Aim of the project

The aim of this project is to developed the commercial land into a symbolic
sustainable green skyscraper and also help in shaping the future skyline of the city
by being an inspirational for building to come.

Objectives

1.To amplify the contribution of sustainable architecture to the development.

2.to integrate sustainable structure and services with the architectural form.
3.to design spaces which being closer to nature and harmony.
4.to follow the guidelines of the LEED and GRIHA accordingly to far regulation.

Scope of the project

1. Designing a skyscraper blended with sustainable construction technique

Methodology

The given figure shows the methodology chart for this study. This methodology chats
explains the first step about the study of general information about high rise
sustainable planning .

Data
Collection

Literature
review Standards
Standards

Literature
case study Literature Design
Project
Case review
Brief
Study
Live case
study Standards

Site Site
Study Analysis
What is skyscraper ?

According to Emporis standards, Buildings higher than 100m is termed as

skyscraper. Building 300m or termed as Super Tall and building 600m or taller is
termed as Mega-Tall.

During the 1920's and 1930's, skyscrapers were designed in an Art Deco
architectural approach. This style typically involved the use of rich color and
ornamentation on the surfaces of the buildings to call attention to the increasingly
complex three-dimensional shape of the skyscrapers, in contrast to earlier styles.

Why we need this type of building ?

Keeping an eye on the increasing population, we need such a construction so that

we can make more space in less space, so we can build bigger and taller structure.

HOW WE ARE BUILD SKYSCRAPER ?

The skyscraper construction process generally involves site selection, design phase,
excavation and foundation preparation, installing the steel frame, external cladding,
and interior finishes. After that, the maintenance team steps in to ensure the building
remains in the best condition for use.
1. Lightweight Structures

❏ High rise structure square measure designed as light-weight structures,

creating the choice of materials for structural and non-structural members
a challenge throughout coming up with and
❏ execution.
It becomes essential to form use of superior concrete (HPC),
pre-
stressed concrete, composite construction with steel, high-strength steel,
light-weight masonry for walls and partitions, etc.

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321933178/figure/fig3/AS:66779445463
4497@1536226013099/Prestressed-concrete-PSC-girder-with-multiple-
tendons.png

2. Wind And Earthquake Resistant Design

❏ One of the most important

factors that architects and
engineers have to take into
account when building tall
buildings is wind.
❏ While skyscrapers might
appear to be very-strong,
immovable structures, all
buildings are in fact designed
with a degree of flexibility in
mind.
❏ Buildings experience wind https://ichef.bbci.co.uk/news/976/cpsprodpb/95D3/production/_84155383_wind_tunnel_effect_624in.png

loads, or the force of the wind

as you travel higher, but this
effect is greatest at the
uppermost levels, where wind
speed and velocity increase
with height. The impacts of
these wind loads increase as
structures become taller.
https://www.theb1m.com/assets/images/Screen+Shot+2018-09-
06+at+11.28.59.png?Action=thumbnail&algorithm=fill_proportional&width=55
0
 THE SOLUTION
● Corner Softening
❏ The first and by far simplest way to reduce the impact of high winds on a tall building
is with an approach called “corner softening”.

❏ A prominent example is the ornamental design of Taiwan’s Taipei 101, where

relatively minor cutouts on the building’s corners reduced movement by as much as
25%.

● Tapering a building

❏ Tapering a building as it rises also

breaks up the uniformity that causes
vortex shedding.
❏ Kuala Lumpur’s Petronas Towers and
The Shard in London, both use this
technique to reduce the effect that high
winds have on their structures.

https://www.theb1m.com/assets/images/iStock-
503563412+(1).jpg?Action=thumbnail&algorithm=fill_proportional&width=550
Tapering a buildings as it rises, like London's Shard, reduces the effects of wind.

