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What'S A Curved Beam Difference Between A
What'S A Curved Beam Difference Between A
CONTENT:
PROBLEMS.
Theory of Simple Bending
Due to bending moment, tensile stress develops in one portion of section
and compressive stress in the other portion across the depth. In between
these two portions, there is a layer where stresses are zero. Such a layer
is called neutral layer. Its trace on the cross section is called neutral axis.
Assumption
The material of the beam is perfectly homogeneous and isotropic.
The cross section has an axis of symmetry in a plane along the
length of the beam.
The material of the beam obeys Hooke’s law.
The transverse sections which are plane before bending remain
plane after bending also.
Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract, independent of
the layer above or below it.
Young’s modulus is same in tension & compression.
Also Stress
OR
dF = 0
CURVED BEAM
co
CA
NA
e
c1
ci
F
F
F
Mb
F
Mb
ri
rn
rc
C
L ro
In the above figure the lines 'ab' and 'cd' represent two such planes
before bending. i.e., when there are no stresses induced. When a bending
moment 'Mb' is applied to the beam the plane cd rotates with respect to
'ab' through an angle 'd 'dθ'' to the position 'fg' and the outer fibers are
shortened while the inner fiberss are elongated. The original length of a
strip at a distance 'y' from the neutral axis is (y + rn)θ. It is shortened by
the amount ydθ and the stress in this fiber is,
σ = E.e
θ
i.e., σ =–E ..... (i)
θ
Let
Mb = Applied Bending Moment
ri = Inner radius of curved beam
ro = Outer radius of curved beam
rc = Radius of centroidal axis
rn = Radius of neutral axis
CL= Centre line of curvature
i.e. dF 0
θ
∴ =0
θ
θ
As is not equal to zero,
θ
∴
=0 ..... (ii)
The neutral axis radius 'rn' can be determined from the above equation.
Mb = – ydF
Substituting the value of dF, we get
θ
Mb = dA
θ
θ
= y ! " dA
θ
θ
=
θ
ydA #$
0%
θ σ
From equation (i) =–
θ
Substituting in equation (iii)
σ
Mb = – . A. e.
&'
∴ σ =
..... (iv)
This is the general equation for the stress in a fiber at a distance 'y' from
neutral axis.
&' ( *
σbi=
+(*
&' ( *
σbi =
*
i.e., ($ rn – ci = ri) ..... (vi)
Consider the elements of the curved beam lying between two axial
planes ‘ab’ and ‘cd’ separated by angle θ.. Let fg is the final position of
the plane cd having rotated through an angle ddθ about neutral axis.
Consider two fibers symmetrically located on either side of the neutral
ydθθ.
axis. Deformation in both the fibers is same and equal to yd
Since length of inner element is smaller than outer element, the strain
induced and stress developed are higher for inner element than outer
element as shown.
Thus stress concentration occur at inner side or concave side of curved
beam
It is observed that the neutral axis shifts inwards for the curved beam.
This results in stress to be zero at this position, rather than at the centre
of gravity.
In cases where holes and discontinuities are provided in the beam, they
should be preferably placed at the neutral axis, rather than that at the
centroidal axis. This results in a better stress distribution.
Example:
For numerical analysis, consider the depth of the section ass twice
the inner radius.
For a straight beam:
e = rc - rn = h – 0.910h = 0.0898h
co = ro - rn= h – 0.910h = 0590h
ci = rn - ri = 0.910h - = 0.410h
Comparing the stresses at the inner most fiber based on (1) and (3), we
observe that the stress at the inner most fiber in this case is:
σbci = 1.522σBSi
Thus the stress at the inner most fiber for this case is 1.522 times greater
than that for a straight beam.
From the stress distribution it is observed that the maximum stress in a
curved beam is higher than the straight beam.
Comparing the stresses at the outer most fiber based on (2) and (4), we
observe that the stress at the outer most fiber in this case is:
σbco = 1.522σBSi
Thus the stress at the inner most fiber for this case is 0.730 times that for
a straight beam.
The curvatures thus introduce a non linear stress distribution.
This is due to the change in force flow lines, resulting in stress
concentration on the inner side.
To achieve a better stress distribution, section where the centroidal axis
is the shifted towards the insides must be chosen, this tends to equalize
the stress variation on the inside and outside fibers for a curved beam.
