■ E-COMMERCE

■ Presented by M Zaid Rafique

■ COMMERCE
■ Commerce is a division of trade or production which
deals with the exchange of goods and services from
producer to final consumer
■ Different types of e-commerce
■ Business-to-business (B2B)
■ Business-to-Consumer (B2C)
■ Consumer-to-consumer (C2C)
■ Consumer-to-Business (C2B)
■ E-COMMERCE
■ It is commonly known as electronic marketing.
■ It consist of buying and selling goods and services
over an electronic system such as the internet.
■ E-commerce is the purchasing , selling & exchanging
goods and services over computer network or internet
through which transactions or terms of sale are
performed electronically.
■ E- Commerce More Description
■ Electronic Commerce (EC) is where business
transactions take place via telecommunications
networks, especially the Internet.
■ Electronic commerce describes the buying and selling
of products, services, and information via computer
networks including the Internet.
■ The infrastructure for EC is a networked computing
environment in business, home, and government.
■ E-Business describes the broadest definition of EC. It
includes customer service and intra business tasks. It
is frequently used interchangeably with EC.
■ E- Commerce More Description
■ E-Commerce or modern Electronics Commerce is a
methodology of business which addresses the need of
business organizations, vendors and customers to
reduce cost and improve the quality of goods and
services while increasing the speed of delivery. E-
commerce refers to paperless exchange of business
information using following ways.
– Electronic Data Interchange (EDI)
■ Electronic data interchange is the concept of
businesses electronically communicating
information that was traditionally communicated on
paper, such as purchase orders and invoices.
Technical standards for EDI exist to facilitate parties
transacting such instruments without having to make
special arrangements.
– Electronic Mail (e-mail) Electronic Fund
Transfer (EFT)
– Other Network-based technologies
■ Electronic Commerce under different perspectives:
■ Communications Perspective EC is the delivery of
information, products /services, or payments over the
telephone lines, computer networks or any other
electronic means.
■ Business Process Perspective EC is the application
of technology toward the automation of business
transactions and work flow.
■ Service Perspective EC is a tool that addresses the
desire of firms, consumers, and management to cut
service costs while improving the quality of goods and
increasing the speed of service delivery.
■ Online Perspective EC provides the capability of
buying and selling products and information on the
internet and other online services
■ Elements of Commerce
■ You need a Product or service to sell
■ You need a Place from which to sell the products
■ You need to figure out a way to get people to come to
your place.
■ You need a way to accept orders.
■ You also need a way to accept money.
■ You need a way to deliver the product or service,
often known as fulfillment.
■ Sometimes customers do not like what they buy, so
you need a way to accept returns.
■ You need a customer service and technical support
department to assist customers with products.
■ E-commerce vs. E-business
■ We use the term e-business to refer primarily to the
digital enablement of transactions and processes
within a firm, involving information systems under
the control of the firm.
■ E-commerce include commercial transactions
involving an exchange of value across organizational
boundaries
■ SCOPE OF E-COMMERCE
■ Selling can be focussed to the global customer
■ Pre-sales, subcontracts, supply
■ Financing and insurance
■ Commercial transactions: ordering, delivery, payment
■ Product service and maintenance
■ Co-operative product development
■ Distributed co-operative working
■ Use of public and private services
■ Business-to-administrations (e.g. customs, etc)
■ Transport and logistics
■ Public procurement
■ Automatic trading of digital goods
■ Accounting
■ Dispute resolution

