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 DICTIONARY
OF IMPORTANT

NAMES, OBJECTS, AND TERMS,

FOUND IN THE

HOLY SCRIPTURES.
INTENDED PRINCIPALLY FOR YOUTH.

BY HOWARD MALCOM, A. M.

FOURTH EB ITION -,/£$!$ ' **i

Tf'5|

asoston: ^>orm^p
PUBLISHED BY LINCOLN & EDMANDS*
Sold by J* Leavitt, J. P. Haven, and David Felt, New-York ; at the
also
f raetDepository, 36, North Fifth-Street, Philadelphia; by Armstrong
and Plaskitt, J. Jewett, and Cuihing &. Soni, Baltimore*, and by Book-
sel!er« generally.

1831.
 DISTRICT OF MASSACHUSETTS, £o wit:
District Cleric's Office.
BE IT REMEMBERED, That on the twentieth day of No-
vember, A, D. 1829, in the fiflv-fouith year of the Independence of the
United States of America, LINCOLN k EDMANDS, of the said dis-
trict, have deposited in this office the title of a Book, the right whereof
they claim as Proprietors, in the words following, to wit:
"A Dictionary of important Names, Objects, and Terms, found in
the Holy Scripture. Intended principally for youth. By Howard
Malcona, A. M.
In Conformity to the Act of the Congress of the United States, entitled,
**An Act for the encouragement of Learning, by securing the copies of
Maps, Charts, and Books, to the Authors and Proprietors of such copies
during the times therein mentioned ;" and also to an Act, entitled, "An
Act supplementary to an Act, entitled, An Act for the encouragement of
Learning, by securing the copies of Maps, Charts, and Books to the Authors
and Proprietors of such copies during the times therein meutioned and :

extending the benefits thereof to the arts of Designing, Engraving, and

Etching Historical and other Prints."
JNQ. W. DAVIS, Clerk of the District of Massachusetts.
 PPvEFACE.

PRODUCTIONS that are the result of labour, more than of genius^

lie under two great disadvantages: —the pleasure of composing is incom-
parably less, and the composition itself is held in far less estimation. The
author's motive in undertaking the drudgery of preparing this vol-

ume was, that such a work seemed to him not only eminently needed
for youth, but almost indispensable ; while nothing of the kind existed
within his knowledge. It was chiefly prepared at small intervals of
leisure while travelling as General Agent of the American Sunday
School Union, and has now been retained nearly three years, in the

hope that some more perfect work of the kind would appear. During
this time it has been kept at hand for the purpose of inserting whatever
seemed appropriate in the current religious periodicals, missionary re-

ports, &c. The chief sources of aid, however, have been the works of
Calmet, Whitby, Wells, Carpenter, Brown, Wood, Paxton, and Harmer.
Extracts have in some instances been taken, as well as facts or thoughts 5

but references seemed unnecessary.

In most Dictionaries of the Bible, a large proportion of the matter
consists of Scripture narrative, digested under heads, or verbal defini-
tions. It is believed that the reading of the Bible itself, is now so gen-
eralamong the classes of persons for whom this book is intended, as to
make that plan undesirable in this instance. The object here is, in ref-

erence to Scriptuie names, to throw light on the sacred page, rather

than to borrow it from thence. While therefore a great number of
persons and places of which nothing is known, except from Scripture^
is omitted, more Scripture illustration, adapted to youth, will, it is hoped,
be found here than in any one of the larger works above named. In re-
gard to doctrinal terms, &c. the usual course was necessarily pursued.
As gome of the articles may seem hardly comprehensible to children,
it is proper to remark that the work was intentionally graduated to the
common level of Sabbath School teachers who 5 it is hoped will find it a
convenient and useful manual. Only by bringing the book to this stand-

ard, could it be made itself a teacher, which was the great object. It
was hoped by this plan to make it useful to parents, also, in answering
the numerous questions of intelligent children who read the Bible.
Itnowis issued to serve a necessity 5 and if the " Father of lights" do
but make it useful in the dissemination of heavenly truth, the desires of
the Author will be fully realized.

Hayward Place, Boston>

Jan. 1, 1830,
 ADVERTISEMENT
TO THE SECOND EDITION.

THE short interval which has elapsed since the first publication of
this work, has been diligently improved to render it more worthy
of its favourable reception by the public. Home's Introduction, Rob-
inson's Greek Lexicon, Harris's Natural History of the Bible, Jones's
Biblical Cyclopaedia, Jahn's Archaeology, and Ingraham's Geographical
Index, have been kept at hand, while occasional resort has been had to
the later volumes of the Missionary Herald, Parish's Bible Gazetteer
and Rees's Cyclopaedia. From these sources, in addition to those men-
tioned in the preface, nearly two hundred new and important articles are

added 5 most of the others are enriched, corrected, or condensed. The

accentuation of all such words as seemed liable to erroneous pronuncia-
tion, will prove, it is hoped, a valuable improvement.
The references to passages of Scripture have all been carefully ex-
amined, by which numerous typographical errors, derived from works
which were consulted, have been discovered and rectified. In many
cases new references are added ; and some are substituted in place of
former ones, as being more accurate and useful. The quotations, being

cow all made from the Bible itself, it is hoped the work is, in this respect,

entirely correct. These references are regarded as forming one of the

most important features in the book ; and if parents would make it an
occasional Sabbath evening's exercise to read a few articles, while each
child sat round with a Bible in his hand, and should turn to the text, great
interest and light would be thrown over the quoted Scripture, as well as
the article itself; and a pleasing opportunity would be thus afforded, for
the inculcation of religious truth.
The labours of preparing this work, though unexpectedly arduous*
have been exceedingly useful to the Author as a biblical student; and

t he hope of their being useful to others has added pleasure to the task*
The humble effort is now affectionately commended to those for whose
benefit it is made.
April 1st, 1830.

ADVERTISEMENT TO THE THIRD EDITION.

The sale of two large editions of this Dictionary in tbe short space of six
months, has animated the Author to make the utmost exertions to render
the work perfect in its department. Every word has been care fully revis-
ed, many new references added, and much other matter introduced, which
it i* hoped the reader will find both important and interesting.

Boston, Aug. 1st, 1830.

 A.

AA'RON, a prince of the AB'ANA and Pharpar,

family of Levi, was by di- two rivers of Syria, which
vine direction consecrated to Naaman the leper thought
the office of High Priest by " better than all the waters
Moses, his brother. After of Israel." Abana is proba-
the schism of Korah, Numb. bly the Barraddy, which
xvi. the Lord confirmed his rises in Lebanon, and runs
appointment, by the miracle towards the south. Perhaps
of the budding rod and other the Pharpar is the same with
signs. He died in Mount Oronles, which. rising alit-
Hor, A. M. 2552, aged 123 tie to the north-east of Da-
years, and was succeeded mascus, passes Antioch, and
by his sun Eleazar. See after a course of 200 miles
Priesthood. to the north-west, loses it-
AB AD'DON, " is the an- self in the Mediterranean
gel of the bottomless pit, Sea. 2 Kings v. 12.
whose name in the Hebrew AB'BA,a Syriac word.sig-
tongue is Abaddon, but minifying a beloved father. The
the Greek tongue, hath his; word is used by our Lord in
name Apollyon." Rev. ix.j his agony, Markxiv. 36, and
11. Writers on the prophe- by Paul, when he recounts to
cies greatly differ in their the believers of Rome and
interpretation of the above Galatia, their glorious priv-
text. The name is generally ileges; foremost of which he
applied to Satan. Such as places u the spirit of adop-
suppose the locusts men- tion,by which they cry Ab-
tioned in that chapter mean ba Father." Rom. viii. 15.
Musselmans, consider that Gal. iv. 6. We thus per-
the name applies to Mahom- ceive, both in the term itself,
et. Such as regard the lo- and the manner of using it,
custs as figuring Catholic how endearing and consol-
clergy, apply these terms ing the access to God,
is
to the Pope. which the Christian enjoys.
 ABI 8 ABY
ABFA, second son to emperors of Rome. Gen.
Samuel, and brother to Joel. xxi. and xxxvi. It was the
When the priests were name of a very wicked ruler
divided into twenty-four in Israel, in the time of the
courses, the 8th was called Judges. Jud. ix.
from him or, as some sup-
; ABOMINATION, athing
pose, from Abijah, men- hateful. Sin is called an
tioned 1 Chron. xxiv. 10. abomination because detest-
Luke i. 5. able to God and good beings.
A'BIB, or Nisan, the Various gross practices are
name of the first sacred, and so called. Wearing the
seventh civil month of the dress of the opposite sex,
Jewish year. It answered Deut. xxii. 5. Lying, Prov.
to our March. The word xii. 22. False weights, Isa.
signifies ripe fruit ; and was lxvi. 3. False doctrines,
given to this month, because Rev. xvii. 4. Idols, Deut.
in the middle of it, the Jews vii. 26. Proud persons, Prov.
generally began their har- xvi. 5. The " sacrifices of
vest. On the 14th day of this the wicked," that is, hypo-
month, the Passover was eat- critical services are an
en. Their civil year com- abomination. Prov. xv. 8.
menced in September and ; In Dan. xii. 11, and Matt,
therefore their jubilees, and xxiv. 15, the allusion is to
other civil matters, were Roman armies, which, as
regulated in that way ; see heathen, were hateful to
Levit. xxv. 8, 9, 10. This the Jews.
change of beginning, as to ABRAHAM, a wander-
the sacred year, took place ing shepherd of vast wealth
at the redemption of Israel and pre-eminent piety. He
from Egypt. Ex. xii. 2. was born A. M. 2008, only
ABILE'NE, a small can- two years after the death of
ton in Syria, between Leba- JYoah, though there were
non and Antilibanus. It nine generations between
took its name from Jlbila, them. Being the progenitor
which probably was the of all the Jews, he was call-
same with Abelmaim. Ly- ed the u Father of the faith-
sanias was governor here in ful." His history is one
the fifteenth year of Tiberi- of deep interest, and is
us. Luke iii. 1. given in Genesis at great
ABIM'ELECH. The ti- length.
tle of the kings of Philistia, ABYSS', a word used
as Ptolemy was of the kings in Scripture, sometimes to
of Egypt, and Caesar of the mean hell, and sometimes
 ACE ACT
the depths of the ocean, and from which the burial
the waters which flow un- ground for this purpose is,
der the earth. in some cities, called Pot-
AC'CHO, a sea-port of ters' Field. Matt, xxvii. 8.
Canaan, belonging to the Maundrell was shown this
tribe of Asher, but not con- spot, still used by the Ar-
quered by them. Jud. i. 31 menians for a grave yard.
It firstbecame an important It is now about 100 feet
city under the reign of long and 40 broad, and is
Ptolemy Philadelphus, who called Campo Sancto.
greatly enlarged and beau- ACHA'IA, in the largest
tified the place, and from sense, comprehended all
whom it was long called Greece Proper. This seems
Ptolemais. It became fa- the meaning, 2 Cor. xi. 10.
mous during the crusades, Thus, what is Achaia, Acts
and was then called St. xix. 21, is Hellas, i. e.
John de Acre. The Chris- Greece, Acts xx. 2. In the
tians were expelled from it, strict use of the term, Achaia
as their last hold in Pales- was that northern part of
tine, about 1291, and it has the Peloponnesus, the capi-
since been held by the tal of which was Corinth.
Turks. The French under It is now called Livadia, or
Napolean, met a repulse the Morea.
here, in 1799. The present A'CHOR. This word sig-
population is about 10,000, nifies trouble, and was the
but very poor. It is now name of a valleynearJericho,
called Acre. ACRE. The English acre
ACEL'DAMA, a field ly- is 4840 square yards, the
ing a little south of Jerusa- Roman 3200, and the Egyp-
lem, where potters dug their tian 3698 but the Hebrew
;

clay. The money which acre appears to mean what

Judas threw back to the one yoke of oxen could
Jewish rulers, being the plough in a day. Ten acres
price of blood, as they call- of vineyard yielding one
ed it, they would not put bath, and the seed of an ho-
into the Lord's treasury, mer producing an ephah,
but with it purchased this Isa. v. 10, means that the
field, wherefore it was call- land should be afflicted with
ed '-Aceldama, or, The dreadful sterility, for such
Field of Blood." Acts i. a crop is scarcely a tenth
18, 19. Zech. xi. 12, 13. part of the seed sown.
It was then appropriated ACTS of the Apostles,
as a place to bury strangers, the history of the primitive
 ADJ 10 ADR
church, written by Luke. truly. It was the same as
It does not contain a full ac- administering an oath is
count of the labours of all now so that though Christ
;

the apostles, but only of a held his peace when merely

few as a specimen chiefly interrogated, he acknowl-
;

those of Paul. The narra- edged when adjured, or put

tive commences at the as- on oath, that he was the
cension of Christ, and ex- Son of God. Matt. xxvi. 63.
tends to Paul's arrival at ADOPTION, the act of
Rome, on his appeal to taking one into the fami-
Ccesar ; a period of about 30 ly for a child. Pharaoh's
years. daughter adopted Moses,
AD' AMANT, a beautiful and Mordecai thus received
stone of the hardest kind, Esther. True believers in
generally called diamond. Christ, who rely upon the
Diamonds are chiefly ob- efficacious atonement of his
tained, in India, from the precious blood, and the sure
mines in Golconda, Visa- merit of his perfect right-
poor, and Borneo. Some eousness, for the pardon of
are now obtained from Bra- and reconciliation
their sins
zil. Its great hardness God, being regenerated
to
makes it resist an intense by the Spirit, and freely
fire, cut glass, &c. Sinners' justified by grace, through
hearts are compared to ada- the redemption of Jesus
mant. Zech. vii. 12. Christ, are said to be put
A'DAR,the twelfth month into this state of adoption.
of the Jewish sacred year, 2 Cor. vi. 18.
and the sixth of the civil; ADRGM'MELECH. a
m

corresponding to February. deity of the Sepharvites,

As their intercalary month who seems to have been
was added at the end of the worshipped as the god of
year, it was called Ve Adar, flocks and herds. This was
or second Adar. also the name of a son of
ADDER, a venomous Sennacherib, who with his
reptile,brought forth alive, brother Sharezer slew their
and not hatched from eggs, father in the temple of Kis-
as are most serpents. It is roch. Isa. xxxvii. 38.
often called a viper. ADRAMY'FTIUM is by
ADJURE. Itwas a cus- some geographers affirmed
tom among the Jews to ad- to be tiie same with Thebes
jure, which was by a form in Egypt. Others maintain
of execration laid on the with more probability, that
person if he did not answer this city was in Mijsia, op.-
 AGR 11 ALA
posite Lesbos. The latter AHASUE'RUS. There
was situated at the foot of were several kings of this
Mount Ida, and was found- name. He who was the
ed by a colony from Athens. husband of Esther, was
It was a place of much con- probably Darius Hystaspis.
merce, Acts xxvii. 2; but it Dean Prideaux is confident
is now a poor fishing vil- he was ArtaxerxesLongim-
lage, and is called Dramiti. anus.
A'DRIA, a sea now call- AIR, a fluid which sur-
ed the Gulf of Venice, on rounds the earth to the ex-
the coast of Italy. Paul in tent of about fifty miles. Air
going to Rome, suffered an has a considerable weight.
extreme tempest in this sea. About 2160 pound-weight of
Acts xxvii. 27. it presses on every square
ADUL'LAM was once a foot and allowing the sur-
;

noble town in the north part face of a human body to be

of the lot of Judah. Near it 15 square feet, the pressure
was the place of David's of air on it must amount to
concealment. 1 Sam. xxii. 1. 32,400 pounds weight. But
ADULTERY, violating this pressure is not felt, be-
the bed of a married person. cause our bodies contain
In a spiritual sense it means such a portion as serves to
idolatry, or the act of pay- buoy them up. Air is neces-
ing that homage to the sary not only to the exist-
creature, which is due only ence ofman,butof all ani-
to the Creator. Jer. iii. 9. mals and plants. The winds
Ezek. xxiii. 37. keep it pure. Creatures in-
AG'ATE, a gem of various habiting the water need air
colours and degrees of tran- as much as land animals.
sparency. It is found in the Some of these come often
form of rounded nodules, to the surface to breathe,
from the size of a pin's head and those which have gills,
to more than a foot in diam- manufacture air for them-
eter in the river Wolga, in selves out of water.
; If
Germany, in the pudding there were no air, we could
stone of Siberia, in Ceylon, neither see, hear nor speak ;
Scotland, &c. those of the there could be neither
last named country, are clouds nor rain. Indeed,
commonly called Scotchpeb- the whole world would be
bles.It is a stone of great destroyed, if the air were
beauty, and is only cheap to be destroyed, or even be-
because found in abundance. come stagnant.
AGRIP'PA. See Herod. AL'ABASTER, & name
 ALE 12 ALO
now applied to a soft fine tinued to flourish. Under
white species of marble, or the Saracens, it soon began
sulphat of lime. The word to decay. They madly burnt
is derived from the name its famous library of 700,000
given by the Greeks to an volumes, A. D. 642. Nu-
urn or vessel without han- merous Jews resided here,
dles especially those made engaged in trade and com-
full at the bottom, and nar- merce ;50,000 of whom
row at the top, so as to be were murdered, under the
easily stopped, and thus es- Emperor Nero. When the
pecially proper for oint- Arabs took it as above, they
ments and perfumes. Ala- found 40,000 Jews who paid
basters were of glass, silver, tribute. In a ship belonging
or gold. It was customary to Alexandria, Paul sailed
at feasts among the great, for Rome. Acts xxvii. 6.
to anoint the hair of the Christianity was early plant-
guests with costly perfume. ed in this place. Mark the
Ps. xxiii. 5, and xlv. 7. Mat- Evangelist is said to have
thew xxvi. 7. first preached here. Here
ALBE'IT,anoldwordfor Apollos was born. Acts
nevertheless, or although. xviii. 24. It is now dwind-
ALEXANDRIA, a cele- led to a village, with noth-
brated city in Lower Egypt; ing remarkable but the ru-
situated between lake Ma- ins of ancient grandeur.
reotis and the western AL'LEGORY, a simili-
branch of the Nile, near its tude carried out to more
mouth founded by Alex- length than a metaphor.
;

ander the Great. After the Gal. iv. 24, 31.

destruction of Carthage, it ALMS. Bounty to the
was, for ages, the chief city poor. Matt. vi. 1.
of the world, next to Rome. AL'MUGTREE. Some
Its commerce extended to suppose it to be coral, which
every part of the then grows in the shape of a tree.
known world. The Ptole- More probably the ebony.
mies made it their royal It is thought to be the same
residence, and each succes- with the Shittah, or Shit-
sive monarch laboured to tim-tree. 1 Kings x. 11.
embellish it. When the AL'OES. Tournefort
Romans in their vast con- reckons fourteen kinds of
quests annexed Egypt to the aloe-tree. The Amer-
their empire, they respect- ican aloe is famous for its
ed and preserved the beau- fine flowers,whichareofthe
ties of this city, and it con- lily kind ; the Asian for the
THE ALTAR OF BUR^T-OFFERIXG.

THE ARK OF THE COVENANT.

 ALT 15 AMB
useful drug prepared from stillapply the name to the
it. The drug called aloe, table where the communion
famed for its purgative is administered •
but Christ
qualities, is formed of the is the only Christian altar

juice of the leaves, harden- to which we bring all our

ed in the sun. That which sacrifices and services. Heb.
is most nicely prepared is xiii. 19.
called the succotri7ie, the AM'ALEKITES, a na-
next is called hyyatic, and tion occupying a territory
the coarsest is the horse between the Red and Dead
aioe. Aloes were anciently Seas. About A. M. 2091
used for the embalming of Chedorlaomer ravaged their
dead bodies, and as a per- country, at which time mul-
fume. John six. 39. Prov. titudes left it. it is thought
vii. 17. by some, that these poured
AL'PHA, the first letter themselves on Egypt, and
of the Greek alphabet. It were the shepherds men-
is used in connexion with tioned by Manetho. Saul,
Omega, which is the last long afterward, made war
letter, to express the eter- on this people, and utterly
nity of Jesus Christ. Rev. ruined them. 1 Sam. xv.
i. 8, 11. Afterward a remnant gath-
ALTAR, among the Jews, ered again, which was final-
the place where sacrifices ly destroyed by the Simeon-
were laid and offered. Af- ites, in the days of Heze-
ter the erection of the tab- kiah. 1 Chron. iv.
ernacle, two altars were ap- AMBASSADOR, a legate
pointed, one for sacrifices, or apostle. A person sent on
the other for incense, and behalf ol another, and with
on no others were offerings powers to act on his behalf
lawful. The annexed pic- according to general in-
ture represents the " altar structions given. 2 Cor. v.20.
of burnt offering" as made AMBER, a yellow, in-
by Solomon, which was flammable substance, trans-
thirty feet square, and fif- parent if pure, which seems
teen feet high. It stood to have been originally in a
not in the tabernacle, but fluid state, as leaves and in-
in the court. The •' attar sects are often found in it.
of incense" was a table a- It is obtained from Germa-
bout two feet square and ny, Poland, &c. but chiefly
four feet high, plated with from Prussia, where it is so
old, and stood in the Holy abundant that mines are
lace, Some Christians regularly worked for it. It
 AMO 16 ANG
was formerly cut into va- the lots of Reuben, Gad,
rious ornaments, and rank- Manasseh, Dan, Judah,
ed in value among the Simeon, and Benjamin As
precious stones. Ezek. i. they were the most power-
4, and viii. 2. ful of the devoted tribes, all
AMEN, true, verily, be it the Canaanites sometimes
so. Christ is called The wentunder their name. Jud.
AMEN,because he is the God vi. 10. 2 Kings xxi. 11.
of truth. Rev. iii. 14. The AMOS began to prophesy
promises are said to be " Yea a little before Hosea, and
and Amen," in Christ, be- continued a while cotempo-
cause that by him they will rary with that prophet, dur-
infallibly be all accomplish- ing the reign of Uzziah.
ed. 2 Cor. i. 20. His prophecy relates chiefly
AM'ETHYST, a very to the ruin and restoration
rare gem, generally of <a of the Jews.
purple or violet colour. It AMPHIP'OLIS,acityof
is found in Germany, Spain, Macedonia. Acts xvii. 1.
and other countries, but It is now called Emboli.
the most valuable are ob- ADAM/MELECH, an idol
tained in Asia and Russia. of the Sepharvites, a tribe
AMMONITES, a people of the Samaritans. 2 Kings
descended from Lot. They xvii. 31.
oppressed Israel 18 years, ANANI'AS, the name of
and were then overcome by three persons mentioned in
Jepthah. Jud. x. &c. At va- the New Testament.
rious times in after ages 1. A professed christian,
they were permitted to who, with his wife Sapphira,
scourge the Hebrews. 2 died at the rebuke of Peter,
Chron. xx. At length Judas for their falsehood and hy-
Maccabeus overcame them, pocrisy. Acts v. 1 5. —
ravaged the country, and 2. A
christian of Damas-
burnt their cities. The poor cus, who restored Paul to
remains were afterward sight. Acts ix. 10 —
17, &c.
mingled among the Arabs, 3. The high priest, who
and the name was lost from presided in the council at
among nations. Amos i. Paul's examination. Acts
11—14. Zeph. ii. 9— 11. xxiii. 2.
AM-'ORITES, inhabitants ANATH'EMA, a solemn
of the fine country in Syria, curse; an accursed or de-
which was given to Israel. voted person or thing. 1
They occupied that portion Cor. xvi. 22.
which afterward constituted ANGEL,
a messenger. It
 ANG 17 ANO
isapplied to those heavenly 36. Their power is vast;
agents winch are the high- but reaches to nothing
est created intellectual be- strictly miraculous. Their
ings, whom God makes use number amounts to many
of as his ministers to exe- millions. Psl. lxviii. 17.
cute the orders of provi- Matt. xxvi. 53. Rev. v. 11.
dence; Rev. xxii. 8; to Dan. vii. 10. Their names,
who is
Christ, the Mediator of u thrones, dominions,
and Head of the church principalities, and powers,"
Zech. i. 12. Rev. x. 1 ; to suggest an order among
ministers of the Gospel, who them, though of what kind
are the ambassadors for we cannot certainly ascer-
Christ ; Rev. ii. 1, and iii. 1, tain. Col. i. 16.
7; to those whom God em- AN'ISE, a small plant,
ploys to execute his judg- somewhat like parsley, very
ments, Rev. xv. 8, and xvi. common in Juuea. The seed
1 ; to devils ; Matt. xxv. 41. is carminative and fragrant-
1 Cor. vi. 3. The most com- ANOINT, to pour oil up-
mon application of the term, on a person, as was done
is to the happy spirits who among the Jews, when they
have never fallen. When set apart a person to a holy
God founded the earth with office, as of prophet, priest,
such skill and goodness, or king ; which being by di-
they sang together and vine appointment, was to
shouted for joy. Jobxxxviii. denote the person's being
6., 7. They were created endued with the gifts of the
with eminent wisdom, holi- Spirit. Rut Jesus Christ
ness, and purity, and placed was the only one ever par-
in a most happy and hon- ticularly designated by God
ourable estate but capable
; to fill all the three distinct
of change, and some of offices of prophet, priest,
them fell. Their knowl- and king who was in a pe-
;

edge is great, but not in- culiar manner filled with

finite; they desire to look the Holy Ghost, of which
into the mystery of our sal- the oil was the emblem, and
vation, and learn from the thereby consecrated and au-
church the manifold wis- thorized to be the Messiah.
dom of God. Nor can they Christ is emphatically styl-
search the hearts of men, ed the anointed, in various
nor know future things, but parts of Scripture.
as particularly instructed of ANON,a word in com-
God. 1 Pet. i. 12. Eph. iii. mon use when our transla-
10. Jer. xvii. 10. Mat. xxiv. tion of the Bible was made,
B
 ANT 18 APO
of the same import as quick- famous for many hundred
ly. Mark xiii. 20. years. In the year A. D.
ANTICHRIST is a word 538, sixty thousand ofit3
of Greek origin, signifying inhabitants perished in an
a person or power, actuated earthquake. In 1188 it was
by a spirit opposite to that demolished by the Saracens.
of Christ. In the days of In 1822 a tremendous earth-
John there were already quake completely destroyed
many antichrists. 1 John the remains of this once
ii. 18, and iv. 3. The term splendid city ; and it is now
has been commonly applied little else than a heap of
to the church of Rome, ruins. Its present name is
which is thought to be des- JLntakia. There were many
cribed 2 Thess. ii. 4. Com- other cities called Antioch :

pare Daniel vii. 24, 25, and None of which are mention-
—
Rev. xvii. 1 6. Whether ed in Scripture, but that
this application of the term in Pisidia, which is now
be correct or not, has little called Ak-shcr. Acts xiii. 14.
to do with the controversy ANTIP'ATRIS, a city of
respecting the Catholic re- Canaan, situated in a pleas-
ligion, as that must stand ant valley, near the moun-
on the general agreement tains, in the way from Jeru-
or disagreement of its doc^ salem to Cesarea, about 17
trines and practices with miles distant from Joppa,
Scripture. and 42 from Jerusalem.
AN'TIOCH, the capital Acts xxiii. 31. It was for-
of Syria, lying on both merly called Capharsalama.
banks of the Orontes, twelve 1 Maccabees vii. 31, but
miles from the Mediterra- was of little note till enlarg-
nean sea. It was ranked ed and adorned by Herod.
the third city of the earth, AP'PII FORUM, a place
being scarcely inferior to in the south-west of Italy,
Alexandria. It was the about fifty miles from Rome,
royal residence of the kings where Paul was met by his
of Syria. Luke and Theoplt- Christian friends. Acts
iluswere born in this place. xxviii. 15. It is now called
Here Paul and Barnabas Fossa JVuova.
preached, and here the dis- APOCRYPHA, a number
ciples of Christ were first of books often placed be-
called Christians. Chrysos- tween the Old and New
tom preached here in the Testaments. They were
fourth century with great not admitted by the ancient
success. This church was Christians into the canon of
 !

APP 19 ARA
Scripture. None of them! is a species of fruit not com-
were ever received by the! mon in Palestine. The tree
Jews. They are not found so called in Scripture is
in the catalogue of the can- probably the citron, wr hich
onical books, made by Mi- is large, ever-green, and
leto, bishop of Carthage, in fragrant, and affords a de-
the second century; nor lightful shade. Songs viii.
does Origen in the third, or 5. Prov. xxv. 11.
Epiphanius in the fourth, ARABIA, a large coun-
acknowledge their authen- try of Asia, lying partly on
ticity. Few of them were the east, but chiefly south-
allowed to be canonical, till ward of Canaan. Its great-
in the ninth and tenth cen- est length fiom east to west,
turies, when the ignorance, is about 1620 miles ; and its
both of the people and of the greatest breadth from north
clergy was most deplorable. to south, about 1350. It
The popish council of Trent has the Indian ocean on the
voted them to be authentic, south, the R,ed Sea and Isth-
and they are still retained mus of Suez on the west,
by that persuasion. Some Canaan and Syria on the
of these books contain use- north-west and north, the
ful history and wholesome mountains of Cbaldea and
advice, but others are pue- the Persian gulf on the east.
rile and fabulous. It is ordinarily divided into
APOLLO'NIA,an unim- three parts. (1.) Arabia
portant city of Macedonia, Petrcsa, or the rocky, on the
now called Polina. Acts north-west, and which is
xvii. 1. now called Hejiaz. In the
APOLL'YON. See A- south-west part of it now
BAODOX. stand the famed cities of
APOSTLE, a messen- Mecca and Medina.so much
ger; the titlegiven to the visited by Mahometan pil-
twelve disciples of our bles- grims. This division con-
sed Saviour, who were sent tained the land of Edom,
forth to preach the gospel. the wilderness of Paran,
It is applied to Christ Jesus, the land of Cushan, &c.
who was sent from heaven The people of this part are
to assume our nature, and called " Men of the east."
to effect the great work of Genesis xxv. 6. Judges vi.
man's redemption, by his 3. (2.) Arabia Deserta,
merits and death. Heb. iii. 1. which lay eastward of Ca-
APPLE-TREE. The naan, and comprehended
kinds are numerous ; but it the land of Uz, of Ammon.
 ARA 20 ARE
Moab, Midian, with the north-east of Armenia. It
country of the Itureans, Ha- stands in a large plain, thir-
garenes, &c. In this part ty-six miles east from E-
was Mount Sinai. (3.) Ara- rivan, rising in a conical
bia Felix, or the happy, on shape to the height of about
the south of the two former, 12,000 feet above the level
between the Persian gulf of the sea, and is visible
and Red sea. Scarcely any nearly two hundred miles
part of Arabia is well wa- distant. Its top is inacces-
tered ; but Arabia-Felix sible on account of the snow
is famed for its opium, which perpetually covers it.
myrrh, cassia, and other The middle part is haunted
drugs, as well as for fine by a multitude of tigers ;
spices and fruits. The some poor flocks, and two
Arabians are, in general, pitiful monasteries, are
the descendants of Ishmael. seen at the foot.
The descendants of Abra- ARCHANGEL, the chief
ham by Keturah, as well angel. The name is never
as those of Lot and Esau, used in the plural, and some
dwelt also in this land, and learned men are decidedly
either mixed with, or drove of opinion that it means Je-
out, the inhabitants. sus Christ. 1 Thess. iv. 16.
AR'ARAT, a mountain in ARCTU'RUS, a star of
the country of the same the first magnitude in the
name, on which rested No- constellation of Bootes, near
ah's ark. Part of the prov- the north pole. It becomes
ince which was formerly so visible in September, and
called, lies in Turcomania, sets in March. Job ix. 9.
and the rest is in Persia. It The " sons ofArctunts" are
has Georgia on the north, probably the inferior stars
Media on the east, Assyria adiacent. Job xxxviii. 32.
on the south, and Lesser AREOP'AGUS,the high
Asia on the west. Here the court of Athens, called
rivers Euphrates, Tigris, Mars-hill, because it was
Araxes, and Phasis, have held on that eminence. It
their source. Here stand first consisted oinine judges,
the famed mountains, Tau- afterward of thirty, and fi-
rus and Antitaurus, Nipha- nally of five hundred.
tes, Gordian, &c. Th< There are still to be seen
mountain of Ararat, upon vestiges of their seats, cut
which Noah's ark rested, in the rock. Paul, when
was probably the Ar-dagh cited before them on a
or finger-mountain, near the charge of setting forth
 ARK 21 ARM
strange gods, preached so tween the expanded wings
ably that he was dismissed, of the cherubims, rested the
and Diofjysius, one of the Shechina like a visible cloud.
judges, was converted. Per- An ark similar to this was
haps others also. Acts xvii. made for the second temple}
ARIMATHE'A, a city of but it was destitute of the
Judea which appears to sacred contents above-men-
have stood near Bethel. tioned, and of the Shechina.
Matt, xxvii. 57. The name ARMAGED'DON. This
is now Ramla. word is of doubtful import.
ARK, the vessel built by It is thought by Grotius to
Noah for the preservation mean the Mount of meeting y
of his family, &c. during and signifies the place
the deluge. It is computed, where Constantine with a
from the measurement re- Christian army of 98,000
corded in Genesis, to have men conquered Maxentius
been of the burden of more with an army of 188,000
than 81,000 tons. It had heathen, which victory was
three decks or stories, di- so signal and entire, that
vided into numerous stalls the church was wholly freed
or apartments for the va- from Maxentius' tyranny.
rious species of animals, Rev. xvi. 16.
<&c. Gen. vi. and vii. ARME'NIA, a country
ARK OF THE COVE- north of Mesopotamia, was
NANT, a chest nearly four reduced into a Persian pro-
feet in length, of which a vince by Cyrus. After the
good idea may be formed days of Alexander it be-
trom the picture, p. 14. It came free, but was conquer-
contained the original stone ed by the Romans about half
tables of the law, Aaron's a century before Christ,
rod that /budded, the pot of and subsequently fell tofhe
manna, and in after times Saracens. It now forms
a copy of the five books of part of the Turkish Empire.
Moses. These seem at one Isa. xxxvii. 38.
time to have been kept be- ARMOUR. (1.) A coat of
fore the ark, 1 Kings viii. 9, mail. Rom. xiii. 12. Not
and at another within it. being proof against musket
Hebrews ix. 4. During the balls, it has been disused
cnptivity these precious ar- since the invention of gun-
ticles seem to have been powder. (2.) Weapons of
lost, except the stone tables. war. Those formerly used
The lid of the ark was called were sword, spear, bow and
the mercy-scat ; and be- arrow, sling, javelin, &c.
 ASH 22 AS I
ARTAXERX'ES, the' laomer smote the gigantic
name of a race of Persian Rephaims, and where was
kings, as Ptolemy was of the the residence of Og, king
Egyptian. One of them of Rashan. Gen. xiv. 5.
was the king who married A SI A as the term is used
,

Esther, Est. ii. and commis- in Scripture, means the

sioned Ezra and Nehemiah country lying between the
to repair the holy city. Propontis and Euxine, on
ASA, a good king of Ju- the north and the Medi-
;

dah, who ascended the terranean on the south.

