ANDERSON JUNIOR COLLEGE

2016 JC2 PRELIMINARY EXAMINATIONS

CHEMISTRY 8872/01
Higher 1 22 September 2016
Paper 1 Multiple Choice 50 minutes

Additional Materials: Multiple Choice Answer Sheet

Data Booklet

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write in soft pencil.

Do not use staples, paper clips, highlighters, glue or correction fluid.

There are thirty questions on this paper. Answer all questions. For each question there are four
possible answers A, B, C and D.
Choose the one you consider correct and record your choice in soft pencil on the Multiple Choice
Answer Sheet.

Each correct answer will score one mark. A mark will not be deducted for a wrong answer.
Any rough working should be done in this booklet.

Multiple Choice Answer Sheet

Write your name, PDG and NRIC / FIN number, including the reference letter.

Shade the NRIC / FIN number.

Exam Title: JC2 Prelim

Exam Details: H1 Chemistry / Paper 1

Date: 22/09/2016

This document consists of 13 printed pages.

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Section A

For each question there are four possible answers, A, B, C and D. Choose the one you consider to
be correct.

1 Most elements contain more than one isotope. Isotopes are atoms of the same element that
have the same chemical properties but different atomic masses.

Which expression incorrectly defines the term relative isotopic mass of an element?

A The mass of 1 mol of isotopes divided by 6.02 x 1023.

B The mass of 1 atom of the isotope relative to the mass of 1 atom of 12C.
The mass of 1 atom of the isotope on a scale on which a 12C atom has a mass of exactly
C
12 units.
D The mass of 1 atom of the isotope relative to 1/12 the mass of a 12C atom.

2 Chlorine gas is a severe irritant to the eyes and respiratory system. The maximum safe
toleration level of chlorine gas in the air is 0.005 mg dm–3.

How many molecules of chlorine gas are present in 2 dm3 of air at this toleration level?

0.005 1
A × 71×
6 × 10 23
2
0.010 1
B × × 6 × 10 23
1000 71
0.010
C × 6 × 10 23
71
0.005 1
D × × 6 × 10 23
1000 71

10 11
3 The relative atomic mass of boron, which consists of the isotopes 5 B and 5 B is 10.8. What
10
is the percentage of the 5 B atoms in the isotopic mixture?

A 0.8 % B 8.0 % C 20 % D 80 %

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4 Antimony (Sb) can be produced in a two–stage process from its ore stibnite, Sb 2 S 3 .

The ore is first roasted in oxygen, producing Sb 4 O 6 and SO 2 .

The Sb 4 O 6 is then reduced by carbon, producing Sb and CO 2 .

What volume of CO 2 , measured at room temperature and pressure, is produced from

20 moles of Sb 2 S 3 ?

A 360 dm3 B 670 dm3 C 720 dm3 D 1440 dm3

5 0.518 g sample of impure CaCO 3 was dissolved in water and the calcium is precipitated out
as CaC 2 O 4 . After filtering and washing, the CaC 2 O 4 required 25.0 cm3 of 0.020 mol dm–3
acidified KMnO 4 for complete reaction.

What is the percentage of CaCO 3 in the sample?

(Mole ratio of C 2 O 4 2– to MnO 4 – is 5 : 2)

A 96.1 %
B 75.9 %
C 24.1 %
D 13.5 %

6 The successive ionisation energies (I.E.), in kJ mol–1, of two elements X and Y are shown
below.

I.E. 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th

X a 2856 4578 7475 9445 53267 64360
Y 1314 3388 5301 7469 10989 13327 b

Y has an atomic number greater by one than X. What are the expected approximate values of
a and b?

a b
A 1500 20000
B 1400 70000
C 1300 85000
D 1200 85000

7 Which of the following sets contains substances of different types of structure and bonding?

A sulfur, silicon dioxide, carbon dioxide, magnesium

B aluminium chloride, beryllium, diamond, sodium fluoride
C phosphorous, aluminium, silicon tetrachloride, sulfur dioxide
D magnesium chloride, graphite, nitrogen dioxide, boron trichloride

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8 The interhalogen compound BrF 3 is a volatile liquid which autoionises.

2BrF 3 BrF 2 + + BrF 4 –

The electrical conductivity of BrF 3 decreases with increasing temperature.

Which statement is correct?

A The autoionisation process is endothermic and the shape of the cation is linear.
B The autoionisation process is endothermic and the shape of the cation is non–linear.
C The autoionisation process is exothermic and the shape of the cation is linear.
D The autoionisation process is exothermic and the shape of the cation is non–linear.

9 For which compound is the lattice energy likely to have the greatest numerical value?

A NaCl B NaBr C MgO D MgS

10 The reaction pathway diagram for a reversible reaction is shown below.

energy

A C

B D

progress of reaction

Which arrow is labeled incorrectly?