Such sections are trapeziums, non symmetrical I section, and T sections.
It should be noted that these sections should always be placed in a
manner such that the centroidal axis is inwards.
Problem no.1
Plot the stress distribution about section A-B of the hook as shown in
figure.
Given data:
ri = 50mm
ro = 150mm
F = 22X103N
b = 20mm
h = 150-50 = 100mm
A = bh = 20X100 = 2000mm2
e = rc - rn = 100 - 91.024 = 8.976mm
y = rn – r = 91.024 – r
Given data;
Inner radius ri=150mm
Outer radius ro=150+40+100
=290mm
Solution;
From Figure Ci + CO = 40 + 100
= 140mm…………… (1)
i.e Ci=
= 0.51724Co…………… (2)
rn=
rn =197.727 mm
ai = 40mm; bi = 100mm; b2 =t;
ao = 0; bo = 0; ri = 150mm; ro = 290mm;
=
∴ t = 41.126mm
Problem no.3
Determine the stresses at point A and B of the split ring shown in the
figure.
Solution:
=
= 77.081mm
Applied force F = 20kN = 20,000N (compressive)
π π
Area of cross section A = d2 = x602 = 2827.433mm2
, ,
Distance from centroidal axis to force l = rc = 80mm
Bending moment about centroidal axis Mb = Fl = 20,000x80
=16x105N-mm
. /0000
σd = !
/1/2.,44
Direct stress =
=! 7.0736N/mm2 (comp.)
&' *
Bending stress at the inner fiber σbi = !
*
+ 567508 7/2.015
/1/2.,447/.9597:0
=
= ! 105N/mm2 (compressive)
= 58.016N/mm2 (tensile)
Combined stress at the inner fiber
σri = σd + σbi
= ! 7.0736! 105.00
= - 112.0736N/mm2 (compressive)
Combined stress at the outer fiber
σro = σd + σbo
= ! 7.0736+58.016
= 50.9424N/mm2 (tensile)
Maximum shear stress
τmax = 0.5x σmax
= 0.5x112.0736
= 56.0368N/mm2, at B
The figure.
Problem No. 4
Curved bar of rectangular section 40x60mm and a mean radius of
100mm is subjected to a bending moment of 2KN 2KN-m m tending to
straighten the bar. Find the position of the Neutral axis and draw a
diagram to show the variation of stress across the section.
Solution
Given data:
b= 40mm h= 60mm
rc=100mm Mb= 2x106 N-mm
C1=C2= 30mm
rn=
+&'
=
Bending stress at the centroidal axis =
+/;50<
/,00;500
=
The stress distribution at the inner and outer fiber is as shown in the
figure.
Problem No. 5
Solution
ri = 120mm; bi = b; bo= 25mm; h = 120mm
σbi = σbo = 60MPa
Since the extreme fibers stresses due to pure bending are numerically
equal we have,
& ' * & ' )
* )
=
We have,
Ci/ri =co/ro =ci/co =120/240
2ci=co
But h= ci + co
120 = ci+2ci
Ci=40mm; co=80mm
rn= ri + ci = 120+40 =160 mm
b=150.34mm
= 74.313mm.
But C1=C2
rc= ro-c2 =240 - 74.313 =165.687mm
M> c
σ >?
Aer
5:0.1,/:5/0
A=
/
= 1050.4mm
&' ;10
60 =
50::0.,;:.612;/,0
Mb=10.8x106 N-mm
Problem no.6
Determine the stresses at point A and B of the split ring shown in
fig.1.9a
Solution:
Redraw the critical section as shown in the figure.
Radius of centroidal axis rc = 80mm
60
Inner radius of curved beam ri = 80! = 50mm
/
60
Outer radius of curved beam ro = 80 + = 110mm
/
CD) D* E
Radius of neutral axis rn =
,
C√550√:0E
= =77.081mm
,
=! 7.0736N/mm2 (comp.)
&' * + 567508 7/2.015
Bending stress at the inner fiber σbi = !
* /1/2.,447/.9597:0
=
= ! 105N/mm2 (compressive)
&' ) 567508 74/.959
) /1/2.,447/.9597550
Bending stress at the outer fiber σbo = =
= 58.016N/mm2 (tensile)
Combined stress at the inner fiber
σri = σd + σbi =! 7.0736! 105.00
=! 112.0736N/mm2 (compressive)
Combined stress at the outer fiber
σro = σd + σb = ! 7.0736+58.016
= 50.9424N/mm2 (tensile)
Maximum shear stress
Gmax = 0.5x σmax = 0.5x112.0736
= 56.0368N/mm2, at B
The figure shows the stress distribution in the critical section.
