glass is used as the curtain wall, a great
advantage is that natural light can penetrate deeper
within the building.
•The curtain wall façade does not carry any dead load

weight from the building other than its own dead load

weight.
•The wall transfers horizontal wind loads that are

incident upon it to the main building structure through

connections at floors or columns of the building.
•A curtain wall is designed to resist air and water

infiltration, sway induced by wind and seismic forces

acting on the building, and its own dead load weight
forces.
 A common feature in curtain
wall technology, the rainscreen
principle theorizes that
equilibrium of air pressure
between the outside and inside
of the "rainscreen" prevents
water penetration into the
building itself.
 For example the glass is
captured between an inner and
an outer gasket in a space
called the glazing rebate.
 The glazing rebate is ventilated
to the exterior so that the
pressure on the inner and outer
sides of the exterior gasket is
the same.
 BUILDING ENVELOPE
 The building envelope (or building enclosure) is the
physical separator between the interior and the exterior
environments of a building.
 It serves as the outer shell to help maintain the indoor
environment (together with the mechanical conditioning
systems) and facilitate its climate control.
 Building envelope design is a specialized area of
architectural and engineering practice that draws from
all areas of building science and indoor climate control.
 The many functions of the building envelope can be
separated into three categories 
 Support (to resist and transfer mechanical loads)
 Control (the flow of matter and energy of all types)
 Finish (to meet human desires on the inside and outside)
 The control function is at the core of good
performance, and in practice focuses, in order of
importance, on rain control, air control, heat control,
and vapor control.
 Control of rain is most fundamental, and there are
numerous strategies to this end, namely, perfect
barriers, drained screens, and mass / storage systems.
 Control of air flow is important to ensure indoor air
quality, control energy consumption, avoid
condensation (and thus help ensure durability), and
to provide comfort.
 Control of air movement includes flow through the
enclosure through components of the building
envelope itself.
 BUILDING FABRICS
 Tension fabric buildings are
constructed using a Rigid Frame
which can consist of timber, steel,
rigid plastic, or Aluminum and a
sturdy fabric outer membrane .
 Once the frame is erected in place,
the fabric cover is stretched over
the frame. The fabric cover
is tensioned to provide the stable
structural support of the building.
 The fabric is tensioned using
multiple methods varying by
manufacturer, creating a tight
fitting cover membrane
 Fabric structures are architecturally innovative
forms of constructed fibers that provide end
users a variety of aesthetic free-form building
designs. Custom-made fabric structures
are engineered and fabricated to meet
worldwide structural, flame retardant, weather-
resistant, and natural force requirements.
 A fabric structure's material selection, proper
design, engineering, fabrication, and installation
are integral components to ensuring
a sound structure.
 STRUCTURAL PROPERTIES
 A fabric it is imperative to keep certain fabric
properties in mind. These include stress versus strain
(unit load versus unit elongation), expected service
life, the mechanisms of joining the material together
(welding, gluing, etc.), and the fabric’s behavior in or
around fire.
 This information characterizes the fabric in terms of
stiffness, elasticity, and plasticity.
 This is essential information when determining the
material's response under load in a load-carrying
application.
 Shear strength, shear strain, and Poisson's ratios,
though difficult to obtain, are fundamental when
analyzing a fabric as a structural material.
 AUTOMATION
 Automation is the use of machines, control
systems and information technologies to optimize
productivity in the production of goods and
delivery of services.
 The correct incentive for applying automation is
to increase productivity, and/or quality beyond
that possible with current human labor levels so
as to realize economies of scale, and/or realize
predictable quality levels.
 In the scope of industrialization, automation is a
step beyond mechanization.
 Whereas mechanization provides human operators
with machinery to assist them with the muscular
requirements of work, automation greatly decreases
the need for human sensory and mental requirements
while increasing load capacity, speed, and
repeatability.
 Automation plays an increasingly important role in
the world economy and in daily experience
 The main advantages of automation are:
 Increased throughput or productivity.
 Improved quality or increased predictability of quality.
 Improved robustness (consistency), of processes or
product.
 Building automation describes the advanced functionality
provided by the control system of a building.
 A building automation system (BAS) is an example of
a distributed control system.
 The control system is a computerized, intelligent network of
electronic devices designed to monitor and control the
mechanical, electronics, and lighting systems in a building.
 BAS core functionality keeps the building climate within a
specified range, provides lighting based on an occupancy
schedule, and monitors system performance and device
failures and provides email and/or text notifications to
building engineering/maintenance staff.
 The BAS functionality reduces building energy and
maintenance costs when compared to a non-controlled
building. A building controlled by a BAS is often referred to
as an intelligent building or a smart home.
 MODULAR SYSTEM
 Modular design, or "modularity in design", is an
approach that subdivides a system into smaller parts
(modules) that can be independently created and then
used in different systems to drive multiple functionalities.
A modular system can be characterized by the following:
 (1) Functional partitioning into discrete scalable, reusable
modules consisting of isolated, self-contained functional
elements
 (2) Rigorous use of well-defined modular interfaces,
including object-oriented descriptions of module
functionality
 (3) Ease of change to achieve technology transparency
and, to the extent possible, make use of industry
standards for key interfaces.
  Modular design is an attempt to combine the
advantages of standardization (high volume
normally equals low manufacturing costs) with
those of customization.
 A downside to modularity (and this depends on
the extent of modularity) is that modular systems
are not optimized for performance. This is usually
due to the cost of putting up interfaces between
modules
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