throne about A. M. 3049.
Respectable chronologists
reckon that it was in his
days that the Argonauts
made the voyage up the
Hellespont. Neh. ii.
ASH'TAROTH, Ashto-
reth, or a famed
Astarte,
goddess of the Zidonians.
The moon, or queen of
heaven, was worshipped un-
der this name. Cicero calls
her the fourth Venus of
Syria. Perhaps she is the
JEstar or Eostre of the Sax-
ons, from whom the term
Easter is derived. She is va-
riously represented some-
; was w rested from the Ro-
Lesser Asia, Lydia perhaps
excepted, was originally
peopled by the offspring of
Japheth. It was anciently
parcelled out into many
small sovereignties, of
which the kingdoms of
Troas, Lydia, Pontus, Cap-
padocia, and the Grecian
states, were the most noted.
These first became subject
to Persia ; then to the
Greeks, under Alexander ;
and then to the Romans, to
whom Atalus the last king
of this country bequeathed
his kingdom by will. It
T

times in a long, sometimes mans by the Saracens. The

in a short habit some-
; ancient capital was Mysia,
times as holding a long but the Romans made Ephe-
stick with a cross at the sus the seat of their govern-
top; sometimes she ment, which they adminis-
is
crowned with rays at other
; tered first by a Praetor, and
times with the horns of a afterward by a Pro Consul.
bull ; which, according to The Saracens were after
Sanchoniathon, were em- 300 years supplanted by
blems of the new moon. the Turks, whose cruel bon-
Ash'taroth-kar'naim, a dage has reduced this fine
city belonging to the half- country to almost a desert.
tribe of Manasseh, eastward Driven at length to desper-
of Jordan, about six miles ation, a revolution com-
from Edrei ; where Chedor- menced A. D. 1821, which
 ASS 23 ATH
has, through the interven- Tim. i.12. The only proof
tion of European powers, of its genuineness is a holy
terminated in favour of the life. 1 John ii. 3, andiii. 14.
oppressed. This is thought ASSYR'IA, an ancient
by some to be the country kingdom, the boundaries of
called Isles of the sea, in Old which varied greatly in dif-
Testament prophecies. Isa. ferent ages ; but which is
xlii. 4. Flourishing church- generally described as hav-
es were planted here by the ing Armenia on the north,
apostles, some of which re- Persia on the east and south,
main till this day, but in a and the Tigris on the west.
deplorable condition. It was founded by king
AS'KELON,a noble sea- Ninus, who began his reign
port of the Philistines, be- according to Usher, A. M.
tween Gaza and Ashdod. It 2737, during the period that
was the birth place of Herod Deborah judged Israel. Its
the Great. In the time of chief city was Nineveh.
the Crusades it became an Under Tiglath Pileser, and
important post, and was his immediate successors
greatly improved as well as Salmaneser, Sennacherib,
fortified by Richard I. of Esar-haddon, &c. it was a
England, It is now a powerful kingdom, 1 Chron.
wretched village, called v. 26, but was afterward
Scalona, or Scalon. annexed to Persia. It is
ASSURANCE, a firm now desolate country,
a
confidence. When Chris- and infested with robbers.
tians possess a strong and Its present name is Curdis-
stedfast belief ofGod's grace tan.
in his Son Jesus, and wholly ASTROL'OGERS, per-
confide in him for salvation, sons who pretended to fore-
it is called the " full assur- tel future events by the
ance of faith." Heb. x. 22.
'
" The full assurance of ATH'ENS, a very cele-
hope," is an undoubting brated city of Greece, built
expectation of future bless- more than 1200 years before
edness. Heb. vi. 11. All the birth of Christ. Cicero
Christians do not enjoy the says its inhabitants perfect-
grace of assurance, but all ed all learning and elo-
are commanded to obtain it. quence, and from them Hu-
2 Cor. xiii. 5. Heb. vi. 11. manity, Learning, Religion,
1 Thess. v. 21. Some have and Laws were dispersed
certainly enjoyed it. Job through the whole world ;
xix. 25. Psl. xvii. 15. 2 but he adds, tl they only
 BAA 24 BAA
kneic what was right, but deans, and frequently the
would not do it." Plu- Hebrews, had their Baal,
tarch says they were sus- which, from his place of
picious and vain-glorious. worship, or supposed office,
See what Paul says, Acts had often distinguishing
xvii. 16 — 22. It produced epithets annexed ; as Baal-
Solon, Socrates, Aristides, berith, Baal-peor, Baal-ze-
Demosthenes, &c. besides bub, &c. Often this name
many renowned generals. Baal was a part of the
ATONEMENT, that act names of persons and cities,
of the blessed Redeemer, in perhaps to signify that the-
which he satisfied divine most of them were dedica-
justice by the sacrifice of ted to his service. This the
himself. It is by faith that pious Hebrews sometimes
man, convinced of sin, turned into Bosheth, which
looks to the merits and signifies shame ; thus Jerub-
death of Jesus Christ, and baal is turned into Jerubosh-
through the operation of the eth. Judg. vi. 32. 2 Sam.
Holy Spirit, obtains pardon, xi. 21. Eshbaal into Ish-
peace, and holiness. Rom. bosheth ; Meribaal into Me-
v. 10. phibosheth. Baal is oft
AZO'TUS, a city in the named Baalim, in the plural,
tribe of Dan. Acts viii. 40. because there were many
It was formerly Ashdod of Baals ; or at least, many im-
the Philistines, where the ages of him. Every sort of
ark of God triumphed over abominations was commit-
Dasron. 1 Sam. v. 2. ted on the festivals of this
idol, and of Ashtaroth, his
mate. In his temples was
kept a perpetual fire ; and
altars were erected to him
e. in groves, high places and
on the tops of houses. Jer.
BA'AL, signifies lord, xxxii. 35. 2 Kings xvii. 16.
and perhaps in the earliest The origin of this idolatry
ages was a name applied to is very ancient. The Mo-
the true God. It was a abites begun their worship
very common name of the of Baal before the days of
male idols among eastern Moses. The Hebrews be-
nations, as Ashlar oih or As- gan theirs in his time. Num.
tarte, was for their female xxii. 41. Psl. cvi. 23. They
deities. The Moabites, Phe- relapsed into that idolatry
nicians, Assyrians, Chal- after the death of Joshua,
 BAB 25 BAB
and under the judges Ehud, Lord; and after they had
Gideon, and Jepthah. Judg. worked, it is said, twenty-
ii. 13. iii. 7. vi, 25. x. b\ two years, he confounded
Samuel seems have quite
to their language. This effect-
abolished the worship of ually stopped the building,
this idol from Israel. 1 Sam. procured it the name of
vii. 4. But Ahab and Jez- Babel, or Confusion, and
ebel above 200 years after- obliged the offspring of
wards revived it in all its Noah to disperse them-
abominations ; 450 priestsselves, and replenish the
were appointed to attend world.
his service, and nearly as BAB'YLON, the name of
|

many for Ashtaroth. It was the capital city of Chaldea,

often revived in succeed- and is often given to the
ing generations, till after whole empire. Isaiah xii.
the captivity, and the es- 9 11. —
It was a city of
tablishment of synagogues, astonishing magnificence,
since which the Jews have built perfectly square, with
not been addicted to idola- the streets running at right
try. angles. The Euphrates ran
BABEL. In the year of through the midst, from
the world 1753, that is, 102 north to south. The statue
years after the flood, man- of Jupiter Belus^m. the great
kind being- all of one lan- temple here, is thought to
guage and religion, they have been the same that
agreed to erect a tower Nebuchadnezzar erected in
of prodigious extent and the plain of Dura. Dan. iii.
height. Their design was The famous " hanging gar-
not to secure themselves dens," as they are termed,
against a second deluge, or did not hang literally, but
they had built their tower were a succession of ter-
on a high mountain; but races raised on arches of
to get themselves a famous increasing height, till they
character, and to prevent reached the level of the top
their dispersion by the erec- of the city wall, which was
tion of a monument which 350 feet high. Nimrod
should be visible from a founded this city; Belus
great distance. No quarries enlarged it ; and Nebuchad-
being found in that rich soil, nezzar perfected and beauti-
they made bricks for stone, fied it. During the reign
and used slime for mortar. of this monarch Judea was
Their haughty and rebel- annexed to the territory of
lious attempt displeased the Babylon, and all the nobles
 BAB 26 BAL
and chief men withdrew insignificance about the
thence and settled in Baby- days of our Saviour, and
lonia, This occurred about finally fell into ruins. The
A. M. 3420, and is called in present city of Bagdad
Jewish history the Baby- stands upon its site. It was
lonish Captivity. Babylon founded A. D. 762, by the
was captured and ravaged Saracens, and continued to
by Cyrus, A.M. 3468; and be the seat of their Caliphs,
was subsequently still more for 500 years. It then ex-
injured by Darius and Xer- perienced various changes
xes. In the time of our till A. D,1638, when it fell
Saviour, it had been wholly into the hands of the Turks,
abandoned. The course of who still retain it. Though
the Euphrates is now chang- greatly reduced from its
ed, aud the spot on which splendour and size, when
Babylon stood cannot be under the Saracens, it still
found Isa. xiii. xiv. xxi.
! has a great trade, especially
xlvi. and xlvii. Jer. 1. &c. and a population
to Persia ;

The striking accomplish- of 20,000 inhabitants. The

ment of prophecy in the Greeks and Catholics have
conquest, decline, and deso- convents here.
lation of Babylon, is shown Babylon the Great,
in a very interesting man- is a symbolical term, used
ner, by M. Rollin. Ancient in the New Testament,
History, Vol. II, chiefly in the Revelations ;
A chief cause of the total generally considered to
ruin of Babylon, was the mean Rome ; 1 Pet. v, 13,
building of Seleucia, 45 or the popish kingdom and
miles southward, on the church. Rev. xvi. xvii. and
banks of the Tigris, some xviii.
times called New Babylon, BACKSLIDER, one who
which became the capital of gradually falls back from his
Babylonia, and in time ut- religious ardour and en-
terly supplanted the old gagements. When this be-
citjr. Here the famous comes total, it is called
Babylonish Talmud,* was Apostacy, Pro v. xiv. 14.
compiled. It dwindled into Jer. viii. 5,
BA'LAAM, an ancient
*The Jews have two Talmuds prophet, who became very
,•

one of Jerusalem, the other of Bab- wicked, and practised in-

ylon, so called from the places where
they were written. These are com-
pilations of their tradiiionai-y law
with comments.
cantations. Numb. xxii.
xxiii. xxiv. He counselled
Moab to seduce Israel to
 BAP 27 BEE
sin, that they might bring BARLEY, a well known
that curse on themselves grain, now used principally
which he could not inflict. for malt liquor, but ancient-
Numb. xxxi. 16. To be ly for cattle and to make
anxious to get gain, though coarse bread. 1 Kings iv.
by wickedness, is called 26. 2 Kings iv. 22. John vi.
" the way of Balaam. 8—10.
2 Pet. ii. 15. Allowing of BA'SHAN, orBATAMA,
imcleanness, is called " the one of the most fruitful
doctrine of Balaam." Rev. countries in the world, ly-
ii. 14. ing cliiefly within the lot of
BALM, a resin or balsam, Manasseh, eastward of Jor-
extracted from the balm- dan. Numbers, xxxii. 33,
tree, which grows in va- Besides villages, it contain-
rious parts of Arabia and ed sixty fenced cities. It
Canaan. The
estimation in was peculiarly famous for
which it was held
as a its rich pasture, excellent
medicinal drug, is not only flocks and herds, and state-
appirent from Scripture, ly oaks. Ezek. xxxix. 18,
but Pliny, Strabo, JDiodorus, BATH, a Hebrew meas-
Siculus, Tacitus, Justin, ure containing one tenth
Solinus, and others, cele- part of a homer. It seems
brate its virtues as such. to be the same as the Epha.
That of Gilead was reckon- BDEL'LIUM is usually
ed the best. The Arabs considered to be a fragrant
sold of it to the Egyptians, gum produced in the east.
and the Jews to the Tyrians. Bochart considers it to be
Gen. xxx vii. 25. Ezek. the pearl; Reland calls it
xxvii. 17. Its specific grav- crystal. Genesis ii. 12,
ity is lighter than water. Numb.xi. 7,
The taste is bitter. It is BEEL'ZEBUB, the prince
no longer cultivated in Pal- of flies, or god of Ekrork,
estine. But so lately as worshipped as having pow-
1766, Mariti saw it growing er over all hurtful insects.
in the plain of Jericho, and The name is applied in the
describes the process of ob- New Testament to Satan.
taining the balsam. Matt. x. 25. xii. 24. Luke
BAPTIZE, to administer xi. 15—19.
the ordinance of baptism, BEER'SHEBA, a city in
whereby a person is admit- extremity of
the southern
ted into church fellowship. Canaan, as Dan was in the
Matt, xxviii. 19. Acts viii. northern. Hence the ex-
36—39. Rom. vi. 3—5, &c. pression a from Dau to
 —

BEL 28 BER
Beersheba," which often resolution, by the grace o
occurs in the Bible, meant God, to obey its precepts
the whole land. To receive, and rely upon
BEETLE, a genus of in- Christ for life and salvation.
sects, of which there are John i. 12. Rom. ix. 33.
many species. The Egyp- A bare assent to gospel
tians paid it divine honours, truths is sometimes called
and we still find its image belief. Acts viii. 13.
on their obelisks. It is BE LSH AZ'Z AR, a profli-
mentioned only in Leviti- gate king of Babylon, who
cus xi. 22. reigned 17 years, and was
BEHEMOTH. Sacred stabbed to death by some
critics are not agreed wheth- soldiers of Darius on the
er this is the elephant or night of his guilty feast.
hippopotamus the proba-
; Daniel v. His kingdom
bility seems to lean toward thenceforth passed over to
the former. Elephants are theMedes and Persians.
so often exhibited through BERE'A,acity of Mace-
the country, that it is need- donia, very populous in the
less to describe them here. days of Paul. Acts xvii. It
BEIROOT, or Bayrout, now bears the name of
is a place, which, though Veria.
not mentioned in Scripture, BERNPCE,the daughter
deserves a place here, from of Agrippa the Great. She
its having become the chief was first betrothed to Mark,
seat of the late mission to son of Alexander, governor
the Holy Land. It is a sea- of the Jews at Alexandria.
port on the Mediterranean, She however married her
14 miles north-eastof Sidon, own uncle, Herod, king of
and 137 miles north from Chalcis. After his death,
Jerusalem and has 8,000 she married PoLEMON,king
;

inhabitants. The Roman of Ponius. but abandoned

Catholics have long main- him, and returning to Agrip-
tained a mission here, as pa, her brother, lived with
they have also in many him in incest. They sat
other parts of this country. with pomp to hear Paul
BELIEVE, to have a firm preach. Acts xxv.
trust and confidence in the BER'YL, a precious
truth of a report. To be- stone, resembling, in many
lieve the Gospel, is to have points, the emerald. Its
a full persuasion of the di- size varies exceedingly,
vine authority of its doc- some being not larger than
trines, and a determined a hair, while some have
 BET 29 BIB
been found a foot long, and of Jerusalem. It is also
3 or 4 inches in diameter. called Ephratah and Eph-
The ordinary size is about rathy its inhabitants Ephra-
that of a large pea. The col- thites, from its founder. It
our is a fine blue, often bor-was considerable only for
dering on green. In its giving birth to Ibzan, Elime-
perfect state, it is about as lech, Boaz, David, and chief-
hard as the garnet. Found ly to the Messiah. Mic. v.
chiefly in the East Indies, 2. It is said now to contain
and South America. more than 1000 inhabitants,
BESTEAD, an obsolete the most of whom are nom-
word for conditioned or dis- inal Christians. Its present
posed. Isa. viii. 21 name is Beet-la-hm.
BETHEL, literally " the BETH'PAGE,a small vil-
house of God." The place lage belonging to the priests.
which was so named by It was hard by Bethany,
Jacob, Gen. xxviii. 19, was and nearly two miles east of
where Abram had pitched Jerusalem. Here our Sa-
his tent, Gen. xii. 8. Jacob viour obtained the ass for his
afterward resided here. lowly triumph. Mat. xxi.l.
Gen. xxxv. 6. It afterward BETHSA'IDA, literally,
became the site of an im- a place of fishing ; a city of
portant city. Though it was Galilee, on the west coast of
called Lus when Abram the sea of Tiberias. It was
dwelt there, Moses calls it the residence of Philip, An-
Bsthel, because in his day it drew, and Peter. John i. 44.
was only known by that It had a wo pronounced
name. It was about 10 against it by Christ, and was
miles north of Jerusalem. one of the first places ravag-
BETHES'DA, a pool on ed by the Romans. Matt,
the east of Jerusalem. The xi. 21. It is now called
name signifies a house of Batsida. Some think there
mercy ; so called because a was another place of this
public bath was here erect- name on the opposite coast,
ed, or because God gracious- near the entrance of the
ly bestowed healing virtue Jordan.
on the pool. As it lay near BIBLE. This word, which
the temple, the sacrifices does not occur in Scripture,
might be washed in it ; but means literally The Book.
it did not thence derive its See Scripture. An excel-
virtue. John v. 9. lent article on the word can
BETH'LEHEM,acityof be found in Buck's Theolog-
Judah, about six miles south ical Dictionary.
 BIR 30 BIT
BIRDS were created on modern names are added on
the fifth day. Like all other the authority of the editor
creatures, they are wonder- of Calmet's Dictionary.
fully adapted to their mode
of life. Such as chiefly fly, Birds of the Mr.
have very large wings. Eagle, Eagle.
Ossifrage, Vulture,
Such as wade in the mud ;
.

Ospray, Black Eagle,

have long legs bare, of feath- Vulture, Hawk.
ers. Such as swim, have Kite, Kite.
webbed feet. Such as bore Raven, Raven.
trees for insects, have strong Birds of the Land.
Owl, Ostrich.
round bills. Such as live !Night Hawk, Night Owl.
on prey, have crocked bills, Cuckoo, Sai'-saf.
to tear flesh. Such as rise Hawk, Ancient Ibis.

high in the air, have eyes Birds of the Water.

capable of seeing the small- LittleOwl, Sea Gull.
Cormorant, Cormorant.
est worm from a great Great Owl, Ibis Ardea.
height. Such as grope for Swan, Wild Goose.
their food in the mud, where Pelican, Pelican.
Gier Eagle, Alcyone.
it cannot be seen, have flat
Stork, Stork.
bills with the nerves run- Heron, Longneck.
ning down to the very end, Lapwing, Hoopoe.
so that they have as delicate VnioL ue.
a sense of feeling there, as Bat, Bat.

we have in our fingers. BISHOP, a shepherd, or

Many other proofs of the overseer. In the New Tes-
wisdom and goodness of tament the word means a
God are found in the study spiritual overseer, having
of ornithology, as this sub- the charge of souls, to in-
ject is called. They are struct and guide them by
classed by naturalists by the word. It seems to be
referring to their bills, feet, synonymous with Elder, or
&c. Under the Jewish dis- Presbyter. Acts xx. com-
pensation, they were divid- pare the 17th and 20th ver-
ed into clean and unclean. ses. Titus i. 5—7. 1 Pet.
It may be observed in gen- v. 1,2. The word is ap-
eral, that such as fed on plied to Christ himself.
grain or seeds, were clean, 1 Pet. ii. 25.
while such as ate flesh, fish, BITHYN'IA, a province
or carrion, were prohibited. on the south of the Euxine
The following is a list of the sea, west ofPontusand Ga-
—
unclean the rest were al- latia. north of Asia Proper,
lowed to be eaten. The and east of the Propontis,
 BIT 31 BLA
supposed to have been set- j after Christ. Indeed there
tied by Thracians. It was are still a few Christians in
formerly called Mygdonia. the place. It is now called
It was famed in the time of Becksangilj and sometimes
the Argonautic expedition, Bursia.
which might be during the BITTERN, a fowl of the
reign of Rehoboam, if not heron kind. It is common
earlier." The metropolis in fenny countries, skulks
was Nicomedia, a city among the reeds and sedges;
famous not only under the and ordinarily stands with
kings of Bithynia, but also its neck and beak straight
under the Emperors of upward. It suffers people
Rome, particularly Diocle- to come very near it; and
tian who had a palace there, if unable to escape, will
the destruction of which by strike at them. It flies
fire occasioned the tenth mostly in the dusk of the
general persecution of evening, and makes a plan-
Christians. Its other im- tive noise among the reeds.
portant cities were Prusa, Nineveh and Babylon be-
Nice, Libyssa and Therma. came a possession for the
Chalcedon, an ancient city bittern, when the spot was
in this country situated on partly turned into a fen or
the Bosphorus, which divid- pool of water. Isaiah xiv.
ed Europe from Asia, was 23, and xxxi. 11. Zeph. ii.
famous for the council 14.
which met in it, and com- BLASPHEME, to re-
demned the Eutychian her- proach and revile God, by
esy. At a very early period denying or ridiculing his
Christianity was here plant- perfections, word, or ordi-
ed, and a number of Jews nances, and by ascribing to
and others believed. 1 Pe- him any thing base or sin-
ter i. ]. Historians trace a ful. Tit. ii. 5.Rev. xiii. 6.
church here for 1000 years What the unpardonable
blasphemy against the Holy
*The Argonautic Expedition is an Ghost is, has been much
era in ancient history rendered im- controverted. The occa-
portant, by the frequency of refer-
sion of Christ's mentioning
ence made to it by early writers.
Sir Isaac Newton laboured to as- it, Matt. xii. 21—31, has in-
certain the exact date of it, and duced many to think that it
thence to rectify and settle all an- consists only in ascribing
cient chronology. A sufficient ac- his miracles to diabolical
count jf this voyage may be found in
Gillies'' History of Greece, or any influence; but when we
Encyclopedia under the word. consider also, Heb. vi. 4, 5,
 BOD' 32 BOO
and x. 26 —30, it appears of man. It signifies the
that an obstinate and ma- church of God, which is the
licious rejection of Christ,mystical body of Christ. 1
and salvation through him, Cor. x. 17. Col. i. 18. In
notwithstanding strong con- the Lord's Supper, the bread
victions of the Holy Ghost, is called the body of Christ,
is an unpardonable sin. that is, the representation of
BLESS, to make happy, his body, and is received as
which, properly, is the act a memorial of his sufferings,
of God alone, the author of and the pledge of all the
every bles-ing. God bless- benefits purchased by his
es, especially, by the rich death.
provision which he has BOLL'ED, a word which
made in his glorious plan of occurs but once in the Bible,
redemption, in the supplies viz. Ex. ix. 31, " The flax
of his grace, and by the was boiled," which seems
gifts of his Holy Spirit, to mean that it was neatly
whereby man is enabled to ripe, and the round seed
serve him acceptably in this vessels fullv developed.
world, and to receive a BONNET, a covering for
meetness that eternal
for the head of the Hebrew
inheritance in heaven, priests, made of linen, some-
where he will be perfectly what in the form of a turban.
happy in the enjoyment of That of the high priest was
God forever. This word is adorned with gold and
often used in an inferior fronted with the plate in-
sense, and man is said to scribed " Holiness to the
bless God, when, with a Lord." Ex. xxviii. 40.
grateful heart, he praises BOOK, a volume written
him for benefits received, or printed. The different
and lives to his glory. He parts of Scripture are called
may be said to bless his books. They are separate in
fellow creatures, when he their nature,but harmonious
wishes them every good, among themselves. They
and uses his best endeavours were at first written and cir-
to promote their happiness. culated separate!}-, some-
BOANER'GES, sons of thing as tracts are now.
thunder. The sons of Zeb- Formerly plates of lead
edee are called so because and copper, the bark of
vehement in their feelings, trees, thinbricks, stone, and
and powerful in their wood, were used to write on.
preaching. Mark iii. 17. Hesiod's works were writ-
BODY, the material parti ten on lead ; God's law on
 A LEATHERN BOTTLE,

As used in Eastern countries

 BOO 35 BRA
stone and the laws of So- Phil. iv. 3.
; Honourable
lon on planks. When these persons, not citizens, were
last were used they were sometimes entered here,
generally covered with a which was giving the free-
thin coat of wax, for ease dom of the city. Vagabonds
both in writing and in blot- and disorderly persons had
ting oat, which explains the their names erased. Rev,
expression of David when iii. 5,
he prays that his sins may BOOTH, a shelter gen-
be blotted out as a cloud, erally made of forked poles
i. e. the record of them. driven into the ground, cov-
Palm leaves, being more ered with green boughs,
convenient as to bulk and Lev. xxiii. 42. During the
portableness, were after- feast of tabernacles, the
ward made into books, and Jews resorted to the country
are still so used in India. and set up booths- Neh*
Then the thin inner bark of viii. 14.
trees, especially the elm ;
BORDER of the Gar-
hence the Latin word liber, ment. See Phylacteries.
(the inner bark $fa tree,) BOTTLE. Anciently,
means also a book. After- bottles were made of leather^
wards the Papyrus, or " pa- as glass was unknown,
per reed," was used. Isaiah The skin oi a goat, pulled
xix. 7. Parchment was af- off whole, and the places
terward invented in Perga- where the legs were, being
mos. Books of these two tied up, formed a conve-
last substances were rolled nient bottle, as shown by
on sticks like cloth, and the engraving. As they
hence the word volume, grew tender by using, new
from the Latin word volvo, wine, which had not done
to roll. Paper, such as we fermenting, could not be
now use,was invented a- safely put in them. Matt,
bout nine hundred years ix. 17. David in distress
ago, and printing was in- compares himself to a bottle
vented about four hundred in the smoke, dried up and
years ago. See Paper. withered. Psl. cxix. 83.
Book of Life, signifies BRASS, a word of fre-
God's recognition of his quent occurrence in the Bi-
people, and secure remem- ble. As it is well known
brance of them, and is an that this compound metal
allusion to the registers was first made in Germany,
kept in cities of the names only six or seven hundred
of all the regular citizens. years ago, it seems much
 ; ;

BRI 36 BUR
more proper to translate the BULRUSH. See Paper.
Hebrew word nehesi, copper. BURNT-OFFERING. A
Iron and copper were "whole burnt-offering,"was
known before the flood. a sacrifice in which the vic-
BREAST-PLATE, apart tim was wholly consumed
of the high-priest's holy ap- on the altar. A " burnt-of-
parel. It was about 10 inch- fering" was the fat of the
es square, and consisted of intestines and kidneys, and
12 gems, set in gold, each the fat tail of sheep, burnt
gem representing a tribe of after being sprinkled with
Israel. They were set in salt; the riiiht fore quarter
four rows. In the upper- was the portion of the priest,
most were a sardius, topaz, and the rest was given back
and carbuncle, for Reuben. to the offerer, who common-
Simeon, and Levi in the ; ly ate it as a feast, and in-
second, an emerald, sap- vited widows, orphans, Le-
phire, and diamond, for Ju- vites. &c. to partake.
dah, Dan, and Naphtali BURY. The Hebrews
in the third, a ligure, an were careful to bury even
agate, and amethyst, for their enemies. 1 Kings xi.
Gad, Asher, and Issachar ;
J 5.Ezek. xxxix. 14. The
in the lowest, a beryl, onyx, troublesome pollution of
and jasper, for Zebulun, dead bodies required it. To
Joseph, and Benjamin. The be depraved of burial, or cast
reader will find these stones into an unclean place, they
described under their re- reckoned a terrible calami-
spective names. This breast- ty. When one died, if his
plate was fastened to the friends were able, he was
embroidered ephod of the embalmed, and after a prop-
high priest, so as to hang er time, carried out to his
upon his bosom, and was grave on a bier, if poor ; or
worn only on appointed oc- on a stately bed, if rich,
casions. It was called a and laid as in a bed, in the
*'memorial," because it grave. The dead bodies
taught the priest to bear his were arrayed in clothes
people on his heart before but from the resurrection of
God, and reminded the Lazarus, and other evi-
people of the blessing of the dence, it appears they were
ministry. not buried in coffins, as is
BRIGANDINE, an an- the manner with us. To
cient kind of mail, worn in be " buried with Christ in
battle, to secure the soldiers baptism," imports our mor-
from sword cuts. tification of sin, by virtue
 ;

CJES 87 C^ES
of fellowship with him in a small town, called the
his death, represented in our Tower of Strato, and had an
baptism. Rom. vi. 4. Col. inconvenient, exposed har-
ii. 12.
bour. Herod the Great buill
a noble breakwater, enlarg-
ed and beautified the place,
and called it Caesarea, in
honour of the emperor, his
CAB, or Kab, a Hebrew patron. Eusebius, the his-
measure, containing the 18th torian, was born here, Here
part of an ephah, equal to Cornelius lived, Acts x. 1
our quart. 2 Kings vi. 25. here Agrippa was smitten of
In giving the capacity of is ; and her Agabu?
Hebrew measures, authors foretold Paul's imprison-
are followed who seem most ment. Acts xxi, 10, 11. This
reasonable ; but it is a sub- is the Caesarea mentioned
ject on which, at this distance also in the following places.
of time, rests great uncer- Acts viii. 40. ix. 30. xii. 19.
tainty. xxi. 8. xxiii. 23, 33. xxv. 4,
CiESAR, a name which 13. It is now wholly deserted
after becoming dignified in and desolate ; and its ruins
the person of Julius Ccesar, have long been resorted to
was the appellation of his for building materials requir-
successors on the throne. ed at Accho. The present
The emperors mentioned, or name of the place is Kaisa-
alluded to by this title in the via.
New Testament, are Au- OffiSARE'A PHILIP'PI
gustus, Luke ii. 1, Tibe- is thought by many geogra-
rius, Luke iii. 1, and xx. phers to be the same city
—
22 25, Claudius, Acts xi. called Laisk, or Dan, in the
28, and Nero, Acts xxv. 8. Old Testament. If this be
The reader will do well to not the case, it certainly
look out these passages, and stood not far from thence.
where the distinctive title is It was enlarged and embel-
not found in the text, to write lished by Philip the Te-
it in the margin of his Bible. trarch ;and hence its double
It is remarkable that Cali- name —he choosing to hon-
gula, who succeeded Ti- our Tiberius Caesar and
berius, is not mentioned.
himself. It was the resi-
C^SARE'A is on the dence of the woman healed
coast of the Mediterranean, of the issue of blood. Mat. ix,
about sixty miles from Je- 20. It is now an inconsider-
rusalem. Anciently it was able village, called Banias.
 CAM S8 CAM
CAL'AMUS, an exceed- as the dromedary, lama, and
ingly fragrant reed or cane, pacos. It is a native of Asia,
common in the cast, and lives between forty and fifty
growing to the height of two years, subsists on poor and
or three feet. Its essence scanty herbage, endures as-
constituted one of the ingre- tonishing labours and intense
dients of the holy anointing heat, can go for many days
oil. Ex. xxx. 23. Ezek. without water, and is ex-
xxvii. 19. tremely docile and patient.
CALLING, any lawful Of the coarse part of its hair,
employment. 1 Cor. vii. 20. is made sackcloth, Rev. vi.
The general invitation to 12, and of the finest parts,
repentance, by the ministry, beautiful shawls, &c. It is
by providence, or hy the mo- the great dependence of the
tions of the Holy Spirit on Arabs, for food, clothing" and
the consciences of men, labour. No other animal
whereby they are warned would at all supply its place.
of their danger, and taught Job, after his affliction, had
the need of a Saviour. Isa. six thousand camels.
xxii. 12. Matt. xxii. 14. CAMP. In the camp of
That more particular invi- the Hebrews in the desert,
tation by the preaching of the tabernacle was placed
the word, and effectual ope- in the midst. Moses, Aaron,
ration of the Holy Spirit, and their families, had their
whereby sinners know, be- tents on the east of it, which
lieve, and obey the Gospel. was considered the front.
Horn, xi. 29. On the south pitched the
CALVARY, or Golgo- Kohathites on the west, ;

tha, " the Place of Skulls.'' the Gershonites on the;

A small hill, on the north side north, the Merarites. Thus

of Mount Zion, so called, it was encompassed by the
either from its being in the Levites. Beyond the tents
shape of a man's head, or of Moses and the priests, on
because it was a place of the east, was the camp of
execution, which among the Judah, to which belonged
Romans as well as Jews, Issachar and Zebulun on ;

was often done by behead- the south, of Reuben, to

ing. Jud. ix. 5. Matt. xiv. which belonged Simeon and
10. The empress Helena Gad ; on the w est, of T

built a noble church on this Ephraim, with Manasseh,

spot, which still exists. and Benjamin on the north,
;

CAMEL, an animal be- of Dan, with Asher, and

longing to the same genus Naphtali. Before com-
 ;

CAM CAN
mencing march, which much used to adorn baths
a
was only when the cloud and dwellings. Turkish and
moved from over the taber- Egyptianladiesuse the pow-
nacle, the people had three der of the dried leaves to
warnings by the silver give a red tinge to their nails,
trumpets; one, to pack up a practice of great antiquity.
baggage a second, to as-
; CA'N A AN, the Scripture
semble to the standards name of what is now called
and a third, to begin the Palestine, or the Holy
march. The camp of Ju- Land. Its name was de-
dah marched 6rst; the tab- rived from Canaan, w hose T

ernacle was then taken posterity settled here, and

down and the Gershonites remained for about seven
;

and Merarites, laying the hundred years. Becoming

various materials on wag- enormously corrupt, they
gons, followed. Next the were devoted to destruction,
camp of Reuben marched; and their land given to Is-
the Kohathites followed, rael. Its conquest is re-
with the more sacred fur corded in the book of Josh-
niture of the tabernacle on ua, &c. after which it was
their shoulders. Next fol- called " The Land of Israel."
lowed the camp of Ephraim Its boundaries, as generally-
;

and that of Dan brought up laid down, are, Lebanon on

the rear. Numb. i. ii. iv. x. the north, Arabia on the
CAMPHIRE, a white east, Idumea on the south,
translucent vegetable prod- and the sea on the west.
uct, of a highly fragrant Under David and Solomon,
odour, and aromatic taste. its extent was greatly in-
It is procured from two creased, by the conquest of
species of trees, one of Ammon, Moab, Edom, &c.
which grows in Japan the 1 Kings iv. 21—24. It was
;

other, from which the best a most beautiful and fertile

and largest portion of the country, and the Jews mul-
drug is obtained, grows tiplied in it to an astonishing
wild in Borneo and Sumatra. degree.
These trees are of the laurel Under Rehoboam, a dread-
species,* but of astonishing ful rending asunder of the
magnitude, some attaining, kingdom took place, which
it is said, a height of two made Judah and Benjamin
hundred feet, and propor- one kingdom, and the re-
tionably thick. The blossoms maining ten tribes another.
diffuse a powerful and de- 1 Kings xii. Jerusalem
licious fragrance, and are continued the metropolis of
 CAN 40 CAN
Judah and Benjamin ;and serted and maintained its in-
this kingdom adhered to the dependence, under John
true God, and his proper Hyrcanus and his succes-
worship. Samaria became sors. It however was forc-
the metropolis of Israel, and ed afterward to submit to
that people worshipped the victorious Romans, who
golden calves at Bethel and divided it into provinces, and
Dan. These separate king- set over them such rulers as
doms were often at war, to they pleased. These prov-
their unspeakable detriment, inces, at the time of Christ,
and were often devastated by were Judea, Samaria, and
foreign enemies. At last, Galilee. There was also a
about721 years before Christ, province on the north, called
the kingdom of Israel was Percea, and one on the south,
entirely overthrown by Shal- called Idumcea, which were
inaneser, king of Assyria, considered as belonging to
after it had stood about two Palestine. It continued thus,,
hundred and fifty-four years, in possession of much peace
and has never since been re- and prosperity, till the spirit
stored. Judah survived as of revolt drew on it the ven-
a kingdom about one hun- geance of the Romans, who,
dred and thirty years longer, under Titus, destroyed Je-
and was then B. C. 590, en- rusalem, and terminated
tirely conquered by Nebu- wholly the existence of the
chadnezzar, king of Babylon, Jews as a nation.
who carried away with him Since that period, Israel-
the most important of the ites have been found in al-
people. most every commercial part
After a captivity of seven- of the world, and not a few
ty years, they returned grad- have ever continued on the
ually; their temple and city, soil of their forefathers; but
which had laid in ruins, were their once beautiful land has
rebuilt, and they enjoyed been constantly suffering
peace as a province of Persia. under the horrors of servi-
When that monarchy was tude and frequent wars. The
overthrown by Alexander, Saracens, Crusaders, Mam-
Judea (as the whole of Ca- elukes, and Turks, have ru-
naan was then called) sub- led it in succession and un- ;

mitted to the conqueror. Af- der these last masters, who

ter Alexander's death, this have possessed it since the
country was sometimes sub- year 1317, its sterility and
ject to Syria, and sometimes desolation have constantly
to Egypt, and for a time as- increased. Its once noble
 CAP 41 CAP
cities are now poor villages, It was famous for horse*,
and most of former vil- mules, and flocks ; and trad-
its

lages are utterly extinct. ed in these with the Tyrians.

