A protection strategy for multi-terminal

HVDC grids based on mechanical DC

circuit breakers.
D.S. Loume1,2, A.Bertinato1, B.Raison1,2 and B.Luscan1
1
SuperGrid Institute, Villeurbanne, France
2
Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP*, G2ELAB, F-38000 Grenoble, France

___________________________________________________________________________
Abstract
A protection strategy for multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) grids based on AC/DC converters
without fault blocking capability such as half-bridge MMC converters is presented in this paper.
The key components of the proposed strategy consist of DC breakers located at each converter
station DC side and at each transmission line end, all of them based on low-speed mechanical
DC breaker technology with no fault current limiting devices. A primary protection sequence
as well as a back-up sequence are developed and are presented. The proposed protection
strategy is compared to a protection strategy using the same philosophy and based on IGBT-
CBs and Fast DC switches. Off-line simulations of both protection strategies are performed in
EMTP-RV® and results are depicted and compared. Advantages and features of the proposed
protection strategy are described.
___________________________________________________________________________

I. Introduction
One of the main challenges of the development of multi-terminal HVDC grids concerns their
protection against DC short-circuit faults. Several protection strategy concepts have been
proposed in the literature and could be classified according to two main protection philosophies
based on priority considerations.
In the selective protection philosophy, priority is given to the selective isolation of the
fault in order to preserve as much as possible the DC grid integrity and to avoid power flow
interruption. The use of hybrid DC circuit breakers is generally needed as in [1], [2] and in [3].
Because of the high rate of rise of DC fault currents and the limited breaking capability of DC
breakers, they are usually combined to fault current limiters such as inductances.
In the non-selective protection philosophy, priority is given to the suppression of the
fault current by isolating AC grids from DC grid. In this case, the fault current is prevented
from rising to levels that will make impossible the isolation of the fault. The power flow on the
DC grid is thus interrupted and has to be restored after the selective isolation of the faulty line.
The “Open-grid protection strategy” based on hybrid DC breakers located at each transmission
line end have been proposed in [4] where all breakers are first opened for fault current
suppression and are reclosed, except those associated to the faulty line, for power flow

*
Institute of Engineering Univ. Grenoble Alpes.
 COSYS-DC 2017 2

restoration. Protection strategies within this philosophy can also be based on fault blocking
capability of converters such as with full bridge MMC converters in [5]. In case AC/DC
converters have no fault blocking capability such as 2-level VSC or Half-bridge MMC, [6]
proposes isolation of AC grid from DC grid either from AC side by AC circuit-breakers opening
or from DC side by IGBT-CBs opening. Fast DC switches located at each transmission line end
will thereafter isolate the faulty line according to the handshaking method described in this
reference.
This paper presents a protection strategy for multi-terminal HVDC (MTDC) grids within the
non-selective protection philosophy developed in the SuperGrid Institute. The strategy is based
on low-speed mechanical DC breakers and no fault current limiting devices are used. In chapter
II, the protection strategy based on IGBT-CBs and Fast DC switches introduced in [6] is first
presented in order to highlight limitation of backup solutions for such protection strategy in
case of breaker failure. The proposed protection strategy is introduced on chapter III and
protection system composition as well as primary and back-up sequences are presented. In
chapter IV, the MTDC test grid on which the two protection strategies will be applied is
presented and results of electromagnetic transient simulations of each protection strategy are
provided. Finally, a conclusion on advantages of the proposed protection strategy is given.

II. Protection strategy for MTDC grids based on IGBT-CBs

and Fast DC switches
A protection strategy for MTDC grids with AC/DC converters without fault blocking capability
has first been introduced in [6]. The strategy consists of a combination of IGBT-circuit breakers
and fast-DC-switches and is described in this section. VSC 2-levels converters are considered
in the reference but the strategy is also applicable to a MMC based MTDC grid.