https://www.theb1m.com/assets/images/Screen+Shot+2018-09- https://www.theb1m.com/assets/images/Screen+Shot+2018-09-
06+at+11.33.06.png?Action=thumbnail&algorithm=fill_proportional&width=55 06+at+11.56.02.png?Action=thumbnail&algorithm=fill_proportional&width=550
0
utilising corner softening, tapering and setback design principles, the Burj Khalifa is able to confuse
the wind and minimise the stresses it has on the structure as it rises.
 Creating a twist
❏ Creating a twist in a building’s form can also reduce the impact of vortex shedding. With
every floor offset to the last, the number of “bluff” areas across these structures is
considerably reduced, minimising - or in some cases completely eliminating - the locations
where vortices can form.
❏ Perhaps the most breathtaking example of this technique can be seen in China’s megatall
Shanghai Tower; which tames the wind and rises to becomes the world’s second tallest
building by elegantly twisting throughout its 632 metre height.

https://www.theb1m.com/assets/images/iStock-
842363308.jpg?Action=thumbnail&algorithm=fill_proportional&width=550

Above: The twisting Shanghai Tower is the world's second tallest building and one of only
three megatall skyscrapers in the world.

Cutting Out

❏ Reduce the impact of high winds on tall buildings is to increase their porosity,
“cutting out” parts out of the structure and allowing air to flow through, as well as
around the building mass.
❏ This technique has been used in a number of high profile skyscrapers around
the world; including Saudi Arabia’s Kingdom Centre and the World Finance
Center in Shanghai, China.

https://www.theb1m.com/assets/images/Screen+Shot+2018-09-
06+at+11.36.41.png?Action=thumbnail&algorithm=fill_proportional&width=550
Above: Manhattan's 432 Park Avenue features double storey cut-outs every 12 floors to
combat the effects of the wind.
 Dampers

❏ Dampers are the mechanical device or technique that can be reduce

the wind load bye the helping of their weight and hydraulic -pistons
❏ It is act like pendulums . when wind exert pressure on one side,it moves
or exerts the pressure in the opposite sides .
❏ The force of the wind and the force of pendulums ares intersect each
other and reduce the impact of wind force.

Above: Tuned Mass Dampers (TMDs), such as this one in Taipei 101, can also be used
to further stabilise tall buildings.
3. Geotechnical Investigations
❏ It is a process of evaluation of a site to examine its geological features. A geotechnical
exploration was undertaken in order to assure that the site is suitable and safe for the
intended purpose. A geographical investigation was conducted.
❏ Construction of high-rise buildings requires special attention to the geological sub-
surface condition of the site and the unique design and components of the foundations.
The basic principle of a drill-blasted tunnel method of geotechnical investigation is to
go as particularly deep into the sub-surface as the height of the building. An efficient
process of foundation construction will be unique to the project.

5. Efficient Vertical Transportation System

Vertical transportation systems must be effective and fast in high-rise buildings,
particularly if used in a single run. Super light rope technology with a carbon-fiber
core and high friction coating or further advanced technology is favorable. This form
of technology can be in a more advanced stage or further developed. The number of
elevators and their operation every day need not play a role in the future. However,
they will be optimized
 Earthquake Resistant Design

1. Creating a Flexible Foundation

❏ The building is built on a flexible and
movable post so that it can move during
an earthquake.
❏ During an earthquake, only the
foundation moves, due to which its effect
on the rest of the building is less.

https://did.org.tr/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/DID-Gorsel-EN-1-1-1140x624.jpg

2. Counter Forces with Damping

Dampers is work as a shock
absorber in building .During an
earthquake, these dumpers act
to reduce the impact of the
earthquake by applying force in
the opposite direction.

3.Pendulum Power

another damping method is power pendulum used

in tall building.engineers suspend a large ball from
steel cables that connect to a hydraulic system at
the top of the building.
When the constructing starts to sway, the ball acts
as a pendulum and strikes in the contrary path to
stabilize the building.
Like damping, these aspects are tuned to fit and
counteract the building’s motion in the earthquake.

https://scx1.b-cdn.net/csz/news/800w/2013/japanesecomp.jpg

3.Reinforced The Building structure

● Shear wall
● Diaphragms
● Moment resisting frames
 ● Shear wall

shear walls are a helpful method of

building technology that allows buildings to
withstand earthquake forces. They are
typically made of multiple panels and their
beams keep them in a position against
forces of compression and tension.