Problem no.7
Determine the maximum tensile, compressive and shear stress induced
in a ‘c’ frame of a hydraulic portable riveter shown in fig.1.6a
Solution:
R1
00
9000N
50
Draw the critical section as shown in
the figure. 80
10
h = 80mm
e
Radius of centroidal axis rc = 100+
/
c2 c1
= 140mm
b = 50 mm
Radius of neutral axis rn = ln I)
Critical
# I* %
Section
co ci ri = 100mm 175mm
10
= ln
ro
rn
JK?
NA
#J?%
CA
rc
CL F
= 136.1038mm
Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis
e = rc - rn = 140-136.1038 = 3.8962mm
Distance of neutral axis to inner radius
ci = rn - ri = 136.1038-100 = 36.1038mm
Distance of neutral axis to outer radius
co = ro - rn = 180-136.1038 = 43.8962mm
Distance from centroidal axis to force
l = 175+ rc = 175+140 = 315mm
Applied force F = 9000N
Area of cross section A = 50x80 = 4000mm2
Bending moment about centroidal axis Mb = FI = 9000x315
= 2835000 N-mm
. 9000
= 2.25N/mm2 (tensile)
,000
Direct stress σd = =
&' * /14:000746.5041
* ,00074.196/7500
Bending stress at the inner fiber σbi = =
= 65.676N/mm2 (tensile)
&' ) /14:0007,4.196/
Bending stress at the outer fiber σbo = ! =!
) ,00074.196/7510
= ! 44.326N/mm2 (compressive)
Combined stress at the inner fiber σri = σd + σbi = 2.25+65.676
= 67.926N/mm2 (tensile)
Combined stress at the outer fiber σro = σd + σbo = 2.25! 44.362
= !42.112 N/mm2 (compressive)
Maximum shear stress Gmax = 0.5x σmax = 0.5x67.926
= 33.963 N/mm2, at the inner fiber
The stress distribution on the critical section is as shown in the figure.
σri=67.926 N/mm2
2
Combined stress σro=-42.112 N/mm
σbi=65.676 N/mm2
2
Direct stress (σd) σd=2.25 N/mm
NA
CA
b = 50 mm
h =80 mm
Problem no.8
The frame punch press is shown in fig. 1.7s. Find the stress in inner and
outer surface at section A-B the frame if F = 5000N
Solution: h = 40mm F
e
c2 c1
bo = 6 mm
bi = 18 mm
Draw the critical section as shown in the
figure.
co ci ri = 25mm 100mm
Inner radius of curved beam ri = 25mm rc
ro
rn
NA
CA
= 65mm
>* />)
Distance of centroidal axis from inner fiber c1 =
4 >* >)
"
,0 51/76
= " = 16.667mm
4 516
∴ Radius of centroidal axis rc = ri ! c1
= 25+16.667 = 41.667 mm
J
>* >)
Radius of neutral axis rn = '* I) L ') I* I)
+ >* +>)
M I*
J
7,0516
= JKN<8L<N8 <8 =38.8175mm
+ 51+6
O? 8
= 286.232N/mm2 (tensile)
&' ) 20144:7/6.51/:
Bending stress at the outer fiber σbo = =
) ,107/.1,9:76:
= !208.606N/mm2 (compressive)
Combined stress at the inner fiber σri = σd + σbi = 10.417+286.232
= 296.649N/mm2 (tensile)
2
Combined stress σro=-198.189 N/mm
σbi=286.232 N/mm2
NA
CA
bo = 6 mm bi = 18 mm
h =40 mm
Problem no.9
Figure shows a frame of a punching machine and its various dimensions.
