JECRC FOUNDATION

Seminar
On
SKYSCRAPERS

Submitted To: Submitted By:

Teekam Singh Krishan Kant Mittal
Assistant Professor 19EJCCE051
Content
INTRODUCTION
DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN SKYSCRAPERS
STRUCTURE, MATERIAL AND BUILDING TECHNIQUE
VARIOUS TYPES OF SKELETON STRUCTURE
CONSTRUCTION TECHNIQUES
SKYSCRAPERS – IMPLIMATIONS
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
 INTRODUCTION
A skyscraper is a very tall, building. The minimum height requirement
currently to be accepted as skyscraper is 800 feet (244 meters). The word skyscraper
was first known to such buildings in the late 19th century, which reflects public
amazement at the tall buildings that are being built in New York City. The structural
definition of the word skyscraper was later refined by architectural, historians, based
on engineering developments of the 1880s that had enabled construction of tall multi-
story buildings. This definition was based on the steel skeleton as opposed to
constructions of load-bearing masonry, which passed their practical limit in 1891 with
Chicago's Monadnock Building.
DEVELOPMENT OF MODERN SKYSCRAPERS

In the late 19th century, the first skyscrapers would

have been typically an office building of more than 10
storey’s. The concept was undoubtedly originated in
the USA, in Chicago and in New York, where space
was limited and where the best option was to increase
the height of the buildings. The Home Insurance
Building in Chicago was perhaps the first skyscraper
in the world. Built in 1884-1885 its height was 42
m/10 storeys.
 STRUCTURE, MATERIAL AND BUILDING
TECHNIQUE
 FOUNDATIONS AND THE EXCAVATION PIT
• Skyscraper foundations are considerably more complex than those for
normal buildings. The complexity brought is just because of their height
and weight and can be further depend on the certain specific factors such as
nature of soil, exposure to wind, earthquake and their location in relation to
surrounding property.
• Depending on the nature of the structure, the type of foundation and the
characteristics of the ground, the value of the foundation / excavation can
be as much as the 7.5% of the total project value.
 Shanghai, China: Possible failure of the Foundation

Moscow, Russia: Excavation / cantilevered Walls

 STRUCTURE OF THE MAIN SKELETON, DESIGN AND MATERIAL

It is the 100 tallest buildings the number using steel has reduced by at least 15%
each decade since 1970, and in 2010 only 22% of the tallest building is steel.
The key issues with high performance concrete (high performance concrete is
reinforced concrete with a compressive strength at 28 days in excess of 50 MPa)
relate to the quality of the material and the expertise of the contractors.
 VARIOUS TYPES OF SKELETON STRUCTURES

 Super Frame
 Steel Frame Vertical Truss
 Tube In Tube
 Framed Tube
 Bundled Tube
 Exterior Braced Frame Tub
 Turned Mass Damper
 Steel Frame/Belts
 BUILDING MATERIAL

 Aluminum – has become the material-of-choice for the outer frames.

 Window Panes – made of high-grade glass filled with noble gases and a surface
coating in order to reflect infrared light.
 Laminated Glass
 “Sandwich” Panels – one of the primary materials used in façade systems of a
building are so called “sandwich” panels or also known as “composite” panels.
 There is great interest in the combustible-type panels because they are the most
widely used in buildings like apartment/residential, hotels, office/commercial,
hospitals.
 The combustible panels are widely used / installed in countries situated in the
Middle East and the Arabian Gulf peninsula due to the harsh climatic conditions.
 WIND LOADS

Wind engineering analyzes effects of wind in the natural and the built environment and
studies the possible damage, inconvenience or benefits which may result from wind. In
the fields of wind energy and air pollution it also includes low and moderate winds as
these are relevant to electricity production resp. dispersion of contaminants.
 Wind impact on structures (buildings, bridges, towers).
 Wind comfort near buildings.
 Effects of wind on the ventilation system in a building.
 Wind climate for wind energy.
 Air pollution near buildings.
 SEISMIC LOADING
Seismic loading is one of the basic concepts of earthquake engineering which means
application of an earthquake-generated agitation to a structure. It happens at contact
surfaces of a structure either with the ground, or with adjacent structures, or with
gravity waves from tsunami.
 Seismic loading depends, primarily, on:
 Anticipated earthquake's parameters at the site - known as seismic hazard
 Geotechnical parameters of the site
 Structure's parameters
 Characteristics of the anticipated gravity waves from tsunami (if applicable).
 SEISMIC PERFORMANCE

Earthquake or seismic performance defines a structure's ability to sustain its main

functions, such as its safety and serviceability at and after a particular earthquake
exposure. A structure is, normally, considered safe if it does not endanger the lives and
well-being of those in or around it by partially or completely collapsing.
 VIBRATION CONTROL
In earthquake engineering, vibration control is a set of technical means aimed to mitigate seismic
impacts in building and non-building structures. All seismic vibration control devices may be
classified as passive, active or hybrid where:

 Passive control devices have no feedback capability between them, structural elements and the
ground;
 Hybrid control devices have combined features of active and passive control systems.
 To dissipate the wave energy inside a superstructure with properly engineered dampers;
 To disperse the wave energy between a wider range of frequencies;
 To absorb the resonant portions of the whole wave frequencies band with the help of so called
mass dampers
 Hydraulic snubbers are used on piping systems when restrained thermal movement is allowed.
 Mechanical snubbers operate on the standards of restricting acceleration of any pipe
movements to a threshold of 0.2 g's, which is the maximum acceleration that the snubber will
permit the piping.
 SKYSCRAPERS – IMPLICATIONS
 ADVANTAGES OF SKYSCRAPERS
Throughout the world, the population of the major cities are increasing at a fast rate and
where land for building is not available; there is a pressure to build upward rather than
sideways.
The main advantage of building higher building is that they can take pressure of the need to
build just outside large cities, thus preventing the spread outwards and the destruction of the
countryside.
 Skyscrapers are known as modern answer for lack of space.
 Each Skyscraper has their own unique architectural feature.
 These features often made the skyscrapers the icon of their city.
 These skyscrapers attract millions of tourist each year, and bring profit to local business.
 Radio, television and cell phones require signal receivers from broadcasters.
 By placing an antenna at a highest point in the city broadcasters can send a power full signal
for many miles.
 Skyscrapers provide excellent site for antenna and other equipment.
 DISADVANTAGES OF SKYSCRAPERS
 High cost of investment, construction, maintenance, and operation.
 Negative effect on indoor and outdoor environment.
 Destruction of natural environment.
 Noise pollution.
 Poor Ventilation.
 Rely on Elevators.
 Fireproofing Problem.
 Evacuation difficulty when fire broke out.
 Poor Fire resistance of Steel Structure System.
 Land Subsidence.
 The development of high rise buildings destroyed the harmony of the local
cultural landscape.
 The last reason is economy; the skyscrapers can’t be cleaned or repaired by
normal people.
 CONCLUSION
From this seminar I conclude that the SKYSCRAPERS are known to be super tall
building either residential, work place or of mix use. They are not built just for the
economy of space, they are considered to be symbol of city’s economic power. The first
skyscrapers would have been typically an office building of more than 10 stories. The
concept was originated in USA, in Chicago and in New York, where space was limited
and where best option was to increase the height of building. The building up to about 4
stories can be supported by their walls, while skyscraper’s are larger buildings that must
be supported by skeleton frames.
THANK YOU
References
www.google.com
www.wikipedia.com
https://www.britannica.com/technology/skyscraper
https://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/entry/skyscraper
https://theskydeck.com/what-is-a-skyscraper/