The territory is now divid- Ezek. xxvii. 14. According
ed into two districts, viz. to Herodotus, it submitted
Acre, comprising the sea- to the Medes, and (hen to
board, and Damascus, em- the Persians, parts of whose
bracing the remainder ; each worship the inhabitants in-
of which is governed by a corporated with their own
Pacha, or Bashaw. The idolatry. It afterward form-
population is now very mix- ed part of the vast Roman
ed, consisting of Turks, Empire. Christianity was
(who hold all the chief of- introduced here in the days
fices,) Syrians, Bedoun of the Apostles, Acts ii. 9,
Arabs, Jews, Copts, Druses, and continues to this day.
and Christians. The
last At the village of Dacora in
are generally, Roman
Cath- this province was born
olics, Greeks, and Arme- Eunomius the Arian. Some
nians. Many monks reside of its early pastors were very
here, and most of the chief distinguished for piety and
towns have convents. learning.
CAPER'NAUM, a prin- CAPTIVITY, the state of
cipal city of Galilee. It a person who is at the com-
stood on the western shore mand of another, and com-
of the sea of Tiberias, in the pelled to obey his will. God
border of Zebuiun and often punished the vices and
Naphtali, not far from Beth- infidelity of his people by the
saida. It received its name different captivities, into
from a clear fountain adja- which they were permitted
cent. Here Christ resided to fall. The most remarka-
and taught, and here Mat- ble instances are the Assyr-
thew was called. It is now ian captivity, 2 Kings xviii.
called Talkume. —
9 12, and the Babylonish
CAPHTOR thought by captivity, Jer. xxv. 12.
is It
Bochart to be the same as is generally believed that
Cappadocia ; but by Calmet, there was no return from
to be Crete. Deut. ii. 23. the former captivity, and
CAPPADG'CIA, a pro- that the ten tribes never
vince in the north-eastern came back again after their
part of Asia Minor, peopled dispersion. He " led cap-
by the descendants of To- tivity captive," Eph. iv. 8 ;
garmah, and once forming that is, our Lord Jesus
part of the kingdom of Lydia. Christ, by his victory over
i)
 CAR 42 CAR
death, Satan, and sin, con- lawful things, to the neglect
quered and triumphed over of the worship of God, and
rU our spiritual enemies and distrust of his providence.
oppressors Psalms lxviii. Phil. iv. 6.
18. Rom. vii. 23. 2 Tim. ii CARMEL, though gener-
26. spoken ally of as a single
CAR'BUNCLE, a pre- mountain, is a range of hills,
cious stone of great beauty, ending in a promontory,
next in value to the dia- which forms the bay of Acre.
mond. It is rarely found, The district was lamed for
and yet only in the East
as fine timber and pasturage.
Indies. It is of a bright red 2 Kings xix. 23. The cave
colour, shining in the dark, is still shown, which it is
in
commonly of the size of a said Elijah resided. There
small pea. Ezek. xxviii. 13. was another Carmel in the
CAR'CHEMISH, a city lot of Judah. Josh. xv. 50.
of Mesopotamia, thought to 2 Sam. iii. 3. It is now call-
be the same as the ancient ed El Kirmel.
Cir cesium, the modern name CARNAL.
(1.) Things
of which is Ker-kish. 2 belonging to the flesh ;
Chron. xxxv. 20. worldly things, such as sil-
CARE,anxious thought, ver and gold, and things
or extraordinary, cautious needful for sustaining the
concern. Man's care is body. Rom. xv. 27, 1 Cor.
lawful when he endeavours ix. 11. (2.) Sensual, or gov-

to please God, mourns for erned by sensual appetites.

his sins, and regulates his In this sense it is applied to
conduct by the word of God ; such as are in a natural, un-
when he is concerned about regenerated state, who are
the welfare of others, and enemies to God, and given
solicitous for the salvation of to sensual pleasures. John
their souls ; or when he iii. 6. Rom. viii. 7. The
moderately takes thought for ceremonial law is called car-
the things of this present life, nal, because it consisted of
resigning himself, at the such rites, ceremonies, or-
same time, to the will of dinances, as only related to
God, 2 Cor. vii. 11,12. But the body and the purifying
it is unlawful when he is of the flesh, but did not
careful about forbidden reach the soul. Hebrews
things, and makes " provis- ix. 10.
ion for the flesh to fulfil the CARPUS, the friend and
lusts thereof; or when he host of Paul, when he was
has a perplexing care about at Troas. 2 Tim. iv. 13.
 CEN 43 CHA
He is thought to have been CESARE'A. See CiEs-
one of the seventy disciples.
CASTOR and POL- CHALCEDONY,
a pre-
LUX, the sons of cious stone resembling the
fahled
Jupiter. They were proba- agate. There are several
bly heroes who cleared the varieties of this gem. (1.)
sea of pirates, and came, in A
pale grey or bluish stone,
after times, to be worship- found in Saxony, Hungary,
ped as deities. The vessel Iceland, Scotland, and Asiat-
Paul sailed in, Acts xxviii. ic Russia. It seems to have
had their figures carved at been originally obtained
the prow. from Chalcedon in Bithynia,
CAUL, a cap, or bag. whence it derives its name.
The word is applied to a Rev. xxi. 17. (2.) spe- A
membrane which encloses cies in which a red hue pre-
the heart, Hos. xiii. 8, and vails, and which is com-
sometimes to the head-dress monly
called Cornelian. It
of females. Isa. iii. found in various coun-
18. is
CEDAR, a tree of great tries, but chiefly in Arabia,
size and beauty in warm lat- and Surat, and Cambay in
itudes, and much celebrated India. (3.) There are some
in the Scriptures. It is an with white and red altep-
evergreen of slow growth, nate stripes, which are call-
and the timber it produces ed onyx stones.
does not decay when pre- The names givenby mod-
served from damp. A few ern lapidaries to many jew-
yet remain on Lebanon. els, are so different from
They were formerly found their ancient appellations,
there in great abundance. that it is impossible to be
CE'DRON, or Ke'dron, certain, in all cases, as to
a small brook, rising near those which are mentioned
Jerusalem, passing through in Scripture.
the valley of Jehoshaphat, CHALDEA, a country
and issuing in the sea of in Asia, eastward of the
Sodom. As is the case with north part of Judea. Its
most streams in that coun- capital was Babylon. It was
try, it is dry, or nearly so, bounded by Mesopotamia on
in the midst of summer. 2 the north, and Arabia the
Sam. xv. 23. Jer. xxxi. 40. Desert on the west, the
John xviii. 1. Persian gulf, and part of
CENTURION, an officer Arabia Felix, on the south.
who had the command over The soil is fertile ; but rain
a hundred soldiers. seldom falls, sometimes
 CHA 44 CHI
scarcely any for eight peace," &c. Isa. liii. 5, sig-
months. This deficiency is nifies that punishment which
supplied by the annual in- was laid upon Christ by
undations of the Tigris God's justice, and by which
and Euphrates. The inhab- our peace, that is, our rec-
itants laboriously water the onciliation to God, was to be
lands which lay too high to procured.
be overflowed. Its ancient CHEERFULNESS, glad-
name was Shinar, because ness of heart gaiety, or ;

the Lord, by the confusion liveliness of disposition ;

of tongues, did, as it were, freedom from dejection, or
shake the inhabitants out of gloomy thoughts also con- ;

it, to people the rest of the tentment in present circum-

world. It is now called stances.

Kaldar. CHE'MOSH, aMoabitish
CHALDEANS. supposed by some to be
This idol,
name means, (1.) The in- the sun, others have thought
habitants of Chaldea, and it was the same as Bacchus.
(2.) A sect of philosophers CHERUB, the singular
whose employment was to of Cherubim, a word which
interpret dreams and foretel is of doubtful derivation. It
events. is thought by some that the
CHAMOIS, a goat, the Egyptian sphinxes were im-
species of which cannot now Hebrew cher-
itations of the
be ascertained. Deut.xiv. 5. Grotius. Bochart, and
ubs.
CHAPITER, an orna- Spencer, suppose they re-
mental finish to the top of a sembled an ox or a calf.
pillar. 2 Kings xxv. 17, &c. CHIOS, an island of
CHARGER, a large dish, Greece, famous once for its
or, as we would now call it, Malmsey wine, and more
a salver, or waiter. Numb, recently for its literature.
vii. 17. The place was almost ruin-
CHARITY, a principle of ed, and great numbers of its
love to God, and benevo- inhabitants were massacred
lence to men, which inclines by the Turks, in the late
the possessor to glorify God, revolution. Its modern
and to do good to others. Its name is Scio. Acts xx. 15.
distinguishing characteris- CHISLEU, the Jews'
tics may be seen. 1 Cor. xiii. third civil month. See
CHASTISEMENT, the Month.
correction of an offender, CHITTIM, a country
either by word or deed. concerning the place of
The " chastisement of our which there has been much
 CHR 45 CHU
dispute. The probability gem now called topaz. The
seems to be, that it means stone now called chrysolite,
the islands of the Mediter- is seldom found larger than a
ranean, especially those of pin's head. It was the tenth
Greece. Josephus under in the breastplate of Aaron,
stands by it the island of and bore the name of Zeb-
Cyprus. Numb. xxiv. 24. ulun. Rev. xxi. 20.
CHORA'ZIN, a city of CHRYSO'PRASUS, a
Palestine. It is now called precious stone of a grass
Telhoui. Matt. xi. 21. green colour, derived chief-
CHRIST, a word derived ly from Silesia. Rev. xxi.
from the Greek term, signi- 20.
fying to anoint. Our Sa- CHURCH. The word so
viour wT as emphatically, the rendered was anciently used
Anointed One, and as such, to signify any public organ-
perfected a priestly work, ized meeting of citizens. It
which enables him to save is thought by many, that the
unto the uttermost, all that place of sacred meeting is so
come unto God by him. called, in I Cor. xi. 18, 22,
Heb. vii. 25. At the last day xiv. 34. As the word is
he will judge the world. used in the New Testament,
Acts xvii 31. 2 Tim. iv. 1. it has for the most part two
CHRONICLES. Two significations.
books of Scriptures are so (1.) The whole of the
called, the writer of which is elect in heaven and earth,
not now known. They are which is Christ's spouse, or
evidently compiled by direc- body, and is what we call
tion of the Holy Spirit, from the invisible church, because
copious registers and docu- we cannot now -know cer-
ments which, being unin- tainly, who belong it —
or the
spired, have not been pre- catholic, or universal church,
served. The FIRST EOOE because it embraces the tru-
traces the Israelites fiom ly pious in all the earth.
Adam to David. The sec- Matt. xvi. 18. 1 Cor. vi. 4.
ond relates the progress and Col. i. 18.
dissolution of the kingdom (2.) A particular body of
of Judah, and the return of men, that are wont to meet
the Jews from the Babylon- together in one place, to
ish captivity. The period profess, worship, and serve
embraced in the two books the Lord Christ. Such were
is about 3468 years. the churches of Ephesus 5
CHRYS'OLlTEwas prob- Smyrna, Jerusalem, Rome,
ably the ancient name of the &c. Acts viii. 1. CoL iv.
 CIR 46 CLE
16. Rev. i. 4. Thus we read mony, and to perform all
also of churches in particu- those duties which circum-
lar houses. Rom. xvi. 5. cision was designed to en-
Col. iv. 35. The followers force —
namely, to believe in
of Christ, who are here in a the Messiah, to put off the
state of spiritual warfare old man, and to serve him
against the world, the flesh, as new creatures,which is
and the devil, are called, by signified by our acceptance
theologians, the churcli of the ordinances of the gos-
militant. But those in heav- pel, and submission to them.
en, whose conquest over sin Phil. iii. 3.
and death is complete, and CLEAN, pure, free from
who are rewarded with eter- defilement. Grain is clean,
nal blessedness, are styled when freed from the chaff.
the church triumphant. Isa. xxx. 24. Clean beasts
CILICIA, a province on and birds were those which
the north-eastern extremity God made it proper for his
af the Mediterranean sea, people to eat. But under
famous on account of Cice- the New Testament, to the
ro, who was its proconsul. pure all things are pure;
In Tarsus, its metropolis, that is, all food is clean if
Paul was horn. It produ- we eat it with thankfulness
ces superior saffron in great and prayer. Cleanness of
quantities, and is now called teeth in the Old Testament
Caramania, means the want of any
CINNAMON, a species thing to eat.
of laurel. What is sold in CLEMENT, a Christian
the shops under this name mentioned Phil. iv. 3. It is
is the bark. It was one of supposed he is the same
the ingredients of the holy with the Clemens Romanus,
oil. famous in church history,
CIRCUMCISE, to cut off as the chief uninspired
the foreskin, according to writer of the first century.
the commandment given to Many productions are at-
Abraham, as a sign of that tributed to him, only one of
covenant which God had which, a letter to the Cor-
entered into with him, that inthians, is universally ac-
out of his loins should pro- knowledged be genuine.
to
ceed the Messiah. To be CLE'OPHAS, probably
spiritually circumcised, or the same with Alpheus, is
to be the spiritual seed of said to have been the broth-
Abraham, is to have the er of Joseph, our Lord's re-
tiling signified by that cere- puted father. was the He
 coc 47 CON
husband of Mary, sister of COGITATIONS, medi-
the blessed Virgin, and was tations, contemplations, pur-
the father of Simon and poses. Daniel vii. 23.
James the Less, and of Jude COLLOPS, slices, or
and Joseph, or Joses, the lumps; masses of fat on the
cousin-merman of Christ. ribs, &c. Job xv. 27.
CLOTHES. See Rai- COLOS'SE, a city of
ment. Phrygia, near Laodicea.
COALS. A pot of coals Paul sent the Christians
was used at our Saviour's here an inspired Epistle.
trial for the men to warm The city was destroyed by
themselves, who had been an earthquake in the tenth
exposed to the night air and year of Nero that is, A. D.
;

dew in apprehending Christ. 6'3. The modern name of

In the day time, fire was this place is Konos.
rarely necessary in the COMMUNION, the con-
Holy Land. The disciples cord of doctrines or opinions
were to pray that their in several persons. The act
flight might not be in the of receiving the Lord's Sup-
winter, not so much on ac- per, that sign of our fellow-
count of the cold, as of the ship with Christ. 1 Cor. x.
swelling of the streams and 16. The communion of
torrents, especially in the saints is that fellowship
mountains. Matt. xxiv. 20. which the saints have with
COCKATRICE, a ser- Christ by faith, and among
pent of great venom ; prob- themselves by love. I John
ably the Cobra de Capello. i. 3. Acts iv. 32, 34, 35.
The eggs of serpents are COMPASS, the instru-
sometimes found; and when ment so called, used now
eaten in mistake for those by navigators, was wholly
of birds, have proved fatal. unknown to the ancients.
The prophecy, Isaiah xi. 6, The expression, {t fetch a
8, seems to have been ob- compass," Acts xxviii. 13,
scurely known to the ancient means to go round, and not
Hindoos. Their god, Krish- directly to a place. The
nu, is represented as play- carpenter's compass is men-
ing on a flute with such tioned, Isaiah xliv. 13.
charming melody that be- CONCISION, a term
fore him, in one peaceful used in reference to persons
group, stand a young ox, a who would cut asunder, or
ti^er, and a serpent. make schisms, in the church
COCKLE, a weed growing of Christ. Phil. hi. 2. Rev.
among wheat. Job xxxi. 40. ii. 9.
 CON 48 CON
CONDEMNATION, the Arabs call it mountain rat,
act of passing sentence a- and esteem its flesh a great
gainst a person, by which delicacy.
he is doomed to punish- The editor of Calmet in-
ment; the punishment it- clines to regard the Ashkoko
self. Among the Greeks, as the Coney of Scripture.
condemnation was signified Lev. xi. 5. Psalm civ. 18.
by a black stone, and abso- Prov. xxx. 24, 26, &c. and
lution by giving a white the Jerboa as the Mouse
stone, to which an allusion mentioned Leviticus xi. 29.
is made in Rev. ii. 17. 1 Sam. vi. 5, &c.
CONEY, a small animal CONFESS, plainly to ac-
which seems, from the allu- knowledge. Jesus Christ
sions to it in Scripture, to will confess his people at the
have been common in Pales- last day, and publicly own
tine. As the name is now them his children and faith-
obsolete, it has become a ful servants. Luke xii. 8.
matter of dispute what ani- They confess him before
mal, now known to us, is men, when, notwithstanding
meant. Bruce is confident all danger and opposition,
it is the Jlshkoko, found in they openly profess and ad-
Ethiopia, Arabia, Palestine, here to his truth, observe his
and parts adjacent. Its size ordinances, and walk in his
is rather less than that of a way, Matt. x. 32. To con-
cat. It has neither tail nor fess God, is to praise and
voice, and chews the cud. thank him. Heb. xiii. 15.
It is remarkably inoffensive To confess sin is candidly to
and timid, feeding- only on acknowledge our guilt be-
roots and fruits, &c. but es- fore God, who can pardon or
capes its enemies by run- punish us ; or to our neigh-
ning into holes inaccessible bour, whom we have offend-
to larger animals. Bochart, ed, or who can give us prop-
Pennant, and other authors er instruction and comfort.
of high authority, consider Ps. xxxii. 5. James v. 16.
the Jerboa to be the Coney Matt. iii. 6.
of Scripture. This animal CONSCIENCE, that pow-
is about the size of a rabbit, er of our mind, which corn-
and has a long tail. Its pares the qualities and ac-
form and common posture tions of ourselves or others
are shown by the annex- with the law of God, and de-
ed engraving, which super- cides on the good or evil ten-
sedes the necessity of a par- dency of an action according
ticular description. The to the degree of light. Rom.
£
 CON 51 COR
ii. 15. Conscience is good, truth of any thing. Acts
when, being sprinkled with xviii. 28. The Holy Spir-
Jesus' blood, it clearly dis- itdoes this, when it applies
cerns the will of God, and the law to the conscience,
urges obedience to his law, and produces genuine re-
from gospel motives, and ap- pentance.
proves the same. 1 Tim. CO'OS, a small island in
l. 5. It is pure, purged from the Mediterranean sea, near
dead works, when by the the south-west point of Asia
application of Jesus' blood, Minor. Hippocrates the
>

it is freed from the sentence famous physician, and Apel-

of death due to sin, delivered les, the eminent painter,
from the slavery of indwell- were natives of this island.
ing corruption, and by the in- It is now called Stancore.
struction of the Holy Ghost, COR, a Hebrew measure,
is rendered clear in its views, equal to about six bushels.
holy in its aims, and a vig- Some computations make it
orous opposer of every thin or much more.
sinful. ITim.iii. 9. Heo". COR/AL a hard, creta-
ix. 14. x. 2, 22. ceous marine production, re-
CONTEMN, to despise, sembling a plant. It is of
to reject with disdain, as the various colours, white, black,
wicked do God. Ps. x. 13, and red; the latter is the
and his law, Ps. cvii. 11. sort emphatically called cor-
CONVERSATION, dis- al, and is the most valuable.
course. It is commonly used It was auciently held in high
in sacred Scripture, to mean esteem. The word occurs
deportment, or the general only in Job xxviii. 18, and
tenor of a person's life. Eph. Ezek. xxvii. 16.
iv. 22. 1 Pet. iii. 16. CORBAN,
a gift to relig-
CONVERSION, a turning ious purposes. Mark vii. 11,
from one manner of life, or 12. The Pharisees in the
set of principles, to another. days of Christ, taught that a
Acts xv. 3. In the gospels man might escape all obliga-
the word is used to signify tion to support his indigent
the entire change which re- parents, by savins: of his
ligion produces in the dispo- property, " be it Corban."
sition, principles, and behav- In- this case if he did not
iour. Without this change give his property at that
wo cannot enter heaven. time to the temple, he was
Matt, xviii. 3. bound to do so at his death,
CONVICT, or Convince, though his parents should
to persuade ono of the thus be left destitute. Thus
 —

COR 52 cou
did they tc make void the in scripture for grain of all
law" of honouring father kinds. Parched corn still
and mother, " through their constitutes an important and
traditions." Mark vii. 13. not unpleasant part of the
CORIANDER, astrongly food of the Arabs of Pales-
aromatic plant, bearing a tine, &c.
small round seed, fragrant to COURSE, see Abia.
the smell, and of an agree- COUNCIL, a tribunal
able taste. Ex. xvi. 31. frequently mentioned in the
Numbers xi. 7. New Testament. The Great
COR'INTH, one of the Council, so called, did not
richest cities of Greece, consist of the 72 elders who
and capital of Achaia. Its were originally appointed to
commodious haven, and ad- assist Moses in the civil ad-
vantageous location, gave it ministration of the govern-
a vast commerce and im- ment, but was instituted in
mense wealth. During a the time of the Maccabees*
war with Rome, L. Mummi- It consisted of chief priests,
us burnt it to the ground, A. elders, (who were perhaps
M. 3827. It was afterward the heads of tribes or fami-
rebuilt under the auspices of lies,) and scribes; amount-
Julius Caesar. It fell into the ing in the whole to 72 per-
hands of the Turks, under sons, and called by Jewish
Mahomet 2d. Paul preach writers, the Sanhedrim.
ed here nearly two years. This council possessed ex-
Acts xviii. 1. It is now call- tensive authority, taking
ed Corinto. cognizance not only of relig-
CORINTHIANS. The ious matters, but of appeals
two epistles under this name from inferior courts of jus-
were written by Paul to the tice and of the general affairs
Christians at Corinth, where of the kingdom. After Ju-
he had preached with great dea became a Roman prov-
success. Acts xviii. False
teachers had led them into
*The Maccabee? were a race of
great errors, which he here Princes who united in their family
exposes and denounces. the regal and pontifical offices. They
COR'MORANT, a water- were valour, men of distinguished prudence
who having delivered
and
fowl, about the size of a Israel from the yoke of Assyria, gov-
goose ; it on fish, which erned honorably for
lives 126 years,
it catches with astonishing when (about 56 years B. C.) their
conquer ed by >Pompey
skill. Its habits are very country was
and made tributary to Rome. They
lonely and sad. Zepb. ii. 14. are frequently called in history
CORN, the generic name the Asmoncan Princes.
 cov 53 CRO
ince, the council was depriv- containing a more full rev-
ed of the power of inflicting elation of religion, and at-
capital punishments, for tended with a larger measure
which reason they delivered of the gifts and graces of the
our Saviour to Pilate, de- Spirit, and is never to wax
manding his death. The old, or be abolished.
stoning of Stephen, was in COVETOUSNESS, an ea-
consequence not of a decree ger, unreasonable desire of
of the council, but of a riot. gain ) a longing after the
Acts vii. 57, 58. This is the goods of another. It is call-
tribunal mentioned Matt. v. ed idolatry, Col. iii. 5, be-
22. and xxvii. 1. John xi. cause the covetous man
47, &c. places that delight and con-
COURT, an enclosed space fidence in riches which are
near or within a house. That due to God. This sin is ex-
round the tabernacle was pressly forbidden in the
formed of pillars and veils tenth commandment.
hung by cords. The method CRACKNELS, a sort of
of building private houses in seedcakes or buns. 1 King3
the form of a hallow square, xiv. 3.
made the court on the inside. CRETE, an island at the
COVENANT, an agree- mouth of the iEgean Sea, be-
ment to some particular tween Rhodes and Pelopon-
thing. The promise to Noah nesus, Acts xxvii. 7. Jupiter
that the waters should no issaid to have been brought
more destroy the earth, is up here, and also buried.
called a covenant. Gen. ix. It was the
seat of legislature
—
9 17. God also made a Greece. There were
to all
covenant with Abraham, once 100 cities on the island.
that he should have a nu- The inhabitants were ex-
merous seed, &c. Gen. xvi. ceedingly addicted to lying.
—
2 9. The law of Sinai was Tit. i. 12. The gospel con-
another covenant. Deut. iv. verted many persons here.
13. The covenant of re- Tit. i. 5. It is now called
demption and salvation by C(india.
grace, is called a new and CRISPING-PINS, curl-
better covenant, Heb. viii. 6. ing irons for the hair. lsa.
8, in respect to its dispensa- iii. 22.
tion, and manner of mani- CPvOSS, a sort of gibbet,
festation, its being ratified consisting of two pieces of
by the actual sufferings and wood placed crosswise, in
blood of Christ, and freed the form off or X. That of
from former ceremonies, its our Saviour is said to have
 CRO 54 CRU
been of the former kind. It the ground would have
was a common punishment broken off the body with
among the Syrians, Egyp- dreadful anguish. Indeed,
tians, Persians,Africans, there is a certainty, that a
Greeks and Romans. With piece of wood jutted out un-
the Jews it was not used at der the feet, or a large peg
all; hanging on a tree being was inserted halfway up the
an execution of a different cross to serve as a sort of
kind. It was therefore no seat. It is observable, how
inconsiderable effect of the the inscription on the cross
divine Providence to order of Christ, instead of charging
matters so as that Jesus him with a crime, plainly
should suffer this death ac- hinted his innocence and
cording to prophecy. It Messiahship nor could the
;

was exceedingly painful and heathen governor be pre-

lingering. First, the crim- vailed on to alter it. The
inal was scourged with cords, word is used metaphorically
often with bones at their for the whole of Christ's suf-
end. Next he bore his cross, ferings, but especially those
or part of it, to the place of on the tree or cross. Heb.
execution. Crucified per- xii. 2.
sons were sometimes bound CROWN, an attire, or
to the cross with cords, as dress for the head. Those
St. Andrew probably was; in the games, were made of
but commonly nails were parsley, pine, flowers, &c.
driven through the hands Those for kings, of gold
and feet. Sometimes per- adorned with gems. Meta-
sons were crucified with phorically, that is a crown,
their heads downwards. In which gives glory or dignity.
this manner, it is said, Peter Thus Jehovah was a crown
desired to be crucified, not of glory to Judah. Isa. lxii.
thinking himself worthy to 3. Christ is said to have a
die like his M aster. An in- "crown of gold." and "many
scription, representing the crowns," meaning his inef-
cause of the punishment, fable grandeur and sover-
was ordinarily written on a eignty. Rev. xix. 12, &c.
tablet at the top of the cross. Converts are thus a croicn to
It is often said that the crim- ministers. Phil. iv. 1. 1
inal was fastened to the Thess. ii. 19. See also Prov.
cross before it was raised. xii. 4. xvii. C, and xxvii. 24.
This is probably when cords CRUCIFY, to put to
were used. But the jar of death by the cross. A Ro-
forcibly settling the cross in man mode of executing vile
 CUB 55 CYP
slaves, and considered a CUMMIN, a small plant
great infamy to soldiers or very common in Judea. Ite
noble citizens. Figurative- seed being agreeably aro-
ly, it means to subdue our matic and pungent, were
evil propensities. used as a spice. It is now
CRYSTAL, a hard, trans- raised for this purpose in con-
parent, and colourless fossil, siderable quantities in Malta.
of a regular angular form. The hypocrisy of the Phari-
The word translated crystal sees, in rigidly paying the
in Ezek. i. 22, is rendered tenth of this unimportant
frost in Gen. xxxi. 40. Job product to religious uses,
xxxvii. 10, and Jer. xxxvi. and yet neglecting the
30, and ice in Job vi. 16. solemn duties of mercy, &c.
xxxviii. 29, and Ps. cxlvii. is very striking. Mat. xxiii.
17. There are three kinds 23.
of pure crystal, besides va- CUSH. (1.) The eldest
rious sorts mixed with oth6r son of Ham, and father of
different substances. Crystal Mmrod, Gen. x. 8. (2.) A
was anciently reckoned very country on the Araxes, af-
valuable. Job xxviii. 17. terwards inhabited by the
Pliny mentions a crystal Scythians. (3.) Another
vase, worth about 5000 dol- name for Ethiopia. Isa. xi.
lars. Nero furiously broke 11. (4.) A
country in Ara-
two such cups, to chastise bia bordering
Petrea, on
his subjects by impoverish- Egypt, of which Zipporah
ing them. It is now of far was a native.
less esteem. The firmament CYMBAL, an instrument
above the cherubims, the of loud music, used with
sea of glass before the throne others, but giving no melody
of God, the river of life, and of itself. To speak with
the light of the new Jeru- tongues, if not done out of
salem, are compared to crys- love to souls, was but a
tal, for their purity, clearness pompous act of self-praise,
and splendour. Ezek. i. 22. and was of no use. 1 Cor.
Rev. iv. 6. xxii. 1. xiii. 1.
CUBIT, an arm, and meas- CYPRUS, a populous island
ure equal to eighteen inches. in the Mediterranean Sea:
It rose from measuring with so called from the Cypress
the arm from the elbow to trees, with which it abound-
the end of the hand. The ed. The
tree bears a flower
sacred cubit was nearly 22 of most delightful fragrance.
inches in length. Ezek. According to Josephus, it
xliii. 13. was peopled by the descend-
 CYR DAM
ants of Chittim. The chief
deity was Venus, worship-
ped under the name of Cy- D
AGON, a chief idol of
pris, or Cypria. A
famous the Philistines, probably the
temple of hers stood on same as JVebo, Isa. xlvi. 1.
Mount Olympus. Asbestos, Though so signally disgrac-
emeralds, and amethysts, ed at Ashdod, the worship
are found here. Barnabas of it was not abandoned till
was born, and, according to A. M. 3840, when the Jew-
tradition, suffered martyr- ish leader Jonathan burnt it
dom in Cyprus. It now con- and its temple. The im-
tains a population of about age represented the body
60,000, mostly Greeks. of a fish with the head and
CYRE'NE, a country west arms of a man. The figures
of Egypt, and the birth place of this god are not all exact-
of Callimachus the poet, ly alike, though all combine
Eratosthenes, the historian, the human form with that of
and Simon, who bore the Sa- a fish. The accompanying
viour's cross. Many Jews picture of this idol is taken
from here, were at the Pen- from a drawing, by GentiL,
tecost, and became convert- given in Calmet's Dictiona-
ed under Peter's sermon. ry. Dagon is thought by
Acts ii. The region is now Mons. Gentil, to be the
under the Turkish power, same as the Vishnu of the
and has become almost a Hindoos. Near Rangoon,
desert. It is now called in Burmah, is the Shoe
Cairoan. • * Dagoun, or gilt temple of
CYRUS, son of Cambyses, Dagon.
king of Persia, by the daugh- DALMANU'THA, a prov-
ter of Ahasuerus, king of ince on the east side of the
Media. He inherited the sea of Tiberias, either the
crowns both of Media same as Magdala, or near it.
and Persia, having married Mark viii. 10.
the only daughter of Dari- DALMA'TIA, a district
us. He died at the age on the Gulf of Venice, visit-
of seventy, after having ed by Titus. 2 Tim. iv. 9.
reigned thirty years. Dan. The inhabitants are addict-
vii. 5. Isa. xlvi. 11. The ed to plunder.
first three chapters of Ezra DAMASCUS, once a
describe his measures to re- most noble city in the north
store Jerusalem. of Palestine, and one of the
most ancient on earth, being
mentioned Gen. xiv. 15. It
DAGON,
 DAN
is nowthe capital of a Turk-
ish Pachalic ; and contains
80,000 inhabitants, or accor-
ding to a modern traveller,
200,000. Mr. Connor esti-
mates the Jews in Damas-
cus, at 2,500, and the nomi-
nal Christians, at 20,000
59 DAY
the very time of his birtfe,
Under the emblem of a great
image of four materials, and
of various beasts, he predicts
the successive fall of the
four great monarchies of
Babylon, Persia, Greece,
and Rome after which,
;

ts
including Greeks, Latins, the kingdom of Christ, like
Catholics, Maronites, Arme- the stone from the moun-
nians, and Nestorians." It tain, shall fill the earth and
is computed that 50,000 Ma- continue forever.
hometan pilgrims annually DARFUS,or Cyaxar'es,
pass through this city from king of the Medes, was
the north, on their way to brother to the mother of
Mecca. Superior swords Cyrus. When he conquer-
are made here, and a species ed Babylon he constituted a
of silk, called, from the senate to govern it, of which
place, damask. Wehave Daniel was one.
roses and plum3 which were Dari'usHystas'pes was,
introduced from thence, and according to Archbishop
bear the same name. The Usher, Ma&uerus, the hus-
Greek Patriarch of Antioch band of Esther.
resides there. It is now Dari'us Codomanus was
called Daineschk, or Scham. originally poor and obscure ;
DAMNATION, the state but for his valour was made
of being excluded from di- governor of Armenia by the
vine mercy that condem- king of Persia. He contriv-
;

nation toeternal punish- ed the murder of his sover-

ment which is the awful eign, and by the intrigue of
condition of the wicked in a Bagoas, the chief eunuch,
future state. Matt, xxiii. 33. ascended the throne. He
DANIEL, a Hebrew pro- was soon after conquered,
phet, cotemporary with Eze- and deprived ofhis ill-gotten
kiel, but living longer than throne, by Alexander the
he. He was of the royal
family, and though carried DATES, the fruit of the
among the captives to Baby- Palm tree. See Palm.
lon, rose to wisdom and hon- DAY, a division of time,
our. In the book which which signifies, (1.) That
bears his name, he foretels space which intervenes be-
not only the coming of Mes- tween the rising and setting
siah, as other prophets, but of the sun. (2.) The period
 ;

DEA 60 DEA
of a revolution of the earth males chosen to be deacon-
on its axis, comprising 24 esses, who, as Calmet says,
hours. The commencement " assisted females to dress
of this period has been dif- and undress at baptism,
ferent among different na- visited those of their own
tions. The Hebrews be- sex in sickness, and when
gan in the evening. Lev. imprisoned for their faith,
xxiii. 32. The Persians and &c. They were always
Creeks begin at sunrise persons of advanced age,
the Arabians at noon and and were appointed to the
;

ourselves and most modern office, by the imposition of

nations at midnight. (3.) hands." It is thought such
A period in which any par- sisters are alluded to, 1 Tim.
ticular event is to occur. v. 9—18 ; and that Phoebe
John 56. 1 Tbess. v. 2. was such an one.
viii. Rom.
(4.) A
season of merciful xvi. 1.
opportunity. Luke xix. 47. DEAD
SEA, the same
(5.) The time of a man's life. with the Lake Asphaltites,
Job iii. 8. Psl. xxxvii. 13. in the south-east part of
(6.) A prophetic year. Ezek. Canaan. The valley of Sid-
iv. 5, 6. Dan. ix. 24. Rev. dim, which was near Sod-
xi. 3- (7.) Heaven. Rom. om, makes part of this sea.
xiii. 12. Gen. xiv. 3. Its waters are
DEACON, is a word de- clear when taken up in a
rived from the Greek, and glass, but very bitter, much
signifying servant. The more salt than common sea
cause and manner of the ap- water, and of greater spe-
pointment of deacons are cific gravity, so that a man
clearly recorded. Acts vi. may swim in it with great
1— 6. Paul specifies their ease. The air round the
duty as consisting in " serv- lake seems loaded with sul-
ing tables," Phil. i. 1. The phureous and bituminous
qualifications required for vapours, which prevent
this office, are laid down, vegetation, and give that
1 Tim. iii. 8—12. If mar- deadly aspect, which all
ried, they were to have but travellers remark. The
one wife in opposition to mountains on each side are
;

the polygamy then com- about 8 miles apart, but the

mon and the wife must be expanse of water in that
;

" grave, not slanderous, part does not exceed 6 in

sober, f »ithful in all things." breadth. Its extreme length
It is thought there were in is about 75 miles, and its
tfea primitive churches, fe- greatest breadth nearly six-
 DEC 61 DEU
teen. This lake receives Matt, iv. 25. Mark v. 20.
the river Jordan, the river It was called Decapolis, be-
^.rnon, and the brook Kid- cause there were ten cities
ron, besides other rivulets, in it. Some eminent au-
and has no visible communi- thors consider it a part of
cation with the sea. Percea. Concerning its lim-
DEATH. (1.) The ex- its and the names of its 10
tinction of life, or separation cities, geographers are by
of the soul from the body. no means agreed.
(2.) A separation of soul DEDICATION, the sol-
and body from God's favour emnact of setting apart any
in this life, which is the person or thing to some re-
state of all the unregenerate, ligious use. The Feast of
and is called spiritual death. Dedication, observed by the
(3.) Is perpetual exclusion Jews for eight days, was
from God's heavenly pres- to commemorate the restora-
ence and glory, which is tion of the Temple at Je-
called the second death. rusalem, under Judas Mac-
DEBTOR, one that owes cabeus, after it had been
any thing to another. As destroyed by Antiochus
the creditor has a right to Epiphanes.
exact pay from the debtor, DESERT. Some deserts
so God hath a right to in- were entirely barren. Isa.
flict punishment on the xiii, 21 ; others had fine pas-
guilty. Thus men are tures. Ex. iii. 1. Almost
debtors to God by trespass- every town had a desert be-
ino* against him ; and to longing to it, which answer-
their neighbours whom they ed to our Commons. See
injure, wrong, or cffend. Wilderness.
" Debtor to the whole law," DEUTERONOMY, the
—
Gal. v. 3, means, obliged to fifth book of Moses so call-
keep the whole law of Mo- ed from its Greek name,
ses, as the condition of eter- which signifies repetition of
nal life, and so virtually dis- the laic. That part of this
claiming all pardonby book which mentions the
Christ. The Paul death of Moses was added by
apostle
says he was a debtor " both inspired penmen afterward.
to Greeks and Barbarians;" The period of time comprised
that is, bound by his office in this book, is less than
to preach the gospel to all two months. It not only
nations. recapitulates, but explains
DECAP'OLIS, a country the law, and forcibly urges
on the sea of Tiberias. the people to obedience.
 ;

DIA 62 DIA
DEVIL, a fallen angel, or value of this and all other
infernal spirit. Satan is, by- precious stones, is estimated
way of eminence, called the by carats. A carat is four
Devil, and the god of this grains. The larger a dia-
world, from his power and mond is, the greater in pro-
influence. John xii. 31. 2 portion is its value. One
Cor. iv. 4. He has various is mentioned belonging to
titles given him in Scrip- Russia, worth 12 tons of
ture, expressive of his char- gold Small pieces of dia-
!

acter : Satan, Job ii. 6; mond

are reduced to pow-
Beelzebub^ Matt. 24; der, which is of the greatest
xii.
Beliel, 2 Cor. vi. 15 Lu- importance to lapidaries, as
;

cifer, Isa. xiv. 12; Dragon, without it the agate and

Rev. xii. 7 Adversary, 1 many other jewels would
;

Peter v. 8 Prince of dark- be of little value, no oth-

;

ness, Eph. vi. 12; Apollyon, er substance being hard

or destroyer, Rev. ix. 11 ; enough to operate upon
Angel of the bottomless pit. them. With this powder,
He is represented as a sin- rock crystal is cut into
ner from the beginning leaves, and cut and polished
1 John iii. 8 a liar, John for spectacles and other
;

viii. 44 a deceiver, Rev. optical instruments.