Determine the maximum stress in the frame, if it has to resist a force of
85kN
75
750 mm
75 300 85 kN
250
550
Solution:
ai =75mm
F
figure. a1
300mm
Inner radius of curved beam ri = 250mm b2 =75mm a2
b=
i
Outer radius of curved beam ro = 550mm
co ci A
X ri = 250 mm
rn
e
rc 750
ro=550 mm
NA
CA
rn =
I Y I Y I)
>* W *X * Z > [ )L ) \>) "
I* I)XY I) LY)
*
= 250+101.785=351.785 mm
Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis e = rc! rn
= 351.785-333.217=18.568mm
Distance of neutral axis to inner radius ci = rn! ri
= 333.217! 250=83.217mm
Distance of neutral axis to outer radius co = ro! rn
= 550! 333.217=216.783mm
Distance from centroidal axis to force l = 750+ rc
= 750+351.785 = 1101.785mm
Applied force F = 85kN
Bending moment about centroidal axis Mb = FI
= 85000x1101.785
= 93651725N-mm
. 1:000
Direct stress σd = = = 2.16N/mm2 (tensile)
4942:
&' * 946:52/:714./52
* 4942:751.:617/:0
Bending stress at the inner fiber σbi = =
= 42.64N/mm2 (tensile)
&' ) 946:52/:7/56.214
=!
) 4942:751.:617::0
Bending stress at the outer fiber σbo =!
= ! 50.49N/mm2 (compressive)
Combined stress at the inner fiber σri = σd + σbi = 2.16+42.64
= 44.8N/mm2 (tensile)
Combined stress at the outer fiber σro = σd + σbo = 2.16! 50.49
= ! 48.33N/mm2 (compressive)
Maximum shear stress Gmax = 0.5x σmax = 0.5x48.33
= 24.165N/mm2, at the outer fiber
The below figure shows the stress distribution.
2
σri=44.8 N/mm
σbi=42.64 N/mm2
ai=75mm
NA
CA
a1
bi =300mm
b2 = 75 mm a2
225
Problem no.10
Compute the combined stress at the inner and outer fibers in the critical
cross section of a crane hook is required to lift loads up to 25kN. The
hook has trapezoidal cross section with parallel sides 60mm and 30mm,
the distance between them being 90mm .The inner radius of the hook is
100mm. The load line is nearer to the surface of the hook by 25 mm the
centre of curvature at the critical
section. What will be the stress at inner
and outer fiber, if the beam is treated as
10
straight beam for the given load?
0
m
90mm
m
30mm 60mm 25mm
F = 25 kN
NA
CA
Solution:
h = 90 mm
c2 c1
= 40mm
Radius of centroidal axis rc = ri + c1 = 100+40
= 140 mm
J
>* >)
Radius of neutral axis rn = '* I)L ') I* I)
+ >* +>)
M I*
J
79076040
= <?NJ_? L `?NJ?? J_?
= 135.42mm
J?? + 60+40
_?
= ! 44.524N/mm2 (compressive)
Combined stress at the inner fiber σri = σd + σbi = 6.173+54.9
= 61.073N/mm2 (tensile)
Combined stress at the outer fiber σro = σd + σbo = 6.173! 44.524
= ! 38.351N/mm2 (compressive)
Maximum shear stress τmax = 0.5x σmax = 0.5x61.072
= 30.5365 N/mm2, at the inner fiber
The figure shows the stress distribution in the critical section.
b) Beam is treated as straight beam
From DDHB refer table,
b = 30mm
bo = 60-30 = 30mm
h = 90
c1 = 40mm
c2 = 90-50 = 40mm
A = 4050 mm2
Mb = 28750000 N/mm2
Also
4>/>) 7
C2 = ---------------------- From DDHB
47/>>)
4740/740790
C2 = = 50mm
47/74040
c1 = 90-50= 40mm
= 2632500mm4
. /:000
= 6.173N/mm2 (tensile)
Direct stress σb = =
,0:0
&' J /12:0007,0
e 2632500
Bending stress at the inner fiber σbi = =
= -54.606N/mm2 (compressive)
Combined stress at the inner fiber σri = σd + σbi = 6.173+43.685
= 49.858N/mm2 (tensile)
Combined stress at the outer fiber σro = σd + σbo = 6.173-54.606
= -48.433N/mm2 (compressive)
The stress distribution on the straight beam is as shown in the figure.
2
σri= 49.858 N/mm
σro=-48.433 N/mm2
2
σbi= 43.685 N/mm
2
σbo =-54.606 N/mm
c2 =50mm c1=40mm
bo/2 = 15
60 mm
NA, CA
b
b = 30 mm
bo/2 = 15
h =90 mm
Problem no.11
The section of a crane hook is rectangular in shape whose width is
30mm and depth is 60mm. The centre of curvature of the section is at
distance of 125mm from the inside section and the load line is 100mm
from the same point. Find the capacity of hook if the allowable stress in
tension is 75N/mm2
12
5
m
h=60mm
m
100
b=30mm
Solution:
F=?