● Diaphragms https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/270393/fbuil-
03-00040-HTML/image_m/fbuil-03-00040-g003.jpg

Diaphragms are a central part of a

building’s structure. Diaphragms consist
of the building’s floors, roof, and decks
placed over the floors. diaphragms help
remove tension from the floor and push
forces to the vertical structures..

● Moment resisting frames

Additional frames placed at building joints

contribute to the overall strength of a
building by allowing its supporting
columns and beams to warp but not
break.
Due to this design, the building can resist
larger forces from earthquakes while still
allowing architects to arrange the building
design.
Efficient Vertical Transportation System
Multi-storied building are built with a mix of human and mechanical elements. The
systems should be a mixture of manual (from elevator to elevator) and automatic (e.g.,
elevators and escalators). They usually have both vertical and horizontal transport
systems.

● Stairs
● Elevators / Lifts
● Escalators (Moving Stairs)
● Gravity Chutes (for goods)

Stairs
This is the most common and essential
for population transportation system.It is
an escape route in cases of fatal fire and

it is also mandatory.Because of power

failure, lifts will not operate, so escalators
are the only way to go up and down.

It must be fire-resistant so that guests

can safely escape to upper and lower
building floors.Provision of handrails and
non-slip steps are recommended for
safety purpose.

An elevator is a vertical transportation

device used to transport people and
goods.

Elevators are mainly automatic safety

devices for up and down transport
purpose.

It consists of a platform moving in a

vertical shaft with hoisting and lowering
mechanism and a source of power.
https://images.app.goo.gl/t4WACuDbk28e6SVn7
Escalators are moving step lifts that
transport people from one platform to
another, usually within a building, in a
short period of time..

An escalator is a device to lift customers.

This consists of a staircase whose steps
move up and down on moving tracks
which keep them parallel to the floor, and
so that the descending steps rise as the
ascending ones move downward, the
advance of both moving progressively.
Side-moving handrails accompany the
movement of the steps. https://i.pinimg.com/originals/58/57/33/585733bb5cd69b202311168c967c3ea5.jpg

The direction of movement can be either direction according to the requirement. Generally,
two units are required side-by-side at each level at all times. One will move upward; the
other will move downward.

Fire Safety
Fire occurrences in high rise buildings are among the most crucial risks that high rise
building occupants must be concerned about. Fire causes large losses of lives and
property in high rise buildings each year.

As per National Building Code, high-rise buildings should have Smoke Detectors,
Sprinklers, First Aid Fire Fighting system, PA system, Adequate water supply,
Fire pumps, Fire escape routes, Fireman Lift, Service shaft enclosures, compact
mentation, approved electrical system, refuse area etc
 Name:- 40 Wall Street
❏ The history of the
Location :- 40 Wall street , skyscraper was
New York City increasingly concentrated in
the decades that followed in
Building Type:- Commercial Office
1930 - 1930

the one city – New York

Architect :- H.Craig Severance , Yasuo
City.
Matsui, Shreve & Lamb
❏ 1930 saw the completion
Height:- 283 M
there, after less than a
year's construction, of The
Trump Building. At a height
of 283 meters, it was briefly
the world's tallest building.
Name:- Chrysler Building
❏ The Trump Building
Location :- Manhattan ,
unfortunately had to cede its
New York City
1930 - 1931

title after just a few weeks to

Building Type:- Commercial Office the Chrysler Building, which,
Architect :- William Van Alen at 319 meters, exceeded it by
far.
Construction:- 1930
❏ The man who had it built,
Height:- 319 M
Walter Chrysler, was inspired
by the Eiffel Tower in Paris –
at that time the world's tallest
structure – to want to build
the world's tallest skyscraper
in the Chrysler Building in
New York City. To win the
race,

❏ Built in a record time of 18

Name:- Empire State Building
1931 - 1972

months, the tower was

Location :- Manhattan , viewed as the "Eighth
New York City Wonder of the World".