1. Protection system composition

The protection system is composed of IGBT-Circuit Breakers (IGBT-CB), Fast-DC-Switches
(SW) and AC Circuit Breaker (ACCBs).
IGBT-CBs are ultra-fast DC Circuit breakers fully based on power electronic
components. Current interruption could be operated within several µs. They are located at DC
side of each AC/DC converter. In case of DC short-circuit fault on the MTDC grid, they will
interrupt the contribution to the fault current of the connected AC system. After the fault is
isolated, they will be reclosed to restore system operation.
Fast-DC-Switches (SWs) are installed at both ends of each transmission line. Their role
is to isolate the transmission line in case of DC short-circuit fault. They cannot interrupt a DC
current thus they can operate only after the current flowing through them has totally been
suppressed. Their technology could be based on standard AC breaker technology and their
opening and closing times are assumed around 50ms.
ACCBs are located at AC side of each AC/DC converter. They do not operate during
the primary protection sequence but could be used if required for a back-up protection sequence
in case of failure occurrence during the primary protection sequence. They are capable of
interrupting AC current within 100ms.
Each switchgear is associated to a protective relay and current and voltage sensors.
COSYS-DC 2017 3

2. Protection sequences
The primary protection sequence of the protection strategy, FAULT

as illustrated on the flowchart on Figure 1, includes the Fault detection at

IGBT-CBs and

detection
1. Fault
following steps of: SWs relays

Converters
blocking
1. Fault detection
2. AC sources contribution suppression

discrimination

2. AC sources
contribution
suppression
Fault

3. Fault
IGBT-CBs
3. Fault discrimination discrimination
at SWs relays
opening

4. Faulty line isolation

5. Power flow restoration
Zero current
verification

4. Faulty line
isolation
When a DC short-circuit fault occurs in the MTDC grid, SWs opening
fault propagates along the grid and is detected at protective according to
handshaking
relays associated to each IGBT-CB and Fast-DC-Switches. method

The fault is also detected at AC/DC converters and internal Converters

unblocking
protection system will block converter control. Once the
fault is detected, IGBT-CBs are opened for AC sources IGBT-CBs

5. Power flow
restoration
closing
contribution suppression from the DC side. SWs closing

Grid voltage and

At protective relays located associated to Fast-DC-Switches, power restoration

potential faulty lines are selected according to the END

handshaking method developed in [7]. In this method,

several Fast-DC-Switches on the grid will be open and those Figure 1: Flowchart of the
associated to healthy line will be reclosed after grid voltage primary protection sequence
restoration. When currents of the selected lines have of strategy in [6].
decayed to zero, associated Fast-DC-Switches are open FAULT

including Fast-DC-Switches associated to the faulty line. Fault detection at

IGBT-CBs and
detection
1. Fault

After a time delay necessary to ensure the faulty line SWs relays

isolation, controls of converters are reestablished and IGBT- Converters

blocking
CBs are reclosed. Fast DC switches not associated to the
faulty line are finally reclosed. Grid voltage and power flow
discrimination

Fault N-1 IGBT-CBs

3. Fault

discrimination opening and

can thus be restored. at SWs relays IGBT-CBi failure
2. AC sources
contribution
suppression

ACCBi opening

In case of 1 IGBT-CB opening failure, step 4 (faulty line Converter-i

inductance energy
isolation) is not feasible because the AC source associated discharge

to the IGBT-CB is still feeding the fault and Fast-DC-

Switches (SWs) cannot interrupt fault current. In order to Zero current
verification
4. Faulty line

suppress this AC source contribution, the ACCB located at

isolation

SWs opening
the AC side of the converter is open as highlighted on back- according to
handshaking
up sequence flowchart on Figure 2 . When the ACCB is method

open, because of the architecture of the converters, the Converters

unblocking
energy stored in internal inductances of AC/DC converter is
N-1 IGBT-CBs
5. Power flow

discharged in the fault. The Fast-DC-switches will be able

restoration

closing

to be tripped once the inductance currents have been totally SWs closing

discharged. Grid voltage and

power restoration
In this case, the fault clearing time could be considerably
END
extended and power flow restoration step will have to be
delayed. Figure 2: Flowchart of the
back-up protection sequence
of strategy in [6].
 COSYS-DC 2017 4