Draw the critical section as shown in the h = 60mm
e
figure. c2 c1
Load line
Inner radius of curved beam ri = 125mm
b = 30 mm
CL
60
Radius of neutral axis rn = ln = ln
F
I) JK8
#I* % #J8%
= 153.045mm
Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis e = rc - rn
= 155-153.045 = 1.955mm
Distance of neutral axis to inner radius ci = rn - ri
= 153.045-125 = 28.045mm
Distance of neutral axis to outer radius co = ro - rn
= 185-153.045 = 31.955mm
Distance from centroidal axis to force l = rc -25 = 155-25 = 130mm
Area of cross section A = bh = 30x60 = 1800mm2
Bending moment about centroidal axis Mb = Fl = Fx130
= 130F
. .
Direct stress σd = =
5100
&' * .
* 5100
Bending stress at the inner fiber σbi = +
M =bi
bo
Z
h = 111 mm
h = 111mm
c2 c1
bi= M = 7133
bo=28 CL
bo = 2xZ = 2x14 = 28 mm bi=71
559 co ci ri=59.5 mm
r1 = = = 59.5mm
/ / e
rn
rc= l
h = 111mm
ro
F
Assume the load line passes through the centre of hook. Draw the
critical section as shown in the figure.
Inner radius of curved beam ri = 59.5mm
Outer radius of curved beam ro = 59.5+111 = 170.5mm
J
>* >)
Radius of neutral axis rn = '* I)L ') I* I)
+ >* >)
M I*
J
7555725/1
= ]JNJ]?.8LKN8_.8 J]?.8
+ 25/1
O? 8_.8
= 98.095mm
>* />)
Distance of centroidal axis from inner fiber c1 = "
4 >* >)
555 25/7/1
= " = 47.465mm
4 25/1
= 47.465+59.5= 106.965 mm
Distance of neutral axis to centroidal axis e = rc - rn
=106.965-98.095 =8.87mm
Distance of neutral axis to inner radius ci = rn - ri
= 98.095-59.5=38.595mm
Distance of neutral axis to outer radius co = ro - rn
= 170.5-98.095=72.0405mm
Distance from centroidal axis to force l = rc -106.965
Applied force F = 105N
5
Area of cross section A = b Q b
/
5
= x111x71 Q 28 = 5494.5mm2
/
= 18.2N/mm2 (tensile)
&' * 506.96:7508 741.:9:
*
Bending stress at the inner fiber σbi = =
:,9,.:71.127:9.:
= 142.365/mm2 (tensile)
&' ) 506.96:7508 72/.,0:
:,9,.5x8.127520.:
Bending stress at the outer fiber σbo = =
)
σbi=142,365 N/mm2
σbo=-93.2 N/mm2
σd σd =18.2 N/mm2
h = 111 mm
NA
CA
bo = 28 mm bi = 71 mm
Problem no.13
The figure shows a loaded offset bar. What is the maximum offset
distance ’x’ if the allowable stress in tension is limited to 50N/mm2
Solution:
Draw the critical section as shown in the figure.
Radius of centroidal axis rc = 100mm
Inner radius ri = 100 – 100/2 = 50mm
Outer radius ro = 100 + 100/2 = 150mm
Dr √r
2
Radius of neutral axis rn = W o iZ
4
√150√50
"=
2
=
4
93.3mm
e = rc - rn = 100 - 93.3 = 6.7mm
ci = rn – ri = 93.3 – 50 = 43.3
mm
co = ro - rn = 150 - 93.3 =
56.7mm
i i
A = x d2 = x 1002 = 7853.98mm2
, ,
Mb = Fx = 5000 x
Combined maximum stress at the inner fiber
(i.e., at B)
σri= Direct stress + bending stress
. &' *
= Q
*
:000 :0007,4.4
50 Q
21:4.91 21:4.91j6.2j:0
Problem no.14
An Open ‘S’ made from 25mm diameter
rod as shown in the figure determine the
maximum tensile, compressive and shear
stress
Solution:
(I) Consider the section P-Q
P-Q as shown in the figure.