■ The process of E-commerce

■ The process of E-commerce
■ A consumer uses Web browser to connect to the home
page of a merchant's Web site on the Internet.
■ The consumer browses the catalog of products
featured on the site and selects items to purchase. The
selected items are placed in the electronic equivalent
of a shopping cart.
■ When the consumer is ready to complete the purchase
of selected items, she provides a bill-to and ship-to
address for purchase and delivery
■ The process of E-commerce
■ When the credit card number is validated and the
order is completed at the Commerce Server site, the
merchant's site displays a receipt confirming the
customer's purchase.
■ The Commerce Server site then forwards the order to
a Processing Network for payment processing and
fulfilment.
■ What is B2B e-commerce?
■ B2B e-commerce is simply defined as ecommerce
between companies. About 80% of e-commerce is of
this type.
■ Examples:
– Intel selling microprocessor to Dell
– Heinz selling ketchup to Mc Donalds
■ What is B2C ecommerce?
■ Business-to-consumer e-commerce, or commerce
between companies and consumers, involves
customers gathering information; purchasing physical
goods or receiving products over an electronic
network.
■ Example:
– Dell selling me a laptop
■ What is C2C ecommerce?
■ Consumer-to-consumer e-commerce or C2C is simply
commerce between private individuals or consumers.
■ Example:
– Mary buying an iPod from Tom on eBay
– Me selling a car to my neighbour
■ ADVANTAGES OF E-COMMERCE
■ Faster buying/selling procedure, as well as easy to
find products.
■ Buying/selling 24/7.
■ More reach to customers, there is no theoretical
geographic limitations.
■ Low operational costs and better quality of services.
■ No need of physical company set-ups.
■ Easy to start and manage a business.
■ Customers can easily select products from different
providers without moving around physically.
■ DISADVANTAGES OF E-COMMERCE
■ Unable to examine products personally
■ Not everyone is connected to the Internet
■ There is the possibility of credit card number theft
■ Mechanical failures can cause unpredictable effects on
the total processes.
Electronic
Communication Pcs
And Networking
Presented by M.Zaid
Rafique
What is communication?
Communication is the
process of exchanging
information.
People communicate to
convey their thoughts,
ideas, and feelings to
other. The process of
communication is
inherent to all human life
and includes verbal,
nonverbal, print, and
electronic processes.
Electronic communication
cont..
Attenuation (weakening)
and noise can interfere
with transmission.
Advantages of Electronic
Communication
Speedy transmission:  It 
requires only few 
seconds to communicate t
hrough electronic 
media because it supports 
quick transmission.
Wide coverage: World ha
s become a global 
village and communicatio
n around the globe 
requires a second only.
Low cost: Electronic com
munication saves 
time and money. For exa
mple Text sms is 
cheaper than traditional le
tter.
Exchange of feedback: E
lectronic 
communication allows ins
tant exchange of 
feedback. So communicati
on becomes 
perfect using electronic m
edia.
Managing global operati
on: 
Due to advancement of el
ectronic 
communication, business 
managers can easily 
control operation across th
e globe. Video or 
teleconferencing e-mail a
nd mobile 
communication are helpin
g managers in this  regard.
Types of Electronic
Communication
E-mail
Today's email systems are based on a store-
andforward model.

Podcasting
digital medium that consists of an episodic series of
audio, digital radio, PDF

Discussion Boards
Discussion Boards is an online discussion site where
people can hold conversations in the form of posted
messages.
Blogs
web-based journal

Text Messaging
sending brief, electronic messages between two or
more mobile phones,

Chatting, etc.
Exchange messages online with one or more real
time users of a computer network.

What’s the Internet: “nuts and

bolts” view
billions of connected computing devices:
hosts = end systems
running network apps

“Fun” Internet-connected
devices
Internet: “network of networks”
Interconnected ISPs
protocols control sending, receiving of
messages
e.g., TCP, IP, HTTP, Skype, 802.11
Internet standards
RFC: Request for comments
IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force

What’s the Internet: a service

view
infrastructure that
provides services to
applications:
Web, VoIP, email, games, e-commerce, social nets,
…

provides programming
interface to apps
hooks that allow sending and receiving app programs
to “connect” to Internet
provides service options, analogous to postal service

What’s a protocol?
human protocols:
“what’s the time?”
“I have a question”
introductions

… specific messages sent

… specific actions taken when messages
received, or other events
network protocols:
 machines rather than humans
 all communication activity in Internet
governed by protocols
a human protocol and a
computer network
protocol:

Access networks and physical

media
Q: How to connect end
systems to edge router?
 residential access nets
 institutional access networks (school,
company)
 mobile access networks
keep in mind:
 bandwidth (bits per second) of access
network?
 shared or dedicated?
Physical media
bit: propagates between
transmitter/receiver pairs
physical link: what lies between transmitter &
receiver
guided media:
signals propagate in solid media: copper, fiber, coax
unguided media:
signals propagate freely, e.g., radio
twisted pair (TP)
 two insulated copper wires
• Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps Ethernet
• Category 6: 10Gbps

Circuit switching: FDM

versus TDM
Internet structure: network of
networks
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to
connect them together?