Building Type:- Commercial Office , ❏ Empire State Building one

of the best-known
Observation Decks
skyscrapers from anywhere
Architect :- shereve, Lamb and
around the world. For 41
Harmon
years it was the world's
Height:- 281M tallest building – longer
than any other of the record
-holders.
 ❏ Built of brick, white marble,
Name:- Philadelphia City Hall and limestone
❏ Philadelphia City Hall is the
Location :- Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
world's greatest free-
1901 - 1908

Building Type:- Residential standing masonry

constructing
Architect :- John McArthur Jr. Thomas U. ❏ It is the world's tallest
liveable constructing upon its
Walter completion in 1894. In 1976.

Height:- 167 M

Name:- Singer Building ❏ For seven years, Philadelphia

City Hall was once the tallest
Location :- Manhattan , New York City
1908 - 1909

building in the world, until it was

Building Type:- Commercial Office phased out in 1908 via the Singer
Architect :- Ernest Flagg Building in New York City, which
was once 20 meters tall.
Height:- 205 M
❏ 1913, only 4 years later, saw the
opening of the 213-metre-high
Metropolitan Life Tower, also
housed in New York City.

Name:- Met Life Tower ❏ The skyscrapers

that followed the
Location :- Manhattan , Met Life tower were
1909 - 1913

New York City also located in New

York City.
Building Type:- Commercial Office ❏ After only four
years, the 241-
Architect :- Napoleon LeBrun & Sons metre-tall
Woolworth Building
Height:- 213 M
in downtown
Manhattan forced
the Met Life Tower
from the top spot.

Name:- Woolworth Building ❏ The construction of the

Woolworth Building was
Location :- Manhattan , New York only possible thanks to
City
1913 - 1930

the development of
reinforced foundations,
Building Type:- Commercial Office
❏ the technology was
Architect :- Cass Gilbert intended to prevent the
skyscraper from tilting
Construction:- 1913 too much and falling
over in terms of Earth's
Height:- 241 M motion. By 1930,
❏ the Woolworth Building was the tallest
skyscraper in the world.
 ❏ One World Trade Center, which –
Name:- World Trade Center like so many of its predecessors as

Location :- Lower Manhattan , record-holder – was built in New

York City. Following a construction
New York City
period of seven years.
1972 - 1974

Building Type:- Commercial Office ❏ its 415-meter-tall twin tower

Architect :- Minoru Yamasaki became the two tallest buildings in
Height:- 417 M the world.
❏ The terrorist attacks of September
(526m Architectural)
11, 2001, however, led to the World
Trade Center being completely
destroyed.

Name:- Willis Tower

❏ The Sears Tower assumed the
1974 - 1998

( Sears Tower )
title of world's tallest building in
Location :- Manhattan , 1974 following the completion of
New York City the World Trade Center, although
Building Type:- Commercial Office, for just two years.

Observation, ❏ The skyscraper has held the title

Communication on account of its height for more

than 20 years. In 2009, the Sears
Architect :- Skidmore,
Tower was renamed, just after an
Owings and Merrill
agreement to lease space to the
Height:- 442 M (527m - tip)
Willis Group holding in major
portions of the office building.

Name:- Petronas Tower ❏ Petronas tower is first tallest

tower build in outside
Location :- Kuala Lumpur ,
America which is the title of
Malaysia world's tallest tower in 1998.
❏ A unique feature of the twin
1998 - 2004