Draw the critical section at P
rn = =
= 99.6mm
Distance of neutral axis from centroidal axis e =rc - rn
=100 - 99.6 = 0.4mm
Distance of neutral axis to inner fiber ci = rn – ri
= 99.6 – 87.5 =12.1 mm
Distance of neutral axis to outer fiber co = ro -rn
=112.5 – 99.6 = 12.9 mm
π π
Area of cross-section A= d2 = x252 = 490.87 mm2
4 4
rc = 75mm
25
ri = 75 - =62.5 mm
2
25
ro = 75 + = 87.5 mm
2
π π
A= d2 = X 252 = 490.87 mm2
4 4
Dro √ri
2
rn = W Z
4
√87.5 √62.5
"
2
= =74.4755 mm
4
e = rc - rn = 75 -74.4755 =0.5254 mm
ci = rn - ri =74.4755 – 62.5 =11.9755 mm
co = ro - rn = 87.5 – 74.4755 = 13.0245 mm
l = rc = 75 mm
= 36.233 N/mm2 at P
……………………….(1)
The bending moment at any point C, located at angle θ,, as shown in the
figure.
Will be
………..(2)
And, ds = Rdθ
As this quantity is positive the direction assumed for Mo is correct and it
produces tension in the inner fibers and compression on the outer.
It should be noted that these equations are valid in the region,
θ = 0 to θ = 900.
The bending moment Mb at any angle θ from equation (2)
2) will be:
It is seen that numerically, Mb-max is greater than Mo.
The stress at any angle Ѳ can be found by considering the
forces as shown in the figure.
Put θ = 0 in Bending moment equation (4) then we will
get,
At Ѳ = 0
B bending moment at inner and outer side of the fiber is
At section B-B
At section A-A A the load point, i.e., at Ѳ = p/2, the maximum value of
bending moment occurs (numerically), as it is observed that the second
part of the equation is much greater than the first part.
The stress at inner fiber σ1Bi and outer fiber σ1Bo and at section B-B
B will
be (at Ѳ = 0):
The stress at inner fiber σ1Ai and outer fiber σ1Ao and at section A-A
A
will be (at the loading point Ѳ = 90 ):
0
Problem 15
Determine the stress induced in a circular ring of circular cross section
of 25 mm diameter subjected to a tensile load 6500N. The inner
diameter of the ring is 60 mm.
Solution: the circular ring and its critical section are as shown in fig.
1.29a and 1.29b respectively.
= =42.5mm
This couple produces compressive stress at the inner fiber and tensile
stress at the at outer fiber
= - 73.36N/mm2 (compressive)
Maximum stress at outer fiber σl = Direct stress + Bending stress
&' ) 121,2.:754.,,
=0+ =
) ,90.12,70.9,7::
= 46.52N/mm2 (tensile)
Consider the cross section B – B
At section B – B, θ = 00 with respect to horizontal
. k 0 6:007 cos 0
= 6.621 N/mm2
2A /7,90.12,
Direct stress σd = =
This couple produces compressive stress at the inner fiber and tensile
stress at the at outer fiber
Maximum stress at the inner fiber σo =Direct stress + Bending stress
&' * :0/22.:755.:6
* ,90.874x0.9,740
= σd - = 6.621 +
= = 46.65mm
This couple produces compressive stress at the inner fiber and tensile
stress at the at outer fiber
Maximum stress at the inner fiber yz{x =Direct stress + Bending stress
|} q ~ 31800021.6:
uz~ 5964.:4.4:/:
=0+ =
This couple produces compressive stress at the inner fiber and tensile
stress at the at outer fiber
Maximum stress at the inner fiber σo =Direct stress + Bending stress
&' * 51/0007/5.6:
Aer* 5964.5x3.4:7/:
= σd - = -5.093 +
F = 90kN = 90000N
Draw the critical cross section as shown in fig.1.32
= = 37.32mm
.I /
Bending moment M>l = - where r = rc,
/π
900007,07/7,010
M>l = = 1.4x106N-mm
/π7,010
This couple produces compressive stress at the inner fiber and tensile
stress at the at outer fiber
900007,07/7,0+π710
M>l = = - 399655.7N-mm
/π7,010
This couple produces compressive stress at the inner fiber and tensile
stress at the at outer fiber
Maximum stress at the inner fiber σo =Direct stress + Bending stress
&' * 4996::.2752.4/
= σd - = 35.81 +
* /7O7,0 7/.617/0
π
Figure
Consider the arc of circle JK located at a distance y above the neutral
surface. Let r1 and r2 be the radius of this arc before and after bending
couples have been applied. Now, the deformation of JK,
.... (ii)
i.e. σx = –E ( r1 = R1 – y) .(vii)
Equation (vi) shows that the normal stress σx does not vary linearly
with the distance y from the neutral surface. Plotting σx versus y, we
obtain an arc of hyperbola as shown in Fig. 1.3.