III. Proposed protection strategy for MTDC grids

1. Protection system composition
The protection system of the proposed
protection strategy is composed of low-speed Relay

DC breakers (DCCB) each of them associated i

to an Isolation Fast-DC-switch (SW), a A
DCCB SW
V V
protective relay and current and voltage Local data
Communication
sensors. This association can be defined as a Breaking Module
breaking module which arrangement is
illustrated in Figure 3. Figure 3: Breaking module illustration.
DC breakers are based on mechanical DC circuit breaker technology and could for example
consist of a mechanical breaker with forced current injection as presented in [8]. The DCCBs
will not require series inductances and could have an opening time of 15 to 20ms.
SWs are located in series to each DCCB. Their role is to isolate the element associated to the
breaking module in case of DC breaker failure. SWs could be based on standard AC breaker
technology.
Two breaking module types can be distinguished:
 Converter Breaking Modules CBMs are associated to each AC/DC converter and are
located at their DC side. Each CBM aims, in case of DC short-circuit fault, at suppressing
the contribution to the DC fault current of the AC source connected to the associated
converter. The breaking capability of Converter Breakers CDCCBs is thus limited to the
maximum short-circuit current contribution of one converter which is assumed to be
20kA for MMC converters.

 Each DC transmission line of the system is associated to two Line Breaking Modules
(LBMs), located at each end. The role of the LBMs is to isolate the faulty transmission line
in case of DC short-circuit fault. The current breaking capability of the breaker LDCCB
is required to be equivalent to the highest maximum short-circuit current contribution
of the converters of the grid, which is here assumed to be 20kA. This characteristic will
be helpful in case of back-up.

In order to avoid inrush current during the DC grid voltage restoration process, pre-insertion
resistances have to be used in series with the DC breakers.
 COSYS-DC 2017 5

2. Protection sequences
The primary protection sequence of the proposed strategy Start

includes, as on the previous strategy, the following main steps Fault detection at
C_DCCB and L_DCCB

detection
1. Fault
of: relays

1. Fault detection Converters

blocking
2. AC sources contributions suppression
3. Fault discrimination

discrimination

2. AC sources
contribution
supression
Fault

3. Fault
C_DCCBs
4. Faulty line isolation discrimination
at L-DCCB relays
opening

5. Power flow restoration

Current breaking

4. Faulty line
capability level
The overall flowchart of the primary sequence of the proposed

isolation
verification

protection strategy is depicted on Figure 4. L_DCCBs of faulty

line opening
When a DC short-circuit fault occurs in the MTDC grid, the
fault propagates along the DC grid and is detected at protective Converters
relays associated to each CDCCB and LDCCB and also at unblocking

5. Power flow
restoration
converters. The converters are thus blocked and start behaving C_DCCBs closing

like uncontrolled diode Rectifier Bridges. CDCCBs are first open Grid voltage and
power restoration
for AC sources contributions suppression by isolating each
END
AC/DC converter from DC side. Once this opening is effective,
the control of the converters can be resumed setting DC power Figure 4: Flowchart of the
reference to zero and DC voltage reference to 1pu in order to primary protection sequence
be ready for grid voltage restoration. of the proposed strategy.
By that time, from fault detection at protective relays associated to LDCCBs, the faulty
transmission line discrimination process is started. Once the faulty line is discriminated, the two
associated LDCCBs are open as soon as the current flowing through them is reduced below their
current breaking capability. In other words, in the proposed protection strategy, the DC fault
currents only need to be reduced up to the fault breaking capability of the LDCCBs and the faulty
line can be isolated even if the fault current is not totally suppressed.
From fault detection, CDCCBs are reclosed for grid voltage restoration after a security delay
before reclosing. This delay is set such that the steps of AC sources contribution suppression
and faulty line isolation are completed. CDCCBs reclosing is performed through pre-insertion
resistances to limit inrush current. Power flow can finally be restored once nominal voltage is
resumed on the DC grid.
 COSYS-DC 2017 6