Building Type:- Commercial towers is the skybridge

Architect :- Cesar Pelli linking the two office
buildings.and serve as an
Height:- 452 M escape route in the case of
emergency.
 ❏ Because of the Taipei 101 tower's
Name:- Taipei 101
height of 400 metres, it is the
Location :- Taipei , Taiwan record-holder for the highest
building standing in the year this
Building Type:- Commercial Office, Hotel,
award has been given. Until the
Observation decks era of the 21st century had ended,
2004 - 2007

the tallest vegetable could have

Architect :- C.Y.Lee & C.P Wang had the record as the world's
Height:- 508 M tallest tower by structural height.
❏ The record-setting skyscraper had
several interesting records. These
were: the highest architectural
height, the highest roof height and
the highest occupied floor.
2007 - PRESENT

Name:- Burj Khalifa ❏ Even before Taipei 101 was

Location :- U.A.E completed, construction work
had already begun on the
Building Type:- Commercial Office, Hotel, next towering skyscraper -
Burj Khalifa, today known as
Residencial
Burj Dubai.
Architect :- Adrian Smith ❏ To complete it, 2,400 workers
Height:- 828.8 M were on hand to work three
shifts. The tower took about
four days to erect, with each
new floor being joined in
about four days.
❏ When completed, the tower
stood at 828.9 metres
(doubled from its original
height of 434.3 metres),
becoming the tallest building
in the world. Burj Khalifa is
also one of the world's fastest
-ascending buildings, having
reached into the stratosphere
by days. The building was
completed in 2010. They are
primarily lead and
 LITERATURE CASE STUDY : TAIPEI 101, TAIWAN

INTRODUCTION

Taipei 101 is also known as taipei world financial centre, is tallest landmark of xinyi district in
taiwan. From its opening in 2004 to the completion of the Burj Khalifa in Dubai, United Arab
Emirates, in 2009, this building was officially ranked as the tallest in the world.When it was
finished, it became the first skyscraper in the world that was taller than half a kilometer.

Taipei 101 received a Platinum LEED rating in 2011 and became the world's tallest green
building in the world.The local architectural firm C.Y. Lee & Partners created the skyscraper,
which has 101 stories and a height of 1,667 feet (508 meters) including the spire.when it
opened officially in October 2004.

It was the tallest building in the world at the time of its official opening in October 2004,
surpassing the Petronas Twin Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

AREA AND HEIGHTS

Name:- TAIPEI 101

Location :- Taiwan

Building Type:- commercial

Architect :- C.Y.Lee & C.P. Wang
Height:- 508.2 M.

LOCATION
No. 7, Section 5, Xinyi Road, Xinyi District, Taipei City, Taiwan.
CONCEPT

C.Y. Lee and his associates created

Taipei 101, which was built by a joint
venture between Samsung C&T and
KTRT.The building is designed to look
like a growing bamboo, which is a
Chinese symbol of strength that lasts
forever.Pagoda-like in shape, it was
inspired by Chinese architecture.It is
intended to open upward, resembling a
blossoming flower, which in Chinese
culture is a symbol of wealth and eternal
life.

RELEVANCE OF CASE STUDY

1. With a height of 508 meters, it was the tallest building in the world until the Burj
Khalifa opened in 2010.
2. Located in Taiwan's earthquake-prone region, it is a symbol of technology and Asian
tradition.
3. Its innovative design enables it to magnificently withstand both wind load and
seismic load.
4. It is a world’s largest green building.

SELECTION CRITERIA

1. Studying Taipei 101 provides insight into the design of high-rise structures in
earthquake-prone Asian countries.
2. It is the only skyscraper in the world to use a mass-tuned damper to resist the lateral
sway of the building during earthquakes and high-speed winds.
3. Understanding the structural systems that can be utilized in IV's high-rise buildings
will benefit from it.about 100 floors up,
4. it gives an idea of the building services (spaces) needs and how different uses and
user activity are linked together.
 DESIGN DRAWINGS

SITE PLAN AND SITE LAYOUT

SHOPPING
MALL

MAIN TOWER

FOUNDATION PLAN
● 660 feet away from a fault line
● 21m deep basement
○ Groundwater usually 2m below the surface
○ Soft rock usually 40-50m below colluvial soils
and clay
● 2 Slurry Wall System
○ One around both the tower and the podium
foundation
○ Second around just the tower foundation
● Drilled Piers
○ Continuous concrete matt transfers point loads
○ 380 piers driven 262ft into the ground
○ 5ft in diameter and can withstand 1100-1450 tons
each
 FLOOR PLANS