A Activation energy of the forward reaction

B Enthalpy change for the forward reaction
C Activation energy of the reverse reaction
D Enthalpy change for the reverse reaction

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11 Which equation below does not represent the standard enthalpy change for the stated
substance?

standard enthalpy change of equation

A formation of fluorine gas atoms F 2 (g) 2F(g)

B formation of sulfuric acid H 2 (g) + 1/8S 8 (s) + 2O 2 (g) H 2 SO 4 (l)
C combustion of hydrogen sulfide H 2 S(g) + 3/2O 2 (g) H 2 O(l) + SO 2 (g)
D neutralisation of ethanoic acid CH 3 COOH(aq) + NaOH(aq) CH 3 COONa(aq)
+ H 2 O(l)

12 The reaction shown is reversible.

N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) 2NH 3 (g) ∆Ho < 0

Which of the following changes would affect both the equilibrium concentration of ammonia
and the value of the equilibrium constant, K c ?

A Adding finely divided iron catalyst

B Increasing the amount of N 2
C Increasing the total pressure
D Decreasing the temperature

13 In which reaction is the underlined substance acting as a base?

A HNO 3 + H 2 SO 4 H 2 NO 3 + + HSO 4 –
B HSiO 3 – + HCN CN– + H 2 O + SiO 2
C HNO 2 + HCO 3 – H 2 O + CO 2 + NO 2 –
D C 6 H 5 O– + CH 2 ClCO 2 H C 6 H 5 OH + CH 2 ClCO 2 –

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14 The change of colour for an indicator occurs over a limited range of pH that falls between
±1.00 of the pK a value of the indicator.

Which is the most suitable indicator that can be used to determine the end point of the
corresponding titration?

alizarin yellow
A
(pK a = 11.0)

bromothymol blue
B
(pK a = 7.1)

methyl yellow
C
(pK a = 3.3)

thymol blue
D
(pK a = 1.6)

15 The hydrolysis of 2–bromo–2–methylpropane is a first order kinetics process.

If 5 % of a 0.10 mol dm–3 solution of 2–bromo–2–methylpropane hydrolyses in t minutes at a

certain temperature, what percentage of a 0.20 mol dm–3 solution of
2– bromo–2–methylpropane would hydrolyse in t minutes at the same temperature?

A 5% B 10 % C 15 % D 20 %

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16 The distribution of the number of molecules with energy E for a given reaction with a given
activation energy, E a , is shown in the diagram below.

No. of molecules
with energy E

W
X
Y Z
Energy
Ea

Which expression gives the fraction of the molecules present when a catalyst is added at the
start of the same reaction?

A B
X+Y+Z Z
W W +X+Y

C D
X+Y+Z Z
W +X+Y+Z W +X+Y+Z

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17 The graph shows how a property of the elements Na to Cl varies with proton number.

What is the property?

A electronegativity
B 1st ionisation energy
C ionic radius
D melting point

18 Which oxide does not react with dilute sodium hydroxide to produce a salt?

A Al 2 O 3 B P 4 O 10 C SO 2 D SiO 2

19 Which molecular formula will only give three structural isomers?

A C4H8 B C 4 H 10 C C 8 H 10 D C7H8

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20 Cortisol is a steroid hormone which is released in response to stress and low blood glucose.
Its structure is shown in the diagram below.

OH
O

HO OH

Cortisol is reduced with hydrogen in the presence of a platinum catalyst, and then oxidised by
heating with acidified KMnO 4 . The product formed is further reacted with excess sodium to
give an organic ion.

What is the charge on the organic ion produced?

A 1– B 2– C 3– D 5–

21 Iron filings were added to a solution containing equimolar quantities of methylbenzene and
bromine. The mixture was immediately placed in the dark until no further change took place.

Which of the following are likely to have been the main products?

A B

CH2Br CHBr2 CH2Br CH2Br

Br

and and

Br

C D

CH3 CH2Br CH3 CH3

Br
and and
Br
Br

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22 1,1–dichloropropane reacts with excess hot aqueous sodium hydroxide in a series of steps to
give propanal.

NaOH(aq)
CH3CH2CHCl2 CH3CH2CHO

Which term describes the first step of this reaction?

A addition
B elimination
C oxidation
D substitution

23 Chlorotrifluoroethane is an example of chlorofluorocarbons, CFCs, which are responsible for

the depletion of the ozone layer.

Which of the following statements is false?

A Ultraviolet rays can break down CFCs into chlorine radicals which will react with ozone.
B Both the fluorine and chlorine radicals act as the catalyst for the breakdown of ozone.
C When CFCs reach the stratosphere, bonds will be broken to form free radicals that are
responsible for the breakdown of ozone.
D When ozone is depleted, a harmless gas, O 2 , is formed.

