Progress Check 1

1. List the seven subsystems of a generic telemetry system and describe the purpose of each.

a. Data Collection Comprises of thermocouples, accelerometers, transducer, filters etc. The purpose of
data collection system is to obtain data from the system of sensor, condition the signals, and make them
available to multiplex subsystem.

b. Multiplex System The output of the data collection is fed in to multiplex system, if the data from the
data collection is separated and deposited into different frequency bin for transmission it is called
frequency division multiplex but if the multiplex system separates data in time domain it is referred as
time division multiplex. If the system comprises of both TDM and FDM sub system it is called as hybrid
system.

c. Modulator, Transmitter, Antenna The multiplex data that have been separated in the frequency
domain or in the time domain are modulated onto the carrier at the transmitter, where they used to
drive an antenna. The frequency of transmission is usually in the 1,435 – 1,535 MHz band or the 2,200 –
2,290 MHz band.

d. Waveform Channel or Transmission Channel The modulated carrier is radiated by the antenna over a
channel described by a medium such as air, it is necessary to perform what is referred to as a link
analysis to determine if the transmitted signal arriving at the receiving antenna is of sufficient strength
to be processed properly.

e. Antenna, Radio Frequency Receiver, IF amps, carrier demodulator. The modulated carrier is received
by an antenna and is sent to the receiver, where the RF signal is amplified at the RF frequency, then
converted into an IF carrier and amplified again.

f. Demultiplex system: TDM, FDM, Hybrid The data must be separated by FDM or TDM techniques, or
both, to route the data from the individual sensor to the correct channels.

g. Data Processing Once the data from the various sensors has been separated and inserted in to the
correct data channel, the data is now available for display, recording and processing. The signal is
recorded on an analog instrument recorder prior to carrier demodulation.

2. WHY MULTIPLEXING IS MAINLY USED IN DATA COLLECTION? EXPLAIN THE FUNCTION AND
IMPORTANCE OF MULTIPLEXING IN TELEMETRY SYSTEM.

- In essence, multiplexers are used to increase the quantity of data that can be transmitted over a
network with a given bandwidth over a given period of time. There are multiplexers for both digital and
analog signals. A digital multiplexer has digital input signals coming from multiple data-acquisition
networks.

- Multiplexers, often called muxes, are extremely important to telecommunications. Their main reason
for being is to reduce network costs by minimizing the number of communications links needed
between two points. As with all other computing systems, multiplexers have evolved.
 3. List the physical variables and corresponding devices used for the measurement in telemetry
Data.

-Comprises such devices as thermocouples, accelerometers, transducers, filters, signal

conditioners, and computers that outputs data.

-Many physical variables, such as temperatures, vibrations, pressures, force, and humidity must
be measured and converted into an electrical signal.

Progress Check 2

I. Explain the difference between FDM and TDM.

TDM (Time Division Multiplexing) and FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing) are the two techniques

of multiplexing. The common difference between TDM and FDM is that TDM share the timescale for the
different signals; Whereas FDM shares the frequency scale for the different signals.

Comparison Chart

BASIS FOR
TDM FDM
COMPARISON

Basic Times scale is shared. Frequency is

shared.

Used with Digital signals and analog Analog signals

signals

Necessary requirement Sync Pulse Guard Band

Interference Low or negligible High

Circuitry Simpler Complex

Utilization Efficiently used Ineffective

2. Why Low pass Filter is being used prior to Modulation?

To decrease the fast rise time of the pulses and, hence, constrain the RF spectrum a low pass filter is
used.

3. Explain why antenna dimensions is critical considered in Transmission of signals

Antenna length is important, the size / length of the Antenna matters. This is because of something
known as ‘resonant frequency’.

An antenna will operate at its most efficient, when resonant, therefore allowing the maximum power to
radiate from the antenna.

If the antenna is not at the resonant length, then not all of the available RF Power will be able to be
transmitted.

4. In PCM with 16kHz sampling Rate, what must be the bit Rate for coding of 4-bit word?

Bit rate = Sampling Rate x Bit word length

? = 16kHz x 4

Bit rate = 64 kbps

5. Using Time Division Multiplex, what is used to prevent Errors transmission and receiving of Data?

To prevent channel errors high redundancy in framing pattern is needed.