Simulation and Fabrication of Vivaldi

Antenna for breast cancer detection using

Microwave Imaging System

By: Under the guidance of:

◦ Aayush Kumar Ø Prof. Abhinav Kumar
◦ Chandni kumari Ø Dr. Parimal Sah
Ø
Khushboo Kumari Ø
◦ Sweta kumari Ø

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

Bhagalpur College of Engineering
(Sabour, Bhagalpur )
 1) Problem Statement
2) Purpose, Scope and Objective

Contents 3) Vivaldi antenna & its type

4) Block Diagram
5) Methodology
6) Antenna arrays
7) Field patterns
8) Experimental Setup
9) Components
10) Expected Results
11) Return loss(S¹¹) v/s Frequency plot
12) S²¹ v/s Frequency plot
13) Advantages
14) Limitations
15) Conclusion
 Problem statement :

◦ Worldwide, breast cancer is reported to be the leading cause of women’s death.

◦ Every year more than 1.8 million new cases of breast cancer are spotted.
◦ Breast cancer is caused due to the presence of malignant or tumorous cells in the
breast tissues.
◦ It is not an incurable disease. Reliable diagnosis in an earlier stage is the key
factor in treating breast cancer.
◦ With early detection, treatment of breast cancer can reach a survival rate of up to
97%, emphasizing the urgent need for a highly efficient and reliable technique
to detect the earlier breast cancer.
◦ The basic idea of breast cancer detection is to send ultranarrow low power pulses
to the patient’s body and make a decision depending on the received signal by
comparing it with an average of backscattered signals, or a signal backscattered
from normal tissues.
Purpose , scope & objective :

In this project, An UWB Antipodal Vivaldi antenna for microwave

.imaging systems aimed for an early breast cancer detection is developed
The main aim of this design is to identify the difference in dielectric
properties between healthy breast tissue and tumorous tissues. Low
resonance frequencies(3-11Ghz) are necessary for better penetration and
high-resolution imaging in the deeper portion of the breast. The
prerequisite for microwave imaging is that the antenna sensor must have
high gain, a directive radiation pattern, wider bandwidth and lower
resonance frequency. The most promising candidate for all this is the
Vivaldi antenna sensor for its higher gain,narrow beam width and highly
.directive radiation due to its high peak value for pulse coverage
 Vivaldi antenna:
The Vivaldi antenna, sometimes referred to as or the Vivaldi notch antenna,
and also known as the tapered slot antenna (TSA), is easy to fabricate,it can be
made from a solid piece of sheet metal, a printedor from a dielectric plate
metalized on one or both sides.
Peter Gibson invented the Vivaldi antenna in 1978, in the UK

Types of vivaldi antenna

◦ Coplanar Vivaldi antenna
◦ Antipodal Vivaldi antenna
◦ Balanced antipodal Vivaldi antenna
Balanced a
nti podal Vival
d i

Coplanar V Antipodal vivaldi

iv aldi
Block diagram :
Flowchart The steps to design a Tapered
slot antipodal vivaldi antenna
and to characterize the output
are as follows :~