; In the
xx. 10 ; an accuser, Rev. natural state, diamonds are
xii. 10; and a murderer, not brilliant, being covered
John viii. 44. with an earthy crust.
DEW. The dew in Pal- DLVNA, a celebrated
estine, and some other Ori- goddess, supposed to pre-
ental countries, is very side over hunting and high-
heavy, wetting the ground ways, and represented as a
like a smart shower. It young huntress, with a
sustains vegetation, in some crescent on her head, the
districts, where rain seldom pedestal ornamented with
or never falls. Genesis heads of stags, dogs, &c.
xxvii. 28. She was especially renown-
DIAMOND ed and worshipped at Ephe-
is the hard-
est substance in nature, and
sus. Acts xix. 24 35. She —
was one of the twelve supe-
one of its rarest productions.
It is rior deities, and was called
generally called in
Scripture, Adamant, which by the several names of
see. Diamond is the purest
Hebe, Trivia, Hecate*. Diana,
carbon known, and will aud Lucina. In heaven
burn like charcoal if ex- she was the moon, or queen
posed to great heat. The of heaven, and perhaps the
 DIV 63 DOG
same with Meni, the num- examining the entrails of
berer, or goddess of months. beasts, easting lots, &c.
Jer. vii. 18, and xliv. 17. These signs were called
DYONYS'IUS, the Are- omens. The word " divine/'
opagite, or judge in the in Gen. xliv. 5, 15, seems to
court of Areopagus. In his mean a natural sagacity in
youth, it is said, he was searching out and bringing
bred in all the learning of to light hidden transactions.
Athens, and went after- DOCTRINE, knowledge
wards to Egypt to perfect or learning ; the leading
himself in astronomy. Be- matter in a discourse ; the
ing at On when our Saviour truths of the gospel in gen-
died, and observing the eral. Tit. ii. 10. It signi-
miraculous darkness, he fies a tenet or opinion, Mat.
cried out, tl Either the God xvi. 12 ; divine institutions,
of nature suffers himself, or Matt. xv. 9 \ instruction,
sympathizes with one that information, and confirma-
suffers." He was convert- tion in the truths of the
ed at Athens by Paul, and gospel. 2 Tim. iii. 16.
it is said became an evan- DOG. A well known
gelist, and was burnt as animal, which, when prop-
a martyr in his own city. erly domesticated and train-
A. D. 95. ed, is highly useful and in-
DISCIPLE, a learner, or telligent. Under the law,
follower of another, John the dog was prohibited food,
ix. 28. It signifies in the and the Jews held him in
New Testament a follower great contempt. Hence,
of Christ, &c. or a convert when David and Mephi-
to his gospel. John xx. 18. bosheth would use the most
Acts vi. 1. humbling terms, they com-
DIVINATION, an art pared themselves to " a dead
much practised among dog." 1 Sam. xxiv. 14, 2
heathen. So sinful is it in Sam. ix. 8. Isaiah com-
the sight of God, to resort pares the dogs to the false
to witches, magicians, or teachers of his day. lsa.
diviners, that the offence lvi. 10, 11. It must have
was made punishable with been a hard saying to the
death. Deut. xviii. The faith of the poor woman,
means by which diviners who applied to Christ for
pretended to discover hid- help, that it was not proper
den things and foretel desti- to " give children's bread to
ny were various ; such as dogs." Matt. xv. 26. To
observing the flight of birds, call a person a dog, is still,
 DRI 64 DUM
in (he East, expressive of to accompany certain sa-
the highest contempt. crifices under the ceremo-
DOVES' DUNG. It is nial law ; which was pour-
doubtful whether this arti- ed out upon or around the
cle, mentioned 2 Kings vi. altar. Numb, xxviii. 7.
25, was really pigeon's dung DROMEDARY, a fleet
used for manure, as Jose- animal, so called from the
phus and Theodoret think, Greek word dromo, I run.
or a kind of tare or cicer, It is smaller and more slen-
so called from its resem- der than a camel, but can
blance, when parched, to carry a man a hundred
doves' dung. The Arabians miles per day It is govern-
call it chick peas. Some of ed by a bridle connected
the Rabbins affirm that it with a ring fixed in its nose,
was the grain taken from which illustrates the ex-
the crops of pigeons who pression, 2 Kings xix. 28.
during the siege filled them- Sennecharib should go back
selves in the neighbouring tamely and swiftly.
fields. DRUSIL'LA, the third
DRAGON, signifies daughter of Agrippa, was
either a large fish, as the married to Jizizus, King of
whale, crocodile, dolphin the Emessenians, who was
&c. or a great serpent. In abandoned by her, that she
some places it evidently might marry Claudius Fe-
means the deadly poisonous lix, by whom she had a son
lizard called Gecko by the named Agrippa. "She was
east Indians. one of the most beautiful
DREAM, Dreams pro- women of her age, but ex-
ceed from business, con- ceedingly licentious. Acts
stitution, habit, outward xxiv. 24.
sensations of the body, &c. DRY-SHOD, without
By supernatural dreams, wet feet. Isa. xi. 15.
God of old informed men DULCIMER, a musical
of his mind. These were instrument, used to make up
not the same as visions. a full chorus- It is thought
The former happened dur- by some to have resembled
ing sleep. Gen. xx. 3, the present Scotch bagpipe.
—
and xxxi. II, the latter Daniel iii. 5.
when the person was wide DURE, to last, continue,
awake. Ezek. i. 1. Acts endure. Prov. viii. 18.
ii. 17. DUM
AH, a country some-
DRINKOFFERING, a where near or in Ara-
Kbation of wine, appointed bia Petrea, so called from
 EAG 65 EAR
a son of Ishmael. Isaiah geous and ravenous fowl.
xxi. 11. It sees or smells dead car-
DWELL, to abide, or live cases at a prodigious dis-
in a place. God is said to tance, and is said to break
dwell in the heavens, and the bones of its prey, to
also with him that is of a come at the marrow. E very-
contrite spirit. Christ dwells year it moults, and becomes
in the heart by faith, justi- almost naked and bald, and
fying the believing soul by then 6i renews its youth,"
his merit, renewing it by by producing a set of new
his grace, purifying it by feathers. Psl. ciii. 5. Eagles
his Spirit, teaching it by are extremely tender of their
his wisdom, keeping it by young, and take them on
his power, and, by his com- their wings when weak and
munion and compassion, fearful. Ex. xix. 4. They
sharing with it in all its fly high and quick, Jer. iv.
troubles, and supporting it 13, have their nests in
under all its trials. The rocks ; Jer. xlix. 16, and
Holy Ghost dwells in the live to an hundred years.
soul by his gracious opera- Several species of the eagle
tions, working faith, love, seem to be mentioned in
and other graces therein. Scripture ; but at this dis-
The word of God may be tance of time they cannot
said to dwell in a person, be easily distinguished.
when it is diligently studied, The golden and common
firmly believed, and careful- eagle rarely, if ever, eat
ly practised. Col. iii. 16. carrion^ which the vulture
The pious are said to dwell prefers. Not only all eagles,
in God, by having the most but the whole species com-
intimate union and commu- prising the hawk, kite, &c.
nion with him in Christ. were unclean to the Jews,
1 John iii. 21. and are seldom eaten now.
EAR, means sometimes
in Scripture the same as
till, or plough, as " ear the
ground;" 1 Sam. viii. 12.
Isaiah xxx. 24; a valley
EAGLE, the noblest of " neither eared nor sown,"
the feathered tribe. Its size i. e. not ploughed or sown.
is about that of a Turkey ; Deut. xxi. 4. '• Earing time
but has much longer wings. and harvest," means the
It has a beak strong and time of planting and reap-
hooked, and is a very coura- ing. Ex. xxxiv. 21.
F
 EDE 66 EGY
EARNEST, a pledge; a empire, though now miser-
email part of the price of a ably cultivated.
thing paid in hand to con- EDOM was called Esau,
firm an agreement. It is because he was hairy ; and
applied to signify the as- Edom, either because his
surance which the spirit of hair and complexion were
adoption gives believers of red, or more probably, be-
their inheritance in heaven. cause he sold his birth right
i;
So the " earnest of the for a mess of red pottage.
Spirit," 2 Cor. i. 22, is a He was born A. M. 2173.
proof that the bargain will Edom, the country of the
be made good, and u the Edomites. It lay en the
first fruits of the Spirit," south and south-east of the
Rom. viii. 23, or the graces inheritance of Judah, and
wrought in the soul by the extended to the Elanitic
Spirit, are some pledges of gulf of the Red Sea. It
that fulness of joy, and per-was very mountainous, in-
fection of holiness, of whichcluding mounts Seir and
believers shall partake in Hor. Its principal cities
heaven. were Selah, Bozrah, Elath,
EBONY, an indian wood, and Ezion-geber. The E-
black, hard, heavy, easily domites were descendants
polished, and anciently very of Edom or Esau. They
valuable. Ez. xxvii. 15. possessed themselves of the
ECCLESIASTES, liter- territory originally occupied
ally a preacher. It is the by the Horites, who are sup-
name of one of the sacred posed to have finally blended
books written by Solomon, with their conquerors. In-
in which is most forcibly veterate foes to Israel, they
shown the vanity of life, were rendered tributary by
the propriety of enjoying; it David, but revolted under
temperately and in the fear Jehoram, and rendered
of God, the necessity of pa- themselves independent.
tience under unavoidable 2 Chron. xxi. 8—10. See
ills, and that, we must do all Idtjmea.
the good in our power, and EGYPT
is bounded by
seek the heavenly king- the Mediterranean Sea on
dom. the north Abyssinia on the
;

EDEN, probably stood on south and on the east and

;

the Euphrates, not far north west by mountains running

of the Persian Gulf. Here parallel with the Nile. It
is still the most fertile and was anciently called Che-
pleasant part of the Turkish mia, or the land of Ham ;
 —

EGY 67 EGY
and the present Copts call anges, olives, &c. Date trees
it Chemi, perhaps because greatly abound and some
;

Ham resided here. The villages are surrounded by

Hebrews call it Mizraim; such numbers, as to seem
and the Arabs to this day embosomed in a forest.
call it Mesr, from Mizraim, They form now a great
the son of Ham. who peopled source of subsistence. The
it. The arts and sciences threat to cut them down,
were very early cultivated Jer. xlvi. 22. 23. was, there-
here, and maintained a fore, exceedingly terrible,
greater degree of perfection, and involved utfer ruin.
lor some ages, than was The horses are very famous.
found in any other nation. The river abounds with fish,
Hence Pythagoras, Plato, crocodiles, and hippopotami.
&c. travelled here to com- The practice of charming
plete their studies. But the snakes so as to carry them
people worshipped beasts, about safely, still prevails
fowls, onions, beans, and here. Ps. lviii. 4, 5. Jer.
monsters of their own imag- viii. 17.
ination. " The world by The pyramids of Egypt
wisdom knew not God." 1 are 3000 years old, and
Cor.i. 2i. The name Egypt stand south-west of Grand
was given it by the Greeks. Cairo. The largest is 500
and signifies either the land feet high, and covers a
of the Copts, a name which space of more than eleven
the ancient inhabitants gave acres. The object of build-
to themselves; or the land ing them is not known. If,
of blackness, because the as is probable, they were in-
soil and water are of a black- tended by the monarchs,
ish colour. Itwas divided into who built them, as eternal
two districts Upper Egypt, monuments of their great-
or Thebais; and Lower E- ness, it affords us a striking
gypt, or the Delta. The riv- lesson of the vanity of post-
er Nile runs through it north- humous fame, for the very
ward, and yearly waters it, names of the builders have
so that rain is scarcely re- long been forgotten.
quisite ; and indeed seldom Egypt was anciently ex-
happens in Upper Egypt. tremely fertile ; but as the
The heat nf summer is ex- Nile has, by yearly additions,
cessive, but fruits abound. raised the surface of the
Lower Egypt produces the earth a great deal higher,
most excellent dates, al- and now overflows to a less
monds, figs, lemons, or- height, and brings worse
 EGY ELE
mud along with it ; and as the brook Bezor, which runs
the enslaved inhabitants are into the Mediterranean on
disheartened from their an- the southern boundary of
cient care and industry, it Palestine.
is now but moderately fer- ELAM. See Persia.
tile, and in time may be- ELDER, a person ad-
come barren. Prophecy vanced in age. Elderly men
has been sadly verified in being always chosen in early
the history of Egypt. It ages to bear rule, the term
was foretold that their per- at length became a title of
fidy to Israel in violating office. Our word Senator
alliances, should be punish- has the same origin. The
ed by their becoming a Hebrew elders were the
mean people, who should chief of the principal fami-
no more have a prince of lies, or persons of allow-
their own to govern them. ed wisdom and prudence.
Ezekiel xxix. xxx. and xxxi. There seem to have been
13. Soon after the day of generally seventy of them.
that seer, Persia annexed Ex. xxiv. 1 9. —
These,
Egypt to its empire. After- with Moses and AarOn,
wards they were successive- made exactly six from each
ly tributary to the Greeks, tribe. After the captivity
Romans, Saracens, and there were elders in every
Mamelukes. The French city. Ezra x. 14. The
overrun this country in term is used in the New
1798, apparently intending Testament as a title of of-
to keep it, and open through fice, to denote Christian
it a new channel for the pastors, or presbyters. Acts
East India trade. They xx. 17, 23. Tit. i. 5—7,
were soon obliged to relin- 1 Pet. v. 1,2.
quish it, the Egyptians be- ELECTION, the act of
ing aided by the Ottoman choosing; a token of special
Porte and by the British. preference.
It is now a province of Tur- ELEMENTS, the ingre-
key, governed by a bashaw dients or constituent parts
or pacha, and contains a whereof compound bodies
population of about two are formed. Fire, air, earth,
millions, a considerable por- and water, used to be call-
tion of which are Christians ed elements ; but it is now
and Jews. ascertained that all these
The River of Egypt, are compounds. The earth,
Josh. xv. 47, does not mean in its various kinds of
the Nile, but the Sihor, or Original matter,
I shall be
 EMB 69 JEMB
melted with fervent heat at was this; when a person
Christ's second coming. died, the corpse was carried
2 Pet. iii. 10. Elements also to the coffin-maker, that he
signify the alphabet of let- might prepare a fit coffin,
ters, and syllables formed of with its upper side repre-
them; and it is senting the body enclosed ;
thence
transferred, signify the and great men had their cof-
to
rudiments, first rules, or fins painted or embellished
first principles of a science. according to their quality.
Col. ii. 8. Heb. v. 12. The The corpse was next car-
•*
rudiments of this world," ried to the embalmer, and
which are not to be used in the price of embalming set-
the gospel-church, are cere- tled with him. The high-
monial laws and human est was about one thousand
customs, which are not prop- three hundred dollars; the
er for such as enjoy the second about 440, and the
clear instructions of the gos- lowest but a mere trifle.
pel. Col. ii. 20—22. The corpse being extended
ELM, is a word which on a table, they drew out
occurs but once in • our all the inwards, then filled
translation of the Bible, viz. the parts with myrrh, cas-
Hos. iv. 13, and the original sia, and other spices, frank-
word Mali there used, is in incense excepted. The
all other places rendered oak. brain was drawn out by the
ELUL. See Month. nose, with an iron hook,
To EMBALM dead bod- and the skull filled with
fill them with odor-
ies, is to astringent drucrs. The
iferous and drying spices whole body was then anoint-
and drugs. The embalming ed with oil of cedar, myrrh,
of dead bodies appears to cinnamon, <&c. for the
have had its origin, as space of thirty days. It
well as to have attained its was next put into salt about
highest perfection, among forty days. Gen. L 3. Aftef*
the Egyptians; but whether wards, it was wrapt in linen,
their want of access to bury sometimes, it is said, to the
their dead during the over- extent of above one thou-
flow of the Nile, or a regard sand yards, dipped in the
to civil honour, or a fancy oil of myrrh, and rubbed
that the freshness of the with a certain gum, and de-
body tended to detain the livered to the relations, who
soul in it, chiefly prompted put it into the coffin, and
them hereto, we know not. either kept it in their own
The manner of embalming house or in a tomb. By
 EME 70 EPH
this embalming they could of a pea. They are derived
preserve dead bodies for from India and South A-
thousands of years ; some merica.
are still shown, and are EMERODS, a disease, the
called mummies. character of which is not
The poor had oil of cedar exactly known. Most com-
infused, to destroy the in- mentators consider it to be
testines, and the body wrapt what is now called piles.
in salt of nitre. Some of the Deut, xxviii.27. 1 Samuel
poorest did but cleanse the v. 12.
inside, by injecting a certain EMMANUEL,
or Imman-
liquor, and then laid the cel, a Hebrew word, which
body seventy days in nitre, signifies God with us. Matt,
to dry it. Jacob and Joseph i. 23. It is applied to the
were no doubt embalmed in Messiah, in whom Ihe two
the manner of the Egyp- natures, divine and human,
tians, as they died in that were united. Isa. vii. 14.
country. Gen. 1. 2, 3, 26. and viii. 8.
The Jews embalmed dead EM'MAUS. The situa-
bodies; but probably in a tion of this village is not
very ^different and less ef- certainly known but it is ;

fectual mode than that of thought to have stood seven

the Egyptians. When our miles north of Jerusalem.
Saviour w as crucified, the
7
ENON, or the place of
necessity of his hasty burial waters, as the word signifies,
obliged them only to wrap was the place where John
his body in linen, with a baptized. Its situation is not
hundred pounds of myrrh, certainly known, but prob-
aloes, and like spices, oe- ably was in Galilee.
stowed by Nicodemus but ; ENVY, a painful vexation
Mary, and other holy w o- t
of mind at another's enjoy-
men, had prepared ointment ment. It produces malice
and spices, for further em- and persecution. Acts xiii.
balming it. Matt, xxvii. 45. It is hateful to God,
59. Luke xxiii. 56. John and always destroys the
xix. 39, 40. The use of a peace of such as indulge it.
large quantity of spices on Phil. i. 15. Prov. xiv. 30.
such occasions, w as thought
r
E'PHA, a Hebrew meas-
an honour to the deceased. ure, containing somewhat
EMERALD, one of the more than half a bushel.
most beautiful and valuable EPHESIANS, an epistle
of gems, of a green colour, of Paul, which seems to have
seldom exceeding the size been addressed to the Chris-
 EPH 71 EPH
tians of Ephesus. It is em- built. Christianity was plant-
inently valuable for its mi- ed here by Paul, about A. D.
nute instructions rfnd sol- 54, when he reasoned with
emn admonitions. the Jews in their synagogues
EPHESUS, one of the for three months, Acts xviii.
most famous cities of Asia, xix.— xxi. He returned
said to have been built by next year, and preached to
Ephesus, an Amazon lady, the Gentiles with wondei-
as early as the days of Da- ful success, Acts xix. stay-
vid. It was situated on the ing three years, Acts xx.
river Cayster, about forty 31. It suffered exceeding-
miles south of Smyrna, and ly in its various sieges and
was chiefly famed for a captures, by the Saracens,
magnificent temple of Di- Tartars, and Turks, and has
ana. This is said to have gradually sunk to nothing.
been four hundred and Toumefort says he found at
twenty-five feet long, two Ephesus but thirty or forty
hundred and twenty broad ; houses. Chandler found
its roof supported by one not so many individuals.
hundred and twenty-seven Now, no human being lives
pillars, seventy feet high, at Ephesus ! Hy-saluck,
twenty-seven of which were which may be considered
curiously carved, and the another name for Ephesus,
rest polished. It was burnt does not stand on the same
by the infamous Erostratus, place, and contains only a
on the very day Socrates few wretched Turkish huts.
was poisoned, viz. 400 years The candlestick has been
before Christ. Afterward removed eut of its place !

it was rebuilt with increas- " How doth the city sit sol-
ed splendour, at the com- itary that was full of peo-
mon expense of all the Gre- ple." The apostle John
cian states. Before the spent most of his life, and
time of Alexander, Ephesus closed it here.
had kings of its own. After EPHOD, an ornamental
it fell into the hands of the upper garment. It made a
Romans, the inhabitants re- part of the official dress of
volted to Mithridates, king the Hebrew priest: that of
of Pontus, and on that ac- the common priest being
count were pillaged and made of linen, and that of
terribly taxed by Sylla, the the high priest being richly
Roman general. It was embroidered, and containing
destroyed by an earthquake, the sacred breast-plate. See
A. D, 19, but quickly re- Breast-Plate.
 ;

EPI 72 ESA
EPHRAIM. (1.) The They maintained that the
younger son of Joseph, born world was not formed by
§293, and head of a tribe in God, noY with any design,
Israel, which at the time of but by the fortuitous con-
their deliverance out of E- course of atoms. They
gypt, amounted to 40,500 maintained, that happiness
persons. (2.) The lot of consisted in pleasure ; but
Ephraim, lying in the heart some of them placed this
of the Holy Land. (3.) The pleasure in the tranquillity
mountains of Ephraim were and joy of the mind, arising
situated in the very centre from the practice of moral
of Palestine, highly fertile, virtue, which is thought,
except where they approach by some, to have been the
the Jordan in rocky precipi- true principle of Epicurus ;
ces. A spur of this range others understood him in
approached Jericho, the the gross sense, and placed
passes of which have ever all their happiness in cor-
been infested by robbers. poreal pleasure.
(4.) There was a forest of EPISTLE, or Letter.
Ephraim, where ^Absalom's Twenty-one of the books of
army was routed. 2 Sam. the NewTestament are call-
xviii. 6—17. (5.) From the ed epistles. The first four-
days of Jeroboam till the teen were written by Paul
ten tribes were carried away the other seven were writ-
captive by Salmaneser, the ten,one by James, two by
whole land, not included Peter, three by John, and
under Judah, was often call- one by Jude. The messages
ed Ephraim. Jer. xxxi. 6. of the seven churches of
(6.) The city of Ephraim, Asia, recorded in Revela-
where Christ retired with tion, are called epistles.
his disciples not long be- Rev. ii. and iii.

fore he suffered. John x'v 54. ERASTUS, a disciple of

EPICUREANS, philoso- Paul, and chamberlain, that
phers who adopted the doc- is, treasurer, of the city of
trine of Epicurus, who flour- Corinth. He resigned bis
ished at Athens, about A. M. office, and became a travel-
3700. They denied that ling companion to Timothy.
God governs the world, or Rom. xvi. 23.
in the least condescends to ESA'IAS, the same as
interfere with creatures be- Isaiah, which see.
low. They denied also the ESAR'HADDON, the
immortality of the soul, and third son of Sennacherib,
the existence of angels. who preceded his father
 EUN 73 EVA
about the 22d year of the served in the inner courts
reign of Hezekiah. In him and chambers of kino-s.
the kingdoms of Assyria and EUPHRATES, the most
Babylon became united ; af- famous river in Western
ter which he invaded Judah Asia. From its source in
and carried Manasseh a- the mountains of Armenia,
way in chains which was its course is westward ; af-
;

the occasion of the repent- ter which, at the foot of

ance of that wicked prince, Mount Taurus, it bends
2 Kings xxi. He reigned southward, and having re-
over Assyria 39 years and ceived the Melas, runs a-
over Babylon 13, and died long the east side of Syria,
668 years before the birth and after having watered
of Christ. Chaldea, it runs south, and
ESAU. See Edom. joins the- Tigris, just above
ESPOUSALS, the actor where the ancient Paradise
ceremony of marriage. Jer. is supposed to have stood.
li. 2. About 60 miles farther
ESTHER, the name of a south, they discharge them-
queen of Persia, and also of selves into the Persian gulf.
Que of the historical books Like the Nile, it is subject
of the Old Testament. Her to an annual overflow, by
history is recorded in that which it imparts great fer-
inspired narrative, written, tility to its valley. On its
probably, by Mordecai. The banks stood Babylon ; and
king, her husband, was, as Bussorah, about fifty miles
some think, Artaxerxes Lon- from its mouth, is now a
gimanus ; but was more place of some importance.
probably, Darius IJystas- It is now called Epherat, or
pes. Phrai.
ETHIOPIA, sometimes EUROC'LYDON, a vio-
called in the Old Testament, lent and dangerous north-
Cuskj from the oldest son of east wind, common in the
Ham, whose posterity set- Mediterranean about the be-
tled the country on the ginning of winter. Acts
south-west of the Red Sea. xxvii. 14. It is now called
Acts viii. 27. It bordered on by sailors, a Levanter.
Egypt, and was once a most EVANGELIST, a bring-
powerful kingdom^ with er of good news. It was ap-
many noted cities. it It is plied first to the inspired au-
now called Abyssinia. thors of the gospel of Jesus
EUNUCH, the name giv Christ, and, also, in the
en to certain officers who] primitive church, to those
G
 EVI 74 EXO
who went from place to xii. 1, signify the time of
place, to preach the glad old age, which is calamitous
tidings of the ever blessed in itself, and often loaded
gospel. The term is now with the remembrance of
used to signify a minister youthful follies —To " put
Who travels, and is not set far away
day," the evil
(led with any particular Amos vi. 3, means to drive
people. away the thoughts of ap-
EVERLASTING, endur- proaching judgment and
ing forever eternal.
; God death. Satan is called the
is everlasting, Ex. xv. 18, evil one, or evil spirit ; he
and the covenant of grace, is the author of all sin ; he
Hcb. xiii. 20, and the future perpetually works wicked-
blessedness of the righteous, ness, and causes trouble.
Luke xvi. 91, 2 Cor. iv. John xvii. 15. Acts xix. 12.
17, and the punishment of An evil time, is a season of
the wicked, Matt. xxv. 46. much sinning, danger, and
Our finite minds cannot trouble. Amos v. 13.
embrace the thought of ev- EXACTER. An officer
erlasting duration. Millions whose business it w as to col- T

df millions of years, multi- lect fines levied by the

plied to the farthest powers courts, and sometimes to
of computation are as noth- gather taxes.
ing to eternity. Any period EXODUS, the second
we can compute will as cer- book of Mosts; so called,
tainly come to an end as a from its name in the Greek
single day,and then the space version, which signifies de-
beyond is not diminished ! parture; because it relates
O " who can dwell in ever- to the history of the depart-
lasting burnings ?" ure of the Israelites from
EVIL, an action contrary Egypt. It is a narrative of
to the law of God ; any the transactions of about 145
wrong done by one man to years, from the death of
another. Matt. v. 39. It is Joseph, A. M. 2369, to the
prut for the afflictions or erection' of the tabernacle,
punishments which God in 2514. It contains a rec-
sends, Job ii. 10 ; for sin and ord of the history of Moses,
all its sufferings. the plagues of Egypt, the
Matt. vi.
13. To have an journey of Israel, the dis-
evil eye,
Prov. xxiii. 6, is to be cov- pensation of the law, the
etous, and secretly grudge construction of the taber-
the grace that is dispensed nacle, and extrance into
toothers. Evil days, Eccl. Canaan.
 EZE 75 FAI
EX'ORCIST, one who the people with vain hopes,
drives away evil spirits, or and winked at their sins ',

casts out devils. OurSa- the punishments which

viour, when he sent out his should befal Ammon, Edom,
disciples to preach the gos- Philistia, Tyre, and Egypt 3
pel, gave them power over the restoration of Israel and
unclean spirits, to cast them Judah ; and the blessedness
out, Matt. x. 1, by which of the gospel church under
gift they gained repute a- the Messiah that should
mong the people, and gave come.
proof that they were sent of EZRA
was a captive Jew,
God. But those Jewish of the sacerdotal race, who
exorcists, mentioned in Acts by his wisdom and integri-
xix. 13, were only impos- ty rose to eminence in the
tors, deluding the people Persian court. By authori-
by witchcraft or diabolical ty of his sovereign, he as-
agency. sembled a large colony of
EZEK1EL, one of the his countrymen, and went
great prophets; he was the to repair Jerusalem, and re-
son of Buzi, a descendant of build the temple.
Aaron, and of course be- To Ezra is ascribed the
longing to the priesthood. important work of collecting
Bein^ carried away captive the different inspired books,
with "many of his people, by arranging, combining, * and
Nebuchadnezzar, he settled correcting them, and so
on the banks of the Chebar, forming the complete canon
in Mesopotamia, and was of the Old Testament. The
there favoured with his ex- book of Ezra was doubtless
traordinary revelations. He written by him. It consists
seems to have exercised his of two principal divisions :

prophetic office about 20 the

gives the narrative
first

years. of the return of the Jews

The book of Ezekiel is from Babylonia ; and the sec-
similar to that of Jeremiah ond describes the great refor-
in its scope, but very differ- mation of religion, which
ent in style, being more took place among the peopte,
pointed and severe. It pre-

dicts dreadful calamities to

inflicted on Judea and
be
Jerusalem, for idolatry and
F.
wickedness; the judgments FAITH, a dependance on
that would be sent upon the the truth of an assertion.
false prophets, who deluded Divine faith is a firm assent,
 FAN 76 FAT
upon the authority of divine it, are shown in the picfure
revelation. Itthus we of a threshing floor.
is With
are persuaded to believe all this, the grain, as it was
truths relating to God, re- gathered up into a heap on
vealed to us in the Scrip- the threshing floor, was
.

tures. Justifying or saving tossed in the air when the

faith, is a grace wrought in wind blew, so that the chaff
the soul by the Spirit of God, was driven away. As it fell
whereby we receive Christ, round the place, it was cus-
as he is revealed in the tomary to sweep it together
gospel, to be a Prophet, and burn it. See Mat. iii. 12.
Priest and King trust in FAST, a solemn forbear-
;

him, and rely upon his ance from food, accompa-

righteousness alone for sal- nied by humiliation before
vation. This faith begets God, and prayer. Our Sa-
a sincere obedience in life viour did not appoint any
and conversation. " Faith fast days, but gave reasons
wT hich worketh by love," why, after his death, his
Gal. v. 6, is faith which disciples should fast. Afflic-
shows itself by producing tions soon became common
in us love to God and to to Christians, and then they
our neighbour. It is put fasted. 2 Cor. vi. 5.
for a belief and profession FATHER,
he that has a
of^the gospel. Rom. i. 8. child. It is a title given to
FARTHING, a coin used the first ancestor, as Rom.
by the Romans. Our trans- iv. 16 ; to the inventor and
lators give this English to master of a certain art or
both arcrpgtov (assarion) and science, or founder of a par-
ticular profession, Gen. iv.
Koogaflvig (quadrantes) but
20, 22 ; to that man who is
these were different ; the affected with
the miseries
first was a tenth part of a
of the poor, and takes care
Roman penny, or about two to provide for their wants.
cents. Matt. x. 29. The lat- Job
xxix. 16. God declares
ter was equal to two mites, himself
to be the Father of
and is about a fourth part of the fatherless. Psl. lxviii.
our cent. Mark xii. 42. 5. God is eminently the
FAN, an instrument for Father, Creator, Preserver,
separating chaff from grain. and Protector of all his crea-
It was formerly made in the
tures, but principally of
shape of a wooden shovel, those who call upon his
with a long handle. The name, knowing and serving
shape and manner of using hint. Peut. sxxii. 6. Roni!
 m

FEL 77 FEL
viii. 15, 16. The devil is brought a prisoner to his
called the father of the wick- bar. Acts xxiv. 25. He
ed. John viii. 44. In church was a bad man, and govern-
history the term is applied to ed with great injustice and
the Christian writers of the cruelty. In the year 60 he
first centuries. It is now was recalled to Rome, and
customary to give this epi- Festus was sent in his room.
thet to very aged and emi- The Jews followed him, anil
nent saints. complained to the govern-
FATLING, a young animal ment of his extortion and
that has been fed for slaugh- violence ; and he would
ter. Isa. xi. 6. Matt. xxii. 4. have been punished with
FEAR, apprehension of death, had not his brother
danger. Guilt produces that Pallas, by his credit at court,
solicitude and dread which is preserved his life. Acts
called slavish fear. Acts xxiii. and xxiv.
xxiv. 25. Filial fear is that FELLOWSHIP, or Com-
holy feeling of the renewed munion", is a term of great
heart toward God, which importance in the Scriptures.
produces a reverent submis- There is a fellowship to
sion to his providence, and which the people of Christ
ready obedience to all his are admitted with God the
commands. Heb. v. 7. Father, and with his Son,
FELIX was deputy for Jesus Christ, the blood of Je-
the Romans, in the govern- sus cleansing from all sin. 1
ment of Judea. He enticed John i. 3, 5, &c. There is
Drusilla to divorce Azizus, also a fellowship which they
king of Emesa, and then have with one another —
took her as his own wife. all the spiritual blessings
He defeated about four thou- which the gospel brings to
sand assassins, headed by the guilty in— temporal
an Egyptian impostor, who things, which in a particular
had posted themselves in manner is pointed to, Acts
the mount of Olives. Acts ii. 42. When the disciples of
xxi. 38. During the admin- Christ communicate jointly
istration of Felix, Judea was of their worldly substance to
in a constant turmoil, being the support of the poor, this
infested with robbers and fellowship takes place. The
assassins, and overrun with church connection is called
impostors pretending to be a fellowship, and is opposed
the Messiah. It was this to having fellowship with
prince that trembled at the the unfruitful works of dark-
words of Paul, who was ness. Eph. v. 11.
 —

FIG 78 FIR
FESTUS succeeded Felix that is, the time of gathering
in the government of Judea. figs had not quite arrived.
He sent Paul, whom Felix The tree was, therefore, evi-
had left bound
at Cesarea, to dently barren, and had not
Rome, be tried by Caesar,
to already been stripped. Mat.
to whom he appealed. Acts xxi. 19. The goodness of
xxv. Festus was very dili- God is remarkably apparent
gent in his efforts to put an in this tree. It flourishes in
end to disturbances, rocky, barren places, where
the
which had become so fre- almost nothing else will
quent in Judea from robbe- grow ; and a single tree,
ries, &c. in the reign of Fe- (says Tournefort) will some-
lix, but took no trouble to in- times produce two hundred
vestigate the claims of Chris- and eighty pounds of figs. So
tianity and when Paul spoke valuable was this tree in the
;

of its mysteries, thought that land of Canaan, that to have

much learning had made him it killed, or even to have it
mad. Acts xxvi. He died fail of its annual fruit, was
about A. D. 62. reckoned a dreadful calami-
FIG-TREE, a well known ty. 6,7. Habb. iii.17.
Joel i.