24 Compound L has the following structure.

OH OH

What is the total number of geometrical isomers that can be formed from the product of the
reaction of compound L with excess concentrated sulfuric acid at 170 oC?

A 8 B 7 C 4 D 3

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25 Deuterium, D, is an isotope of hydrogen, H.

Which compound can be formed by the reaction of deuterium cyanide, DCN, with a carbonyl
compound?

A B

D H OCH3
CH3 C CN C C OD
CH3 H CN

C D

OH OD
CH3 C CN
CN
D

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Section B

For each of the questions in this section, one or more of the three numbered statements 1 to 3 may
be correct.

Decide whether each of the statements is or is not correct (you may find it helpful to put a tick
against the statements that you consider to be correct.)

The responses A to D should be selected on the basis of

A B C D
1, 2 and 3 1 and 2 2 and 3 1 only
are correct only are correct only are correct is correct

No other combination of statements is used as a correct response.

26 In an experiment, 10 cm3 of an organic compound in the gaseous state were sparked with an
excess of oxygen. 20 cm3 of carbon dioxide and 5 cm3 of nitrogen gas were obtained among
the products. All gas volumes were measured at the same temperature and pressure.

Which of the following molecular formulae would fit these data?

1 C2H7N
2 C2H3N
3 C2H6N2

27 Which of the following ions has more electrons than protons and more protons than neutrons?
[ H = 11H ; D = 21H ; C = 126 C ; O = 168 O ]

1 OH–
2 HCO 3 –
3 DCO 3 –

28 When two liquids are mixed, heat may be evolved if the intermolecular bonds or inter–particle
interactions formed are stronger than those broken.

Which pairs of liquids, when mixed, will give out heat?

1 HCl and H 2 O
2 CCl 4 and CH 3 CH 2 OH
3 CHCl 3 and C 6 H 14

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29 Elements Q and R are in the third period of the Periodic Table. Element Q forms an oxide that
is insoluble in water but soluble in aqueous alkali. Element R forms an oxide that is both
soluble in aqueous acid and aqueous alkali.

Which of the following statements are correct?

1 The oxide of R does not conduct electricity in the solid state, is hard and has a high
melting point.
2 When an aqueous solution of the chloride of Q is added to a carbonate, CO 2 is liberated.
3 When an aqueous solution of the chloride of R is added to aqueous sodium carbonate, a
white precipitate is formed.

30 Which of the following pairs will give similar organic products when heated with concentrated
KMnO 4 and dilute sulfuric acid?

CO2CH3
1
CH CH2

2 CH2CH2OH

CH2CH2CH3 C(CH3)3
3
CH(CH3)2 CHO

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H1 Chemistry 8872 AJC JC2 PRELIM 2016 Paper 1 – 30 marks

Question Question
Key Key
Number Number
1 A 16 C
2 B 17 C
3 C 18 D
4 C 19 A
5 C 20 B

6 B 21 D
7 B 22 D
8 D 23 B
9 C 24 D
10 B 25 D

11 A 26 B
12 D 27 A
13 C 28 D
14 B 29 A
15 A 30 B

A 6
B 9
C 7
D 8

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 ANDERSON JUNIOR COLLEGE

H
2016 JC2 Preliminary Examinations
Higher 1

CANDIDATE
NAME

PDG / 15

CHEMISTRY 8872/02
Paper 2 16 September 2016
2 hours

Candidates answer Section A on the Question Paper.

Additional Materials: Answer Paper

Data Booklet

READ THESE INSTRUCTIONS FIRST

Write your name and PDG on all the work you hand in.
Write in dark blue or black pen. For Examiner’s Use
You may use a pencil for any diagrams or graphs. Paper 1
Do not use staples, paper clips, glue or correction fluid. / 30
(33%)
The use of an approved scientific calculator is expected, where Paper 2 Section A
appropriate.
Q1
A Data Booklet is provided. Q2

Q3

Section A Q4
Answer all the questions.
Paper 2 Section B
Section B Q ___
Answer two questions on separate answer paper.
Q ___
At the end of the examination, fasten all your work securely together.
The number of marks is given in brackets [ ] at the end of each Paper 2
/ 80
question or part question. (67%)
Overall %

Grade

This document consists of 17 printed pages.

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Section A

Answer all the questions in this section in the spaces provided.

1 (a) Data of four species A, B, C and D are given in the table below.

species mass number number of neutrons

A 60 32
B 63 34
C 64 33
D 66 37

(i) Identify the two species that are isotopes of the same element.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….....
[1]

(ii) Suggest the identity of the element in (a)(i) and write its full electronic configuration.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….....
[1]

(b) (i) Complete the table below for each of the sub–atomic particles.

sub–atomic particles relative mass relative charge

proton
neutron
electron
[1]

(ii) Some radioactive isotopes emit beta particles and are said to undergo beta decay. In a
beta decay, a neutron in the nucleus spontaneously changes to a proton and a high
energy electron is emitted which forms the beta particles.
3He is one such isotope that undergoes beta decay forming a new element E, as shown
by the equation below.
3He E + −01e

Write the notation showing the mass number and atomic number of E, and hence identify
the element.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….....
[1]

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(c) The table shows the first three ionisation energies (I.E.) for elements W, X, Y and Z from
Period 3.