Layering of airline
functionality
layers: each layer
implements a service
 via its own internal-layer actions
 relying on services provided by
layer below
Encapsulation
Internet Vs Intranet

■ Internet
■ Presented by M. Zaid Rafique
■ What is the “internet”?
■ The Internet is a global information network that
connects millions of computers It is growing
exponentially and provides a unique information
resource that is global, diverse and current.
■ What do we use the internet for?
■ Browsing information
■ Social media and creating awareness
■ For entertainment (music, videos, movies)
■ Communicating with people all over the world.
■ Sharing information
■ E-commerce and banking
■ Uses of internet?
■ History of
Internet cont.
■ Internet in the 1950’s
■ The Internet has no single “inventor.” Instead, it has
evolved over time.
■ The Internet got its start in the United States more
than 50 years ago as a government weapon in the Cold
War.
■ Internet in the 1950’s cont.
■ Scientists and researchers used it to communicate and
share data with one another through what was known
as DARPNET(Defense’s Advanced Research Projects
Agency Network).
■ This was in response to the Soviet Union bombings
and a need to create a communication network which
was free from interference and disruption.
■ Internet in the 1960’s
■ In 1962, a scientist from M.I.T. and DARPA named
J.C.R. Licklider proposed : a “galactic network”(vast
range) of computers that could talk to one another.
Such a network would enable government leaders to
communicate even if the Soviets destroyed the
telephone system.
■ In 1965, another M.I.T. scientist developed a way of
sending information from one computer to another
that he called “packet switching.” Packet switching
breaks data down into blocks, or packets, before
sending it to its destination.
■ Internet in the 1960’s
■ Without packet switching, the government’s computer
network—now known as the ARPANET—would have
been just as vulnerable to enemy attacks as the phone
system.
■ In 1969, ARPANET delivered its first message: a
“node-to-node” communication from one computer to
another but it crashed the full network. The internet
was yet to be born
■ Internet in the 1970’s
■ By the end of 1969, just four computers were
connected to the ARPANET, but the network grew
steadily during the 1970s.
■ As packet-switched computer networks multiplied,
however, it became more difficult for them to
integrate into a single worldwide “Internet.”
■ Internet in the 1970’s cont.
■ By the end of the 1970s, a computer scientist named
Vinton Cerf had begun to solve this problem by
developing a way for all of the computers on all of the
world’s mini-networks to communicate with one
another.
■ He called his invention “Transmission Control
Protocol,” or TCP. (Later, he added an additional
protocol, known as “Internet Protocol.” The acronym
we use to refer to these today is TCP/IP.)
■ TCP/IP was described to be the “handshake” between
computers all over the world. It enabled each
computer to have its own identity.
■ Internet in the 1980’s
■ Cerf’s protocol transformed the Internet into a
worldwide network. Throughout the 1980s,
researchers and scientists used it to send files and data
from one computer to another.
■ However, this network was still between scientists and
researchers from different universities and labs.
■ Internet in the 1990’s
■ However, in 1991 the Internet changed again.
■ Tim Berners-Lee introduced the World Wide Web: an
Internet that was not simply a way to send files from
one place to another but was itself a “web” of
information that anyone on the Internet could retrieve.
■ Berners-Lee created the first browser and the Internet
that we know today.
■ In 1992, a group of students and researchers at the
University of Illinois developed a sophisticated
browser that they called Mosaic. (It later became
Netscape.)
■ Mosaic offered a user-friendly way to search the Web:
It allowed users to see words and pictures on the same
 page for the first time and to navigate using scrollbars
and clickable links.
■ Internet in the 1990’s cont.
■ That same year, Congress decided that the Web could
be used for commercial purposes. As a result,
companies of all kinds hurried to set up websites of
their own, and e-commerce entrepreneurs began to use
the Internet to sell goods directly to customers.
■ More recently, social networking sites like Facebook
have become a popular way for people of all ages to
stay connected.
■ 1994 -- 2000
■ The Internet exploded during this period.
■ The first commercial site was Amazon.com.
■ Amazon saw that online shopping was the wave of the
future.
■ The rest is history…
■ GUIs (Graphical User Interface)
■ GUIs added some color and layout, but still were not
very interesting.
■ The World Wide Web Saved the Internet!
■ Hyperlinks were invented www.abc.com
■ The mouse was invented to click on hyperlinks
■ The URL (Uniform Resource Locater) was invented.
This allowed sites to be named.
■ Future of the Internet
■ So many businesses and private citizens have come
online that academic users can't get the highspeed
connections they need.
■ Organized as a consortium
■ Led by over 200 universities
■ Dedicated network for educational and research
purposes
■ TCP/IP
■ Transmission Control Protocol
■ Internet protocol
■ Basic Internet Components
■ An Internet backbone is a collection of routers
(nationwide or worldwide) connected by high-speed
point-to-point networks.
■ A Network Access Point (NAP) is a router that
connects multiple backbones (sometimes referred to
as peers).
■ Regional networks are smaller backbones that cover
smaller geographical areas (e.g., cities or states)
■ Basic Internet Components cont.
■ A point of presence (POP) is a machine that is
connected to the Internet.

