ANALYTICAL RESEARCH

• Analytical Research
• Involves in-depth study and evaluation of available information in an
attempt to explain complex phenomenon
• The researcher has to use facts or information already available and
analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material
• Subdivisions of Analytical Research
• Historical Research
• Philosophical Research
• Review Research synthesis I-e analysis of the review already
published)
Historical Research
• Meaningful record of human achievement.
• A Formal, systematic application of scientific method to the study of
problems (Gay and Mills)
• It is a procedure supplementary to observation in which the researcher
seeks to test the authenticity of the reports or observation made by others.
• Historical research involve analysis of events that occurred in the remote
or recent past.
• Historical research has been defined as the systematic and objective
location, evaluation and synthesis of evidence in order to establish facts
and draw conclusions about past events.
• It involves a critical inquiry of a previous age with the aim of
reconstructing a faithful representation of the past.
CHARACTERISTICS

• It is not a mere accumulation of facts and data

• It is a flowing, vibrant report of past events
• Collecting and reading the research material
• It deals with discovery of data
• It is analytical in that it uses logical induction.
• It has a variety of f foci such as issues, events, movement, concept.
• TYPES OF HISTORICAL RESEARCH
• Social issues
• Study of specific individuals, educational institutions & social
movements
• Exploration of relationships between events
• Synthesis of data
• Reinterpretation of past events .
TOPICS
• 1- United state and slavery
• 2- Civil war causes
• 3- Interwar period analysis
• 4- Native American Culture impact
• 5- Industrialization effect on social situation worldwide
PHILOSOPHICAL RESEARCH

• . Research philosophy refers to beliefs and assumptions about the

development of knowledge.
• Ontology and epistemology are the two different ways of viewing the
research.
• Ontology can be defined as the science or study of being.
• It deals with the nature of being.
• Ontology is a system of belief that reflects an interpretation of an
individual about what constitutes a fact.
• In simple terms, ontology is associated with a central question of
whether social entities need to be perceived as objective or subjective.
• Objectivism (or Positivism) and Subjectivism (or Interpretivism or
Constructivism) can be specified as two important aspects of ontology.
• Objectivism
• Objectivism (Positivism) “portrays the position that social entities exist in reality
external to social actors concerned with their existence”.
• It is an ontological position that asserts that social phenomena and their
meanings have an existence that is independent of social actors”.
• Subjectivism
• Subjectivism (also known as constructionism or interpretivism) perceives that
social phenomena is created from perceptions and consequent actions of those
social actors concerned with their existence.
• Formally, constructionism can be defined as “ontological position which asserts
that social phenomena and their meanings are continually being accomplished by
social actors”.
EPISTEMOLOGY
• Epistemology
• Epistemology as a branch of philosophy deals with the sources of
knowledge.
• Specifically, epistemology is concerned with possibilities, nature,
sources and limitations of knowledge in the field of study.
• Epistemology can be branded as the study of the criteria by which
the researcher classifies what does and does not constitute the
knowledge.
TOPICS
• 1- Ethics and moral philosophy
• 2- Existentialism
• 3-Feminism
• 4- Logic and Argumentation
• 5- Philosophy of race and racism
Review of research synthesis
• A literature review is an evaluative report of information found in the
literature related to selected area of study. The review describes,
summarizes, evaluates & clarifies this literature. It gives a theoretical base
for the research & helps to determine the nature of research.
• A literature review is a body of text that aims to review points of
knowledge on a particular topic of research.
• A literature review is an account of what has been already
established or published on a particular research topic by authentic
scholars & researchers.