VERTICAL ZONING
101st floor summit 101 (Private VIP club)

92nd - 100th floor Communication 91st floor

outdoor observatory deck

88th-89th floor indoor observation deck

85th-86th floor observatory restaurant

59th-84th floor high zone office

59th-60th floor sky lobbies

35th-58th floor mid zone office

36th floor Taipei 101 conference center

35th-36th floor sky lobby

35th floor Amenities

9th-34th floor low zone office

b1st-5th floor Taipei 101 mall

b5th-b2nd floor parking levels

 STRUCTURAL DESIGN CONSIDERATION

Let us now examine the building's foundation system.The section of the building with the ground
floor and basements for the podium and tower can be seen in the image above.

Soft soil in the form of clay, and stiff colluvial soil is present just below the site of Taipei 101,
which has low load bearing capacity.Soft rock in the form of sandstone is present beneath 40 to
60 meters (130 to 200 feet), hence it required mat foundation with bored piles.

A basement of 21 meters (69 feet) deep was required for the tower.The site's water table is 2
meters (6.5 feet) below the surface, which would exert enormous uplift forces on the building's
foundation.As a result, slurry walls were built below the tower to lay the foundation.Slurry walls
are deep walls that are built on the spot to keep water and soil from getting into the foundation
and excavation.

The tower and podium are surrounded by these walls, which are up to 47 meters (154 feet) below
the ground and 1.2 meters (4 feet) thick.
PLAN SHAPING FOR WIND

Crosswind excitation is greatly enhanced by sharp arrivals.A'saw tooth' or 'double notch corner
with 2.5 m (8.2 ft) notches achieved a dramatic reduction in lateral response. Stair step corner
in plan to reduce the effects of windThe vortex shredding effect can be diminished by rough
corners.
SERVICES

VERTICAL TRANSPORT

1. Observation Elevators 2 single-deck,

1,600 kg (24 persons) per deck 2004
Guinness Record fastest elevators in
the world with aerodynamic, with
aerodynamic pressure controlled cabs,
ascend at 1,010 m/min.Passenger
Elevators
2. 10 double-deck, 2,040 kg (31 persons)
per deck shuttle elevators serving the
transfer floors 24 double-deck, 1,350
kg (20 persons) per deck, for access
within 6 sub zones (4 in each sub-
zone) 3 single-deck (various
capacities)
3. Service Elevators 3 single-deck
(2×2,040 kg, 1x4,800 kg)
4. Car Park Elevators 6 single-deck,
1,600 kg to tower lobby

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM

The mechanical floor and basement of the building both have water tanks
that are connected to an automatic sprinkler system.Since gravity drives the
mechanical floor water tank, a power outage will not affect the supply of
water.Fire extinguishers and fire hydrants are on each floor, and foam fire
extinguishers are used in the parking lot.
EVACUATION

From 2004 to 2010, Taipei 101 was the tallest building in the world, surpassing
Petronas Towers by 58 meters. It has served as a symbol of excellence and
technology for Taiwan.
The structure is flexible enough to withstand an earthquake and strong enough
to withstand typhoon winds.
111 The architects and engineers who built Taipei 101 went above and beyond
what anyone could have imagined when building this massive marvel.The super-
columns and design of the Tuned Mass Damper make it resistant to
earthquakes.
One of the most important design criteria for skyscrapers is the shape of the
modules and the step form in the planning. This gives it an advantage over high
speed wind.
vi Taipei 101 is a structure that can withstand 60 m/s (197 ft) of gale winds./s,
216 km/h or 134 mph), and these are the most powerful earthquakes that are
likely to occur in a 2,500-year cycle.
The soff soil subgrade required mat foundations on bored piles and slurry walls.