■ Basic Internet Components cont.

■ Internet Service Providers (ISPs) provide dial-up or
direct access to POPs.
■ (Ptcl, W-itribe, Wateen, Nayatel, Storm fiber are the
ISP in Pakistan)

■ EDI

(Electronic Data
Interchange)
■ Presented by M.Zaid Rafique
■ What is EDI?
■ Electronic Data Interchange
(EDI) is the computer-to-
computer exchange of business
documents in a standard
electronic format between
business partners.
For detailed example click the link below:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=es9bEJbmGMQ
■ EDI Cont.
■ By moving from a paper-based exchange of
business document to one that is electronic,
businesses enjoy major benefits such
– as reduced cost
– increased processing speed
– reduced errors
– improved relationships with business
partners.
■ Each term in the definition is significant
■ Computer-to-computer– EDI replaces postal
mail, fax and email. While email is also an
electronic approach, the documents
exchanged via email must still be handled by
people rather than computers.
■ Having people involved slows down the
processing of the documents and also
introduces errors. Instead, EDI documents
can flow straight through to the appropriate
application on the receiver’s computer (e.g.,
the Order Management System) and
processing can begin immediately.
■ A typical manual process looks like this, with lots of
paper and people involvement:
■ The EDI process looks like this — no paper, no
people involved:
■ Business documents
■ These are any of the documents that are
typically exchanged between businesses. The
most common documents exchanged via EDI
are purchase orders, invoices and advance
ship notices. But there are many, many others
such as bill of lading, customs documents,
inventory documents, shipping status
documents and payment documents
■ Standard format
■ Because EDI documents must be processed
by computers rather than humans, a standard
format must be used so that the computer
will be able to read and understand the
documents. A standard format describes what
each piece of information is and in what
format (e.g., integer, decimal, mmddyy).
■ Without a standard format, each company
would send documents using its company-
specific format and, much as an English-
 speaking person probably doesn’t understand
Japanese, the receiver’s computer system
doesn’t understand the company-specific
format of the sender’s format
■ Business partners
■ The exchange of EDI documents is typically
between two different companies, referred to
as business partners or trading partners. For
example, Company A may buy goods from
Company B. Company A sends orders to
Company B. Company A and Company B
are business partners.
■ Working model of EDI
■ EDI Documents
■ Following are the few important documents
used in EDI
– Invoices
– Purchase orders
– Shipping Requests
– Acknowledgement
– Business Correspondence letters
– Financial information letters
■ Steps in an EDI System
■ Following are the steps in an EDI System.
 – A program generates a file that contains
the processed document.
– The document is converted into an
agreed standard format.
– The file containing the document is sent
electronically on the network.
– The trading partner receives the file.
– An acknowledgement document is
generated and sent to the originating
organization.
■ Advantages of an EDI System
■ Reduction in data entry errors
– Chances of errors are much less while using a
computer for data entry.
■ Shorter processing life cycle
– Orders can be processed as soon as they are
entered into the system. It reduces the processing
time of the transfer documents.
■ Electronic form of data
– It is quite easy to transfer or share the data, as it
is present in electronic format.
■ Advantages of an EDI System
■ Reduction in paperwork
– As a lot of paper documents are replaced with
electronic documents, there is a huge reduction
in paperwork.
■ Cost Effective
– As time is saved and orders are processed very
effectively, EDI proves to be highly cost effective.
■ Standard Means of communication
– EDI enforces standards on the content of data
and its format which leads to clearer
communication.
■ EDI Software Implementation / Components of EDI
■ EDI Terminology
■ Trading Partners:
– Organizations that send or receive documents
between each other are referred to as trading
partners. The trading partners agree on the
specific information to be transmitted and how it
should be used.
■ Mapping:
– This term is typically reserved for specific
machine-readable instructions given to the
translation software. Often in a large company
these EDI guidelines will be written to be
generic enough to be used by different branches
or divisions and therefore will contain
information not needed for a particular business
document exchange. For other large companies,
they may create separate EDI guidelines for
each branch/division.
■ Transmission:
 – The sending and receiving party involved in the
exchange of EDI transmissions.VAN is mostly
used prominent transmission method for EDI,
Though some organization have used direct
modem to modem connections and bulletin
board systems (BBS) and more popular internet
protocols .
■ EDI Terminology
■ VAN (Value added Network):
– A third party network that acts as an
intermediary between trading partners .this
service apart of receiving , storing , receiving
and delivering the EDI messages also add audit
