494 CHAPTER 21.

DUALITY A N D MAGNETIC MONOPOLES

since then, and which also recapitulates the historical development and cites
extensive literature can be found in the paper of l?ryberger.** The principle
which is used in experimental attempts to observe a monopole, is similar
to that discussed in Sec. 17.6, i.e. that a monopole passing an atom at
some distance generates a pulse of magnetic flux which can be observed. A
complicated MACRO-detector search for magnetic monopoles was carried
out throughout the 1990s. It found none but set stringent limits. The final
results have recently been published.tt Monopoles which play an important
role in field theories as topologically nontrivial field configurations are of a
completely different nature. However, seen from far away, they assume the
structure of the Dirac monopole discussed above.** The question of whether
magnetic monopoles really exist is therefore the remaining bigg puzzle of
electrodynamics.

**D. Fryberger, Magnetic Monopoles, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center Report, SLAC-
PUB-3535 (1984), Invited paper at 1984 Applied Superconductivity Conf., San Diego, Calif.,
unpublished.
++M.Ambrosio et al. Eur. Phys. J. C25 (2002) 511 and C26 (2002) 163; see also CERN Courier
43 (2003), No. 4, 23.
$$See, for instance, P. Goddard and D. Olive, Rep. Progr. Phys. 41 (1978) 1357.