Start
Considering N converter stations on the MTDC grid, In case
N-1 CDCCBs are open and 1 CDCCB fails while opening, the AC Fault detection at
C_DCCB and L_DCCB

detection
1. Fault
source connected to the associated converter still feeds the relays

fault. Nevertheless, because of disconnection of the N-1 Converters

blocking
stations, the line currents flowing through LDCCBs associated to
the faulty line will fall below the current breaking capability

discrimination

2. AC sources
contribution
supression
Fault N-1 C_DCCBs

3. Fault
of the LDCCBs. They thus can be tripped allowing isolation of discrimination
at L-DCCB relays
opening and
C_DCCBi failure
the faulty line as depicted on the flowchart of the back-up
sequence on Figure 5. The isolation of the fault will result in Current breaking
capability level
the interruption of the fault current flowing from converter verification

4. Faulty line
isolation
associated to the faulty CDCCB. L_DCCBs of faulty
line opening
This blocked converter is now connected to the healthy DC
Current cancellation
grid and will thus initiate grid voltage restoration up to 0.8pu at C_DCCBi

of nominal voltage which corresponds to the diode rectifier SWi opening

DC voltage. The converter can thereafter be isolated by the
Converters
CSW associated to the failure CDCCB. After the security unblocking

5. Power flow
restoration
reclosing delay has elapsed, CDCCBs previously open will N-1 C_DCCBs closing

reclose to complete grid voltage restoration. Power flow is Grid voltage and
power restoration
finally restored. The proposed back-up is thus able to act
without any delay in addition to the expected duration of END

primary protection sequence because the security delay will

Figure 5: Flowchart of the
also include back-up actions.
back-up protection sequence
of the proposed strategy.

IV. Protection strategies off-line simulations

1. MTDC test grid
The test grid is a three-terminal MTDC grid in bipolar configuration based on Half-Bridge
MMC AC/DC converters interconnected through underground DC cables. In Figure 6, only the
positive pole of the test grids for each strategy is depicted for simplicity reasons. Half-Bridge
MMC converter stations are connected on their AC side to AC sources modelled by ideal
voltage sources in series with a short circuit impedance. Each MMC station is solidly grounded
at the neutral point of the bipole. Main parameters of the MTDC test grid are listed on Table 1.

N1 IGBTCB : IGBT circuit breaker N1 CDCCB : Converter DC Circuit Breaker

i 13 SW : Fast-DC-switch i 13 LDCCB : Line DC Circuit Breaker
ACCB: AC Circuit Breaker
MMC1 IGBTCB-1 i 1 SW13 MMC1 CDCCB-1 i LDCCB-13
1
AC source1 AC source1 C 13
v1 C 13 vMMC1
v1
vMMC1 i 12 i 12
N3 N3
i 31 LDCCB-12 i 31
SW12
F SW31 i 3IGBTCB-3MMC3 F LDCCB-31 i 3 CDCCB-3 MMC3
C 12 AC source3 C 12 AC source3
v3 vMMC3 i 32 v3 vMMC3
N2 i 32 N2
i 21 i 21
SW32 LDCCB-32
MMC2 IGBTCB-2 i 2 SW21 MMC2 CDCCB-2 i LDCCB-21
2
AC source2 C 23 AC source2 C 23
v2 vMMC2
v2
vMMC2 i 23 i 23

SW23 LDCCB-23

a) System layout for strategy in [6] b) system layout for proposed strategy.
Figure 6: Positive pole representation of the three-terminal MTDC test grid in bipolar
configuration for both protection systems.
 COSYS-DC 2017 7