data and modify data for automatic error
detection, correction or conversion between
communication protocols.
■ Translator:
– An EDI translator has traditionally been used to
take data from a business application and map it
into EDI standard formats. The process of
developing a map is called EDI mapping and the
EDI software is sometimes referred to as an EDI
Mapper. Some EDI translators (mappers) come
with the ability for the user to generate the maps
and some do not, requiring the user to purchase
maps from the vendor.
■ EDI Processes:
 – A typical EDI exchange involves the following
processes: Inbound Process and Outbound
process.
■ EDI Terminology
■ The outbound process includes, generating
and sending of EDI files.
■ Below are the steps of an outbound process.
■ Obtain data from existing system.
■ Generate EDI file.
■ Validate EDI file.
■ Send EDI file to trading partner.
■ EDI Terminology
■ The inbound process is the receiving and translating
of EDI files.
■ Below are the steps of an inbound process.
■ Get EDI file
■ Validate and acknowledge EDI file
■ Translate EDI file.
■ Save data to a database.
■ Disadvantages of EDI
■ Expensive
– Setup and maintenance of some of the formats of
EDI is expensive.
■ Initial setup is time consuming
– Initial cost to setup EDI is time consuming.
■ EDI standard changes
 – The business process depends on EDI standard
format. If any of the standard format changes
then the business process has to be changed
accordingly.
■ System electronic protection
– An EDI enabled system needs electronic
protection from viruses, hacking, malware and
other frauds.
■ Disadvantages of EDI
■ Staff training cost
– Staff needs training in order to run EDI enabled
software. Investment has to be done in training.
■ Proper backup
– should be maintained as the whole data depends
on EDI. In case of any crash of EDI system,
proper backup has to be maintained and extra
cost is required for it.
■ Limit your trading partners
– Some organization stops doing business which
don’t use EDI. For instance, Wal-Mart prefers to
do business only with those organization which
uses EDI.
■ Case Study
■ The Problem/Opportunity Founded in 1985
by Michael Dell, Dell Computer Corp. (now
known as Dell) was the first company to
offer personal computers (PCs) via mail
 order. Dell designed its own PC system (with
an Intel 8088 processor running at 8
MHz)and allowed customers to configure
their own customized systems using the
build-to-order concept. This concept was,
and is still, Dell’s cornerstone business
model. By 1993, Dell had become one of the
top five computer makers worldwide,
threatening Compaq, which started a price
war. At that time, Dell was taking orders by
fax and snail mail and losing money. Losses
reached over $100 million by 1994.The
company was in trouble.
■ Case Study
■ The Solution
■ Direct Marketing Online. The commercialization
of the Internet in the early 1990s and the
introduction of the World Wide Web in 1993
provided Dell with an opportunity to expand
rapidly. Dell implemented aggressive online
order taking and opened subsidiaries in Europe
and Asia. Dell also started to offer additional
products on its website. This enabled Dell to
batter Compaq, and in 2000 Dell became number
 one in worldwide PC shipments. At that time,
Internet sales topped $50 million per day (about
$18 billion per year). Today, Dell (dell.com) sells
about $62 billion a year in computer-related
products online, from network switches to
printers, employing over 88,000 people. Direct
online marketing is Dell’s major electronic
commerce (EC) activity. Dell sells to the
following groups:
– Individuals for their homes and home
offices
– Small businesses (up to 200 employees)
– Medium and large businesses (over 200
employees)
■ Internet based EDI
■ The Internet appears to be a cheap, efficient, and
ubiquitous channel for transmitting Electronic Data
Interchange (EDI) transactions. This paper contrasts
two strategies for implementing Internet-EDI systems.
For example :
– McKesson, Corp. treated its Internet-EDI system
as a traditional information systems
development project while.
– Bank of America built its Internet-EDI system
with a prototyping approach.
– Wall mart
■ Internet-EDI applications could transform trading
partners relationships by reducing the import of EDI-
capability as a competitive asset. This Internet based
EDI has begun to grow at significant rates over the
past few years, spurred in large part by the adoption of
key Internet based EDI technologies by companies.
■ Continue…
■ Benefits of Internet Based EDI Internet based EDI can
have a number of benefits over using VANs. The
reason is simple - VAN based EDI and other
"aggregators" of EDI data charge based on the amount
of data that is used and transmitted over their lines.
■ By employing Internet based EDI you establish a
direct link to your trading partners bypassing third
parties and sending and receiving data directly. It was
this benefit, coupled with the low cost of using the
Internet, that convinced Wal-Mart to switch their
entire supplier network to Internet based EDI. While
they are the only one to require use of Internet based
EDI other retailers have also made this option
available. For businesses that rely on EDI for their
operations using Internet based EDI can save a great
deal of money and provide significant return on
investment.