tree, whichflourishes in FIGURE, shape, resem-

warm countries. It attains blance. Idols are called fig-
a good degree of perfection in ures, because they are made
the most southern of the Uni- after the likeness of some
ted States. The fruit which original form. Acts vii. 43.
grows from the trunk and Adam, Isaac, &c. and some
large branches, and not from ancient ceremonies were
the exterior twigs as in most figures or types, as they
trees, is nutritious and medi- shadowed forth Jesus Christ.
cinal, and is exported, in a Rom. v. 14. Heb. xi.19,
dried state, to every part of and ix. 9. Baptism is called
the world. The leaves of a figure ; its washing of wat-
the tree are very large, on er shadows forth the washing
which account Adam and of our souls in the blood of
Eve made aprons of them. Christ.
The tree itself is large, and FILLET. (1.) A band for
some have been mentioned the hair. (2.) architec- An
which would shelter three tural ornament. Exodus
hundred men. 1 Kings iv. xxxvi 38, and xxxviii. 28.
25. John i. 49. Christ blast- FIRKIN, a Greek meas-
ed a fig-tree on which he ure, equal, it is thought, to
found no fruit, though " the four gallons and a half;
time of figs was not yet/' that is, about a fourth part
 FIS 79 FLA
of a hath; there is no cer- land, the natives of the deep
tainty as to its size. John subsist by preying on each
ii. 6. other. Were it not for this
FIR-TREE. The fir-tree arrangement, the vast regions
of Palestine is a very tall, of water would have been a
straight ever-green, abound- dreary vacuum in the sys-
ing with a gum called rosin. tem of nature. The fecund-
'

Its fruit somewhat resembles ity and longevity of fishes is

burrs of the pine tree. The adapted to this order of things.
wood was anciently used for A single cod will produce in
musical instruments, build- a season nine millions ofeggs^
ing, and furniture of houses a flounder above one million,
and ships. It was the chosen and a mackerel five hundred
abode of the stork. Psi. civ. thousand. Large fish live on
17. Jesus Christ is compar- small ones, and these find
ed to a green fir-tree. Hos. food in the surplus spawn of
xiv. 8. His people are liken- such as have been named.
ed to fir-trees. Isaiah xli. Thus myriads of creatures
19, and Iv. 13, and lx. 13. partake of the pleasure of ex-
FISHES were created on istence, in an element which
the fifth day, by the word of would otherwise have been a
God's power. Some are of silent waste. Under the He-
monstrous size, and some are brew law, none were called
too small to be seen without clean and allowed to be eat-
powerful glasses. Their sit- en, but such as had fins and
uation has ever prevented an scales, so that lobsters, oys-
accurate knowledge of their ters, &c. were prohibited.
number, structure, or man- FITCHES, or Vetches,
ners. Linneus reckons sev- a sort of tare, growing to the
eral hundred different spe- height of 12 or 18 inches.
cies ; and doubtless many The seeds of which are fra-
exist in the vast extent and grant and pungent, and were
profundity of ocean, which strewed on cakes by thte
have never come under hu- Jews. Isa. xxviii. 25, 27, &c.
man observation. Even FLAG, a tall rush, common
when drawn from their. wa- on the banks of the Nile ;

tery abode, and the form ex- grateful to cattle as food, and
amined and described, their made into ropes, &,c. by the
migrations, pursuits, and Egyptians.
pleasures, remain concealed FLAGON, a vessel or
in most cases. The sea not cruise usually intended fbr
affording vegetable food in wine, and containing about a
the profusion that is seen on pint. 2 Sam. vi. 19.
 ;

FLE 80 FLO
FLAX, a well known by was vail-
his divine nature
plant of which linen is made. ed, even as the mercy-s6at,
Egypt carried on a great and the most holy place were
trade in the article of linen ;
by the vail. Heb. x. 20. It
Ezek. xxvii. 7, and the de- is also taken for the outward
struction of flax, in one of appearance. John viii. 15.
the plagues of Moses, must " A heart of flesh" denotes a
have been a great calamity. tender, tractable temper and
Ex. ix. 31. When it is said disposition of soul.
the had "boiled/' it
flax FLOOD, an inundation or
means the seed vessels had collection of waters. , The
begun to assume a roundish Red Sea is so called, Ps.lxvK
form. See Lamp. 6, and heavy rains, Matt. vii.
FLAY, to strip off the skin; 25, and by a figure, great af-
a punishment used in some flictions, Ps. lxix. 15, violent
countries upon great offend- efforts of the enemies of the
ers, by which they were church, Isa. lix. 19, &c.
slowly killed, with the ut- In most instances where
most suffering. Mic. iii. 3. this word occurs, it means
Some of the early Christians that awful deluge which
were martyred in this man- once destroyed the earth, and
ner. which is described in Gene-
FLESH, that soft part of sis. Noah with his family,
any animal, which lies be- and the various animals
tween the skin and the bone. which God brought to him,
The word is used in Scrip- were preserved in the ark,
ture for living men, and ani- which was their habitation
mals in general, Gen. vi. 13 for about a year. This mem-
for the whole nature of man, orable event is computed to
as it cometh into the world have occurred A. M. 1656.
infected with sin, Rom. vii. Persons and things existing
5. viii. 8 ; for all that in re- previous to it are called ante-
ligion which is outward, and diluvian Ofthiswonderful
.

to be seen with the eye. as event, most heathen nations

moral works or ceremonies of have, to this day, some traces
the law, Rom. iv. 1, Gal. iii. of tradition, and many aiv-
3 ; for the remainder of nat- cient Gentile writers allude
ural corruptions, which acts to it. The present state of
in opposition to the Spirit in the earth furnishes also many
regenerated persons. Rom. evidences of its having oc-
vii. 18, 25. Gal. v. 17, 24. curred. Trees, teeth, bonesi,
Flesh also signifies the hu- sea-shells, &c. &c. are often
man nature of Christ, where- found on the tops of moun-
 FLY 81 FOO
plague of them by Moses.
tains, or buried in the earth,
Beelzebub, or the god of
in the hardest strata, in solid
flies, was worshipped by the
rocks, in beds of marl, and in
the bottoms of mines. Philistines, Amorites, &c.
FLOOR, the bottom of a because he was supposed tD
room. 1 Kings vi. 15. The defend his votaries from these
place where corn was thresh- distressing insects.
ed out. Hos. ix. 1. Judges FOOL, an idiot, or a very
vi. 37. See Threshing- weak man ; one who fore-
Floor- sees not evils to prevent them,
FLOTES, flat bottomed and neglects the season of ob-
vessels, such as are now call- taining what is good. In the
ed scows ; or a collection of language of Scripture, a sin-
trees, fastened together by ner, in opposition to a prudent
ropes, to be drawn along by man ; one who makes some-
water, in the manner we thing in this world his high-
make a raft. 1 Kings v. 9. est aim, and spends his chief
FLUTE, a sweet, soft, time and labour about it, to
wind instrument, of very an- the neglect of infinitely high-
cient date. We
find it used er interests. Those who up-
in the time of David, 1 Kings braid their brethren as fools
i. 40, and at Nebuchadnez- are in danger of hell. MatL
zar's concert. Dan. iii. 5. v. 22. Whatever is without
FLY, an insect of which good reason, and does not se-
there are many kinds, some cure men's true and eternal
having two, and some four advantage, is foolish ; and
wings. Sonninisays, that in hence we read of foolish talk-
Egypt no insects are so troub- ing, foolish lusts, foolish ques-
lesome as flies, which are tions, &c. Eph.v. 4. 1 Tim.
there extremely rapacious vi. 9. Tit. iii. 9.
and bold, attacking the tend- FOOT, that on which any
erest parts of the body, and animal or thing stands, or is
creating almost unsupporta- supported ; a measure of
ble pain. A single fly will twelve inches. In old times,
throw an entire herd of cattle it was customary to wash the
into consternation. Isa. vii. feet of strangers after a jour-
18. According to the custom ney, because they either
of idolatrous countries, to walked barefoot, or wore on-
worship what was hurtful, ly sandals. Gen. xviii. 4. xix.
the Egyptians paid supersti- 2. xxiv. 32. Widows, main-
tious homage to several sorts tained by the church, were
of flies, so that nothing could to be such as had washed the
he more determinate than the feet of the saints ; that is, had
 ;

FOX 82 FRA
been ready to do the meanest known to be. Cant. ii. 15.
services for the servants of Samson might have caught
God. 1 Tim. v. 10. Our jackals by scores, but the
blessed Saviour washed the fox is scarcely ever found in
feet of his apostles, and Judea, and is not a gregarious
though there is not sufficient animal. The country ofjack-
reason for regarding this as a als is Asia Minor and the
positive institution, like the neighbouring countries. They
Lord's supper, yet it most choose hilly places, boldly
plainly and movingly shows approach travellers, and at
that Christians are to be very night enter villages, always
affectionate, and ready toper- going in troops. The jackal
form the most humble ser- is not so large as a wolf, but
vices for one another. rather larger than a fox, and
FORGIVE, to. pardon an lives on small animals,
offence. To forgive sin, is grapes, vegetables, and car-
the prerogative of God only. cases. The general resem-
Isaiah xliii. 25. When the blance of the fox and jackal,
Pharisees, who denied the may have caused the sacred
divinity of Christ, heard him writers to use the term fox as
forgiving sins, they said " this comprehending similar ani-
man blasphemeth." Matt, mals. J. C. Scaliger and
ix. 3. Christ having exer- Olearius, as quoted by Bo-
cised this power, proves him chart, expressly call the jack-
to be divine. Acts v. 31. al a fox ; and Mr. Sandys
FOX. There is reason to says, " the jackals are in my
think that the word shuol, opinion no other than foxes."
means a jackal, and not a fox Ksempfer says, the jackal may
and that the true fox is not not improperly be called, the
mentioned in all the Scrip- "wolf-fox."
ture. Psalm lxiii. 10. Bar- FRANKINCENSE, a
barous nations of the east gum, anciently much burnt
ravage the country they con- in temples, and now used in
quer, leaving the habitations medicine. It distils from in-
desolate, and the dead bodies cisions made in the tree dur-
unburied. These carcasses ing the heat of the summer,
the jackals devour. David and when placed on live
alludes to this, Ps. lxiii. 10, coals, sends up a dense fra-
when he says his enemies grant smoke. Some frankin-
iC
shall be a portion for foxes." cense is brought from the
The true fox does not prey East Indies-; but it is not
on carrion ; nor are our foxes equal to that of Arabia or
fond of grapes, as jackals are Syria. The form of the frank-
 FRO 83 FRU
incense tree, Pliny says, is adequate to the effect, that
like a pear-tree. Frankin- his hand in the punishment
cense is still used in the Po- might have been overlooked.
pish ceremonies, as well as Because frogs show them-
by heathens. Ex. xxx. 34. selves most actively after a
Luke i. 10. Rev. viii. 4. rain, some have foolishly im-
FRAY, chase away agined that they are pro-
to
with fear. Deut. xxviii. 28. duced by rain, or descend
FROG, There are two with it.
species of frog, one of which FRONTLET, or Tele-
lives in the water and the phin, a browband, or fillet
other on the land. The form- worn on the forehead. The
er was made the plague of Jews regardingthe command,
Egypt. Ex. viii. As the Deut. vi. 8, 9, as intended
frog in Egypt was the em- literal!}', or being disposed to
blem of Osiris, it was held adopt the pagan custom of
sacred by the people and wearing amulets and talis-
;

this plague is one of the many mans, wore these on their

evident instances when Je- foreheads. See Phylac-
hovah punishes men by tery.
means of the very things they FRUIT, production, effect,
improperly regard. This is consequence. " Fruit of
still more apparent when we cattle," is their young.
consider that the Nile, in " Fruit of the body," signi-
which they were produced, fies children. Deut. xviii. 4.
was supposed by the Egyp- " Fruit of the lips," is the sac-
tians to be peculiarly sacred, rifice of praise and thanks-
and deserving of religious giving. Hebrews xiii. 15.
veneration. Though the frog ;
'
Fruits meet for repent-
is not venomous, such legions ance," are such a holy life
of them penetrating every and conversation, as manifest
place, and filling their food the reality of repentance.
and beds, rendered life intol- Matt. iii. 8. " Fruits of the
erable. When it is said, Ps. Spirit," mean love both to
lxxviii. 45, " He sent frogs God and our neighbours, and
and destroyed them," it prob- those gracious habits wrought
ably means that the stench of by the Spirit in the soul ; as
them when killed, infected joy, peace, long suffering,
the air, and created pesti- gentleness, goodness, faith,
lence. Had God sent lions, meekness, and temperance.
tigers, and crocodiles, instead Gal. v. 22, 23. " Fruits of
of frogs, lice, flies, &c. the righteousness," Phil. i. llj
cause would have seemed so are such good works and holy
 FUL 84 GAD
actions as spring from a gra- iii. 19. " That he might be
cious frame of heart. Fruit, filledwith all the fulness of
is taken for a charitable con- God," is sharing in the most
tribution, which is the fruit ample manner in the un-
or effect of faith and love. searchable riches of Christ.
Rom. xv. 28. Fruit, when FURLONG, the eighth part
spoken of good men, means of a mile —
forty rods, poles,
works of righteousness and or perches. Luke xxiv. 13.
holiness ; but in regard to John xi. 18.
wicked men, it designates the
effects of sin, immorality, and
wickedness. See our Sa-
viour's Matt. vii.
16.
doctrine.
G.
FULL, fulness. (1.) De-
siring no more of a thing. GAB'BATHA,
a word of
Isa. i. 11. "I am full of the Chaldee or Syriac origin,
burnt offerings of rams." (2.) which means the pavement,
Perfect, that which wants a large court or apartment,
nothing. 2 John viii. (3.) used as Pilate's court room.
Such as are puffed up with a John xix. 13.
conceit of their own sufficien- GABRIEL, the name of
cy and worth, so as to feel no the archangel, mentioned
need of Christ. " Wo
unto Luke i. who appeared
11, 26,
you that are fall." Luke vi. at differenttimes to Daniel,
25. To be "full of years," Zacharias, &c. Daniel vii.
is to have lived to old age. x. xii. It is doubtful if there
(Jen. xxv. 8. " The fulness be more than one archangel,
of time is the time wherein as the word never occurs in
the Messiah appeared, which the plural. Some learned
was appointed by God, prom- men think the term is applied
ised to the fathers, foretold to Christ.
by the prophets, expected by GAD. (1) The son of
the Jews themselves, and Jacob, by Zilpah. Gen. xxx.
earnestly longed for by all (2.) A tribe in Israel, deriv-
who looked for redemption ; ed from this patriarch.
the fulness of this time is Numb. xxvi. 15—18. (3.)
when that time was fully The name of the province or
come. The " ful- canton occupied by the tribe
Gal. iv. 4.
ness of God," is such a meas- of Gad. lSam. xiii.7. (4.)
ure of perfection as God hath A
prophet, who lived in the
appointed to every one of the days of David, of whose
elext through Christ. Eph. reign he wrote a history, as
 ;

GAL 85 GAL
did alsoNathan the prophet chief city was Ancyra, now
neither of which seem to called Angora. About 175
have been inspired, or at least years before Christ, it was
were not preserved for our reduced to a Roman province.
use. 1 Chron. xxix. 29. The gospel was planted here
GAD'ARA, the capital of by Paul, who wrote an epis-
Peraea. in Coelo-Syria, stood tle to these churches. Acts
about four miles eastward of xvi. Dejotarus, for whom
the sea of Tiberias. Great Tully interceded, in an ora-
numbers of swine were kept tion still extant, was king of
here, which was directly this country. About A. D.
contrary to the Mosaic law. 266, it was overrun by the
When Christ, in healing two Goths ; and afterward be-
possessed persons, suffered came a province of Turkey.
the devils to enter their herd It is now called JVatolia.
of swine, and drown them, GAL'BANUM, an odo-
instead of being humbled by riferous gum, supposed by
their punishment, they be- Linnaeus, to be obtained by
sought the Saviour to leave from the ferula gal-
incision
their country. About forty banifera, which' grows in
years after, the city was Arabia, Syria, Africa, &c. It
burntby the Romans. Mat- constituted an ingredient in
thew (chap. viii. 28,) calls the holy anointing oil. Ex.
this the country of the Ger- xxx. 34.
gesenes, because Gergesa GALILEE, the northern
was the name of the country part of Canaan, comprehend-
where Gadara stood, or was a ing Issachar, Zebulun, Nap*
city near to Gadara ; and thali, and Asher. The upper
Christ healed the possessed part was called Galilee of the
men on the border betwixt Gentiles, from its containing
the two, or in a place com- many Gentile inhabitants out
mon to both. Mark v. 1. It of the neighbouring nations;
is now called Kadar, and as the Phoenicians, Syrians,
sometimes Oom Kias. &c. This mixture of popu-
GALATIA, an extensive lation corrupted the dialect;
province of Asia Minor, north hence Peter was detected
of Lycaonia. It was called by his speech. Mark xiv.
Galatia, or Gaullogrecia, 70. Our Saviour and most
from the Gauls to whom of the disciples were educa-
Nicomedes, king of Bithynia, ted here; and here were
gave it as a reward for their most of the miracles wrought*
having assisted hira in his On this account, Jesus and
wars against his brother. Its his followers were often called
 ;

GAR 86 GAR
Galileans. Luke xxiii. 6. the east gave a feast, to make
Acts ii. 7. a present to each guest of a
Galilee, Sea of. See robe to «wear on that occa-
Gennesareth. sion ;and sometimes the sil-
GALL, a general name for ver or gold cup, out of which
whatever is very bitter, they drank, was also added.
nauseous, or poisonous. Sev- This explains Matt. xxii.
eral different words, of the 11— 13, which might other-
original Scriptures, are trans- wise seem severe. The man
lated by this term. In Job acted contemptuously, and
xvi. 13, it means the animal insultingly, and merited his
secretion so called. In Mat. doom ; as all do who reject
xvii. 34, it seems synonymous the robe of Christ's righteous-
with myrrh. The word oc- ness. Princes, especially
curs metaphorically, meaning great kings and priests, gen-
great troubles, Jer. viii. 14. erally wore white garments
Exceeding wickedness, Amos such were also worn on the
vi. 12. Abominable deprav- occasions of great joy and
ity of heart, Acts viii. 23. gladness.
Eccl. ix. 8. In
GALLIO was brother
mourning, men generally
to
Seneca, the famous moral- wore sackcloth, or hair cloth.
ist, and adopted son of Lucius Prophets, when their mes-
Junius Gallio, for whom he sages were terrible, and the
was named. Under Clau- times dark, oft wore a mourn-
dius, he became governor of ing dress of coarse stuff or
Achaia. He acted as a judge skin. 2 Kings i. 7, 8. Mat.
very mildly and properly, iii. 4. False prophets, in or-
when a rabble, under the in- der to deceive the people,
fluence of Sosthenes, accused clothed themselves after the
Paul but he dreadfully err- same manner.
; Zech. xiii.
ed in not inquiring into 4. It was common to lay up
the natureof Christianity, stores of raiment, as the fash-
and accepting its salvation. ion of dress does not alter in
Acts xviii. 17. During the the east. Hence the Saviour
reign of the furious Nero, he warns men of the folly of lay-
was put to death. ing up treasures which the
GAM'MADIMS, inhabi- moth may consume. Matt,
tants of Gammade, or Gam- vi. 19. Luke xii. 33. Jam.
ale, which was probably a v. 2.
province of Phoenicia. Ezek. What is said in Mat. ix. 16,
xxvii. 11. " No man putteth a piece of
GARMENT. It was the new cloth into an old gar-
custom when great men oflment," &c. is explained by
 GAT
the parallel text in Luke
36 ;
" No man putteth
piece of a new garment upon
an old" That is, no man
cuts up a new coat to mend
an old one.
GATE, the entrance to a
residence or fortified place.
A large room was built over
the gate on the wall of the
city, used as a council cham-
ber, and court of justice, or
town hall. We have a re-
markable example of the
mode of procedure, in the
fourth chapter of Ruth. It
was here that Absalom made
his seditious speeches. 2 after the death of Joshua.
Sam. xv. Mordecai sat at the
king's gate, not a poor men-
dicant, but as a judge ; and
therefore Raman said, " AH
this availeth me nothing, so
long as I see Mordecai the
Jew sitting at the king's
gate." Esther v. 13. Peace
and war were proclaimed
from the gate ; and hence,
" the gates of hell," is> proper
expression for the power and
influence of hell, which shall
87 GEN
v. pear to have gone under
a this name. One in Galilee?
where Jonah was horn, Josh,
xix. 13. 2 Kings xiv. 25 >
one in the tribe of Dan, and
another in Manasseh. Josh,
xxi. 24.
GAZA. (1.) city of A
the Ephraimites. 1 Chron.
vii. 2S, now called Razza.
(2.) Acity between Pales-
tine and Egypt, and about
two miles and a half from the
Mediterranean sea. It was
anciently a city of the Philis-
tines, but given to the tribe
ofJudah, who conquered it,
Jud. i. 18. The Philistines
retook it, and kept possession
of it till the reign of David.
Samson carried the gates of
it almost to Hebron, and af-
terward was imprisoned, and
died in it. Jud. xvi. During
the reign of David it was
conquered by the Jews, and
remained subject to them
many years. During the
conquests of Alexander, it
was laid waste and a new ;

not prevail against the church. town of the same name, be-
Matt. xvi. 18. ing laid out not far distant, it
GATH, a city of Philistia, fell into decay, and became
the capital of the people call- desolate, according to the
ed Gittites. It stood 14 prediction, Zeph. ii. 4. The
miles south of Joppa, and was old town is referred to in
one of the most ancient cities Acts viii. 26, as, " Gaza
in the world. It still exists, which is desert."
though now a place of small GENEALOGY, a list of
consequence. Its present ancestors ; an account or his-
name is Jehna. tory of the rise, progress, and
Several other places ap- present state of any person
 GEN
or family, showing the regu-
lar descent. The exactness
tif the Jews in this respect,
was ordered by the special
providence of God, that it
might be certainly known, of
what tribe and family the
Messiah was born. After the
birth of Christ, such circum-
spection was unnecessary ;
and if persisted in, could on-
ly indicate an unchristian
pride of ancestry, as will ap-
pear from the words of the
apostle Paul. 1 Tim. i. 4.
Tit. iii. 9.
GENERATION
in Scripture, (1.) Posterity,
offspring. Gen. x. 1. (2.)
Line of descent. The il book
of the generation of Jesus
Christ," is a history of his
lineage, life, and death. Mat.
i. 1» " This generation shall
not pass away, till all these
things be .fulfilled," means
that the people living in the
time of Christ, should not be
all dead,when Jerusalem, and
the Jewish nation, would be
ruined by the Romans. Mat.
xxiv. 34. The word may
here be applied to the Jewish
nation, which our Lord fore-
tels should not pass away till
his second coming. In ful-
filment of this prophecy, we
see them subsisting at this
day, a distinct and separate
generation. In Christ's time,
the Jews were a faithless,
perverse, and untoward gen-
eration, Mark ix, 19,
83 GEN
ii. 40. The saints are u a
chosen generation," or an
elected race. 1 Pet. ii. 9,
and i. 2.
GENNES'ARETH, a fine
lake, sixteen miles long, and
five or six broad. Its waters
are exceedingly sweet and
pure, and abound with fish.
The northern coast is said to
be covered with basaltes, la-
va, and other volcanic pro-
ductions. Its edges are not
marshy, but form sandy
beaches, from which fine hills
rise, covered once with the
signifies beauty of cultivation, but now
silent and drear. It is very
subject, from the character of
the surrounding hills, to sud-
den gusts of wind ; and when
these come from the south,
and oppose the current of the
Jordan, its surface is very
rough, as was the case when
Christ walked on the water
to his disciples. Matt. xiv.
24—26. It is the same as the
Sea of Tiberias, John xxi. 1,
and Sea of Galilee, Matt. iv.
18, and xiv. 34.
GENESIS, the name of the
first book of the Holy Scrip-
tures. This title is derived
from a Greek word, which
signifies generation, or begin*
ning. The book contains an
account of the beginning or
creation of the world, and
settles forever that question
which heathen sages could
never decide from whence
Acts sprung this earth, and its in-
 —

GEN S9 GER
habitants. The disclosure of of the Gentiles, appears from
this grand truth, that the the prayer which Solomon
Author of all things is one addresses to God after th«
glorious, supreme, and self- dedication of the temple. 1
existent Being, establishes Kings viii. 41—43. The
the grand principle and foun- Psalmist says that the Lord
dation of all religion and mo- shall give the Gentiles to the
rality, and is the great source Messiah for an inheritance.
of comfort and hope to the Ps. ii. 8. And the Christian
human family. church is now composed al-
This book comprises a pe- most wholly of Gentiles.
riod of 2369 years ; and be- GE'RAH, the least of Jew-
side the history of the crea- ish money, being the twen-
tion, it contains an account of tieth part of a shekel. Ex.
man's original innocence xxx. 13.
his fall ; the propagation of GER'IZIM, a fine moun-
mankind ; the rise of religion ; tain in the tribe of Ephraim,
the corruption of the world ; on which the Samaritan
the deluge ; the repeopling temple was built, because
and division of the earth ; the the Jews would not allow the
history of the first patriarchs ; Samaritans to hefp them
and the settlement of Israel to build their temple. 2
in Egypt. It was written by Kings xvii. Ezra iv. It was
Moses; probably during his begun about B. C. 408 years.
exile in the land of Midi an. About the time it was finish-
GENTILE, a term applied ed, two remarkable events
by the Jews to all who were occur in profane history,
not of their religion ; one ig- Xe-^ophoiv brought home
norant of the true God ; a the Greeks that followed Cy-
Heathen or Pa^an, some- rus; and Socrates was put
times called a Greek. St. to death by the Athenians.
Paul is commonly called the This temple was destroyed
Apostle of the Gentiles, or by Hyrcanus, a Jewish
Greeks, 1 Tim. ii. 7, as he Prince, 129 years before
was principally sent to preach Christ. The Samaritans have
Christ to them ; Whereas St. continued to esteem the spot
Peter and the other Apostles sacred, even to this day, of-
preached generally to the ten going there to worship
Jews, and were therefore God. John iv. 20. It is
called the Apostles of the about one thousand feel
circumcision. Gal. ii. 7. high.
That the ancient and godly GERSHONITES, a branch
Jews desired the conversion of the priestly race, descended
H
 GIB 90 GIL
from Gershon, the eldest son them to destroy, and whose
of Levii. country they were to occu-
GETHSEM'ANE, a re- py. The covenant was kept
tired garden at the foot of the by the Hebrews, though
Mount of Olives. Luke xxii. thus falsely obtained and in-
;

40. The remains of a stone stead of being destroyed, they

wall are yet seen, and eight were made to serve as hewers
ancient olive trees. Matt. of wood, and drawers of wa-
xxvi. ter. Joshua ix. and x.
GIANT, a man of extra- GIFT, that which is giv-
ordinary stature or might. en without pay. It is applied
That there were races of in an eminent manner to
men in ancient times who far Jesus Christ, God's " un-
exceeded the present size of speakable gift." Our Lord
man, seems at least highly says to the woman of Sama-
probable. Gen. vi. 4. Numb. ria, " If thou knewest the
xiii. 33. In the days of Da- gift of God, viz. Him that
vid, there was a family of saith to thee, give me to
giants, of whom Goliath was drink," &c. John iv. 10.
one. 2 Sam. xxi. After this, When Christ ascended upon
we read no more of giants in high, he received gifts for
Canaan. Not only in Scrip- the rebellious. Ps. lxviii. 18.
ture, but in the writings oi Of these he poured down on
Homer, Herodotus, Pliny, the day of Pentecost, and
Plutarch, Virgil, &c. we read gave some apostles, prophets,
of giants in stature. &c. Faith is the gift of God,
GIBEAH, a city of Benja- Eph. ii. 8 and as the tcagcs
1
;

min, situated on a fine hill 4 of sin is death, so the " gift

miles north of Jerusalem. of God is eternal life." Rom.
Josh. xv. 57. It was for a vi. 23. Every good and per-
while the royal residence of fect gift comes from God.
Saul. Jam. i. 17. The gifts and
GIBEON, a city 5 miles calling of God are without
north of Jerusalem, the inhab- repentance ; that is, what he
itants of which deceived Josh- hath given, according to his
ua by sending a deputation to divine and^eternal purpose,
him to make a treaty of cannot be reversed.
peace, whose dress, &c. in- GIL'BOA, a ridge of moun-
dicated that they had come tains in the north of Pales-
from a very great distance, tine. Some of the peaks rise
and consequently did not be- 1000 feet above the level of
long to any of the nations the sea. 1 Sam. xxviii. 4.
which God had commanded GILEAD, a mountainous
 GLA 91 GLO
district extending from Leba- as fabulous. Mirrors were,
non to Moab, eastward of the in early times, made of plates
river Jordan, famous for of metal highly polished.
balm, Jer. viii. 22, and for Exodus xxxviii. 8. The
pasture. Songs iv. 1. The Ethiopians anciently preserv-
northern part of this range ed their dead bodies in large
was called Bashan. glasses. The invention of
GIL GAL. (1.) A
city burning glasses is commonly
near Jericho, where was an ascribed to Archimedes, of
altar. 1 Sam. xi. 15. Idols Sicily, who lived about twfc
were worshipped here in af- hundred years before Christ.
ter times. Hos. iv. 15. (2.) The word of God is compared
A city near Antipatris, Josh, to a glass, because it repre-
xii. 23. There remained a sents to us our real character,
village on this spot, called as a glass does the face. Jas.
Galgulis, for several hun- i. 23, 25. This is one great
dred years after Christ. internal evidence of the truth
GIRDLE, any thing bound of Revelation.
round the waist. It is still GLEDE, a ravenous bird,
necessary in the east, be- thought by Bochart to be the
cause of the long, loose rai- black vulture. Deut. xiv. 13.
ment worn by both sexes. Isa. xxxiv. 15.
Girdles cf leather were worn GLORIFY, to pay divine
in token of humility, as by honour ; to make
glorious ;
Elijah, 2 Kings i. 8, and John to exalt to glory or dignity.
the Baptist', Matthew iii. 4. Thus God glorifies his people
Girdles of sackcloth were by adorning them with gifts
the marks of humiliation, and and graces in this world, and
worn in times of mourning. by bringing them to the full
Isa. iii. 24. To have the possession of glory and bless-
loins girded, Luke xii. 35, is edness in heaven. are We
to be always prepared for any said to glorify God, when we
service that God may re- ascribe to him the glory of
quire, and be like servants every excellency, whether
who are ready to obey their of nature or of grace, Rev.
master's commands. iv. 11 ; when we believs
GLASS, is not mentioned God's promises, and wait for
in the Old Testament, having the performance, Rom. iv.
been unknown in those times. 20 ; when we pubMckly ac-
According to Pliny and Tac- knowledge true religion, or
itusj the Phenicians were the any special truth of God, that
inventors of glass, but De is generally opposed, Luke
Pans regards their narrative xxiii. 47 ; when we suffer-fbr
 GNA 92 GO A
God, 1 Pet. iv. 16 ; when we insect, very common in warm
give thanks to God for bene- countries. This and other
fits or deliverances, Luke insects being apt to get into
xvii. 18; when on the Sab- wine, &c. it is customary to
bath we devote ourselves on- pass liquors through a strain-
ly to the service ot God, Isa. er. The word at in Matt,
lviii. 13 and when we love,
; xxiii. 24, should be out. u Ye
praise, admire, and esteem strain out a gnat." The
Christ above all. Greek word ^dX^ovts?, does?
God the Father is glorified not mean to make an effort to
in Christ the Mediator, byhis swallow, but to filter. It_
obedience unto death, where- should be remembered that
by the work of man's re- by the Jewish law, both
demption was consummated, gnats and camels were un-
and the justice, wisdom, mer- clean.
cy, and holiness of God made GOAT, a well known an-
manifest. imal, of which there are sev-
God glorified Christ, by eral varieties. The kind
manifestly owning him to be most common in Palestine,
his Son ; by sustaining his is not very unlike those of
human nature against the the United States, but has
gates of hell, in his tempta- longer hair, which is manu-
tions and sufferings ; and by factured into cloth. There is
enabling him to triumph over a species called Rock Goat,
his people's enemies in his mentioned in several passages
resurrection, ascension, and of Scripture, and which, be-
exaltation to his Father's ing of a singular form, is rep-
right hand. John'xvii. 1. resented in the annexed en-
GLORY. (1.) The un- graving. Its size is less than
speakable blessedness of the the common wild goat. The
saints in heaven. (2.) World- horns are of extraordinary
ly splendour and greatness. size, bending back over the
"The heavens declare the animal's body, sometimes to
glory of God ;" that is, man- the length of three feet. Like
wisdom, pow-
ifest his infinite
other goats, it is peculiarly
er, and goodness, and ought adapted for climbing, and de-
to excite our gratitude, love, lights in the most rugged
adoration, and praise. The mountains, staying at great
miracles which our Saviour elevation. Job xxxix. 1. Ps.
wrought manifested his glory, civ. 8. 1 Samuel xxiv. 2.
or his divine power. John goat was worshipped
The
hi. 11. Egyptians, Greeks
byMhe
GNAT, a 'small winged and Romans, who represent
 THE ROCK GOAT.