1st I.E. / kJ mol–1 2nd I.E. / kJ mol–1 3rd I.E. / kJ mol–1

W 1251 2300 3820
X 496 4560 6910
Y 738 1450 7730
Z 1000 2250 3360

(i) Write an equation to represent the second ionisation energy of Z.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….....
[1]

(ii) State, with a reason, which of the elements has the smallest atomic radius.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….....
[1]

(iii) What is the expected oxidation state for the most common ion of element X?

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….....
[1]

(iv) Suggest the formulae of the compounds formed when Y is burnt separately in oxygen
and nitrogen.

………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
[1]

(v) Based on your answers above, suggest if aluminium is among the four elements. Explain
your answer.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….....

…………………………………………………………………………………………………….....
[2]

[Total: 10]

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2 The hydrides of light metals are attractive for hydrogen storage because they can store a high weight
percentage of hydrogen in a small volume. For example, NaAlH 4 can release 56 % of its mass as H 2
upon decomposing to NaH(s), Al(s) and H 2 (g). NaAlH 4 possesses both covalent bonds, which hold
the polyatomic anion together, and ionic bonds.

(a) (i) Write a balanced equation for the decomposition of NaAlH 4 .

................................................................................................................................................
[1]

(ii) Draw a dot–and–cross diagram for the AlH 4 – ion.

[1]

(b) The table below shows three compounds AlCl 3 , SiCl 4 and PCl 3 .

Complete the table below for the pH of the resulting solution when each of the chlorides are
reacted with water. Write the equation to show the reaction with water, if any.

pH of solution
compound equation to show reaction with water, if any
formed

AlCl 3

SiCl 4

PCl 3

[3]

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(c) Sulfur will combine separately with carbon, hydrogen and sodium to form carbon disulfide (CS 2 ),
hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) and sodium sulfide (Na 2 S) respectively.

compound electrical conductivity melting point / K Mr

CS 2 nil 162 76
H2S nil 187 66
Na 2 S good, in molten state 1450 78

(i) Explain, in terms of structure and bonding, why the melting point of Na 2 S is much higher
than that of CS 2 and H 2 S.

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................................
[2]

(ii) By considering the numbers of bonding and non–bonding electron pairs, draw diagrams in
the boxes below to show the likely shapes of CS 2 and H 2 S.

In your diagrams, clearly indicate the values of the bond angles.

CS 2 H2S
[2]

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(iii) Under suitable conditions, one mole of AlCl 3 reacts with one mole of H 2 S to form a single
product H. Draw a diagram in the box below to show the likely shape of the product H.

product H
[1]

[Total: 10]

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3 (a) (i) Write an equation, including state symbols, to represent the standard enthalpy change of
combustion of hydrogen.

……………………………………………………………………………………………………..........
[1]

(ii) Use the energy cycle below and the standard enthalpy changes of combustion, ∆H c o, in the
table to calculate the standard enthalpy change of formation, ∆H f o, of methyl ethanoate,
CH 3 COOCH 3 .

∆H c o / kJ mol–1
carbon –393.5
hydrogen –285.8
methyl ethanoate –1592.1

CH 3 COOCH 3 (l) + 7/2 O 2 (g) 3CO 2 (g) + 3H 2 O(l)

∆Hfo

3C(s) + 3H 2 (g) + 9/2 O 2 (g)

∆H f o of methyl ethanoate: ……………………………………….

[2]

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(b) A student used the apparatus shown to carry out experiments to determine the standard enthalpy
change of combustion of methyl ethanoate, CH 3 COOCH 3 .

Mass of copper can = 250 g

An initial experiment was carried out using methyl ethanoate. This ester was burnt in a spirit
burner underneath a copper can so that the flame from the burner heated 300 cm3 of water in the
can. It was found that 0.980 g of ester was required to raise the temperature of the water in the
can by 10.0 oC.

(i) Calculate the total heat energy in kJ gained by the water and the copper can in this
experiment. The specific heat capacities of water and copper can are 4.18 J g–1 K–1 and
0.384 J g–1 K–1 respectively. Take the density of water to be 1.00 g cm–3.

[2]

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(ii) Using the ∆H c o of methyl ethanoate given in the table on page 7, calculate the total
theoretical heat energy in kJ released by the mass of methyl ethanoate burnt in this initial
experiment.

[1]

(iii) Calculate the percentage efficiency of heat transfer in this experiment.