(i) Simulation of different

Narrow Beam Patterns
using HFSS
(ii) Parametric studies on the
proposed structures.
(iii) Fabrication of the structure
(iv) Testing of results.
Methodology
The microwave imaging technology is based on the diferent dielectric properties of the
tumor and the surrounding healthy tissues. When Microwave frequency is incidented
on breast phantom, there is reflection as the dielectric properties of tumor and
surrounding healthy tissues is different, which is the principle to apply to the practical
system for detecting cancerous cells. The antipodal vivaldi antenna array will be used to
send microwave pulses to the suspected area of human breast tissue. The signals are
reflected through backscattering picked up by the array and then analyzed using a
suitable computing system to detect if there is a tumor present.Here antipodal vivaldi
antenna is chosen because of its narrow beamwidth, as if beamwidth is wider then there
will be lots of unwanted reflection from around the breast center. In order to obtain
high resolution and accurate images, the compact antennas must be able to radiate
signals over a broad range of frequencies while maintaining the fidelity of the waveform
over a wide angular range in such microwave imaging systems using the UWB..
Antenna arrays without and with phantom
Antenna array setup for tumor detection
3D far field pattern
Experimental setup
Components :
◦ Monocycle pulse generator
◦ Antipodal Vivaldi antenna
◦ Breast model/ Phantom
◦ Vector Network Analyzer(VNA)
◦ Stepper motor & its driver
◦ Control and Image Processing Unit for tumor detection
Expected Result
The study shows the key features that affect the VSWR, Directionality,
Beamwidth and Side Lobes pattern. The overall performance is
optimized by judiciously evaluating the equivalent circuit diagram,
.parametric and impedance equations
The design is first simulated at X band frequency on HFSS software,
after that the précised design will fabricated on PCB using FR4
.substrate fabricated and the design will be tested on VNA
The proposed antenna is designed to operate in a frequency range of
2.4–13 GHz (more than 13 GHz) for return loss less than −10 dB. The
peak gain of the antenna is 9.5 dBi and the radiation pattern is stable
over the entire operating band.The simulation and experimental
Outcomes is expected for VSWR to be -24.5dB at a frequency of 7.56
GH. This design is expected to give results only at the central frequency
..with VSWR less than 2 and s11 less than -10 dB
Advantages:
1. Vivaldi antennas are planar antennas that work over a wide frequency range. Like
ridge horn antennas, they have high gain due to their tapered slot design.
2. Vivaldis fit into smaller spaces than a ridge horn antenna because they can be
made out of flat laminate.
3. Vivaldi antennas are usually ultra-wide band antennas and always count as
broadband antennas. They can be used with both multi-band and impulse
technologies.
4. When used for pulse technologies like radar, these antennas have a high peak
value for the pulse envelope. They offer stable group delay and allow for a
narrow pulse width.
5. Their upper frequency is limited by the width of the gap, while the lower
frequency is limited by the size of the opening.
6. The design is simple compared to log periodic antennas and fractal designs, and
all antenna designs can be scaled for use at any frequency.
7. Impedance matching is easy with Vivaldi antennas.
8. These antennas can be fed a signal directly from a strip line or microstrip line,
which also allows them to work in phased array applications.
9.
Limitations :
◦ They cannot really be extended beyond 10 dBi of gain, unless used as a
dish feed. The Balanced Antipodal Vivaldi antenna or BAVA usually
suffer from tilted beams and low axial gains.
◦ Making an antipodal Vivaldi antenna with the antenna elements printed
on op
◦ Antenna depth is a common problem for Vivaldis. This is only partially
resolved by putting dielectric covers at the aperture of the Vivaldi
antennaposite sides of the PCB substrate is more expensive than the
basic design.
Conclusion:
This work is dedicated to the design, development, and implementation of a new, complete,
portable, and UWB antenna based microwave imaging system that can be applied for breast
tumor detection in real-time. Antipodal vivaldi antenna is proposed as it fulfill the requirements
of microwave imaging because of their high directive nature with a high gain due to the
tapered slot design and having a high peak value for the pulse envelope. The Vivaldi antenna
also offers stable group delay and allows a narrow pulse width. Experimental validation of the
antennas is to be performed by developing a breast phantom measurement system to detect
the unwanted tumor cells inside the breast. A computer-controlled automatic mechanical
approach is designed for microwave imaging system consists of a 1 × 9 antenna array, (one
for transmitter and eight for receiver), the stepper motor based antenna mounting stand, the
adjustable phantom hanging platform, a RF switching system to control the receivers and the
personal computer-based signal processing and image reconstruction unit. The change of
backscattered signals with the change of dielectric content inside the structure of breast
phantom is analyzed. The significant variation of the back-scattered signal can exploit the
unwanted tumor cells inside the breast.
THANK
YOU