Table 1:MTDC test grid parameters

Symbol Description Value Units
VAC Rated voltage 400 kV

AC Side
f Frequency 50 Hz
X/R AC grid ratio 10
SSC Short-circuit power 30 GVA
SAC Transformer rated power 500 MVA
MMC converter

xT Transformer reactance 0.18 pu

VDC Rated voltage ±320 kV
IDC Rated current 1500 A
SMMC Rated power (per pole) 500 MVA
LARM Arm inductance 16 mH
/ Model[9] Switching function arm
/ Number of sub-modules/arm 400
l13 Length of cable C13 150 km
DC grid

l12 Length of cable C12 120 km

side

l23 Length of cable C23 100 km

/ Cable model[10] Wideband
/ Fault type Core-screen-ground

2. Protection strategies simulation

Off-line simulation studies of the protection strategy presented in [6] and the proposed
protection strategy were performed in EMTP-RV® based on the MTDC test grids presented on
Figure 6.a and Figure 6.b . The simulation time step considered is 10µs. The simulation results
of the primary and the back-up protection sequences of both strategies are shown and compared.
For better understanding of the results, grid voltages and currents are measured following the
convention given in Figure 6. Protection sequences up to faulty line isolation are simulated;
steps 5 “power flow restoration” of the sequences are not considered in this study.

2.1 Primary protection sequences simulation

At t=0, a fault F occurs and propagates along the DC grid according to a cable propagation
velocity of around 200km/ms.
With the protection strategy presented in [6], once the fault is detected at converter DC
sides, IGBTCB-1, IGBTCB-2, IGBTCB-3 are open for AC sources contribution supression to the
DC fault as illustrated on Figure 7.a .Thereafter SW13, SW31 and SW23 are identified as
potentially associated to the faulty line based on the handshaking fault discrimination method.
Before sending tripping signals to the switches, the line current flowing through them should
decay to zero current. According to Figure 7.c, the tripping signals are sent to SW13, SW31 and
SW23 at around t=30ms and the faulty line is isolate at t=80ms considering an opening time of
50ms. Grid voltage restoration can be initiated at t=100ms. SW23 will be reclosed based on
criterion from the handshaking method. Power flow is thereafter restored.
With the proposed protection strategy, the fault is detected at protective relays
associated to CDCCBs thus tripping signals are sent to CDCCB-1, CDCCB-2 and CDCCB-3 as depicted
on Figure 8.a. The faulty line is discriminated at protective relays associated to LDCCBs and cable
C13 is discriminated as being the faulty cable. After fault discrimination, an algorithm will check
whether current flowing through LDCCB-13 and LDCCB-31 are below the current breaking capability
of LDCCBs with the help of AC sources contribution suppression. Finally, in less than 45ms after
the fault occurrence, all MMC stations are disconnected and only the faulty cable C13 is isolated
 COSYS-DC 2017 8

as shown on Figure 8.b. from t=60ms, grid voltage restoration can be initiated by reclosing
CDCCB-1, CDCCB-2 and CDCCB-3 through pre-insertion resistances PIRs before restoring power
flow.
Fault isolated Fault isolated

- i1 - i1
- i2 - i2
- i3 a) - i3 a)

- v1 - v1
- v2 - v2
- v3 b) - v3 b)

Breaking capability
- i31
- i13
- i23 c) Trip LDCCB - i31
Trip Fast DC c)
SWitch - i13

Figure 7: Current and voltage waveforms Figure 8:Current and voltage waveforms
during primary protection sequence of during primary protection sequence of
protection strategy in [6]. proposed protection strategy.