[1]

(iv) A similar experiment with ethyl ethanoate, CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 3 , produced the following results.

Mass of ethyl ethanoate burnt = 0.948 g

Increase in temperature of water = 11.5 oC

Using your answer to (b)(iii), calculate the most accurate possible value for the standard
enthalpy change of combustion of ethyl ethanoate, CH 3 COOCH 2 CH 3 (M r = 88).

[2]

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(v) An important property of esters as a potential fuel is the energy released on combustion of
per gram of fuel.

Calculate the total energy released per gram of ethyl ethanoate burnt.

[1]

[Total: 10]

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4 The kinetics of the reaction between a bromoalkane (RBr) and an aqueous alkali were investigated at
323 K. The following data were obtained.

initial [RBr] / initial [OH–] / initial rate /

experiment
mol dm–3 mol dm–3 mol dm–3 s–1
1 0.005 0.10 4.0 x 10–4
2 0.015 0.10 1.2 x 10–3
3 0.010 0.20 8.0 x 10–4
4 0.018 0.30 x

(a) (i) Deduce the order of reaction with respect to RBr and to OH–.

[2]

(ii) Hence write the rate equation for the reaction.

…………………………………………………………………………………………………………...
[1]

(iii) Calculate the initial rate, x, in experiment 4.

[1]

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(iv) Calculate the rate constant for the reaction, including units.

[2]

(b) (i) Sketch the shapes of the lines you would expect for the following two graphs. Include
essential details on the graph(s), where appropriate.

Graph A Graph B

[RBr] / mol dm–3 [OH–] / mol dm–3

time / s time / s

[3]

(ii) Sketch a second line on Graph B above to show how the [OH–] would be affected if the
reaction is carried out at a higher temperature. Label this line clearly as “(ii)”.
[1]

[Total: 10]

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Section B

Answer two questions from this section on separate answer paper.

5 (a) The boiling points of some organic compounds are given in the table below.

compound Mr boiling point / oC

A 2–methylpropane 58 –11.7
B butane 58 –1.0
C chloropropane 78.5 46.6
D ethanol 46 78.4
E cyclohexanol 100 160.8
OH
OH
F 116 117.0

1,2–cyclohexadiol

Describe and explain the difference in boiling points for the following pairs of compounds:
(I) A and B; (II) B and C; (III) D and E; (IV) E and F.
[8]

(b) Ethene can react with bromine to form 1,2–dibromoethane.

(i) Describe the bonding between the two carbon atoms in ethene in terms of orbital
overlap. You may draw a diagram to illustrate your answer.
[2]

(ii) What conditions are needed for the reaction to occur? [1]

(iii) Write an equation for this reaction. [1]

(c) Suggest structures for the following hydrocarbons that meet the respective descriptions:

(i) Contains two sp2–hybridised carbon atoms and two sp3–hybridised carbon atoms [2]

(ii) Contains only four sp2–hybridised carbon atoms [2]

(iii) Contains two sp–hybridised carbon atoms and two sp2–hybridised carbon atoms [2]

You should label clearly the type of hybridisation and bond angle with respect to each
carbon atom in your structures.

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(d) At high temperatures inside the car engines, nitrogen and oxygen react to form the oxides
of nitrogen which contribute to acid rain and photochemical smog.

State two other pollutants from internal combustion engines and their harmful effects to
human beings and the environment.
[2]

[Total: 20]

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6 (a) Compounds A – D are solvents which are commonly used in paint removers.

CH3CH2CH(OH)CH3 CH3CH2CH2CHO
A B

CH3COCH2CH3 (CH3)3COH
C D

(i) Each of the above compounds, A – D, is treated with the following reagents in
separate test–tubes.

I Tollens’ reagent

II 2,4–dinitrophenylhydrazine

III alkaline aqueous iodine

Describe the observations (for both positive tests and negative tests) in each of the
test–tubes. You may find it helpful to present your answers in a table format.
[6]

(ii) Suggest a simple chemical test, using reagents not stated in (a)(i), to distinguish each
pair of compounds below. State the reagents and conditions for the tests, and
describe the observations. Write the structural formula of any organic product formed
in each case.

1. A and D
2. C and D
[6]

(b) (i) Write balanced equations for the complete combustion of compound A,
CH 3 CH 2 CH(OH)CH 3 , and compound B, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CHO.
[2]

(ii) Use the bond energy values given in the Data Booklet to calculate the standard
enthalpy change of combustion, ∆H c , for each of the compounds A and B.
[Use a value of 805 kJ mol–1 for the bond energy of C=O in CO 2 ].

Hence deduce which compound releases a greater amount of heat energy upon
complete combustion.
[5]

(iii) Suggest a reason why the ∆H c values you have calculated in (b)(ii) are only estimated
values for the combustion of each compound.
[1]

[Total: 20]

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7 (a) Lactic acid is often known as an alpha–hydroxy acid (AHA) with the structure shown below.
Both the acid and its conjugate base, lactate, play very important roles in our daily lives.

