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Unit 3 Notes Part 2 Gases

5.1-5.4
Brief Review:

• Gases are distinguished from solids and liquids by their ability to be compressed into smaller and
smaller volumes.
• Gases are the simplest physical state of matter.
• Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) describes a gas as particles in constant motion.
• The ideal gas law relates the pressure, temperature, volume, and molar amount for all gases. (PV=nRT)
• A gas expands uniformly to take the shape of any container that it is placed in. (Volume of a gas =
volume of its container).
• Amount of matter in a gaseous sample is usually expressed in moles (n)
n= grams/molecular mass
• In any calculation involving gases the temperature must be in Kelvin.
T (K)= ºC + 273

Gas Pressure and its Measurement

Pressure- force exerted per unit area of surface

P= F/A

Barometer- device for measuring the pressure of the atmosphere.

Conversion between pressure units:

1 atm= 760 mmHg = 14.70 lb/in2 = 101.3 kPa = 29.92 in Hg

Review of the Empirical Gas Laws

Boyles’ Law- the volume of a sample of gas varies inversely with applied pressure.

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Ex. A gas occupies a volume of 12.3 L at a pressure of 40.00 mmHg. What volume will the gas occupy at
60.00 mmHg?

Ex. 2 #43 pg. 236

Charles’ Law- the volume occupied by any sample of gas at a constant pressure is directly proportional to

absolute temperature.

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Ex. A gas is collected and found to fill 2.85 L at a temperature of 25°C. What will be its volume at standard
temperature?

Temperature-Pressure Gas Law- the pressure of a gas is directly proportional to the Kelvin
Temperature if the volume is held constant.

Ex. A 20 L cylinder containing 6 atm of gas at 27 °C. What would the pressure of the gas be if the gas was
heated to 77 °C?

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Ideal Gas Law

https://youtu.be/gmN2fRlQFp4
Bozeman Gases

Ex#83 pg. 238

• PV=NRT is a very useful formula because it can be manipulated to include other variables.

Combined Gas Law-

Ex. If I initially have a gas at a pressure of 12 atm, a volume of 23 liters, and a temperature of 200 K, and
then I raise the pressure to 14 atm and increase the temperature to 300 K, what is the new volume of the
gas?

Ex. 2 #63 pg. 236

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Avogadros’ Law - for a gas at a constant T & P volume is directly proportional to the number
of moles.

Ex. 1 #45 pg. 236

5.4 Gas Stoichiometry

Ex. 1 #65 pg. 237

Molar Mass of a Gas—See pg. 198

Ex. 2 #77 pg. 237

A sample of aluminum chloride weighing 0.100 g was vaporized at 350.oC and 1.00 atm pressure to produce
19.2 mL of vapor. Calculate a value for the molar mass of aluminum chloride.

5.5 Daltons’ Law Of Partial Pressure and Mole Fraction

For a mixture gases in a container, the total pressure exerted is the sum of the pressures that each gas would
exert if it were alone.
• The total number of moles of gas in the container is important not its identity or particle interaction.

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Ex. #84 pg. 238

Mole Fraction
The ratio of a given component in a mixture to the total number of moles in the mixture.

Examples

1. A solution contains 66.0 grams of vinyl methyl ether, C3H6O, and 46.0 grams of water. Calculate the
mole fraction of the vinyl methyl ether.

Gas Collection over Water

When collecting gases by water displacement, you have to take into consideration the PH2O of the water
vapor.

To calculate the pressure of a gas collected over water:

1. Determine the total pressure of gas collected.
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2. Consult a table of water vapor pressures to determine the waters vapor pressure.
3. Subtract the partial pressure of water vapor from the total pressure at which the sample was collected.
Example

Example:

1. KClO3 is decomposed by the following reaction:

2KClO3(s) ---> 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

The O2 produced was collected by the displacement of water at 22oC at a total pressure of 760 torr. The
volume of gas collected was 1.20 liters, and the vapor pressure of water at 22oC is 21 torr. Calculate the
partial pressure of O2 in the gas collected and the mass of KClO3 in the sample that was decomposed.