2.2 Back-up protection sequences simulation

In case of opening failure of the DC breaker associated to one MMC station, the AC source will
still being feeding the fault current.
For the strategy in [6], in case of IGBTCB-3 opening failure, even if the faulty line C13 is
discriminated, the Fast-DC-switch SW31 cannot open to isolate the fault because AC source3 is
still feeding the fault through it. In order to suppress this AC source contribution, ACCB3,
located at AC side of MMC3 is tripped as depicted on Figure 9.a. Once ACCB3 is open, the
energy stored in the arm inductances of the MMC converter will discharge into the fault. This
𝐿
energy discharge will last a time depending on value of time constant 𝜏 = 𝑅 where 𝐿 and 𝑅
are inductance and resistance of the equivalent circuit formed from the converter to the fault.
Looking at Figure 9.a and Figure 9.b, energy discharge lasts around 400ms and the faulty line
cannot be isolated before t=550ms as shown on Figure 9.c. In this case, the fault clearing time
is considerably extended. Consequently, converter unblocking and IGBTCB-3 reclosing will be
delayed.
For the proposed protection strategy, in case of CDCCB-3 opening faillure, AC source3 will
continue to feed the fault as shown on i3 waveform in Figure 10.a. CDCCB failure is tracked after
the expected breaker opening time when breaker current and voltage waveforms differ from
expected waveforms associated to DC breakers operation. The faulty cable C13 is discriminated
and line current reduction is verified. Figure 10.c shows that, at LDCCB-31, even with a failure on
CDCCB-3 opening, because CDCCB-1 and CDCCB-2 have been effectively open, the line current i31
has been reduced below the breaking capability of the LDCCBs. LDCCB-31 is thus open and the
 COSYS-DC 2017 9

faulty line is isolated. Current from MMC converter 3 is cleared as there is no more fault to
feed. As the converter is still connected to the DC grid, the cables of the remaining DC grid are
charged to the diode rectifier bridge voltage, which corresponds to around 0.8pu of the nominal
grid voltage as shown in Figure 10.b. As in the primary sequence, the faulty cable C13 is isolated
in less than 45ms and power flow restoration can be initiated from t=60ms.

Fault isolated Fault isolated

Trip ACCB - i1
- i1 - i2
a) a)
- i2 - i3
- i3

- v1
- v2 - v1
- v3 b) b)
- v2
- v3

Trip LDCCB Breaking capability

- i31
- i13
- i23 Trip Fast DC - i31
SWitch c) c)
- i13

Figure 9:Current and Voltage waveforms Figure 10:Current and Voltage waveforms
during IGBTCB-3 opening failure. during CDCCB-3 opening failure.

Conclusion
A protection strategy for multi-terminal HVDC grids based on low-speed mechanical DC
Breakers has been proposed. The following are the features of the strategy:

 The breaking capability requirement of the mechanical DC breakers is limited to the

maximum fault current contribution of its associated MMC stations;
 Line DC breakers are based on the same technology of the converter DC breakers but
with breaking capability equal to the highest maximum fault current contribution of
MMC stations;
 No limiting inductances are required, thus their impact on cost, footprint and DC grid
control dynamics is reduced;
 Discrimination algorithms are not required to be ultra-fast and could be based on data
exchanged between relays located at line ends.
 The power flow interruption is expected to last less than 200ms which could be
acceptable depending on characteristics of the interconnected AC grids.

Study results show that, compared to the protection strategy based on IGBT-CBs introduced in
[6], the proposed protection strategy has the following advantages:
 COSYS-DC 2017 10

 The protection strategy is based on low-speed mechanical DC breakers that are assumed
to be much cheaper than IGBT Circuit breakers;
 The faulty line isolation duration is reduced;
 In case the contribution from one AC source is still feeding the fault due to a switchgear
opening failure, the faulty line isolation is not extended in time and thus the associated
back-up sequence is carried out in the same time as the primary protection sequence.

Protection algorithms of the proposed protection strategy including primary and back-up
protection have be developed. Thereafter, the complete protection strategy including algorithms
will be applied and tested on RTS platform. The management of MMC stations during the fault
clearance and the grid reclosing process are key parts of the process and will be described in
further studies.

Acknowledgements
This work was carried out at the SuperGrid Institute, an institute for the energetic transition
(ITE). It is supported by the French government under the frame of “Investissements d’avenir”
program with grant reference number ANE-ITE-002-01.

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