OH
CH3CHCOOH

lactic acid

(i) State what is meant by a Bronsted acid and a Bronsted base. [1]

(ii) An aqueous solution of 0.10 mol dm–3 lactic acid has a pH of 2.4. Use the data given
to deduce whether lactic acid is a strong or weak Bronsted acid.
[2]

(iii) State what is meant by a buffer solution. [1]

(iv) Explain, using equations, why an aqueous mixture of lactic acid and sodium lactate
can act as a buffer solution

(I) on the addition of acid,

(II) on the addition of alkali.
[2]

(b) Starting from a suitable carbonyl compound of your choice and using lactic acid as an
intermediate, devise a 3–stage synthesis of compound A.

step 1 step 2 step 3 OH

carbonyl compound CH3CHCOOCH3

compound A

Suggest reagents and conditions for each step and draw the structural formula of every
intermediate compound. You may present your answer in a flow diagram.
[6]

(c) Nitrosyl chloride, NOCl, decomposes at high temperatures to give nitric oxide and chlorine
as shown.

2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl 2 (g) ∆Ho > 0

(i) Write an expression for the equilibrium constant, K c , for the above reaction. [1]

(ii) In a 2 dm3 flask, 4.00 mol of NOCl was heated at 300 oC. When equilibrium was
established, 0.60 mol of Cl 2 was formed. Determine the K c for this reaction, giving its
units.
[4]

AJC JC2 PRELIM 2016 8872/02/H1 [Turn over

 17

(iii) Predict, with reasoning, how the position of equilibrium might be affected if the
following changes are made:

1. a catalyst is used,
2. the temperature is increased to 400 oC.
[3]

[Total: 20]

AJC JC2 PRELIM 2016 8872/02/H1 [Turn over

H1 Chemistry 8872 2016 JC2 Prelim P2 Suggested Solutions

Section A

1 (a) (i) B and D (both have same number of protons) [1]

(ii) Cu
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1 [1] correct element + electronic configuration

(b) (i) sub–atomic particles relative mass relative charge

proton 1 +1
neutron 1 0
electron 1/1840 –1

All correct [1]

3
(ii) 3 E . E is an isotope of lithium. [1]

Accept 33 E +

(c) (i) Z+(g) Z2+(g) + e [1]

(ii) W. Its 1st I.E. is the highest. [1]

(iii) +1 [1]

(iv) YO and Y 3 N 2 [1]

(v) Y is a Group II element / Mg. [1]

If Al were among the elements, then its 1st I.E. must be smaller than Mg which is not
the case. Only the 1st I.E. of X is smaller, but X is a Group I element / Na. [1]

1
2 (a) (i) 2NaAlH 4 (s) 2NaH(s) + 2Al(s) + 3H 2 (g) (state symbols not required) [1]

(ii)

[1] 1 dative bond; 3 covalent bonds; negative charge

(b) compound pH of solution equation to show reaction with water, if any

formed
AlCl 3 (s) + 6H 2 O(l) [Al(H 2 O) 6 ]3+(aq) + 3Cl–(aq)
AlCl 3 3
[Al(H 2 O) 6 ]3+(aq) + H 2 O(l) [Al(H 2 O) 5 (OH)]2+ +
H 3 O+(aq)
SiCl 4 1 SiCl 4 (l) + 2H 2 O(l) SiO 2 (s) + 4HCl(aq)
PCl 3. 1 PCl 3 (l) + 3H 2 O(l) H 3 PO 3 (aq) + 3HCl(aq)

[1] for each compound (correct pH and balanced equation)

(c) (i) Na 2 S is a giant ionic compound with strong electrostatic forces of attraction [1]
while the other two are simple molecular compounds with weak intermolecular forces
of attraction. [1]

More energy is required to break the strong electrostatic forces of attraction in Na 2 S.

(ii)

bent; 104.5o linear; 180o

[1] for each molecule with correct diagram, shape and bond angle

(iii)

[1] dative bond from S to Al; tetrahedral shape w.r.t. Al and trigonal pyramidal w.r.t.
S; lone pair on S

2
3 (a) (i) H 2 (s) + ½ O 2 (g) H 2 O(g) [1]

(ii) By Hess’s law,

∆H f o (CH 3 COOCH 3 ) = 3∆H f o (CO 2 ) + 3∆H f o (H 2 O) – ∆H c o(CH 3 COOCH 3 )
= 3(–393.5) + 3 (–285.8) – (–1592.1)
= –446 kJ mol–1

[1] correct application of Hess’ Law

[1] correct answer, – sign and units

(b) (i) Heat energy gained by copper can = mc∆T

= (250)(0.384)(10)
= 960 J

Heat energy gained by water = (300)(4.18)(10)

= 12540 J

Total heat energy gained by copper can and water = 13500 J = 13.5 kJ

[1] calculate heat energy gained by both copper can and water correctly
[1] calculate total heat energy gained correctly in kJ

(ii) 0.98
n(methyl ethanoate) = 74.0 = 0.01324 mol

Heat energy released = 0.01324 x 1592.1 = 21.1 kJ (3 s.f.)