■ E-Business
■ Presented by M.Zaid Rafique
■ Definition of E-Business
■ Electronic Business, shortly known as e-
business, is the online presence of business.
It can also be defined as the business which
is done with the help of internet or electronic
data interchange i.e is known as E- business
■ Types of E-Business
■ Pure-play:
– The business which is having an
electronic existence only.
– Ex: Hotels.com
■ Brick and click
– The business model, in which the
business exists both in online
– i.e. electronic and offline i.e. physical
mode
■ Advantages of e -business
■ Easy to setup: it is easy to setup an
electronic business . You can set up an online
business even by sitting at home if you have
the required software, a device, and the
internet.
■ Cheaper than Traditional Business:
Compare to traditional business, e business
requires less cost.
■ No Geographical Boundaries: There are no
geographical boundaries for e- business.
Anyone can order anything from anywhere at
anytime
■ Limitations of E-Business
■ Lack of Personal Touch:
– One cannot touch or feel the product .
So it is difficult for the consumer to
check the quality of a product.
■ Security Issues:
– There are a lot of people who scam
through online business. Also ,it is
easier for hackers to get your financial
details.
■ E-business VS E-commerce
■ E business is a superset of e commerce
■ In addition it includes the exchanging of information
directly related to buying & selling of products
■ In addition it involves activities like procurement of
raw materials & goods and customer education.
■ It required Internet along with CRM’s and ERP that
connects different business processes
■ E-business VS E-commerce
■ It can involves the use of internet & Intranet or
Extranet.
■ It can also include pre-sales & post-sales.
■ We can see it mainly in B-B model transactions.
– Examples ::
www.citehr.com
www.smartsheet.com
■ E-Business
■ Bookshops
■ Gravely Supplies/Groceries Supplies
■ Software Supplies and Support
■ Electronic Newspapers
■ Internet Banking
■ Bookshops
■ Online Book store is an online web application where
the customer can purchase books online. Through a
web browser the customers can search for a book by
its title or author, later can add to the shopping cart
and finally purchase the books.
■ The Online Book Store (OBS) application enables
vendor to setup online book store, customers to
browse through the books, and a system administrator
to approve and reject requests for new books and
maintain lists of book categories.
■ Objectives The main objective of “Online Book
Store” is to provide an essence of online book store
via a simple and yet powerful medium.
– www.scribd.com
– www.readings.com.pk/
– www.onlinebooksoutlet.com/
– bukharibooks.com/