The project illustrates both large and small design decisions in architecture and
engineering necessary to complete building challenges.
 1. WHAT IS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ?

sustainable development means using resources wisely without damaging the environment and
keeping in mind the need of future generations. this can be achieved by making the right
balance between using the resources to meet our present needs and conserving them for
future.

2.WHY SUSTAINABLE ARCHITECTURE IS REQUIRED ?

• Stable economic growth-

• Conservation of natural resources -

• Social progress and equality -

• Environmental protection -

India as a nation is entrepreneurial and at the apex of changes. With India being World’s
youngest country its youth needs to be engaged in early and action to create and sustain a long-
term momentum that can help the country see its targets through and drive Sustainable
development goals action. More than 70% of the world population lives in cities. Cities already
consume 80% of global material and energy supplies and produce 75% of all carbon emissions.

2.HOW CAN WE ACHIEVE SUSTAINABLE BUILDING ?

1. Minimal Construction Waste: Is there a way to reduce the need for landfill space and
save costs?
2. Locally Produced Building Materials: Can you shorten the transportation distance from
manufacture to the job site, thereby reducing fuel costs and air pollution?
3. Energy Efficiency: Can you reduce the amount of generated energy that must be brought
to the building site through lighting systems or electrical/mechanical efficiencies?
4. Water Treatment/Conservation: Can you reduce the amount of water used on a site,
which reduces the amount of water that must be treated by municipal septic systems
and potentially saves accompanying chemical and energy costs for water treatment?
5. Non-Toxic or Less-Toxic Materials: Is there a way to use materials in the construction
process that are less hazardous to construction workers and building occupants (i.e.,
materials that require less cleanup or treatment post-installation)?
6. Alternative Materials: Can we reduce landfill needs and costs by using alternatives to
traditional concrete, which contributes over 500 million tons to landfills every year
worldwide? Are there opportunities to use greener materials that don’t require landfill
space, like bamboo, recycled plastic, ferrock or even hempcrete?
7. Renewable Energy Systems: Can you supplement or eliminate heating, cooling or
electrical during the build through the use of alternatives, such as utilizing natural energy
for heating/cooling/lighting or changing work hours to times that are warmer/cooler?
8. Longer Life Materials: Can you build with materials that have a longer life cycle and will
need to be replaced less often? For instance, recycled plastic for a project will last more
than 50 years, compared with 20 years for traditional structures from wood or concrete,
which means more than double the amount of time before the waste and cost
associated with replacement will have to be incurred.
 Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC)

❏ The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) was developed by the Govt. of India
for new commercial buildings on 27th May 2007.
❏ The purpose of Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) is to provide minimum
requirements for energy-efficient design and construction of buildings and their systems.
❏ The building sector represents about 33% of electricity consumption in India, with
commercial sector and residential sector accounting for 8%and 25% respectively.
❏ Estimates based on computer simulation models indicate that ECBC-compliant
buildings can use 40 to 60% less energy than conventional buildings.
❏ It is estimated that the nationwide mandatory enforcement of the ECBC will yield annual
savings of approximately 1.7 billion kWh. The ECBC is expected to overcome market
barriers, which otherwise result in under-investment in building energy efficiency.
❏ The ECBC was developed as a first step towards promoting energy efficiency in the
building sector. The ECBC is the result of extensive work by the Bureau of Energy
Efficiency (BEE) and its Committee of Experts.

The ECBC provides design norms for:

● Building envelope, including thermal performance requirements for walls, roofs,
and windows;
● Lighting system, including day lighting, lamps and luminaries’ performance
requirements;
● HVAC system, including energy performance of air distribution systems;
● Electrical system; and
● Water heating and pumping systems, including requirements for solar hot-
water systems.

As per the Section 15 (a) of Energy Conservation Act, 2001, the State Governments
are required to amend the ECBC based on the climatic conditions of the State.
 STAR RATING TABLE:The Star Rating Band is formed by straight line equations is in
the form y=(a*b)+c, where ‘b’ denotes the percentage of AC area out of total built-up area.