Called by Pliny, Gesner, &c. Ibex by BufTon,

;

Sonnini, &c. Bouq,ueti:n\ The Germans' familiar

name of this animal is Steii^-Bock, or Buck of the
Rock. Found in all the great mountains of northern
Europe and Asia.
 GOD 95 COD
ed the god Pan, their satyrs various ; and have each their
and other idols, in the form respective significations, ap-
of goats. The word seirim plicable to the characters in
rendered " devils," Lev. which God has been pleased
xvii. 21, is literally hairy to reveal himself. The words
ones, or goats. The same Jehovah Elohim, occur mora
word is translated satyrs, than once in Genesis as the
Isa. xiii. 21. We read in name of the Godhead. " And
Maimonides, that the Za- the Lord God (Jehovah Elo-
bian idolaters worshipped him) said, Behold the man is
daemons, under the form of become like cne of us."
goats imagining them to ap- Gen. iii. 22. One of us, un-
pear in that form ; whence avoidably implies a plurality
they called them seirim. of persons. We may talk in
The tresses of the spouse, a general way about the
Cant. iv. 1, and vi. 4, are power, goodness, and other
compared to goat's hair, attributes of God ; but from
which obviously refers to the the Scriptures only, can we
delicate, silken hair of the form any just ideas of his glo-
eastern goats. From such rious character.
goafs hair, are made the An- GODHEAD means the
gola shawls. nature or essense of God.
The goat was eminently Col. ii. 9. Rom. i. 20. Acts
useful to the Hebrews, on xvii. 29.
account of the delicacy of its GODLINESS, the whole
flesh, the excellence of its revelation of God Thus Paul
:

fleece, the richness and says, " Great is the mystery .of
abundance of its milk, the godliness." 1 Tim. iii. 16.
cheapness of its food, the val- It sometimes means the imita-
ue of its skin for bottles, &c. tion of God, by a holy life.
Flocks of goats, therefore, 1 Tim. ii. 2. 2 Pet. iii. 11.,
formed a part of the wealth GODLY, that which pro-
of all great men. ceeds from, or resembles
GOD, the Supreme, Al- God ; thus godly sorrow, is
mighty, and Eternal One, of the sorrow which God only
whom are all things. How- can produce, and worketn
ever ignorant of the true repentance. 2 Cor. vii. It).
character of God, all men, in Godlyfear is that fear of God
all ages, have, in one degree which is the beginning of
or another, acknowledged the wisdom, Heb. xii. 28 ; and a
existence of a God. godly man is he who loves
The names applied to the God from a sense of much
Godhead in Scripture, are forgiveness, ?s. xii. I.
 ;
;

GOL 96 GOP
GOG and Magog are into a wire two hundred and
terms usually joined together forty miles long It is inca-
!

in Scripture, on which crit- pable of oxidization, in a com-

ics have expended much un- mon fire, but the heat pro-
satisfactory labour. The duced by a galvanic dis-
probability seems to be that charge, can be made suffi-
the northern barbarians are cient to convert the whole of
meant, or some of the tribes the metal into a purple oxide.
comprehended under the If exposed to the focus of a
general term Scythians, strong burning glass, it flies
whose irruptions into civiliz- ofTin small particles. It re-
ed Europe and Asia were so quires less heat to melt gold
dreadful. Ezek. xxxviii. and than iron. Arabia had form-
xxxix. Rev. xx.8. erly its gold mines. " The
GOLD ;
the most precious gold of Sheba," Ps. lxxii. 15,
metal ; seldom found in a is in the Septuagint and
state of ore, but in a native Arabic versions, the gold of
state; though even native Arabia.
gold has almost always some GOL'GOTHA. See Cal-
mixture of other metals. Na- vary.
tive gold is found in pure GOLI'ATH, a famous'glant
masses, from the smallest of Gath, whose height was
grains up to the magnitude of eleven feet four inches. His
12 or 15 ounces, and occa- brazen helmet weighed about
sionally much larger. A fifteen pounds avoirdupois
tnass found in South Ameri- his target, or collar affixed
ca, weighing 132 ounces, is between his shoulders to de-
deposited in the Royal Cabi- fend his neck, about thirty ',

net at Madrid. It is found his spear was twenty-six feet

mingled with the sand of long, and its head weighed
many rivers, especially in thirty-eight pounds ; his
Africa. South America and sword four ; his greaves on
India. North Carolina, in the his legs thirty ; and his coat
United States, is becoming of mail one hundred and fif-
famous for its gold mines. ty six ; and so the whole ar-
Gold is often found bedded mour, two hundred and sev-
in stones of various kinds, and enty-three pounds weight.
even in the earth at the depth GO'PHER, the wood of
of one hundred and fifty fath- which the ark was built
.

oms. It is the most ductile which kind it was, is not

of all metals, an ounce of it, agreed. As it is scarcely
not larger than a common probable that a structure so
bullet, having been drawn large, was wholly made of
 GOS 97 GOV
any one species of wood, other books ; in forbidding
it is possible the word may not only acts of sin, but the
mean light, or durable wood. first risings of evil desires in
It occurs only in Gen. vi. the heart; by inculcating
14. the mild, passive, and lovely
GOSHEN ; there are two virtues, instead of that high
districts so called in Scrip- spirited and proud temper,
ture, which it is very impor- which the world admires ; by
tant should not be confound- requiring the forgiveness of
ed. (1.) That portion of enemies, and the love of them
Egypt, allotted to the He- that hate us; by excluding
brews, and mentioned so of- from our alms, devotions,
ten in the books of Genesis and other virtues, all love of
and Exodus. (2.) A district fame ; by laying down two
of the Holy Land, included great principles of morality,
in the lot of Judah, and men- love to God, and love to men ;
tioned, Josh. x. 41, and xi. and by deducing thence ev-
16, &c. ery other duty ; by exhibit-
GOSPEL, good news; a ing a perfect exemplification
revelation of the grace of of all these excellencies in
God to fallen man, through Christ ; and by adding those
a Mediator ; and a means, awful sanctions which relate
which, by the Spirit, saves to an eternal world.
men from perdition. The The number of mankind
word is also used to mean the living in nations enlightened
narrative of our Saviour's life, by the gospel, is probably
death, and resurrection ; and THREE HUNDRED MIL-
sometimes for the doctrines LIONS, only. Of these one
contained in that narrative. half are Roman Catholics,
The term is found in ancient and thirty millions arc
Greek writers. Plutarch, in Greeks, whose churches are
his life of Pompey, says the scarcely less corrupt than the
messenger arrived at Pon- Roman Catholic.
tus, " bringing the gospel," GOURD. What plant it
i. e. the joyful intelli- was, so called, that sheltered
gence. Jonah, cannot now be ascer-
The books of Matthew, tained. The statement of the
Mark, Luke, and John, are various opinions of critics
commonly called Gospels. would not be useful. It suf-
They show, as has been said, fices us to know it was a
the way of salvation. They shady plant.
also exhibit a morality incom- The Wild Gourd, 2 Kings
parably superior to that of all iv. 39, Celcius supposes to
 GRE 98 GRI
be the eolocynth, a species of It is about four hundred
cucumber. miles from south to north,
GRACE. Favour or mer- and three hundred and fifty-
cy. Divine grace is the six from east to west. Its
free and undeserved love and present divisions are, Mace-
favour of God, which is the donia, Albania, Livadia, the
spring and source of all the Morea, the Archipelago, and
benefits we receive from Candia. It was probably
him, especially redemption peopled soon after the flood.
through Jesus Christ. Rom. Few countries are more fa-
xi. 6. Grace is taken for a voured by nature, as to its
lively sense of this favour, soil,clim ate and productions.
or the love and fear of God Many of the most famous
dwelling in the heart, 2 Cor. statesmen, orators, and gen-
i. 12 J
and for the doctrine of erals of antiquity, had their
the gospel, which proceeds birth here. The arts and
from the grace of God. 2 sciences in Greece attained
Cor. vi. 1. a great eminence, as did al-
GRASSHOPPER, a well so poetry and eloquence.
known species of locust, and GRIND, to bruise small,
very destructive to vegeta- as meal is bruised in a mill.
tion. Amos vii. 1. The law Anciently they had only
allowed them to he eaten. hand-mills for grinding their
Lev. xi. 22. When it is said meal. The stones were
the grasshopper shall prove about the size of a common
a burden, Eccl. xii. 5, it grind-stone. Women, and
means that so feeble and slaves, such as Samson was
languid is extreme old age, at Gaza, and the Hebrews
that the smallest annoyance at Babylon, were usually the
or burden, is distressing. grinders. Jud.xvi.21. Lam.
GREAVES, that part of a v. 13. They sat on each
coat of mail which defended side of the mill. Matt. xxiv.
the feet. 1 Sam. xvii. 16. 41 A clear apprehension of
.

GREECE, in Hebrew Ja- the form of the mill and

van, Isa. Ixvi. 19 ; a country method of operating it, may
on the south-east of Europe be obtained from the picture.
:

largely taken, it contained it does not appear that

the Peloponnesus, or Morea. there were any public mills
Achaia, Thessaly, Macedo- or bakers, except for the
nia, if not also Epirus on king each family had a mill
;

the west of Macedonia, &c; for itself, which being so

but, more strictly taken, it necessary could not lawfully
contained the three former. be taken in pledge or for a
TWO WOMEN GRINDING AT A MILL.
 HAB 101 HAM
debt. Deut. xxiv. 6. As it given to a sort of lance or
was customary to grind every harpoon. Nehemiah iv. 16,
evening, the desolation of a Job xli. 26.
city is called " taking away HAGGAI, the first of the
the sound of the mill stones.' three Jewish prophets that
Jeremiah xxv. 10. Christ's flourished after the captivi-
ty, was born in Chaldea, and
falling on men, and " grind-
ingthemtopowder,"denotes began his public work of
his rendering them utterly prophesying, about seven-
miserable for their contempt teen years after the return
and rejection of him. from Babylon. He, togeth-
GRIZZLED, coloured er with Zechariah, mighti-
with various shades ; brind- ly excited and encouraged
led. When applied to horses, their brethren to finish the
it perhaps means horses building of the temple, as-
spotted, like dogs, with large suring them that the Mes-
patches of various colours. siah should appear in the
Zech. vi. 3. flesh, teach in the courts of
the new temple, and render
it more glorious than the
first. Ezra. v. 1, 2. Haggai i.
and ii.

H. HALE
violently.
or Haul, to drag
Luke xii. 58.
HABAK'KUK prophesi- HALLELU'JAH, a He-
ed during the reign of Ma- brew word signifying Praise
nasseh and Josiah, and was the Lord, frequently met
cotemporary with Jeremiah. with in the Psalms and Rev-
Usher supposes that his life elation.
extended to the reign of HALLOW, to reverence
Jehoiakin. He predicts the as holy. Matt. vi. 10.
chastisement of the Jews by HAM, the son of Noah,
the Chaldeans, and the sub- had four sons, viz. Cush,
sequent overthrow of the Mizraim, Phut, and Canaan.
Chaldeans themselves and ; His posterity people Africa,
encourages the pious to rely and part of the west of Asia.
upon God for making good They have been generally
his promises to their poster- wicked and miserable, and
ity. few of them have hitherto
HABER'GEON, a breast- enjoyed the light of the gos-
plate worn by soldiers in pel. From him the land of
former times. Ex. xxviii. Egypt was called Chemia, or
32. The name seems to be the land of Ham.
 HAR 102 HAR
HAPLY; possibly, per- would seem that its sound
haps, peradventure. Mark was grave and plaintive. It
xi. 13. Acts v. 39. was capable, however, of
HARAN. (1.) The eldest producing the most majestic
brother of Abraham, whose sounds, suited to the high
daughter Sarah, Abraham praises of God. 2 Sam. vi. 5.
married. (2.) A town of this During the captivity in Bab-
name probably called after ylon, the Levitical singers
this person stood on a small hung their harps, as useless,
river of the same name on the willow trees on the
which flowed into the Eu- banks of the Euphrates and
phrates through the north other rivers in Chaldea. Ps.
western part of Mesopota- cxxxvii. 2. The Greeks
mia, Nearthis town occurred and Romans derived the
the celebrated defeat by the harp from the eastern bar-
Parthians of the Roman ar- barians. The modern harp
my under Crassus, who was is one of the noblest of in-
slain with 20,000 of his men, struments, and is vastly su-
B. C. 53. The place still perior in power and accura-
retains its ancient name, and cy to those in ancient use-
is peopled by a fev/ Arabs. HARVEST, the time of
HARNESS, properly the gathering the fruits of the
furniture of a horse, Jere- earth. In Canaan it began
miah xlvi. 4; but it means in March, and was finished
more frequently a coat of about the middle of May.
mail, or a set of defensive Any time of gainful labour
armour for a w arrior. T
1 is called harvest; hence a
Kings xxii. 34. The child- il
sleeper in harvest causeth
ren of Israel went up out of shame" to himself and his
Israel harnessed, that is, friends. Prov. x. 5. A peo-
equipped for battle. ple ripened by sin for de-
HARP, an instrument struction, are likened to a
composed of a hallow base, harvest ready for the sickle
with two branches, to which of God's vengeance. Isa.
were fastened three, six, or xviii. 5. Joel iii. 13. Rev.
nine strings. That kind in- xiv. 15. A remarkable time
vented by Jubal, the de- of success of the gospel is
scendant of Cain, and used called harvest. Matt. ix.
by the ancients, is now dis- 37, 38. John iv. 35. The day
used. From Isaiah's saying of judgment is likened to a
that his bowels sounded in harvest then all things ;

mourning as a harp, and shall be ripe for a dissolu-

from other evidences, It tion. Matt. xiii. *
 HEA 103 HEA
HEAR, to receive sounds not in God, are" like the
by the ear. To hear the heath in the desert," which
word of God, means, a mere vainly strikes its roots into
listening without laying to a soil not capable of giving
heart, Matt. xiii. 19 ; and vigour. Jer. xvii. 6. To
it
also to yield a willing as- this lonely unpleasant plant,
sent, with a firm purpose to persons are compared who
believe and obey it. John fly their country or homes,
viii. 47. God is said to and endure hardships in se-
hear prayer, when he grants cluded places. Jer. xlviii. 6.
our requests. HEATHEN,a term
HEART. The seat of which like the word Gentile,
the affections and passions. was applied by the Jews to
God who were not Hebrews.
only knows it. Jer. xvii. all
10. The Lord Jesus Christ, now confined to those
It is
who demonstrated his God- who worship false gods and ;

head on many occasions, by includes all those who are

searching the heart, de- not Jews, Mahommedans,
clares that from the heart of or Christians. More than
man proceeds every evil. two thirds of the human
Matt. xv. 18. As the great race belong to this class.
evil which corrupts and de- The countries which are
files the heart, is unbelief; yet pagan are all that part
so the only purifier of the of Africa which lies between
heart mentioned in the the tropic of Cancer and
Scripture is faith. Acts xv. the Cape of Good Hope, the
9. " With the heart man Aborigines of North and
believeth unto righteous- South America, China, Bur-
ness;" that is, sincere and mah, Hindostan, Tartary,
saving faith engages the af- Japan, and many islands in
fections. Kom. x. 10. This the Indian and other oceans.
is called the " righteousness They are called Pagans,
of faith." Rom. iv. 13. from the Greek word srajyij
HEATH, a lowly shrub, (jpaga) a fountain, or rural
growing in desert places ; place ; or from the Latin
whence such barren spots word Paganus, a country-
are called in England heaths, man, or rustic, because
whether that plant be found Christianity was first taught
on them or not. It bears no and planted in cities, while
fruit, is worthless, as fodder,
the ignorant country people
and is reckoned by Pliny adhered longer to their old
among " unhappy plants." superstitions. It is a strong
Men who trust in man and argument in favour of Chris-
 ;

HEA 104 HEB

tianity that it seeks not con-
, HEBREWS, descendants
cealment, to work on igno- of Abraham. Some learned
rance ; but comes forth to the men suppose the name to be
day and challenges learn- derived from Heber, an an-
ing and power. Its early cestor of Abraham. It is
conquests were in the chief more probable that they re-
cities of the earth, where ceived it from their coming
education was most enjoyed ;
from beyond the river, as
and in all ages, learning and the word means to pass over.
science have been its hand- An " Hebrew of the He-
maids. See Gentile. brews,' is one, both ot
HEAVEN, the habitation whose parents are Hebrews.
of God, where his power Phil. iii. 5. Sometimes only
and glory are more immedi- those Jews were called He-
ately and fully manifested, brews |who spoke the He-
and where good angels and brew language, in contradis-
pure departed souls pay tinction to the Jews who
their continual adoration spoke the Greek, Acts vi. 1.
the residence or abode of the When the Epistle to the
blessed the sacred man-
; Hebrews was written seems
sion of light, and joy, and uncertain. Perhaps Paul
glory, where the body will wrote it towards the close
be revived to a glorious life, of his first imprisonment at'
and the soul live in constant Rome.
communion with God in HE'BRON, called origi-
Christ. It sometimes nally Arba, or Kirjath-arba,
is
used for the regions above, because Arba, the noted gi-
or that vast expanse where ant, was king of it. It was
the stars are disposed. Gen. built on a hill, not long af-
i. 17. Sometimes for the ter the flood. Numb. xiii.
common atmosphere or low- 22 and stood 22 miles south
;

er region of air, where the of Jerusalem, Here Anak

birds fly. Job xxxv. 11. and his father and sons
HEAVE-OFFERING was dwelt but Caleb receiving
;

the name given to portions it for his inheritance, ex-

of animals, grain, meal, pelled these giants, and it
fruits, <&c. brought by the seems called it Hebron, af-
people for the use of the ter one of his sons. Josh.
Priests and Levites ; and xiv. 13, 14. It was made a
which were first heaved or city of refuge, and given to
waved before God as an of- the priests. David reigned
fering to him. Numbers here seven years over Ju-
xv. 20. dah, before he was crowned
 HER 105 HER
sole monarch of Israel. 2 and the profane Jews. Acts
Sam. ii. 11, and v. 3. Here xxiv. 5, 14.
Absalom first set up for HERMON,the most ele-
king. 2 Sam. xv. It is now vated summit in the range
little else than a heap of of the AntiLebanus; 8950
ruins, compared to its form- feet above the level of the
er extent and beauty. The sea. The Sidonians called
number of houses is esti- it Sirion, and the Amorites,
mated at 400. It was visit- Shenir. Deut. iii. 9. The
ed by Mr. Fisk in 1824, who dew that falls on it is copi-
informs us that its present ous and refreshing. Psalm
name is Haleel Rahman. cxxxiii. 3. The snow lies
HELL, the place of pun- on it most part of the sum-
ishment for the wicked after mer, and was thence carried
this life
; also the grave or to Tyre, as ice is brought
state of the dead. By the into our cities, and sold in
"gates of hell," Matt. xvi. the summer.
18, is meant the power and HER'OD. Four persons
policy of the devil and his of this name are mentioned
instruments. The expres- in the New Testament.
sion is derived from the fact 1. Herod the Great,
that courts of legislation and the son of Antipater, was
justice were often held in about seventy years
born
rooms at or over the gates before our Saviour. His
father is, by some, said to
of walled cities. It is there-
fore equivalent to saying have been a Jew by others, ;

the eounsels of hell. an Idumean proselyte. He

HELMET, a cap of metal vanquished and extirpated
the family of the Maccabees
or strong leather for protect-
ing a soldier's head, 1 Sam. about 37 years before Christ.
xvii. 5. Salvation is God's His diameter was exceed-
helmet; the hope of it ren- ingly ferocious and sensual.
dering God's people coura- His frequent murders and
geous in their spiritual war-ungovernable temper, ren-
fare. Eph. vi. 17. 1 Thes. dered him miserable and ;

v. 8. to occupy his thoughts, as

HERESY, an opinion well as to ingratiate himself
contrary to the fundamental with the Jews, he rebuilt
principles of religion, fol- their temple, and rendered
lowed with obstinacy, and it exceedingly stately and
a firm refusal of conviction. glorious. He also built
Christianity was called a other important edifices, and
sect or heresy by Tertullus instituted various public
 HER 106 HER
sports. When the wise men of Herod the Great, was ap-
from the east made inquiry pointed by Caligula to the
in Jerusalem for the new government of Abilene.
born king of the Jews, he About A. D. 44, or perhaps
desired them to bring him 49, he caused the murder of
back word where and how James the son of Zebedee.
he might find him, being Observing the Jews pleased
resolved to murder him, with this, he apprehended
while but an infant. Being Peter, intending to murder
disappointed, he ordered to him also, for their farther
be destroyed every child in gratification ; but Provi-
and about Bethlehem, under dence defeated his designs,
two years old, that he might by cutting him off in a mis-
make sure of murdering the erable manner at Cesarea,
Messiah among them. He where he was flattered by
died in a miserable manner, the multitude ciying out
a year or two after this atro- that he spoke like a God.
cious action. Acts xii. and xxiii. 35. He
2. Herod Ajttipas had had reigned seven or ten
the tetrarchy of Galilee and years, and been the father
Perea, by the last will of his of Agrippa, Bernice, Dru-
father Herod the Great. He silla, and Mariamne.
divorced his first wife, and 4. Herod Agrippa ii.,
took Kerodias, the wife of son of the preceding, is men-
Philip, who still lived. For tioned in the New
Testa-
this incestuous marriage, ment, only by the name of
John the Baptist reproved Agrippa. He was born
him, which caused him to A. D. 20. Festus brought
imprison and finally behead Paul before him, who almost
that great teacher. John persuaded him to be a chris-
xiv. 3—12. This was the tian. Acts xxv. and xxvi.
Herod to whom Pilate sent After the destruction of
our Saviour, and by whom Jerusalem, he went to
he was mocked and arrayed Rome, where he died, aged
in a gorgeous robe. Luke 70.
xxiii. 8 —
11. He was uncle HERODIANS, a sect
to Herod Agrippa, and great among the Jews, so named,
uncle to that Agrippa who from Herod the Great. It
was by Paul's discourse is thought, by some, he was
" almost persuaded .to be a regarded by them as the
Christian." promised Messiah.
3. Herod Agrippa, the HER'ON, a bird of the
son of Aristobulus, grandson crane species. It is only
 — ' ;

HOL 107 LION

mentioned Lev. xi. 19, and Ps.
xvi. 10. Luke i. 35. iv.
Deut. xiv. 18. 34, Acts iii. 14 ; and it is
HID'DEKEL, the same the common epithet of the
as the Tigris, a noble river third person of the glorious
rising in the mountains of Trinity. It is applied also
Armenia, and issuing in the to angels, Matt. xxv. 31
Persian gulf. On it once and to persons and things
stood the great cities Nine- dedicated to God,Exo. xxx,
veh, Ctesiphon, and Selu- 35. xxxi. 14. The saints
cia ; and at present, the are called holy, by separa-
cities of Bagdad, Mosul, tion and choice, 1 Pet. ii. 9 ;
Diarbekir, &c. Gen. ii. 14. by the imputation of Christ's
Dan. x. 4. holiness or righteousness to
HIERAP'OLIS,acitynear them, Ezek. xvi. 14. 2 Cor.
Colosse, early blessed with v. 21 ; by partaking of a ho-
gospel light. Col. iv. 13. ly principle of grace, where-
It was destroyed by an by the soul is renewed in
earthquake, in the times of holiness by degrees, till it
the Apostles. The ruins attain a perfection of it.
are still visible, and the Heb. xii. 23.
place is called by the Turks, HOMER, a H ebre w meas-
Pambuk Kalasi. ure of twenty-four bushels,
HIND, a female deer, no- thought to be the same as
ted for elegance of form and the Cor. Ezek. xlv. 14.
affection to its mate. Prov. HONEY
was produced
v. 19. Like other deer it is in great quantities in the
swift and sure footed. Ps. land of Palestine, and was
xviii. 33. an article of exportation.
HIN, a liquid measure, Ezek. xxvii. 17. It was of-
containing about three of ten called " a land flowing
our quarts. It was the sixth with milk and honey." Be-
part of an ephah. side the bees raised in yards,
H1NNOM. See Tophet. multitudes were wild and
HOLY; pious, religious, laid up
their stores in hol-
Mark vi. 20 ; sacred, divine, trees and fissures of
low
Luke i. 72; hallowed, con-rocks. Matt. iii. 4. Deut.
secrated to divine use, Matt.xxxii. 13. Campbell, in
vii. b\ Luke ii. 23 ; pure,
his Travels in Africa, says
free from the pollution of " The bees have a habit of
sin. Eph. i. 4. Col. i. 22.
plastering their honey on
It is applied to the Trinity the surface of rocks in cliffs ;
to the Father, Lev. xix. 2, which, for its protection,
Ps. cxlv. 17; to the Son, they cover with a layer of
 HOP 108 HOS
dark coloured wax, not easi- xxviii. 20, as he was promis-
ly distinguished from the ed by God, his manner of
rock itself. By making an coming foretold by the
incision in this outer coat, prophets, and the event ex-
and applying his mouth, a pected by the people of Is-
person would suck out plen- rael. He is called " our
ty." Deut. xxxii.13. The hope," 1 Tim. i. 1, because
ancients used honey, as we he is the only foundation on
do sugar, and prized it high- which to build our hope of
ly ; hence it is an image of any real good here, or of
pleasure. Psalm heaven hereafter.
cxix. 103. It is
Cant. iv. 11, &c. sometimes taken for that
A sweet syrup procured eternal salvation, which is
from ripe dates, seems to the object or end of our
have borne this name. The hope. Titus ii. 13.
word rendered " honey," in HORN, a word used in
2 Chron. xxxi. 5, properly Scripture as the symbol of
signifies dates. Josephus strength, Deut. xxxiii. 17.
mentions palm honey. Bo- Jer. Hab. iii. 4.
xlviii. 25,
chart, Celsius, and Geddes, Hence kingdoms are repre-
consider the honey mention- sented as horns. Dan. viii.
ed Gen. xliii. 11, to be of Rev. xiii. 1, and xvii. 3.
this sort. HORNET, an insect like
HOPE, a prospect, real or a wasp, with a black breast,
imaginary, which we think and double black spots. It
on with pleasure, and are is extremely bold, and mis-
desirous of obtaining. The chievous ; the sting is at-
emotion is also called hope. tended with great pain and
The Christian's hope of inflammation, and even dan-
eternal happiness and glory ger of death. Great swarms
in heaven, is founded on the of them plagued the Canaan-
merits, the blood, the grace, ites in the days of Joshua.
the promises, and spirit of Deut. vii. 20. Josh. xxiv.
Christ, and the unchangea- 12. It is said in the place
ble truth and almighty pow- last quoted, that the hornets
er of God. Divine hope is " drove out!' two kings and
distinguished from carnal their people. The learned
presumption, by its insep Bochart has traced some of
arable effect, a cleansing ef- these colonies into Greece,
ficacy by the assistance of and the Talmudical writers
the Holy Spirit. 1 John iii. say some passed into Africa.
3. Jesus Christ is styled . HOSANNA, an exclama-
" the hope of Israel," Acts tion of praise, or invocation
 HOS 109 HOU
of blessing. It was a com- ommended to the faithful,
mon word with the Jews, to be " used one to another
and seems to mean literally, without grudging." 1 Pet.
save now. The multitude iv. 9.
who uttered this cry before HOUGH, to disable an
Christ, probably indicated animal by severing the
by it their desire and hope great tendon on the back of
that he would now, as their the hind leg. Joshua xi.
Messiah, raise up their na- 6-9.
tion from its misfortunes. HOUR. (1.) The twenty-
—
Matt. xxi. 9 15. fourth part of a natural day,
HOSEA,the first of the being the common method
minor prophets as arranged of measuring time. Ac-
in our Bibles. These twelve cording to the New Testa-
books are called minor ment, the Jews divided their
prophets, not from their day into twelve equal parts,
inferiority, but from their after the manner of the
brevity. He lived a long time Greeks and Ptomans, Matt,
and prophesied under four xx. 3, 5, 6. John xi. 9,
kings, viz. Uzziah, Jotham, which of course varied in
Ahaz, and Hezekiah. The length according to the dif-
book of Hosea, which seems ferent seasons. When the
to be but a part of the au- sun rose at the time we call
thor's predictions, is of a 6 o'clock, their 3d hour a-
sententious, and. sometimes greed with our 9th, their
obscure style, but always Oth with our noon, and their
energetic. 9th with our 3 o'clock.
HOSPITALITY, love or Their night was divided in
kindness expressed by en- the same manner. (2.)
tertaining persons kindly. Hour, signifies any fixed sea-
Rom. xii. 13. I Tim.iii. 2. son or opportunity ; hence
The first Christians were we read of the hour of temp-
hospitable and kind to all tation, of judgment, of
strangers, but particularly Christ's death or second
to those of the same faith coming, of the power of
;

and St. Paul makes use of Satan and his agents against
Abraham's and Lot's con- Christ, &c. Rev. iii. 3, 10.
duct, mentioned Gen. xviii. Luke xxii. 53.
2, 3. xix. 1, 2, &c. as ex- HOUSE.
(1.) A dwelling
amples to encourage and place ; so the body is called,
persuade them to the exer- 2 Cor. v. 1, the house of tha
cise of hospitality. Heb. soul. The houses in Cana-
xiii, 2. Hospitality is rec- an and other eastern coun-
 HOU 110 HUS
tries,are built in the form of HUMILITY, that grace
a hollow square. The rooms of the Spirit, which, from a
open into the court in the proper sense of lowliness
centre, where some have and un worthiness, makes us
fountains of water playing. patient under trials, and
The roof is flat ; and when contentedly submissive to
the sun is not hot, is a place the will of Providence,
of agreeable retirement. HUMILIATION, the act
Peter had his vision here. of humbling one's self. It
Acts x. 9. An awning is differs from humility. Hu-
frequently extended over mility is the state of that
the open space in the cen- person's mind who has low
tre, to exclude the sun. thoughts of himself, found-
This was lifted away and ed upon the knowledge of
the low battlement of tiles his own imperfections and
" broken up," by the friends unworthiuess, and his de-
of the man sick of the palsy, pendence upon God. Hu-
whom theyhad brought is a solemn act of
miliation
across the roofs of the neigh- devotional mortification, or
bouring houses, so that they external expression of con-
could lower him down be- scious guilt and unworthi-
fore Christ. Mark ii. 3. uess, in an individual or a
Luke v. 19. When the de- nation, shewn by fasting,
struction of Jerusalem came, prayer, &c.
the disciples of Jesus were to HUSK, the sheath or cov-
escape from the roofs, if the}^ er of grain, &c. Numb. vi.
should be there, without 4. 2 Kings iv. 42. It is
going down into the house. thought by Wahl. and oth-
This in American houses ers, that the husks mention-
would be impossible but ed in the parable of the
;

there they would come down prodigal son, are the pods of
Vae stairs, and pass through the Carob tree, or Ceratonia
the balconies which led siliqua of Linnceus. These
round inside the rooms, and pods are long, somewhat
so out into the street, through sickle-shaped, and contain
the covered gateway. Mark a very sweet pulp, and sev-
xiii. 15. (2.) The family eral brown seeds like beans.
household, or tribe, dwell- When in season, swine
ing together. Children do fatten on this food very
not necessarily form part of rapidly, and it is often eat-
a household, as many fami- en by the poor people in
lies do not have any. Acts Syria and Palestine. Luke
xvi. 15. xv. 16.
 ;;

HYS 111 HYS

HYMN, a religious ode or to the height of two feet,
song. Hilary is said to be growing in bunches and put-
the first composer of metri- ting out many stalks from a
cal hy nans to be sang in pub- single root. On this account
lic worship. The book it is extremely well adapted
of Psalms contained the to be used as a sprinkler, as
" hymns and spiritual songs it commonly was in Jewish
commonly sung by the Jews purifications. It has a
and early Christians. The pleasant smell, but is very
Psalms are called in general bitter and pungent. When
hymns by Philo the Jew ;
it is said that u Solomon
and Josephus calls them described plants from the
—
"songs and hymns." See greatest cedar to the hyssop
Singing. that springeth out of the
HYPOCRITE. (1.) One
wall," 1 Kings iv. 23, the
who dissembles, or feigns to smallest of plants seems to
be what he is not. Matt. be intended.
xxiii. Such persons may be Hasselqjjist supposes
detected by their neglect of the plant here mentioned to
the duties they enjoin on be a species of moss which
others by their zeal for
; grows on stone walls, and is
trifles and omission of great very common on the wails
duties; by their love of ti- of Jerusalem. Professor
tles and precedence ; and by Siethohpe, who also visited
their severe censures of oth- that part of Asia, thinks it
ers for sins, they commit more probably a little plant
themselves. (2.) One who still called hysoppo, frequent-
is deceived, and relies on a ly growing on the rocks of
false hope. Job xx. 5, and Palestine. But Isaac Bet*
xxvii. 8. Such persons find Omran, an Arabian author,
excuses for obvious neglects says that the hyssop grows
they study an external rath- in abundance on the moun-
er than inward purity ; they tains about Jerusalem. The
pray in afHiction with great wall therefore may mean
fervour, but are apt to neg- cliffs, or the passage may bo
lect that duty in prosperity rendered, around the walls.
and though keen and active The soldier who gave our
in business, are dull and Saviour vinegar, or sour
destitute of zeal in spiritual wine with a sponge, seems
affairs. to have added the juice of
HYSSOP. An herb, which hyssop, John xix. 29 or
:

grows not only in gardens at gall, as it is called, Matt.

the east, but wild. It rises xxvii. 34.
 —

1DD 112 1D0

according to the will of God,
I. been inserted in the Bible,
would have made the
it

1 CO'NIUM, the chief city book too large to be useful.

of the tetrarchy of Lycao- Josephus is of opinion that
nia; said by Strabo to be this was the prophet sent to
well built, and situated in Jeroboam at Bethel, and
the richest part of the prov- slain by a lion on his return.
ince. The visit of Paul to 1 Kings xiii. Whether he
this place, which was great- was the grandfather of Zech-
ly blessed in the conversion ariah, is uncertain. Zech.
of multitudes, happened A. i, 1. There were several
D. 45 or 46. Acts xiv. 1 other persons of this name.
3. The church thus plant- 1 Chron. xxvii. 21. Ezra
ed, may be traced through viii. 17.
eight succeeding centuries IDOL, signifies a repre-
;

but is lost sight of during sentation, or image of any

the ravages of the Turks sort, created either by art or
and Saracens. At present, fancy. Any object receiv-
it is a place of some conse- ing human worship, in con-
quence, and strongly forti- tra-distinction to the true
fied by walls four miles in God, is an idol. 1 Cor. viii.
extent. The population is 1. 1 John v. 21. As it is
estimated at 70 or 80 thou- the principle of true
first
sand. Though much of the religion, that there is one
town within the walls lies only living and true God,
waste, no Jew or Christian so Jehovah claims divine
is allowed by the Turks to worship as due only to him-
live on the inside but such
; self; and has prohibited the
reside in the suburbs. Its worship of idols, as a crime
present name is Cogni, or of the first magnitude. Ex.
Konee. xx. 4. The most fervent
1DDO, a prophet of Ju- remonstrances against pay-
dah, who seems to have been ing homage to idols, are
the historian of his day, found in the prophets ; and
and whose record and gen- some such passages in
ealogies are mentioned in Isaiah, are considered to
Scripture. 2 Chron. ix. 29, surpass in energy, argu-
and xii. 15. His writings ment, and elegance, any-
never made a part of the thing that has been writ-
canon of the Old Testament. ten on the subject. Isaiah
Indeed, had every thing xliv. 12—20, and xlvi. 1,
doue or said by holy men, 2, &c.
 : I