■ Software Supplies and Support

■ Software support services are generally technical
support or break/fix services that are delivered for
specific software products.
■ These services include revenue derived from long-
term technical-support contracts or pay-as-you-go,
incident-based support.
■ Remote troubleshooting capabilities may be delivered
via telephone and online communication media or
without human assistance through automated means
that reside on the customer’s device or are available
on the Web.
■ Software Supplies and Support
■ Software support services may include
– new product installation services
– installation of product updates
– migrations for major releases of software
 – other types of proactive or reactive on-site
services
– support for custom application or infrastructure
software.
■ Services may be delivered by a product vendor, a
consulting firm or third-party software maintainers.
■ Electronic Newspapers
■ An electronic newspaper is a self-contained,
reusable, and refreshable version of a
traditional newspaper that acquires and holds
information electronically. (The electronic
newspaper should not be confused
with newspapers that offer an online version at a Web
site.)
– Dawn
– Fridaytimes
– Daily Express
– Daily Dunya
■ Internet Banking
■ Customer services typically include:
– Online balances and statements.
– Credit transfers so that bills can be paid online.
– Maintenance of standing orders and direct debits
… but exclude any transactions involving cash
■ For the bank, online transactions are cheaper than
telephone banking and much cheaper than branch
transactions.
■ Internet Banking
■ Internet Banking Supply Chain:
– Using e-banking reduces usage of the branch
network (although a branch or ATM machine
will still be required).
– For online banking, security is obviously an
issue. 
■ Internet Banking smile.co.uk
■ Smile’s banking service include:
– A full range of accounts; Online
money transfer;
– Flexible paying in arrangements; Online
payment of bills;
– Standing orders and direct debits; Use of
ATM machines; 

Introduction to HTML
Presented by M.Zaid
Rafique
Media
Media is a plural form ( of
medium) refers to means
or devices of
communication such as:
TV, newspaper, and
Radio, newsletter,book….
• In Computer Science
media is an object or
device, such as a disk, on
which data is stored.
Types of media
Hypermedia
Hyperlink
The various types/aspects
of media in
communication
1. Records ( as media),
2. Print media,
3. Mass media
4. Electronic media,
5. Multimedia
6. Hypermedia
7. Digital media,
Hypermedia
It is used as a logical
extension of the term
hypertext, in which
graphics, audio, video,
plain text and hyperlinks
intertwine to create a
generally non-linear
medium of information.
A hypertext system that can display multimedia
including graphics, sounds, animation, and video
An extension to hypertext to include graphics and
audio
The hypertext concept extended to include linked
multiple media
online information with text, images, audio, and
animation associated in a nonlinear web of
associations
Also known as "interactive multimedia, " this format
allows random access to information in a program
 A visual, interactive and non-linear medium for
communication, which is based on a human-computer
interaction paradigm where the user can browse
through a database using point and click interaction
techniques

Hyperlink
A hyperlink, is a reference
or navigation element in a
document to another
section of the same
document or to another
document that may be on
a (different) website.
Hypermedia example
The World Wide Web is a classic example of
hypermedia, whereas a non-interactive cinema
presentation is an example of standard multimedia.
 In history of hypermedia we can say:For first time Ted
Nelson’ used the term hypermedia along with
hypertext in his 1965 article The first truly universal
hypermedia was Hypercard,1987
Most modern hypermedia is delivered via electronic
pages from a variety of systems.
Audio hypermedia is emerging with voice command
devices and voice browsing.

Applications
Presentations
Business
Advertisement
Games and simulations
Education
Advantage
Better communication
including linked multiple
media
Interactivity
Random access to content
of information
User-friendly
Effective communication
Creates better impact
Attractive
Offers greater clarity
Multi Options
Useful for a variety of
audience, like differently
abled.

How the Web Works?

WWW use classical client
/ server architecture
HTTP is text-based
request-response protocol
What is a Web Page?
Web pages are text files
containing HTML
HTML – Hyper Text
Markup Language
A notation for describing
document structure (semantic markup)
formatting (presentation markup)

The markup tags provide

information about the
page content structure
Creating HTML Pages
An HTML file must have
an .htm or .html file
extension
HTML files can be
created with text editors:
NotePad, NotePad ++, PSPad

Or HTML editors
(WYSIWYG Editors):
Microsoft FrontPage
Macromedia Dreamweaver
Netscape Composer
Microsoft Word
Visual Studio

HTML Basics
Text, Images, Tables, Forms
HTML Structure
HTML Code Formatting
The HTML source code
should be formatted to
increase readability and
facilitate debugging.
Every block element
should start on a new line.
Every nested (block)
element should be
indented.
Browsers ignore multiple
whitespaces in the page
source, so formatting is
harmless.
For performance reasons,
formatting can be
sacrificed
HTML CODE Formatting
First HTML PAGE
First HTML Page: Tags
First HTML Page: Header
First HTML Page: Body
Some Simple Tags
Some Simple Tags ----
Example
Headings and Paragraphs
Headings and Paragraphs –
Example
Headings and Paragraphs –
Example (2)