[1] correct answer + unit

(iii) Percentage efficiency of heat transfer = 13500 x 100 % = 64.0 % [1]

21100

(iv) Heat energy gained by copper can = mc∆T

= (250)(0.384)(11.5)
= 1104 J

Heat energy gained by water = (300)(4.18)(11.5)

= 14421 J

Total heat energy gained by copper can and water = 15525 J (64% efficient)

15525
Total possible theoretical heat energy gained by copper can and water = 64.0 x 100%
= 24258 J
(100% efficient)
0.948
n(CH 3 CO 2 CH 2 CH 3 ) = 88.0 = 0.01077 mol
24258
Standard enthalpy change of combustion of ethyl ethanoate = – 0.01077
= –2250 kJ mol–1
[1] take into account % efficiency
[1] calculate standard enthalpy change of combustion of ethyl ethanoate correctly

3
 (v) Total energy released per gram of ethyl ethanoate
= 24258 / 88.0
= 276 J g–1 or 0.276 kJ g–1 [1] allow ecf

4 (a) (i) Comparing experiment 1 and 2,

When [RBr] is tripled, rate is tripled. Rate is directly proportional to [RBr].

Hence reaction is 1st order with respect to RBr. [1]

Comparing experiment 1 and 3,

4 × 10 −4 k(0.005)(0.10) x
= ⇒x=0
8.0 × 10 -4 k(0.010)(0.20) x

Hence reaction is zero order with respect to OH–. [1]

(ii) Rate = k [RBr] [1]

(iii) Comparing experiment 1 and 4,

4 × 10 −4 k(0.005)
=
x k(0.018)

Solving, x = 1.44 x 10–3 mol dm–3 s–1 [1]

(iv) Using experiment 1

4 × 10 −4
Rate constant, k = = 0.0800 s–1
0.005

[1] correct value

[1] correct units

(b) (i) [RBr] / mol dm–3 [OH–] / mol dm–3

Co

½ Co

¼ Co
(ii)

t1/2 t1/2 time / s

time / s
[1] decreasing curve
[1] 2 consecutive half–lives [1] straight line
[3]
(ii) Straight line with steeper gradient [1]

4
Section B

5 (a) (i) Butane is an elongated molecule while 2–methylpropane is a branched molecule.

There is greater surface area in butane molecules for stronger instantaneous dipole
– induced dipole attractions to operate. [1]

More energy is required to break the stronger instantaneous dipole – induced dipole
attractions in butane. Hence butane has a higher boiling point than 2–methylpropane.
[1]

(ii) Chloropropane is polar while butane is non–polar. More energy is required to break
the stronger permanent dipole – permanent dipole attractions in chloropropane [1]

compared to weaker instantaneous dipole – induced dipole attractions in butane. [1]

Hence chloropropane has a higher boiling point than butane.

(iii) Both compounds can form hydrogen bonds. [1]

However, cyclohexanol has a bigger electron cloud that contributes to stronger

instantaneous dipole – induced dipole attractions than in ethanol. [1]

More energy is required to break the additional instantaneous dipole – induced dipole
attraction in cyclohexanol. Hence cyclohexanol has a higher boiling point.

(iv) 1,2–cyclohexadiol can form intramolecular hydrogen bonds so there is less

extensive intermolecular hydrogen bonding. [1]

Less energy is required to break the less extensive hydrogen bonds in

1,2–cyclohexadiol. Hence 1,2–cyclohexadiol has a lower boiling point. [1]

(b) (i) The two carbon atoms form double bond (one sigma bond and one pi bond) with
each other.

The sp2 hybrid orbitals of the carbon atoms overlap head on to form a sigma bond.
[1]

The unhybridised p orbitals of the carbon atoms overlap sideways to form a pi

bond. [1]

(ii) Absence of light; room temperature [1]

(iii) C 2 H 4 + Br 2 CH 2 BrCH 2 Br [1]

(c) (i) sp3 109.5o sp3 109.5o

H3C CH3
C C
H H

sp2 120o
5
 (ii)
H H
H H
C C C C
H H

sp2 120o

(iii)
H H
H C C C C H

sp 180o sp2 120o

Answers only accepted for organic compounds that exist.

For each part:

[1] clearly label the type of hybridisation
[1] clearly label bond angle with respect to each carbon atom in the structures.