Table for Star Rating of the Office Building

The equations provide the upper limit of the corresponding Star Rating. Lower limit will be the
value obtained by the equation of next higher rating. For Example: Any Large Office Building in
Composite climatic zone, having 75% AC area Lowest EPI value for 1-Star will be: 0.95*75 +
60 = 131.25 kwh/sqm. Lower limit for 2-star building will be: 0.9*75 + 50 = 117.5 kwh/sqm. So,
any building having 75% AC area, and having EPI less than 131.25 kwh/sqm. but equals to or
more than 117.5 kwh/sqm. that building will be awarded 2-star rating.
Local and natural materials
Traditional architecture employs locally sourced
natural materials as they are easily available,
economical and climatically more suitable. Also,
they have a very low carbon footprint due to
negligible transportation cost. Such materials
also harmonise well with the natural
environment of the location.

Stone, bricks, mud, wood, lime and thatch were

the most widely used materials depending upon
their availability in a particular region.

Courtyard
neturnal courtyard was an integral part of a
traditional Indian home layout. It provided
ample natural light and ventilation to the
home interiors. Known as the aangan in
Hindi, vehra in Punjabi or nadumuttam in
Malayalam,

it was a space where a lot of the family

activities could take place in complete
privacy.
https://i0.wp.com/architropics.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/06/27-
courtyard-house-kertomenanggal-1.jpg?resize=1024%2C495&ssl=1

Arches
arches can be constructed without the
lintel that is used over all door and
window openings.

They can be made in bricks or stone

thereby saving on the amount of concrete
used in the lintels. Arches look really
appealing in corridors and verandahs.

https://www.pinterest.com/pin/206180489160646260/
 Jaalies
Jali allows light and air while minimizing
the sun and the rain.
when the air passes through these
openings, its velocity increases giving
profound diffusion.
The holes are often nearly of the same
width or smaller than the thickness of the
stone, thus providing structural strength.
It has been observed that humid areas
like Kerala and Konkan have larger holes
with overall lower opacity than compared
with the dry climate regions of Gujarat
and Rajasthan.

Verandah

It is a covered and partially enclosed

structure attached to a house. Traditional
homes usually had a verandah at the
entrance to receive guests. These
provide shade and keep out the hot sun
and rain. The verandah forms the
transitional space between the home
interiors and the external environment,
thereby connecting inhabitants of the
house with nature.

https://st.hzcdn.com/simgs/8eb131a30a2f6b4e_4-7103/home-design.jpg

Chhajjas

The word commonly known today as 'chajja' is the projected

element just above the window, which shades the opening,
stops rain from entering the room and reduces sky glare
while looking out of the room.

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Naga-Viswatej-
Kurma/publication/315659847/figure/fig3/AS:476514203508740@1490621247290/Derived-Dimensions-of-Chajjas-for-
Visakhapatnam-Oct-15th.png
 ROOF GARDEN

Rooftop gardens thus assist in cooling

down the area. Interestingly, these
gardens help moderate noise as well.
The combination of plants and soil
absorb, reflect and deflect sound waves
and and provide the building with
considerable noise reduction.

https://encrypted-
CAVITY WALL tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSBAgUILFHUU1Na7rtMr22N4vHcfbiYKuJmJQ&usqp=
CAU

Cavity wall insulation is used to reduce

heat loss through a cavity wall by filling
the air space with material that stops heat
transfer. This captures the air within the
cavity, preventing heating loss and
resulting in reduced heating costs.

https://www.constructiontuts.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Cavity-Walls-hollow-
space-cavity-wall-and-cavity-wall-insulation.jpg

EVAPORATION
Evaporation. As water evaporates, it
draws in heat from surrounding air.
Evaporation is therefore an effective
passive cooling method.

Base64 decode for image/jpeg;base64 in android - Stack Overflow

SITE
● According to
the land use
plan, the site
selected is
dedicated for
commercial
use.
● It is also at a
walking
distance from
two local train
stations.