Remember that:

Ptotal = PO2 + PH2O = PO2 + 21 torr = 760 torr

PO2 = 739 torr

PV = nRT or n=PV/RT

P = 739 torr/760 torr = 0.972 atm

n = (0.972 atm * 1.20 liters) / (0.08206 * 295 K) = 0.0482 moles O2

The final answer calls for mass of the KClO3, not the O2. So we must find the number of moles of KClO3.

0.0482 moles O2 * (2 mol KClO3/3 mol O2) = 0.0321 moles KClO3

0.0321 mol KClO3 * (122.6 g KClO3 / 1 mol KClO3) = 3.94 grams KClO3

Ex. 2 #91 pg. 238

5.6-5.7 KMT Theory

The Kinetic Molecular Theory attempts to represent the properties of gases by modeling the gas particles
themselves at the microscopic level. There are five main postulates of the Kinetic Molecular Theory:
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1. Gases are composed of very small particles, either molecules or atoms.
2. The gas particles are tiny in comparison to the distances between them, so we assume that the volume of
the gas particles themselves is negligible.
3. These gas particles are in constant motion, moving in straight lines in a random fashion and colliding
with each other and the inside walls of the container. The collisions with the inside container walls
comprise the pressure of the gas.
4. The gas particles are assumed to neither attract nor repel each other. They may collide with each other,
but if they do, the collisions are assumed to be elastic. No kinetic energy is lost, only transferred from
one gas molecule to another.
5. The average kinetic energy of the gas is proportional to the Kelvin temperature.

Grahams law of Effusion and Diffusion

Diffusion: refers to the movement of gas particles through space from an area of high concentration to low
concentration.
Effusion: is the flow of gases through tiny pores or pin holes.
• Grahams Law of Effusion is usually stated in terms of molecular weight: the rate of effusion of gas
molecules from a hole is inversely proportional to the square root of the molecular weight of the gas a
constant temperature and pressure

• Kelvin temperature is a measure of the K.E. of a particle.

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Kinetic Energy = 2 RT
Formulas

𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝐴 2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝐵 2

=√ Root mean square velocity =√3𝑅𝑇/𝑀𝑀
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝐵 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝐴

Where R = universal gas constant = 8.314 kg m2 s-2 mol-1 K-1, T = temperature in Kelvin, M = molar mass of
the gas in kg mol-1

Example; #103 pg. 239

What can be said about the urms of a gas in relation to its molar mass and in relation to its temperature?

Henry’s law, temperature and the solubility of gases

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Imagine a solution, in a closed container, with a gas filling the space above it. At higher pressures, more gas
particles strike the surface of the solution and enter the solvent, meaning the concentration of the gas dissolved
in the solvent is greater. Gas solubility usually decreases with increase in temperature of the solution, since the
gas particles have more energy, and can escape from the solvent, meaning less gas is dissolved in solution.

Think about a Coke.

When is it most ‘fizzy’ (carbonated), i.e., when does it have most carbon dioxide dissolved in the sugar
solution?
Answer, when it is cold (when the CO2 gas does not have sufficient energy to escape), and when it is sealed,
under pressure (when the CO2 is forced into the solution). Warm Coke = flat (non-fizzy, non-carbonated) Coke

5.8 Real Gases

• The Ideal Gas is only an ideal, in real life all gases vary slightly from this law.
• Deviations from ideality become larger at high pressures and low temperatures.
• In general, the closer a gas is to the liquid state, the more it will deviate from the ideal gas law.
• From a molecular standpoint, deviations from the ideal gas arise because it neglects two factors: 1) the
finite volume of the gas particles and 2) the attractive forces between gas particles.

Attractive Forces

• The attractive forces between gas particles tend to pull the particles toward one another reducing the
space between them. As a result, the particles are crowded into a smaller volume and the deviation from
ideality is negative.

Particle Volume
• At extremely high pressure, gases have high positive deviations from ideal. This due to the finite volume
of the gas particles. The effect becomes evident only at high pressures where the particles are much
closer together.

Van Der Waals Equation

Is an equation that is used to represent the physical behavior of a real gas. The equation accounts for
attractions between particles, and finite particle volumes. It is much better for predicting the behavior of gases
at moderate to high pressures than the ideal gas law.
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Equation

a and b constants are found in Table 5.3 on pg. 26

Ex. # 116 pg. 240

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