IDO 113 IDO

The following are dreadfully indicative of the
idols
mentioned in Scripture corruption and degradation
Adram-melech, 2 Kings xvii. 31. of human nature Not only
Anamelech, 2 Kings xvii. 31. have the heavenly bodies,
Ashtaroth, Judges ii. 13.
Baa], Numb. xxii. 41. (in the plu-
and eminent benefactors of
ral Baalim, 1 Sam. vii. 4.) mankind been worshipped,
Baal-berith, Jud. viii. 33. but animals, plants, reptiles
Baal-peor, Num. xxv. 3. Deut.iv.3. and figures made by human
Beelzebub, 2 Kings i. 2.
Bel, Isa. xlvi. 1. Jer. 1.2.
hands. To these were paid
Castor and Pollux, Acts xxviii. 11. not only reverence and de-
Dagon, Judges xvi. 23. votion, but the most horrid
Diana, Acts xix. 24. rites. The most gross in-
Jupiter, Acts xiv. 12.
Mercury, Acts xiv. 12. decencies, the murder of
Moloch, Ley. xviii. 21. children, suicide, torture,
Nebo, Isaiah xv. 46. drunkenness, and every a-
Nergal, 2 Kings xvii. 30.
bomination have been con-
Nisroch, 2 Kings xix. 37.
Remphan, Acts vii. 43. sidered proper acts of wor-
Bimmon, 2 Kings v. 18. ship. In some countries,
Sheshach, Jer. Ii. 41. idolatry still retains these
Succoth-benoth, 2 Kings xvii. 30.
Tammuz, Ezek. viii. 14.
shocking characteristics.
Tartack, 2 Kings xvii. 31. The veneration which
Beside which were the Teraphim, Roman Catholics pay to the
and the Golden Calves. Virgin Mary, angels, and
The Jews seem never to saints and also to crosses,;

have had idols peculiar to images, relics, and the host

themselves, but to have (or bread) of the Lord's sup-
adopted those of other na- per, is idolatry. This they
tions. of course deny, and consider
IDOLATRY is either in- the worship paid to God as
ternal or external. Internal supreme, and that which is
is an inordinate love of the paid to saints, &c. as subor-
creatures, riches, honours, dinate.
and the pleasures of this When we consider in how
life. Eph. v. 5. Col. iii. 5. many ways we may practise
Phil. iii. 19. External is inward idolatry, Phil. iii.
the paying homage to out- 19. Col. iii. 5, we should
ward objects, either natural carefully watch and pray
—
or artificial and this is the against this dreadful sin. It
common sense of the term. is to be feared that great
Soon after the flood, men multitudes have their hearts
fell into idolatry. A
large set on some earthly object,
portion of our race have who little think themselves
ever practised this sin idolators. —
K
 IMA 114 INC
lDUME'A, a district on image" of God, but what
the south margin of Pales- is essentially divine. The
tine, embracing a part of phrase seems to imply same-
Arabia. During the Baby- ness in nature and distinct-
lonish captivity, the Edom- ness in person. Man is said
ites seem to have seized on to have been made in the
a considerable portion of Ju- image of God, Gen. i. 26,
dea. Long before the birth 27, because he resembled
of Christ, they had been re- God in being wise, holy and
duced to subjection, and immortal, and in possessing
multitudes of them embrac- dominion over the creatures.
ed the Hebrew faith. The Idols, carved into shapes
tract, however, seems to supposed to resemble various
have retained their name in deities are called images, 2
the days of Christ, and for Kings iii. 2. Acts xix. 35.
some ages afterwards. Mark IMPUTE, to put any
iii.18. thing to a person's account.
ILLYR'ICUM about The righteousness of Christ
is
four hundred and eighty is imputed to them that be-
miles in length, and 120 in lieve on him, and their sins
breadth. It has Austria and are imputed to him. Rx>m.
part of Hungary on the iv. 6—8. 2 Cor. v. 19.
north, Servia on the east, INCENSE, a fragrant
and the Adriatic sea and gum, brought from Arabia
part of Macedonia, on the and the East Indies. The
south. Here the gospel was form of the tree is not pre-
preached and a Christian cisely known. The incense
church planted by Paul, used in the Jewish offer-
which can be traced through ings, at least that which was
eight centuries ; and to this burnt on the altar of in-
day not a few nominal cense, and before the ark,
Christians reside here. was a precious mixture of
Rom. xv. 19. It is now call- sweet spices, stacte, onycha,
ed Sclavonia, or Albania. galbanum, and pure frank-
IMAGE. A similitude, incense, beaten very small,
likeness, copy, or resem- Ex. xxx. 7, 34. None but
blance. Jesus Christis said priests were to burn it, nor
to be the " image of God," was any, under pain of
Heb. i. 3, as he represents death, to make any like to
God to us ; is " in the form it. This incense was burnt
of God," essentially and not twice a-day on the golden
circumstantially ;for there altar. "Where so many vic-
can be no form or " express tims were daily slaughtered
 IRO 115 ISR
and burnt to ashes, some that the bedstead of Og,
such perfume was exceed- king of Bashan, was of iron,
ingly necessary. It seemed Deut. iii. 11.
also beautifully emblematic ISAIAH, a prophet of
of prayer. Ps. cxli. 2. Rev. Israel, who wrote the in-
viii. 3, 4. spired book of that name.
INK HORN, a small port- His language is remarkable
able case for pens and ink ;
for elegance and sublimity \

which is often worn by wri- and his wondrous prophe-

ters in the east, fastened to cies are yet being expound-
some convenient part of the ed by evenls. He seems to
dress. Ezek. ix. 2, 11. have been favoured with an
INSCRIPTION, or Su- entire view of the gospel
perscription, writing on state, from the birth and
coins, pillars, &c. Much of sufferings of Christ, to the
the history of nations may day when all shall know
be learnt from them. Matt, God. He is thought to have
xxii. 20. The history of died about 70 years before
Greece for 1318 years, is in- Jeremiah prophesied.
scribed on the x^rundelian ISRAEL, the common
marbles. Parts of the law name of the Hebrew people
of Moses were inscribed on and country. Under Reho-
the altar at Ebal. Deut. boam, successor to Solomon,
xxvii. 8. a fatal schism took place be-
INTERCESSION, the tween the tribes of Judah
act of coming in between and Benjamin, and the rest
two parties, in order to of the tribes. 1 Kings xii.
plead in behalf of the one The land was then divided
that has offended. Christ into Judah, of which Jerusa-
intercedes for his church, lem continued the metropo-
by appearing for it before lis
; and Israel, of which
the Father, by presenting Samaria was the royal resi-
the merits of his sacrifices dence. This division occa-
once offered, and obtaining sioned many dreadful civil
answers to petitions or pray- Wars, and wholly separated
ers made name.
in his the ten tribes from the true
IRON was known very religion. At length after
anciently. Gen. iv. 22. Mo- having existed about 250
ses speaks of its hardness. years, Israel was entirely-
Lev. xxvi. 19 of the iron
; destroyed. 1 Kings xvii.
mines, Deut. viii. 9 of the
; 6, &c. ; and the whole coun-
furnace in which it was try was then called Judah,
made, Deut. iv. 20 j and or Judaea. About 130 years
 ITU 116 JAC
after the overthrow of the of Christ. Lukeiii.l. The
ten tribes, Judah was laid modern name is Houran.
waste by Nebuchadnezzar, IVORY, is the tusks of
and the people carried cap- elephants resembling horns,
tive to Babylon, where they Ezk. xxvii. 15. Some tusks
continued 70 years. 2 Kings are from 90 to 125 pounds
xxv. 9. Jer. xxxix. 2, and weight ; and one found in
xxiv. 11,12. Under Darius the isle of Sumatra in the
and Cyrus many of the Jews East Indies is said to^ have
returned, and the temple been 330 pounds. " The
was more ivory of Ceylon is best, and
rebuilt a little
than 500 years before the does not become yellow by
birth of Christ. The coun- age. In Russia, and other
try continued tributary to places of Europe, a kind of
Persia taken by Alexan ivory is found buried in the
till

der, at whose death it be ground and at Petersburgh

;

came annexed to Syria. Af is a tusk of ISO pounds

terwards it was sometimes weight. But whether these
independent and sometimes be real teeth of elephants,
subject to Egypt, till it be- long ago there dropt, or
came a part of the Roman horns of fishes, brought
Empire, and was governed thither at the flood, or the
by kings appointed from remains of some hu^e ani-
thence. See Canaan. mal, whose race is now ex-
ISSUE, an effector result tinct, or a kind of substance
arising from some cause. It formed in the earth, we can-
is applied to children, who not determine. Ivory was
from the relation which they anciently very plentiful in
bear to their parents, are Canaan ; wardrobes were
called issue or offspring; boxed with it to prevent the
and to a running sore in damage of moths. Ps. xlv. 8.
the flesh, sometimes aris- Solomon had a throne of it.
ing from a small artificial 1 Kings x. 18, 22.
incision.
ITURE'A, a region in
the north-east part of Pales-
tine, thought to have derived
its name from Jetur, a son
J.
of Ishmael. Hauren was
one of its cities, whence the JACINTH, the same as
province was called Hauran- hyacinth ; a precious stone
itis by the ancients. Philip ofayellowish colour.brought
was its tetrarch in the days generally from Ceylon.
 ;

JAM 117 JER

JAMES the Great, or El- admirable summary of those
der, and John the evangel- practical duties which are
ist, sons of Zebedee and incumbent on all believers.
Salome, were originally fish- JANNES and JAMBRES,
ers of Bethsaida in Galilee. the leading magicians of the
Matt. iv. 21. They were company who counterfeited
called Boanerges, or u the the miracles of Moses be-
sons of thunder. " Mark iii. fore Pharaoh. 2 Tim. iii. 8.
17. Llike ix. 54. After our JASH'ER. The book of
Saviour's resurrection, it Jasher was probably a pub-
seems they for a while re- lic register in which memo-
turned to their business of rable events were written
fishing. John xxi. 2, 3. by a Scribe of this name.
About A. D. 44, James was That it was the practice of
murdered by Herod. Acts the Jews to keep such a
xii. 2. He is now
the pre- register, appears from va-
tended patron of Spain. rious passages. Josh. x.
2. James the Less, call- 13. 2 Chronicles xii. 15,
ed the brother of our Lord, and xx. 34, &c. These
was the son of Cieophas, by archives were laid up in the
Mary, the sister of the bless- temple, and Josephus some-
ed Virgin. He was called times refers to them for the
the less, probably, because truth of his narrative.
smaller or younger than the JASPER, a precious
former. For the admirable stone of various colours,
holiness of his life, he was white, red, brown, and
surnamed the Just. Our Sav- bluish green. It is some-
iour appeared to him by him- what like the finer marble,
self, after his resurrection. or the half transparent gem3.
1 Cor. xv. 7. About three it strikes fire with steel
years after Paul's conver- but makes no effervescence
sion, he was at Jerusalem, in aquafortis. It is found
and considered as a pillar in the Indies, in Persia, Syr-
or noted supporter of the ia, Armenia, Bohemia, &c.
church there. Gal. i. 19. JEPHTHAH, the tenth
The general Epistle of judge of Israel ; who in con-
James was written by this sequence of an extraordi-
apostle. It is called general, nary vow, sacrificed his
because not addressed to daughter. Jud. xi. In his
any particular church. It day, Troy was burnt by the
is one of the most pathetic Greeks, about 2600 years
and instructive in the New after the creation.
Testament ; and contains an JEREMIAH, a prophet
 JER 118 JER
Who wrote the book which a mere mud-built village
bears his name he prophe- its present name is Erika y
;

sied 70 years after Isaiah, or Rika.

and during part of the reign JERUSALEM stood 42
Of Josiah. The last chapter miles east of the Mediterra-
seems to have been added nean. The name signifies
by Ezra. He is called Jere- the Vision of Peace. It was
my, in the New Testament. the capital city of Judea, and
JERICHO, a city of the was first called Salem, where
Benjamites, nineteen miles Melchisedek was king.
east from Jerusalem. Josh. Gen. xiv. 18, and who, as
xyi. 1, 7. The curse pro- some suppose, built it. It
nounced (Josh. vi. 26,) upon was called Jehus by the Je-
the man who should rebuild busites, who possessed it and
this city, after its destruc- held the castle of Sion, till
tion by Joshua, was literal- David dislodged them, and
ly fulfilled in the days of took the place. 1 Chron. xi.
Ahab, upon Hiel. 1 Kings 4. 5, 7.
xvi. 34. After its restora- Every male Jew was com-
tion it flourished, and be- manded to go to Jerusalem
came second in importance thrice a year to worship. It
(inly to Jerusalem. There was a city often plundered by
seems to have been, how- armies, and several times
etver, during this interval, burnt. 1 Kings xiv. 16.
another Jericho, where Da After Nebuchadnezzar des-
vid's insulted ambassadors troyed it, 2 Chron. xxxvi. it
remained till their beards laid in ruins 130 years, when
were grown. The road to it was rebuilt by Nehemiah.
Jericho was through a rocky Many years afterward it was
desert, infested with rob- again destroyed by Ptolemy;
bers. Luke x. 30. It is to afterward, it suffered a sim-
this day, the most danger- ilar fate from Antiochus
ous road in Palestine. Sir Epiphanes, who killed 40,000
F. Henniker, an English of the inhabitants, and sold
traveller, was in this very for slaves as many more. It
place robbed, and wounded was rebuilt by Judas Mac-
by a party of Arabs, in 1820. cabeus, and was somewhat
The plain on which it stood flourishing in the time of our
was extremely fertile, noted Saviour. About A. D. 70,
for palm-trees, and for the after a dreadful siege of two
best of balm. The general years, during which the in-
depression of the country habitants suffered so much
has sunk noble Jericho into from famine, as to eat, in
 JES 119 JEW
some instances, the corpses gel, Matt. i. 21 ; the word
of their friends, it was taken means Saviour. His divini-
by Titus Vespasian ; and ty appears from the titles of
our Saviour's prediction that Deity being applied to him,
it should become a heap of Rom. ix. 5. Rev. i. 1 1 from ;

ruins,was fully verified. It the unqualified attributes to

gradually became settled by him of the attributes of Dei-
Christians again, when in ty, as eternity, Rev. xxii.
the year 614, the Persians 13; Omniscience, Rev. ii.
captured it, and 90,000 23. Omnipotence, PhiL
Christians were slain. In A. iii. 21. Omnipresence, Mat.
D. 637, the Saracens seized xviii. 20. He is declared to
it. and kept ittill A. D. 1079, be the Creator John i. 12; ths
when the Seljukian Turks preserver, Col. i. 16,17;—
became its masters. Soon to have the power of forgiv-
afterwards the Crusades ing sins, Mat. ix. 2 6. Col. —
were begun and continued iii. 13, &c. to have power
;

from time to time, for a cen- to raise the dead, 1 John v.

tury, when the —
Ottoman 22; to be the judge of quick
Turks became its possessors, and dead, 2 Cor. v. 10. Rom.
and they remain so to this xiv. 10.
day. On the site of the He was often worshipped,
temple is a mosque. Its and did not forbid it; and
present population is com- such worship is declared
puted at 20,000 one fourth proper, Phil. ii. 10, 11 Heb.
; ;

of which are Jews but there i. 6.

; See also Ex. xvii. 7.
has been no regular census Numb. xxi. 5, 6. Ps. lxxviii.
for many ages. The Greek 56. John xx. 28. Luke xxiv.
Christians are estimated by 51. Mark iv, 39. CoL ii.
Messrs. Fisk and King at 10, &c.
2,000, and the Roman Cath- JEW, a descendant of Ja-
olics at 1500. There are al- cob, or professor of the He-
so Armenian, Coptic, Syrian brew faith. Col. iii. 11. The
and Abyssinian Christians, Jews have now no country
residing here. Christian of their own, but are found
Missionaries from the United in most parts of the earth,
States have of late years though every where a de-
made known on this sacred graded people, and oppress-
spot, the glorious grace of ed either by custom or law.
our Lord Jesus Christ. It is computed that therr
JESUS, the name given number now amounts to 3
to Messiah, by his parents, or 4 millions. About one
at the command of the an- million are in the Turkish
 JOB 120 JOH
empire. In Europe they are ment. He is thought to have
numerous, especially in Po- lived before the departure of
land, where there are Israel out of Egypt. His
500,000, viz. Gallicia, 90,000 country was what is now
—-Prussian Poland, .110,000 called Iduraea. The book
—Russian Poland, 300,000. so called, was probably writ-
The Russian Polish Jews ten by Job himself, and was
reside chiefly in the follow- copied and circulated by Mo-
ing places Wilna, Kanen,
; ses under divine inspiration.
Grodno, Pinck, Mohilow, It is agreed on all hands, to
and Bizesk, where there is a be the most ancient book
famous Jewish University. extant.
The Austrian Polish Jews JOEL, a Hebrew prophet,
reside in Leonburg, Brody, of whose history nothing is
Lublin, Cracow,and Tarnow. now certainly known. Most
The Prussian Polish Jewsmodern commentators be-
reside chiefly in Warsaw, lieve him to have been co-
Thorn, Paren, Lissa, Kalish, temporary with Amos and
Rawitz, Petrikan, and Ri- Hosea. The book is of a
elsh. highly poetical style, and is
As to the rest of Europe, greatly admired by critics
there are in Hungary, chief- for its elegance and sublim-
ly at Bresburgh, Newratz, ity.
and Miskolz, 76,000 in Ger-
: JOHN, brother of James,
many, chiefly at Frankfort was of a very mild and af-
on the Main, Prague, Furth fectionate disposition, but
and Berlin, 200,000; in Hol- bold in preaching. See
land 20,000; in England James. John was the Sav-
14,000; in France 50,000. iour's beloved disciple, and
They are also numerous younger than the rest. After
in the Barbary States, and suffering many sorrows for
the Levant. In the United his religion, under the Em-
States there are not more peror Domitian, he was ban-
than 2 or 3 thousand. Most ished A. D. 95, to Patmos,
Jews are traders and bro- where he wrote the Revela-
kers ; few if any choose to tion. When Nerva became
cultivate the soil. The an- Emperor, he was recalled,
cient distinction of tribes and.lived to write his Gospel,
seems now wholly lost. and three Epistles. He died
JOB, an eminent patriarch, at Ephesus, at about the age
whose history and character of one hundred. Before his
form an exceedingly instruc- death, the various heresies of
tive part of the Old Testa- the Ebionites, Cerinthians,
 ;

JOR 121 JOR

Docetae, Gnostics, Nicolai- of Gennesareth, which is 16
tans, &c. had been broach- miles in length, and five in
ed. These, and other er- breadth. Thence it runs
rors, are fully exposed in his southward through a long
gospel and epistles, though valley, whose air is unwhole-
they are not all mentioned some, and most of it desert,
by name. till it loses itself in the Dead
JONAH lived earlier than Sea. Its whole course is
any of the minor prophets, about 160 miles. It over-
probably as early as the reign flowed its banks in March or
of Jehu. From his history April,, by means of the melt-
the Greeks seem to have de- ing of the snow on Lebanon
rived their story of Hercules and Hermon. Before it en-
having been three days with- ters the Dead Sea, its ordinary
out injury in the belly of a current is but 30 yards in
dog, sent against him by breadth, according to Shaw,
Neptune. The fable of Arion and no more than 25, accord-
and the Dolphin has proba- ing to Thomson. The or-
bly &o same origin. dinary depth is about 12 feet
JOPPA, a seaport of Pal- but this was greatly increased
estine of very ancient date. at certain seasons. The cur-
Its name is thought to have rent is very rapid. It has an
been derived from Japket, outer bank, about a furlong
son of Noah, who founded it. distant from the other ; such
It is now nothing more than a it seems was its width when
ruinous village of fishermen, it was swelled. The banks
called by the natives Jaffa. of a great part of it are cov-
JORDAN, a river which ered with thickets, in which
rises in Mount Lebanon, lions were wont to lodge.
about 12 miles north of Ces- When driven thence, by the
area-Philippi. About twelve overflowing of the river, they
miles more to the south, it re- wandered about, and were
ceives a considerable branch, dangerous to such as dwelt
which, under ground, pro- near. Jer. xlix. 19. Almost
ceeds from the lake Phiala. allother streams in Palestine
About 15 miles further south, but this, become dry in the
it forms the waters of Merom, midst of summer. Its waters
or lake of Samechon, both are remarked for bein£ pe-
names signifying the higher culiarly sweet and whole-
lake, which is nearly 4 miles some. There were fordable
broad, and seven and a half places during the dry season,
long. About 28 miles far- Judges iii. 28 ; and ferrys in

ther south, it forms the lake several places. 2 Samuel

 —

JOS 122 JUD

xix. 18. The deep stream were inscriptions to this ef-
of Jordan was divided under fect, "We are fugitives
Joshua, and by Elijah and from the face of josh-
Elisha. In it John baptized ua, the robber, the son
multitudes, and our Saviour of Nun."
among them. Joshua iii. 2 The book of Joshua com-
Kings ii. Matt. iii. Mark i. prises the history of about
JOSHUA, the successor to twenty years, and forms a
Moses, as leader of Israel. continuation and completion
He was born A. M. 2460, and to the Pentateuch. It de-
died about 17 years after Mo- scribes the conquest of Cana-
ses. Seven years of his gov- an its partition among the
;

ernment he was engaged in tribes and the death and

;

the conquest of Canaan, and burial of Joshua. The latter

during the remainder, he en- passages were written by
joyed it in peaceful possess- Phinchas, or some subse-
ion. He was the writer of quent prophet, Joshua xxiv.
the first of the historical books 29—33.
of the Old Testament as they JOT, a point ; the least
are called, which include all assignable quantity. The
the succeeding books as far as allusion is to the Hebrew
Esther. Though the wri- letter Jod, which is scarcely
tings of Moses, (called the more than a point. Mat. v. 18.
Pentateuch, because in five JOTHAM, a king ofJu-
books,) are in a large degree dah, successor to ^Uzziah.
historical, yet because they He reigned 16 years, during
contain the law which God the latter part of which Rome
gave on Sinai, they are to- was founded.
gether called the law. John JOURNEY, a passage
i. 17. The Pagan fable of from place to place. A " Sab-
Phaeton, driving the chariot bath day's journey," was
of the sun for one day, is about a mile ; a common
thought to have arisen from day's journey was about
it* standing still, at the word twenty miles.
of Joshua. His expulsion of JOY, an agreeable affec-
the Canaanites, is abundant- tion of the soul, arising from
ly corroborated by profane the hope or possession of
history. Among the many ev- some benefit. Religious joy
idences from hence, we may is the delight and satisfaction
mention the pillar which of the soul in its union with
Procopius saw in the time of God in Christ, as the great-
Justinian, near to where est and highest good.
Tangier now stands, on which JUDAS, called Iscariot,
 JUD 123 JUD
probably from Ish-cariotta, JUDGES. 1. Officers of
the man who has the bag. law and justice. The Jews
There is no reason to sup- had three courts (1.) a court;

pose his appearance of piety of three or seven petty judg-

was ever to human eye less es, who
decided small cases ;
than that of the other disci- (2.) court of 23, whose
a
ples. After his dreadful a- power in some cases extend-
postasy, he hung himself in ed to life and death ; (3.) the
despair ; but the cord or the great Sanhedrim, which de-
limb of the tree breaking, he termined all the highest cases
fell, burst open, and died a and was the last appeal. It
miserable death. consisted of 70 judges, of
JUDAS or JUDE, the which the High Priest was
same as Thaddeus Lebbe- president. Each court had
us, brother of James the cognizance of both civil and
less. Matt. x. 3. He was one ecclesiastical cases.
of the twelve Apostles. He 2. Extraordinary men,
wrote an Epistle, which raised up by Jehovah, to de-
bears his name, and is in- liver Israel from oppression,
tended chiefly to guard be- before they had a king.
lievers against false teachers. When the nation sinned, it
JUDEA, or Jewry, a was punished by anarchy,
name now applied to the invasion, or conquest ; but
whole of Canaan, which was when it had been duly hum-
never so called till after the bled, a deliverer was found.
captivity. Sometimes the The following is a list of
whole land of Canaan seems the Judges in their order ;
in the New
Testament to with the length of their ad-
have been called Judea, Gal. ministration ; and the times
i. 22 ; but more properly it of the intervening oppres-
was divided into Galilee, sion .

Samaria, and Judea. Judea, years

Othniel, judged Israel, 40
thus taken, contained the
served Moab, 13
original portions of the tribes Ehud, -
- _ 80
of Judah, Benjamin, Dan, served Philistia, 1
and Simeon. It consisted of Shamgar, - 1
served Canaan, 20
three parts the plain coun-
;
Deborah and Barak, 40
try on west; the hill-
the served Jtfidian, 7
country southward of Jerusa- Gideon, - 40
lem and the south, toward
;
Abimeleeh, 3
Tola, - 23
the borders of the land of
Jair, - 22
Edom. Matt, iii.l. Acts ii. served Amnion, 13
9.
'

See Canaan. Jephthah, - 6

 — —

JUD 124 JUN

years victory depended. Dr. A.
Ibzan, - 7
.
Clarke has fully shown that
Elon, 10
Abdon, _ 8 Samson is the original and
served Pkilistia, essential Hercules of Pagan
40
Samson last 10, Mythology.
}_
Eli, 40
-
served Philistia, - 20
JUDGMENT, that facul-
/Samuel, * . 12 ty of the soul, by which it

perceives the relation be-

456
tween two or more ideas, and
discerns right from wrong;
The Apostle Paul says, —
the solemn action and trial
that the period during which at the great and last day,
Israel was governed by judg- Eccles. xii. 14. Judge 6 ;
es, was '* about 450 years." the sentence or decision of a
Acts xiii. 20. judge, 1 Kings iii. 28 ; the —
The book of Judges forms remarkable punishments of
an important part in the his- God, Prov. xix. 29 ;— afflic-
tory of Israel ; and indepen- tions and chastisements for
dently of the ample proofs of trial and profitable instruc-
its authenticity found in its tions, 1 Pet. iv. 17 ; senti- —
style, and in its being quoted ment or opinion, 1 Cor. i. 10 ;
by both old and New
Testa- —
advice, 1 Cor. vii. 25;
ment writers, the transactions the gospel or kingdom of
it records are confirmed by grace, Matt. xii. 20 the ; —
traditions current among the skill, knowledge, or under-
heathen. Thus we find the standing which a person has
memorial of Gideon's trans- attained in any art, science,
actions preserved by Sancho- or business. A court of jus-
niatho. The Vulpinaria, or tice existing among the Jews
feast of the foxes, celebrated in the time of our Saviour
by the Romans in the month which seems to have consist-
of April, (the time of the ed of 23 persons, and to have
Jewish harvest) in which had cognisance of petty
they let loose foxes, to whose causes only, Matt. v. 22.
tails were fastened burning JUNIPER, an evergreen,
torches, was derived from the not cedar, and
unlike the
story of Samson, which was sometimes called by that
conveyed to Italy by the name. Whether this was
Phoenicians. In the history the exact tree meant by the
of Samson and Delilah, we Hebrew word Rothem,
find the original of Nisus and is very uncertain. It oc-
his daughters, who cut off curs only 1 Kings xix. 4, 5.
those fatal hairs upon which Job xxx. 4, and Ps. cxx. 4.
 ;

JUS 125 KIN

JUPITER, the principal gelically, Rom. v. 1 ; and
deity of ancient heathens. this is said to be by grace
Perhaps the name is deriv- freely, Rom. iii. 24. Tit. iii.

ed from Ja, or Jehovah, and 7 ; by faith, Gal. iii. 8; by

pater, father. There were Christ, ii. 16 ; by his blood,
many Jupiters. Three were Romans v. 9.
principally famous —
the son
of iEther, the son ofCcelus,
but chiefly, the son of Sat-
urn. Historians discover
that he was son to a king of
Crete, who lived about the KAB. See Cab.
time of Moses, and was one KA'DESH, Kedesh, or
of the most wicked wretch- Ka'desh-bar'ivea, a place
es that ever breathed. The on the south of Canaan, a-
Heathens, however, whose bout twenty-four miles south
theology was chiefly deriv- from Hebron, and on the
edge of the wilderness of
ed from the fictions of their
poets, believed he had the Paran. Numb. vii. 16. It
government of heaven and was anciently called En-
earth ; and that under him michpat, or Well of Judg-
Neptune ruled the sea, and ment, because there the Ca-
Pluto was king of hell. The naanites had judged their
noble port of Barnabas, and people near to a well. Gen.
his miracles, made the citi- xiv. 7. Some authors sup-
zens of Lystra imagine that pose it was the same as Rith*
Jupiter had visited them. mah. Numb, xxxiii. IS.
Acts xiv. 11. KEDAR, a son of Ishma-
JUSTIFY, to clear a per- el, and father of the Kedar-
son from the charge of guilt enes, who resided about the
to make his innocence ap- south parts of Arabia the
pear; to acquit a sinner from Desert, ordinarily in tents,
the guilt or punishment of but sometimes in villages,
sin, by pardon, through the and whose glory and wealth
imputation of Christ's right- chiefly consisted in their
eousness. Rom. iii. 28. and flocks and herds. Song i. 5,
v. 9. As justification is by lsa. xlii. 11, and xxi. 16, 17.
righteousness imputed, so KEDRON. See Cedrox.
sanctiiication is by righte- KING, the sovereign of a
ousness imparted to the soul nation. His power is, in
of the believer. Man can- some countries, limited by
not be justified legally, Rom. law, and a senate or parlia-
iit. 20. Gal. ii. 16, bat evan- ment, and in others is abso-
 KIN 126 KOH
Kite. The Lord himself was Zechariah reigned 6 months.
Shallum " 1 «
Israel's king, untilthey be-
Menahim " 10 years.
came discontented, and Saul Pekaiah " 2 "
was given to be their ruler. Pekah « 20 "
The following is a table of Hosea carried captive.
the kings of the Hebrews,
both before and after their
division into the governments KINGS, the two books
of Judah and Israel. under this name are thought
Saul to have been digested into
reigned 40 years.
JJavid u 40 " their present form by Ezra,
Solomon « 40 " from records and writings
Jtehoboam u I «
by the various kings, scribes,
Kings Judah. and prophets, mentioned in
of
them.
Kehoboam reigned 17 years. KISHON, a river rising at
Abijam U 3 »
«
the foot of Mount Tabor, pass-
Asa 41 "
Jehoshaphat cc
27 " ing by the base of Mount
Jehoram a 8 « Carmel, and falls into the sea
Ahaziah a «
1 at a place called Caypha.
Athaliah a 6 «
Jehoash « 40 "
On its banks was fought
Amaziah u 29 « the famous battle in which
Uzziah it
52 " 10,000 Hebrews under Deb-
Jotham a 16 "
a
orah and Barak routed the
Ahaz 16 "
Hezekiah « "
vast host of Canaanites under
29
Manasseh u 55 " Sisera, and freed Israel from
Amnion a 2 " a grievous oppression of 20
Josiah a 31 «
« u years.
Jehoiakitn 11
Jehoiakin a 3 months KNOP, a tufted tup; a
Zedekiah a 11 years. knot ; a cluster.
KOHATH, the second son
Kings of Israel. of Levi. His descendants
Jeroboam reigned 22 years. were called Koathites. Their
Nadab a 2 » business was, to carry on
liaasha a 24 "
u
their shoulders the ark, and
Elah 2 "
Zimri a 7 days. other sacred utensils of the
Omri a 6 years. tabernacle but they were
;

Ahab u 22 " not,under pain of death, al-

Abaziah a 1 «
Joram u "
lowed to look at any of these,
12
Jebu a 28 " except the brazen laver. Ex.
Jehoahaz
Jeboash
a
a
17
41
"
"
vi- 16 —25. Numbers x.

u
21.
Jeroboam II. 41 «
 LAO 127 LAV
desolate and uninhabited.
I*.
Extensive ruins, haunted by
wolves and jackals, are yet
LAMENTATIONS, a to be seen, The natives call
book of Scripture, written by the place Ladiky. An ad-
Jeremiah, after the troubles jacent village is called Eski-
which he had foretold had hissar, where a few Chris-
overtaken Israel. tians were found in 1820.
LAMP. The lamps of the LAPWING, the bird so
ancients were of various called in our translation, is
kinds. Those used at wed- undoubtedly the hoopoe, a
ding processions, consisted of very beautiful bird, but very
* pieces of old linen, squeez- disgusting in its habits. The
ed hard against one another LXX. render it epopah, and
in a round figure, and forci- the Vulgate upupa, both
bly thrust down into a mould which names are expressive
of copper." Those who hold of its loud note. The word
them, have in the other hand occurs only in Lev. xi. 19,
a pitcher, with a narrow neck and Deut. xiv. 8.
and stopper, full of oil, of LATTICE, a window
which they pour from time made of bars crossing each
to time on the linen. This other. Jud. v. 28.
explains Christ's declaration, LAVEK, a vessel for
that he will " not quench the washing. The laver which
smoking flax," Matt. xii. 20 ; stood in the enclosure of the
and shows why the foolish tabernacle, was made of the
virgins needed u oil in their fine brazen looking-glasses,
vessels," Matt. xxv. 4. which the Hebrew women
LAODICE'A, a city of gave for the service of the
Phrygia, in Asia Minor, for- tabernacle. Solomon had one
ty-two miles south of Ephe- made of vast size, supported
sus. It was anciently called by 12 brazen oxen, which
Jupiter's city, and then was called the molten sea.
—
Rhoas but Seleucus, or per- 1. Kings vii. 22 26. It was
;

haps Antiochus, the Syro- nearly fifty feet in circumfer-

Grecian king, rebuilt it, and ence, and eight feet deep. It
ealled it Laodicea, after his held water for the priest's to
wife. It was destroyed by wash their hands and feet
an earthquake, in the tenth with, having cocks by which
year of Nero, but soon rose the water ran into basons.
from its ruins. A Christian He also made ten of inferior
church was early planted in size, placed near the entrance
this place. It is now utterly of the temple, for the wash-
 ;

LEA 128 LEB

ing of the offerings. 2 Chron. vi. 29, and Ezek. xxii. 17, 22,
iv. 6. we perceive it was then used
LAW, a rule directing and in refining metals. It was
obliging a rational creature used by the Romans, to
in moral and religious ac- sheath their vessels, being
tions ; the whole doctrine of fastened with bronze nails.
the word delivered by God to LEASING, falsehoods,
his church, contained in the lies. Ps. iv. 2. v. 6.
Old and New Testaments LEAVEN, a piece of
the principles of reason, or dough, set apart to ferment
the law of nature written on or rise, and used to make
a man's heart. Rom. ii. 14. bread light. To this are com-
It is used to signify, the dec- pared the doctrines of the
alogue or ten commandments, Gospel, Matt. xiii. 33, on ac-
Rom. ii. 25, vii. 7; the pre- count of their silent exten-
cepts of God in regard to the sion and powerful effects in
Jewish ceremonial, and the the world. It is also applied
doctrine of the gospel. Rom. to erroneous doctrines and
iii. 27. vicious practices ; as of the
LAWYER, one versed in Pharisees and Sadducees.
the laws. As the Jews had Matt. xvi. 6, 12.
no written laws except those LEBANON, a famous
contained in the Old Testa- range of mountains in the
ment, a lawyer among them north of Canaan. At the top
was a person familiar with grew cedars, and at the base
Scripture, and whose busi- excellent vines. From
ness it was to expound it. hence, Solomon's workmen
LAZARUS. (1.) The " brought great stones, cost-
brother "of Martha, who was ly stones, and hewed stones,
raised from the dead by his to lay the foundation of the
Lord. John xi. (2.) A house." 1 Kings v. 14—18.
character described by the \iines of iron and copper
Saviour, in his parable of the were worked here. Deut.
rich and poor man. Luke viii. 9. The highest sum-
xvi. Hence beggars are now mits are always covered
called in Europe, Lazaroni. with snow, from which de-
A receptacle for the sick, is scend in summer, sweet and
called for the same reason, refreshing rivulets on every
a Lazaretto, or Lazar house. side. A spur of this moun-
LEAD was very early tain next the holy land is
known, Ex. xv. 10, and was called Hermon. Another
used among other purposes spur, to the eastward, is
to write upon. From Jer. Mount Gilcad, where Labau
 LEO 129 LEV
overtook Genesis beautifully predicted by the
Jacob.
xxxi. 25. figure of the leopard lying
LEEK, a plant very simi- down with the kid. Isa. xi. 6.
lar in shape and qualities to LEPROSY, one of the
the onion. The word oc- most calamitous of all dis-
curs in our translation only eases, but not often found in
in Numb. xi. 5. The orig- cold countries. It is not now
inal term chatzir, is in very common any where,
most other places rendered but is found among the
" grass." Ps. xxxvii. 2, &c. Arabs, and generally over
LEGION, in the Roman the east. At Scio the phi-
army, was a body of soldiers, lanthropic Howard found
consisting of ten cohorts, or a hospital expressly for pa-
six thousand men. seems, tients labouring under this
It
however, to have varied in malady. It contained 120
the number of men at differ- persons, lodged in separate
ent periods of time. In the rooms. The symptoms and
case of the demoniac, Mark progress of the infection is
v. 9, the word seems to be fully described in the law of
used for an indefinite mul- Moses. Lev. xiii.
titude. LET, is expressive, (1.)
LENTILES, a of Of
command, 1 Kings xviii.
sort
pulse like pease, much es- 40. (2.) Of entreaty, Ps.
teemed by the ancients. 2 lxix. 6. (3.) Of permission,
Sam. xvii. 28. Dr. Shaw Josh. xxiv. 28. (4.) Of in-
says that in Egypt beans, trusting, or assigning by
lentiles, and garvancoes, are lease, Song viii. 11. (5.)
the chief of the pulse kind, To hinder, or keep back.
and when stewed with oil Isa. xliii. 13. 2 Thess. ii. 7.
and garlic, are the principal LEVIATHAN.
Most
food of persons of all ranks. probably the animal meant
Lentiles make a pottage of a by this name is the croco-
chocolate colour ; this was dile which is a creature
the " red. pottage," for which every way terrible, growing
Esau exchanged his birth- often to the length of thirty
right, Gen. xxv. 34.
feet. It is shaped like the
LEOPARD, beast of lizard, and lays its eggs in
a
prey, equal in size to a large the sand to be hatched by
dog ;beautifully spotted, the sun. By the kind prov-
and exceedingly fierce, cru^ idence of God, the Ichneu-
el, and rapacious. The happy mon is fond of these eggs,
peace which shall distin- and discovers and destroys
guish Messiah's kingdom, is great quantities of them,
 —