(d) CO is very toxic because it forms a stable compound with haemoglobin, resulting in
ineffective transporting of oxygen around the body. [1]

Unburnt hydrocarbons are carcinogenic (cancer causing) and contribute to

photochemical smog, which can bring about respiratory problems. [1]

6
6 (a) (i) compound Tollens’ reagent 2,4–DNPH aq I 2 /OH–
A CH 3 CH 2 CH(OH)CH 3 No ppt No ppt Yellow ppt
B CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CHO Silver mirror Yellow/orange ppt no ppt
C CH 3 COCH 2 CH 3 No ppt Yellow/orange ppt Yellow ppt
D (CH 3 ) 3 COH No ppt No ppt No ppt

[1] for every 2 correct observations

Total: [6]

(ii) reagents & conditions observations organic product

A and D KMnO 4 , dil. H 2 SO 4, A: purple colour CH 3 CH 2 COCH 3 [1]
heat turns colourless (or
orange solution
or turns green)
D: purple colour
K 2 Cr 2 O 7 , dil. H 2 SO 4 , remains (or orange
heat colour remains
[1]
[1]
C and D anhydrous PCl 5 /SOCl 2 , C: no gas produced (CH 3 ) 3 CCl [1]
room temperature D: white fumes (of
[1] HCl) [1]

(b) (i) CH 3 CH 2 CH(OH)CH 3 + 6O 2 4CO 2 + 5H 2 O

CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CHO + 11/2 O 2 4CO 2 + 4H 2 O

[1] for each correct and balanced equation

(ii) H H H H
O
H C C C C H + 6O O 4O C O + 5H H
H H O H
H

∆H c of A, CH 3 CH 2 CH(OH)CH 3 = ∑B.E. (broken) – ∑B.E. (formed)

= 3(350) + 9(410) + 1(360) + 1(460) + 6(496) – (4 x 2 x 805) – (5 x 2 x 460)
= –2500 kJ mol–1

H H H O
O
H C C C C H + 11/2O O 4O C O + 4H H
H H H

∆H c of B, CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CHO = 3(350) + 8(410) + 1(740) + 11/2(496) – (4 x 2 x 805)

– (4 x 2 x 460)
= –2320 kJ mol–1

7
 Combustion of A releases more heat energy.

[1] correct application of formula ∑B.E. (broken) – ∑B.E. (formed) for A

[1] correct application of formula ∑B.E. (broken) – ∑B.E. (formed) for B
[1] correctly calculate ∆H c of A (allow e.c.f.)
[1] correctly calculate ∆H c of B (allow e.c.f.)
[1] correct deduction based on answers

(iii) Compound A and B are liquids at room temperature, however BE values used for
calculations assume the compounds are in the gaseous state. [1]
Or, BE values given in the Data Booklet are only average bond energies. [1]

7 (a) (i) A Bronsted acid is a proton donor.

A Bronsted base is a proton acceptor. [1]

(ii) [H+] = 10–2.4 = 3.98 x 10–3 mol dm–3

Since [H+] << 0.10 mol dm–3, lactic acid is partially dissociated hence it is a weak acid.

[1] Correct value of [H+] = 3.98 x 10–3 mol dm–3

[1] Correct deduction that lactic acid is a weak acid.

(iii) A buffer solution resists changes in pH when small quantities of an acid or an alkali
are added to it. [1]

(iv) When a small amount of OH– is added,

CH 3 CH(OH)COOH + OH– CH 3 CH(OH)COO– + H 2 O [1]

When a small amount of H+ is added,

CH 3 CH(OH)COO– + H+ CH 3 CH(OH)COOH [1]

(b)
OH OH OH
step 1 step 2 step 3
CH3CHO CH3CH CH3CHCOOH CH3CHCOOCH3
HCN with dilute HCI CH3OH,
trace NaOH CN heat conc H2SO4
[1] Compound A
[1] [1] heat
[1] [1]
[1]

(c) (i)
Kc =
[NO] [Cl2 ]
2
[1]
[NOCl ]2
(ii)
2NOCl (g) 2NO (g) + Cl 2 (g)
Initial/mol 4 0 0
Change/mol –2(0.6) +2(0.6) +0.6
Eqm/mol 2.8 1.2 0.6

8
 [1] each for correct calculation of equilibrium amount of NOCl and NO

2
 1.2   0.6 
   
Kc =
[NO] [Cl2 ]  2   2 
2
= = 5.51× 10 − 2 mol dm− 3
[NOCl ]2
 2.8 
2

 
 2 

[1] calculate concentration of species

[1] correct value of K c and units

(iii) 1. Position of equilibrium (POE) is unchanged. [1]

The catalyst increases both the rate of forward and backward reactions to
the same extent. Hence, POE is unaffected just that the equilibrium is achieved
faster. [1]

2. When temperature increases, the position of equilibrium shifts to the right to

favour the forward endothermic reaction to absorb the extra heat. [1]