The value of R1 is not equal to the 1 distance from O to the centroid
of the cross-section, since 1 is obtained by the relation,
5
1 = 1 ..... (xi)
u
Hence it is proved that in a curved member the neutral axis of a
transverse section does not pass through the centroid of that section.
Now substitute the value of σx from equation (vii) into equations (ix)
∆t
J +zJ
"y dA =M
t zJ
∆t
J +zJ /
i.e., " dA = M ($ r1 = R1 - y from iii)
t zJ
/
∆t C
J +/
J zJ zJ E
i.e.,
t
zJ
dA = M
∆t u
i.e., #5 / ! 25 Q 1%= M
t zJ
∆t u
i.e., #5 / ! 25 Q 5 % = M [using equations (x) and (xi)]
t
J
∆t
i.e., 5 ! 25 Q 5 v
t
∆t
i.e., 5 ! 5 =M
t
∆t |
i.e., = ^^^+
..... (xii)
t uz 1 1
∆t |
i.e., = ($e = –
1 R1 from Fig. 1.2a)
t u
………xiii)
∆t
Substituting into equation (VI)
t
|
σx = ..... (xiv)
u
1 +
Mz1 +
1
∴ σx= ($ r1 = R1 – y ..... (xv)
uz1
∆t |
{$From equation (xiii) = }
t u
1 v
Q
5 5
5 5
!
M
i.e. =
J EAeR1
5 5
∴ M =EAe R1 ! "
J
Hence proved
References:
ASSIGNMENT
1. What are the assumptions made in finding stress distribution for a curved flexural member? Also
give two differences between a straight and curved beam
2. Discuss the stress distribution pattern in curved beams when compared to straight beam with
sketches
3. Derive an expression for stress distribution due to bending moment in a curved beam
EXERCISES
1. Determine the force F that will produce a maximum tensile stress of 60N/mm2 in section
A - B and the corresponding stress at the section C - D
2. A crane hook has a section of trapezoidal. The area at the critical section is 115 mm2. The hook
carries a load of 10kN and the inner radius of curvature is 60 mm. calculate the maximum tensile,
compressive and shear stress.
Hint: bi = 75 mm; bo = 25 mm; h = 115 mm
3. A closed ring is made of 40 mm diameter rod bent to a mean radius of 85 mm. If the pull along
the diameter is 10,000 N, determine the stresses induced in the section of the ring along which it is
divided into two parts by the direction of pull.
4. Determine of value of t in the cross section of a curved beam shown in Figure such that the normal
stresses due to bending at the extreme fibers are numerically equal.
VTU,Jan/Feb.2005
Fig.1.35
5. Determine a safe value for load P for a machine element loaded as shown in Figure limiting the
maximum normal stress induced on the cross section XX to 120 MPa.
6. The section of a crane hook is trapezoidal, whose inner and outer sides are 90 mm and
25 mm respectively and has a depth of 116 mm. The center of curvature of the section is at a
distance of 65 mm from the inner side of the section and load line passes through the center of
curvature. Find the maximum load the hook can carry, if the maximum stress is not to exceed 70
MPa.
7. a) Differentiate between a straight beam and a curved beam with stress distribution in each of the
beam.
b) Figure shows a 100 kN crane hook with a trapezoidal section. Determine stress in the outer,
inner, Cg and also at the neutral fiber and draw the stress distribution across the section AB.
87.5
25
A B
m
m
.5
62
112.5
F = 100kN
8. A closed ring is made up of 50 mm diameter steel bar having allowable tensile stress of 200
MPa. The inner diameter of the ring is 100 mm. For load of 30 kN find the maximum stress in
the bar and specify the location. If the ring is cut as shown in part -B of
Fig. 1.40, check whether it is safe to support the applied load.
REFERENCE BOOKS