LIB 130 LIG

Were it not for this, they and spiritual blindness, from
would dreadfully increase. the curse and yoke of the
LEVITE,one of the tribe law, and from the slavery of
of Levi; an inferior minis- sin ; a power or freedom in
ter in the Jewish temple ; by using things indifferent. 1
which title he is distinguish- Cor. viii. 9.
ed from the priest, who LIBYA, a part of Africa,
though likewise of the race bordering on Egypt, famous
of Levi, yet was descended for its armed chariots and
from Aaron, whose posterity horses. 2 Chron. xvi 8.
were employed in the high- LIGHT, that pure bright-
er offices. ness which is every where
LEVITICUS, the third diffused by the rays of the
book of the Old Testament; sun, and is the medium of vis-
so called, chiefly because it ion ; that divine and saving
contains the various laws of knowledge contained in the
—
the Hebrews especially the gospel. Matt. iv. 16. It is
sacrifices, the charge of which spoken of God, who is a being
was committed to the Le- of infinite wisdom, truth, ho-
vites, out of whom were taken liness, purity, &c. 1 John i.
the priests. In the Arabic 5 ; —
of Jesus Christ, who is
and Syriac versions it is call- the fountain and author of all
ed the law of the priests. knowledge, both natural and
Without book many spiritual, Luke ii. 32, John i.
this
parts of the New —
Testament, 9; of the word of God,
epistle to the which conducts and guides
especially the
Hebrews, could not be fully Christians in this world, and
understood. points out the w ay
r
to eter-
LIBERTINES, free men. nal happiness, Psalm cxix.
This was an appellation given 105. 2 Peter i. 19 ;— of the
to such Jews as had obtained apostles or ministers of the
by birth or otherwise, the gospel, who assist others, and
freedom of a Roman city; or, direct them to Christ and
in other words, the rights of salvation, Matt. v. 14, 16;
a Roman Acts vi. 9. of true Christians, who are
citizen.
It was a birth right of Paul. enlightened by the Holy
Acts xxii. 28. Spirit, and brought to the
LIBERTY, the power to saving knowledge of God and
do, or forbear to do ; free- Christ. Luke xvi. 8. Eph.
dom, as opposed to slaveiy, v. 8.
or to necessity ; deliverance LIGN-ALOE, a small tree
from any bondage ; freedom 8 or 10 feet high; from both
from the veil of the flower and the wood of
 LIN 131 LOC
which a rich and costly per- LION, the noblest of ani-
fume is still obtained in the mals. Found only in torrid
east. Ps. xlv. 9. Cant. iv. 14. climates, and much less
LIGURE, a precious stone ; numerous now than former-
but of what exact kind it is ly. It lives 60 or 80 years,
now difficult to ascertain. It but is not prolific. The al-
isgenerally thought by learn- lusions to its strength, cour-
ed men to be the leschem. age, voraciousness, gener-
It was the first in the osity, &c. in Scripture, are
third row of the high priest'svery numerous. His rage is
breast-plate, and had the tremendous. Job iv. 11.
name of Gad inscribed on it. Prov. xxx. 30. Amos iii. 8.
It occurs in Exo. xxviii. 19, Lions were sent by Jeho-
and xxxix. 12, only. vah to chastise the profaners
LILY, a well known and of bis chosen heritage. 2
beautiful plant, of which Kings xvii. 25, 26. The peo-
there are many varieties. ple humbled themselves, and
The fields of the Levant are adopted the Jewish laws and
overrun with the superb worship, at first in addition to
•Amaryllis Lutea, to which the heathen institutions, but
probably our Saviour alludes, afterward exclusively. These
Matt, vi 30. As the scarci- were the Samaritans.
ty of fuel obliges the inhabi- The "Lion of the tribe of
tants to use every sort of Judah," is Jesus Christ, who
combustible matter, the with- will mightily destroy the en-
ered stalks of these and other emies of his Church, and
flowers, are used for ovens, graciously receive such as
&c. submit themselves. Rev. v. 5.
By
the "lily of the val- LOCUST, an insect well
ley," Cant. ii. 2, we are not known among us, which in
to understand the humble the east are often five or six
flower so called with us, but inches long, and of the thick-
the noble flower of the larger ness of a man's thumb. Its
kind. The lily mentioned head is shaped like that of a
Cant. v. 13, seems to be the horse. Joel ii. 4. The mouth
Crown Imperial, or Persian is large, and furnished with
lily. The drop of sweet four incisive teeth, which
liquor alluded to, is the roscid traverse each other like scis-
nectar always found at the sors. The noise by a flock of
bottom of this flower. them eating, is compared by
LINTEL, that part of a Joel (ii. the crackling
5,) to
door frame which crosses the sound of fire among stubble,
door over head. and by modern travellers to
 ;

LOC 132 LOV

the rattling of hail stones
The prophetical writings of
the Old Testament abound
with allusions to this insect
as one of God's most dread-
ful scourges. All travellers
in the east speak of the
dreadful ravages of this in-
sect, which sometimes occur.
The swarms are often a mile
in length, darkening the day
as they pass over, and form-
ing a thickness of several
inches when they settle on
the earth. Nothing will im-
pede their march ; they
fill
the time of their swarming,
are served up at the principal
tables.
LOINS, the lower region
of the back, where the girdle
is worn. The orientals who
wear long robes, are obliged
when they apply themselves
to any business, to use a
girdle. Hence to have the
" loins girt," is the same as
tobe in readiness for a thing.
Luke xii. 35. Eph. vi. 14.
LOT, the son of Haran,
and nephew of Abraham
and, as we suppose, brother

up the deepest trenches, ex- of Sarah. After the death

tinguish tires, and climb of his father, he lived and
walls. All verdure disap- travelled with Abraham.
pears, and the country looks Gen. xi. 31.
as if burnt over with fire. Lot, any thing cast or
Ex. x. 4—19. drawn in order to determine
Pliny states that in Ethio- a point in debate. It is a
pia and Parthia, they were solemn appeal to God, for an
generally eaten as whole- immediate interposal of his
some and agreeable food. directive power, for deter-
The law of Moses pronounc- mining the affair ; and, on
ed them lawful to be eaten, that account, ought to be
Lev. xi. 22; and John the used in nothing but what is
Baptist ate locusts, while in important, and cannot other-
the wilderness. Mark i. 8. wise be peacefully determin-
But whether these were the ed ; and it is to be used with
insects so called, or the sweet reverence and prayer. Prov.
pulpy pods of a tree, is not xvi. 33. xviii. IS. Acts i.
fully agreed. The modern 24, 25, 26. 1 Samuel xiv.
Arabs catch great quantities, 41.
which they cook in various LOVE, a natural affection
ways, removing the legs and of the mind, inclining us to
wings, and adding oil, salt, esteem, or delight in an ob-
&c. Jackson, in his ac- ject; a gracious principle or
count of Morocco, states that habit wrought in the soul by
locusts are there esteemed a God, which inclines us to
great delicacy, and during obey him, to seek commu-
 LYD 133 MAC
nion with him, and to study to fixion not taking the care of
promote his glory, and dis- them at these times as form-
poses us to do good to all. erly. It is now called Dios-
LOW, not rising far up- polis.
wards, Ezek. xvii. 6, 24 ;

not elevated in situation,

Isaiah xxxii. 19 ; not high in
rank, Job v. 11. Luke i. 48,
52 ; humble, not proud.
Ezek. xxi. 26. " Lower MACEDONIA, a large
parts of the earth," in Isa. country north of Greece,
xliv. 23, signify the valleys ; peopled by the descendant*
in Psalm Ixiii. 9, Ephesians of Javan, and formerly call-
iv. 9, the grave, or the state ed Emathia. It was bound-
of the dead. ed by the mountains of H33-
LUKE, was a native of mus, on the north, the
Antioch in Syria, and a phy- ^Egean sea on the east,
sician. He wrote not only Achaia on the south, and the
the gospej which is called by Adriatic sea on the west.
his name, but the Acts of the Its metropolis was Thessa-
Apostles. His language is lonica. One of its mountains
exceedingly pure and classi- was the famous Olympus.
Several othercountries, how-
'

LYCAO'NIA has Cappa- ever, had mountains so call-

docia on the east, Galatia on
the north, Phrygia on the
west, and Pisidia on the
south. A remarkable lake
exists in this province, call-
ed Tatia, and by the mod-
erns Tuzla, which yields
ed and esteemed sacred. It
was a famous monarchy un-
der Philip, and Alexander
the great, who conquered
Greece, Persia, and a part of
Judea. About A. M. 3856,
it became a part of the great

salt. Its chief cities were Roman Empire, and contin-

Iconium,* Derbe, and Lys-
tra. The present name of
this province is Caramania.
LYDDA, a large village
or city, not far from Joppa,
Acts ix. 38, eminent for its
schools of learned Jews. It
was burnt by Cestius, while
its males were gone to Je-
rusalem to the feast of taber-
nacles, God after the cruci-
ued subject to the Romans
1600 years, when the Otto-
man Turks conquered it.
Paul planted the gospel here,
and the Christians contribut-
ed very generously to their
suffering brethren at Jerusa-
lem. Christianity has never
wholly been eradicated from
Macedonia, though theTurks
have been cruel masters.
 . MAN 134 MAN
MAGICIANS or Magi, 1 Cor. ii. 14, means one that
See Wise Men. is unrenewed, and has no
MALACHI, the last of the principle of grace in the
prophets of the Old Testa- heart. u The inward man,"
ment. He flourished after Rom. vii. 22, is the regener-
the rebuilding of the temple ate part within, or the prin-
and Jerusalem by Ezra and ciple of grace in the heart.
Nehemiah, and was co-tem- "The man of God," 2 Tim.
porary with Plato the phi- iii. 17, is one that is guided
losopher Cimon, the Athe- by the Spirit of God, and in
;

nian general Ahyrtjeus a special manner, devoted to

;

king of Egypt, and Darius his service.

Nothus, king of Persia. MANDRAKE, a species
With him the prophetical of melon or berry; cultivat-
office seerm to have ceased ed in the East, for the sake of
for nearly 400 years; that is, its fragrance. Though com-
till Messiah carne. mentators have puzzled
MALLOWS, a plant very themselves with questions on
useful in medicine, one spe- this subject, it seems plain
cies of which grows to about that the word is properly
the size of Indian corn. What rendered mandrake, and
plant is meant, Job xxx. 4, means a plant so called in<he
where alone the word occurs, East, to this day. The orig-
is not certain. It is evident- inal word which only occurs
ly food for poor people, and twice, is so rendered by the
may therefore be the hali- LXX. and both the Tar-
mus, a saltish plant growing gums. It grows like lettuce,
wild on poor land, which is has purple flowers, and bears
eaten in Syria and else- a fruit resembling a small
where, as we do
greens. red apple. The smell and
MAMMON, a Syriac word taste are pleasant but it ;

signifying riches or treasure. stupifies or intoxicates if eat-

No man can " serve God and en to excess.
mammon ;" no one can love MANNA,
the delicious
and serve God, while his food with which God fed the
great aim and desire is to children of Israel in the wil-
heap up, enjoy, and retain derness. It was a little grain,
worldly wealth. Mat. vi. 24. white like our hoar-frost,
MAN. The Hebrew word which fell every morning,
for man Enosh ; that is, except on the Sabbath, about
is

wretched, to denote his con- the camp of the Israelites.

dition in his apostasy from Exo. xvi. 15. Besides the
God, The " natural man," nourishing virtue of the
 MAN 135 MAR
manna that sustained the MARANATH'A, a Syriac
Hebrews in the desert, it was word, meaning " our Lord
altogether miraculous on oth- cometh "
er accounts. It fell on six MARK, the son of Mary,
days of every week, not on at, whose house a prayer
the seventh, and in such pro- meeting was kept, Acts xii.
digious quantities, as to sus- 12. He was cousin to Bar-
tain almost three millions of nabas, and a companion of
men, women and children ! Paul and Barnabas, Acts xv.
It fell in double quantities 37.
on the sixth day, that there MARRIAGE, the act of
might be enough for the sev- uniting a man and woman in
enth. It fell only on Israel's wedlock ; it also signifies the
camp. It remained fresh all sacred and mystical union
the seventh day, but at any between Christ and his
other time, bred worms, if church. Eph. v. 30—32.
kept over night. It constant- Christians are forbidden to
ly continued for forty years, marry unbelievers, 2 Cor. vi.
and ceased as soon as the He- 14. 1 Cor. vii. 39.
brews had access to eat of the MARY. Four or five per-
produce of Canaan. Christ sons mentioned in the New
is the hidden Manna, the Testament, seem to have
Bread of eternal life, which borne this name. Great diffi-
those eat who partake of the culty occurs in designating
blessings and comforts which them, and learned men dif-
flowfrom him. John vi. 32, 35. fer widely in their attempts
There is still a kind of to make the subject plain.
manna, produced in Italy, The following account seems
Poland, Calabria, and Arabia. liable to fewest objections.
Barckhardt found it in the (1.) The mother of our
Holy Land, dropping from Lord. She was the daugh-
the tarfa tree, in the month of ter of Eli, or Joachim, of the
June. The Arabs clear away family of David.
the leaves, dirt, &c. and when (2.) Mary, the wife of
boiled, and strained, put it Cleophas, and mother of
into bags or skins, to be used James, Jude, Joses, Simeon,
as we do honey. It is high- and Salome. Cleophas, and
ly nourishing, but if eaten Joseph the husband of the
in large quantities, proves virgin Mary, were probably
slightly purgative. This brothers ; which made these
manna seems, in many res- Marys sisters. Her children
pects, different from that are, therefore, represented
which the Hebrews enjoyed. as the brothers of our Lord,
 MAT 136 MED
John xix. 25. Matt, xxvii. warrant, to fill the place of
j

56. Lukexxiv. 10. Matt, Judas Iscariot.

xiii. 55. She early believed MAZ'ZAROTH, supposed
on our Saviour, attended his to mean a constellation in the
preaching, and ministered heavens. It was the Chaldee
to him for his support. She name for the signs of the
was a witness of his cruci- Zodiac.
fixion. Mark xv. 40, 41 ; MEASURE, that by which
and at his burial prepared any thing is measured or pro-
spices for embalming his portioned. Many learned
body. Luke xxiii. 56. men have bestowed great la-
(3) MaryMagdale'ne, bour in ascertaining the exact
seems to have been an inhab- length or capacity of Hebrew
itant of Magdala ; it is measures; but they differ
thought by some, that she widely from each other.
was a plaiter of hair to the Standard measures, made by
women of her city. Moses, were at first deposit-
MA'TRIX, a place in ed in the tabernacle, and af-
which any thing is formed ;
terwards in the temple, under
a womb. Ex. xiii. 12, 15. the cognizance of the priests.
MATTHEW was also When Solomon's temple was
named Levi, a Galilean by destroyed, these standards of
birth, and a tax-gatherer by course perished, and the
profession. He wrote the whole subject is now uncer-
gospel called by his name, tain, and though tables of
probably about A. D. 38 or measures are often given in
41 in the Hebrew language. books, they cannot be implic-
Some critics maintain, that itly relied on. Under each
a few years afterward he term of this sort, that explan-
wrote his gospel in Greek ation is given, which seems
;

and some consider it to have most probable.

been originally written in MEAT-OFFERING, an
that language. About A. D. offering consisting generally
184, there was found in the of flour, meal, oil, &c. or
East Indies, a Greek copy. cakes baked in an oven, &c.
In the year A. D. 488, anoth- MEDIA, a vast region be-
er Greek copy was found at tween Persia and the Caspian
Cyprus, written on wood, Sea, deriving its name from
and esteemed very ancient. Madai, son of Japhet, Gen.
xMATTHIAS, one of the x. 2. Cyrus, king of Persia,
seventy disciples, chosen by by his wife fell heir to the
the first church, perhaps crown of Media, thus making
without a sufficient divine the kingdom of the Medes
 ;

MEG 137 MEL

and Persians. Media is now near it. In one, Jabin's ar-
called Aider -Beitzan, and my was routed by Deborah
sometimes Irak Adjam. and Barak, Judg. v. 19 ; in the
MEDIATOR, one who was overthrown
other, Josiah
acts between parties at va- and slain by
Necho, king of
riance, in order to bring them Egypt, who was on his way
to an agreement, Gal. iii. 20. through the land of Israel to
Moses was often a mediator attack the king of Babylon.
between Jehovah and the 2 Kings xxiii. 29, SO. Near
Jews, Deut. The Lord Megiddo was the town of
v. 5.
Jesus is now the "one medi- Hadad-Rimmon, (called af-
ator between God and men," terwards Maximianopolis,)
1 Tim. ii. 5. He
alone, by therefore the lamentation for
his satisfaction to God, and the death of Josiah, is called
intercession with him, and " the mourning of Hadad-
by hispowerful and gracious Rimmon, in the valley of
instruction and influence on Megiddon." Zeoh. xii. 11.
sinful men, brings both to- The greatness of that mourn-
gether, into a new covenant ing for good Josiah was such
state of agreement. Heb. as that the quoted expression
viii. 6. xii. 24. was a proverbial one for any
MEEKNESS, that quiet great sorrowing, and is so
temper of mind, which u not used by the prophet.
soon provoked to anger, but MELCHISEDEK, a priest,
suffers injuries without de- though not a Jew ; of whose
sire of revenge, and submits nation, parentage, age, &c.
to the will of God, Col. iii. nothing is known. Hence
12 a humble frame of spirit, he is said to be " without
;

ready to receive and enter- descent, having neither be-

tain the truths of God's word. ginning of days, nor end of
James i. 21. It is a grace of life." Gen. xiv. 17—20.
unspeakable value, 1 Pet. iii. Heb. vii. 1 11. Jesus is a —
4. Ps. xxxvii. II and shone priest after the order of Mel-
;

conspicuously in the life of chisedek as God, he was ;

Christ, 2 Cor. x. 1. Matt. xi. without beginning as man, ;

29. It is enjoined on Chris- his origin was miraculous

tians, with great frequency he was installed in his office
to excel in this grace, Eph. only by God, and is therein
iv. 2. 1 Tim. vi. IV Titus superior to all other priests.
iii. 2, &c. Hebrews v. 10. vi. 20.
MEGID'DO, a city in the MEL'ITA or MALTA, a
tribe of Manasseh, famous for small island of the Mediter-
two great battles being fought ranean Sea, is about 18 miles
M
 MEL 138 MER
long, and 12 broad, and on account of this prejudice,
seems to have had its name " government has for the
from itsbeing Melet, or a last5 years declined giving
place of refuge to the ancient permission to the Malta Bible
Tyrians in their voyages to Society, to place a board over
Carthage and Spain. About the door of its depository for
A. D. 63, Paul and his com- the purpose of informing the
panions were shipwrecked public that Bibles could be
on this island, and kindly en- had there ! It has lately be-
tertained by the natives. It come a centre of Missionary
was subjugated by the Goths and Bible operations for the
and Vandals in the fifth cen- countries' bordering on the
tury, taken by the Normans Mediterranean. By the
in the eleventh, and was af- contributions of Christians,
terward taken by Louis IX. printing presses are establish-
of France. About A. D. ed here, and kept employed
1530, it was given by Charles in producing tracts, &c. in
V. to the Military Knights, the Arabic, Greek, Turkish,
who had been driven by the and other languages, which,
Turks from Rhodes. They as it is a place of great com-
were dispossessed and dis- merce, are easily distributed.
persed by the French under MEMPHIS, an Egyptian
Bonaparte, in 1788. It was cit}' of great size and splen-
afterwards taken from the dour which once stood near
French by England, under old Cairo; but of which there
whose government it now are now no vestiges. Bos.
remains. The number of ix. 6.
inhabitants is about 50,000. MER'ARITES, descend-
These are, for the most part, ants of Merari, the third son
Catholics, and excessively of Levi. These were bear-
ignorant and degraded. Mr. ers of the materials of the
Fisk saw no books in their tabernacle, and in late times
language, but a popish cate- sacred porters.
chism, the gospel of John, MERCURY, one of the
(printed by the Church Mis- fabulous deities of the Heath-
sionary Society, under the en, was the son of Jupiter
superintendence of Mr. Jew- and Maia, and messenger to
ett,) a grammar, and a dic- the rest. He was worship-
tionary. The Rev. Mr. Tem- ped as the patron of learning,
ple, speaking of the aversion eloquence, and trade. He
of Romish priests to the pe- was sometimes called Her-
rusal of the Scriptures by mes. The fluency of Paul
the common people, says that made L the people of Lystra
 MES 139 MID
suppose Paul was Mercury. all their children, save Ben-
Acts xiv. 12. jamin, Gen. xi. 31. It was
MERCY. That attribute astonishingly populous, con-
of God which induces him to taining according to Ptolemy
pity and relieve his suffering 70 important cities. -
Chris-
creatures. Titus iii. 5. Our tianity in a mutilated form
blessings are therefore call- still exists here, amid much
ed mercies, Rom. xii. 1. It Turkish oppression. The
means also that feeling, region is now called Diarb&-
which prompts us to assist kir.
the unfortunate, and to for- MESSIAH, the same as
give those that do wrong. Christ, and signifies the an-
Matt. v. 7. Luke vi. 36. ointed. It is applied exclu-
MERCY-SEAT, the lid sively, to that sovereign De-
of the ark of the covenant, liverer, who was expected by
round which was the crown the Jews, and came at the
or border of gold, and on appointed time. Dan. ix. 25,
which the cherubim were 26. John i. 41.
represented as looking. Be- MIC AH, a prophet, who
fore this the High Priest lived in the latter days of
stood to ask counsel of the Isaiah and Hosea. The book
Lord, and there he received written by Micah, is one of
blessings for the people. the most important prophe-
Christ is our mercy-seat, cies in the Old Testament.
Romans iii. 25, and by him Previous predictions had
we have access to the Fa- limited the " seed of the
ther. woman," to the line of Shem,
MESOPOTAMIA. The the descendants of Abraham,
word means between rivers. the tribe of Judah, and the
The famous province of this house of David. Micah sheds
name was between the Ti- further light, by designating
gris and Euphrates, and is the very place of his birth,
called in the Old Testament, Ch. v. 2, with other impor-
Padan-Aram; by the ancient tant circumstances of his
Greeks, Seleucia ; and by the kingdom and glory.
Latins, Mediamna. Some MIDIAN, a territory on
suppose the wise men who the east border of the Dead
visited the infant Jesus, Sea, so called from Midian,
were from this country. Here the fourth son of Abraham,
was the garden of Eden, and by Keturah. The Midian-
the tower of Babel. It was ites joined with Moab in se-
the original residence of ducing Israel, for which
Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, and their kingdom was nearly
 MIL 140 M1N
destroyed. They gradually this place. Since the Sara-
grew to strength again, and cens ravaged these parts, it
200 years afterward proved has so gone to ruin, that
a scourge to the Israelites, nothing is to be seen but rub-
Having oppressed Israel sev- bish, and a few cottages for
en years in the days of Gid- shepherds.
eon, the Lord delivered them MILL. See Grind.
into the hands of a few He- MILLET, a very common
brews, by whom they were grain in eastern countries,
nearly exterminated, and the but far inferior in excellence
remainder are supposed to to wheat. Its name is deriv-
have become incorporated ed from the Latin mille> a
with the Moabites or Am- thousand, in allusion to its
monites. Jud. vi. — viii. extraordinary fruitfulness. It
MILE'TUS.orMiLETUM, is made into bread with oil
a seaport city of Caria, in or butter, and is almost the
Lesser Asia, and the capital only food of the poorest class-
of both Caria and Ionia. It es in Arabia Felix. It occurs
stood about 36 miles south Ezek. iv.9. only.
west of Ephesus, and is said MINCING, doing a thing
to have been built by Mile- affectedly, as eating, walk-
tus, the son of the god Apol- ing, &c. Isa. iii. 16.
lo, whose temple here was MINISTER, one who
exceedingly magnificent. serves another It is applied
Here were four harbours to Christ, who is called a
sufficient to hold all the Per- " minister of the sanctuary,"
sian fleet. Here Thales and being now entered into heav-
Anaximenes, the famed phi- en, where he is our preva-
losophers, and Timotheus, the lent Intercessor ; to such as
famous musician, were born. are appointed to attend the
The place was famed for its service of God in his church,
milote y or milate, a soft kind to dispense faithfully and
of wool, of which they made wisely the word and sacra-
fine carpets. Paul sent for, ments; to officers of the
and gave solemn charges to state and magistrates, who
the elders of that church. punish the transgressors of
—
Acts xx. 15 38. For about the law, and defend the good ;
three hundred years after to the holy angels, who are
Christ, we find no marks of a always ready to execute the
church at Miletus but in ; commands of God.
the 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th MINSTREL, a professed
centuries of the Christian musician, or singer. Elisha
era, there were bishops in had one to sooth his troubled
 MIR 141 MOA
mind, 2 Kings iii. 15, as did ment of prophecies concern-
Saul, 1 Sam. xvi. 23 ; some ing the Messiah, whose com-
of these were employed at ing it was foretold should be
funerals to superintend the with miraculous healing ben-
rites of interment. They efits. John iii. 2, 9,16. The
sang and played funeral odes, form of true religion being
and mournful songs ; uttered now established in the world,
doleful shrieks and ejacula- miracles have ceased, as be-
tions, and exhibited the most ing no longer necessary. The
vehement expressions of existence and prevalence of
grief. The practice was Christianity, amid the oppo-
very ancient, as we learn sition of men's inclinations
from Jer. ix. 17, 18. "Thus and endeavours ; with the
saith theLord of Hosts, oon- frequent fulfilment of proph-
sider ye, and call for the ecies now taking place, are
Mourning Women, that sufficient authentications.
they may come, and send for Modern popish miracles are
CunningWomen, that they a sad evidence of the chica-
may come; and let them nery and corruption of Ro-
make haste, and take up a manism.
wailing for us, that our eyes MITE, the smallest Jew-
may run down with tears, ish coin, equal to about one
and our eye-lids gush out sixth or eighth of our cent.
with waters." We
discover MITYLE'NE, the capital
the pfactice also in the time of Lesbos, an island of the
of our Saviour; for these were Grecian Archipelago, was
the persons who laughed a large and beautiful city. It
him to scorn, when about was famous as the birth
to raise the ruler's daugh- place of Jllcceus, the poet,
ter, Matt. ix. 23, 24. Sappho, the poetess, Theo-
MIRACLE, a wonder ; an phanes, the historian, Pitta-
effect above any human skill cus, the philosopher, and
to accomplish, performed in Diophanes, the orator. On
proof of some important truth. the same
island were born
The divinity of our Saviour Theophrastus, the sage, and
was proved by the miracles Potamon, the rhetorician. It
he performed. They were is now called Castro, and
such as could be wrought sometimes Metilin.
only by the power of God, MOAB, (1.) The son of
and had for their object, to Lot, was bom about the
confirm a doctrine becoming same time as Isaac, in A. M.
the glorious attributes of 2108. (2.) The land called
God; and the accomplish- by his name, eastward of the
 MON 142 MON
Dead Sea, and about the riv- 26. A mite was half a farth-
er Arnon. Thepresent ing. Mark xii. 42. It is
name of this country is El- thought there was also a
Rabba. farthing equal to one tenth of
MOLOCH, an idol of the a Roman penny. Instead of
Ammonites; called also Ash- inserting uncertain tables of
toreth and Mai com or Mil- coins, the best practicable
com. Solomon built a temple elucidation of such as are
to this deity, and the Israel- mentioned in the Bible, is
ites seemed more easily to given under each word of
slide into the idolatry of this the kind.
god than any other. Lev. MONEY-CHANGERS,
1 Kings xi.
xviii. 21. See were such as, for profit, ex-
Ashtoreth and Baal. changed foreign coins, or
MONEY was, in ancient gave smaller pieces of money
times, dealt out by weight. for larger, or larger for small-
—
Gen. xxiii. 9 16. Job vi. er, to accommodate such as
2. Zech. xi. 12. The Per- came to worship at Jerusa-
sians began to use coined lem. As all Jews were
money about the time of obliged to contribute for the
Darius Hystaspes. The support of the temple, and to
Greeks had no coin before pay in Jewish money, (Ne-
the days of Alexander ; nor hemiah x. 32,) their traffic
the Egyptians before the was profitable. They seem
Ptolemies ; nor the Hebrews, not to have been strictly just
till the government of Judas in their dealings, and the
Maccabeus ; to whom An- place they chose for their
tiochus Sidetes, king of Syr- business was improper. Jesus
ia, granted the privilege of twice drove them from the
coining his own money in temple. John ii. 14, 15.
Judea. The coin commonly Matthew xxi. 12.
called " a piece of money," MONTH,
a space of time,
was probably a shekel, or the which, if measured by the
Greek stater, which wasof moon, (whence its name) is
the value of Mat. called lunar ; and if by the
fifty cents.
xvii. 27. A pound was about sun, is called solar. See
equal to sixty shekels. A Year. When we speak of
penny was one fourth of a Jewish months as correspond-
stater or shekel, equal to ing to ours, some allowance
twelve cents of our money. must be made for theirs
;

A farthing was the fortieth were lunar, and ours are so-
part of a penny, or about the lar, which are not exactly
third of our cent. Matt. v. alike. The Hebrew months
 MOO 143 MOT
commonly answer to two of the moon, and set off soon al-
our months, and partake of ter her change.
both. In the following table MORDECAI, the son of
the months are numbered as Jair,grandson of Kish, and
they stood both in the civil descendant of the family of
Saul, wr as carried to Babylon
and sacred years, and corres-
ponds the with Jehoiachin, king of Ju-
principally to
month named, and partly to dah, w7 hen he was very
the succeeding one young. He rose to a seat at
:

the king's gate ; that is, to

be one of the great men of
the kingdom. Ruth iv. 1.
a CO
Esther ii. 19, and v. 9.
1. 7. Tizri, or September.
2. 8. Marchesvan, October.
MORIAH, a hill adjacent
S. 9. Chisleu, JSovember. to Jerusalem, on the north
4. 10. Tebet, December. east. Here Abraham offered
January.
5. 11. Shebat,
6. 12. Adar, February.
his son, Gen. xxii. When
7. 1. Abib, or Nisar , March. Solomon built the temple on
8. 2. Jair, or Zif, April. it, it became included in the
9. S. Sivau, May.2 Chron. iii. 1.
city.
10. 4. Thainmus, June.
11. 5. Ab, July.
MOTE,
a speck, or splin-
12. 6. Elul, August. ter any very small thing.
;

A
person greatly under the
MOON, a secondary plan- dominion of any particular
et, always attendant on our sin, reproving another who
earth. The moon was form- is less so, is compared by our
ed to give light in, and rule Saviour, to a man's attempt-
the night ; and to distinguish ing to pull a mote out of his
times and seasons. Gen. i. friend's eye, while a beam is
14. She seems to have a in his own. Matt. vii. 3.
mighty influence on the ebb- MOTH, a very small, frail
ing and flowing of the sea insect, found most frequently
;

and was the great regulator in garments which lay long

of the Jewish feasts. The unused. Insects which fly,
heathens have generally are divided by naturalists in-
worshipped the moon, under to Diurnal and Nocturnal, or
the names of Queen of heav- Butterflies and Moths. By
en, Venus, Urania, Succoth- far the greatest number be-
benoth, Ashtaroth, Diana, long to the latter class, of
Hecate, or perhaps Meni, &c. which some idea may be
Job xxxi. 26, 27. Deut. iv. gained from the variety
19. xvii. 3. The orientals which assemble round a light
regulate their journeys by in summer. The kind which
 MOU 144 MOU
produces the injury to wool- the cloths, (which was pro-
lens, is the Tinea Argentea, hibited to the High Priest)
a small white miller, seen in and uttering piercing cries,
the spring, flying about in going barefoot, and striking
book-stores, fur-stores, &c. It the breast, wearing sack-
lays its eggs where the cloth, sprinkling dust on the
worm, which is of a shining head, and fasting, were com-
silvery colour, may, when mon modes of expressing
hatched, find food till chang- grief.It seems to have been
ed into a winged insect, like customary among them to
the parent. The allusions to hire mourners, who super-
this creature in sacred Scrip- intended the lamentations,
ture are important, though and who in funeral odes, mel-
not numerous. It is said, Job ancholy songs, and dolorous
iv. 19, that man is,
(l
crushed ejaculations, deplored the
before the moth ;" that is, is sorrows of the bereft, cele-
overcome by the smallest en- brated the virtues of the de-
emies, and secretly and im- ceased, and excited the sym-
perceptibly wastes away, as pathy of spectators. Jer. ix.
doth a garment. Isa. 1. 9. 17, 18. Amos v. 16. Matt,
When the Lord meant to de- ix. 23. It would seem that
stroy Ephraim, but not sud- a collection of such of these
denly, he says, " I will be as were made by prophets,
as a moth uuto Ephraim." &c. for great' men, was pre-
The moth forms her cell in served among the state
the cloth, and is, therefore, archives. 2 Chron. xxxv. 25.
destroying her abode day by See those which David com-
day, till at last both are re- posed for Saul and Jonathan,
duced to nothing. Such is Abner and Absalom. That
the prosperity of a wicked of Jeremiah for Josiah, refer-
man, " he buildeth his house red to in the passage just
as a moth." He lives only quoted, is rot now extant.
to adjust his nest, and revel MOUSE, a very small
in his plenty, but both he and quadruped, but very injuri-
his shall be destroyed. Job ous. Someare peculiar to
xxii. 18. fields and gardens, never ap-
MOURNING is done proaching houses and some;

with great violence in ori- live in houses only. In east-

ental countries. The Jews ern countries the field mouse
from their earliest period, sometimes ravages whole
made great lamentations for fields, and even districts,
the dead. —
Genesis 1. 7 14. which was one of the plagues
Tearing the hair, rending endured by the Philistines
 MUL 145 MUS
for keeping the ark of God, England, but are very com-
and the reason why jive mon in the southern states.
golden mice were sent back Still more use is made of
with it. 1 Sam. vi.4, 5. In them in South America,
the 12th century, Palestine France, Spain, and especial-
was for four successive ly in mountainous regions,
years, so overrun with mice, as the Alps, Pyrennees, &c.
as to create a famine. Some MUNITION, a fort; a
eminent authors consider secure place. Isaiah xxxiii.
that our common mouse is 16. The word is now chiefly
not mentioned in Scripture, used to mean materials for
and that the word so render- war.
ed, 1 Sam. vi. 5. Isa. lxvi. MURRAIN, a disease
17, means the Jerhoa, or which smote the cattle of
mountain rat, of Arabia, the Egyptians, and is rapid
Palestine, &c. See Coney. and destructive in its prog-
Mice are amazingly prolific ress. As in Europe epidem-
;

and were not the increase ic distempers in cattle have

kept down by their being been known to advance over
the chosen food of owls, a country at the rate of a
hawks, snakes, weasels, certain number of miles in
cats, &c. they would prove a day, it has been supposed
a continual scourge. that the cause was flying
.

MUFFERS, masks or insects.

thick vails, concealing all MUSIC is of very ancient
the face except the eyes. origin. Tubal, a descendant
Isa. iii. 19. of Cain, long before the
MULE, an animal of flood, taught men to play on
mixed breed, between a the harp and organ. Laban
horse and an ass. We know complained that Jacob de-
of the existence of mules so prived him of an opportunity
long ago as the time of Ho- of sending off his daughters
mer; and though the Jews with music. Gen. iv. 21.
were forbidden to have any xxxi. 27. The ancient He-
mixed race of animals, yet brews had a taste for music :

they were employed in the when they had passed the

Holy Land long before the Red Sea, both men and
time of David. It is re- women sung their respective
markably sure footed, pa- hymns to the praise of their
tient, hardy, obstinate, swift miraculous Deliverer. Exo.
and strong ; and lives to xv. Silver trumpets were
twice the age of a horse. divinely ordered to be made
They are little used in New for sounding over their sac-
N
 MUS 146 MYR
solemn or stringed instruments,
rifices, especially at
feasts. Num. David was were the psaltery and harp,
x.
an excellent musician, and to which may, perhaps, be
it seems had plenty of sing- added, the skeminith, shu-
ing men and singing women sltan, or shushanim, and the
in his court. 1 Sam. xvi. alamoth, the dulcimer and
Solomon had them perhaps sachbut ; and the nehiloth,
in far greater number. Eccl. or wind instruments, were
B. 8. In the time of Jero- the organ, cornet, flute, pipe,
boam, the son ofJoash, the and trumpet. They had also
Israelites valued themselves timbrels, cymbals, and bells.
upon inventing new musical But as to many of these in-
instruments. Amos vi. 5. struments, our best informa-
At his idolatrous festival, tion affords us no certain
Nebuchadnezzar had a large knowledge of their particu-
concert of music and music
; lar forms.
was the ordinary recreation MUSTARD, a plant, the
of the Midian king. Dan. seed of which is very small,
iii. 5, 15. David composed but which in some latitudes
a variety of Psalms, and becomes arboreous, and ac-
caused his skilful players to quires a great size, so as to
set them to music, as appears be truly the" greatestamong
by their inscriptions to Jedu- herbs." Mention is made
thun, Asaph, or the sons of in the Talmud of enormous
Korah. 1 Chron. xv. IS. As mustard plants, into one of
the Levites were eased of a which the owner climbed,
great part of their charge, as into a fig-tree ; and anoth-
by the tabernacle and ark er was so large as to cover
being fixed in a place, David a tent. That mentioned in
had great numbers of them Matt. xiii. 31, is called by
devote themselves to music, Linnaeus, Sinapi Eurocoidcs.
and distributed four thou- Its branches are real wood,
sand sacred singers into as appears from a specimen
twenty-four classes, who in the collection of the late
should serve at the temple Sir Joseph Banks.
in their turns. The three MYRRH,
a gum issuing
chief musicians were Asaph, from a tree of the same
Heman, and Jeduthan. The name, common in Arabia,
four sons of Asaph, six of Egypt, and Abyssinia.
Jeduthun, and fourteen of Sometimes it issues sponta-
Heman, constituted the neously ; but is chiefly ob-
chiefs of these twenty-four tained by means of incisions
classes, Their jveginoth, which are made twice a
 MYS 147 NAO
year, thegum being receiv- which were mysteries an-
ed on mats spread below. It ciently, are made known by
comes to Europe in loose Christ and his apostles ; and
grains somewhat like gum- many things in the Bible
arabic. The ancients used which are mysteries to the
it as a perfume, and for em- irreligious, or to feeble
balming the dead. very Christians, are understood
It is
bitter, whence it is by such as are eminently
called
gall; and being supposed good and studious.
tohave the property, like
opium, of mitigating the
sense of pain, it was an-
ciently administered to crim-
inals to alleviate their an- N.
guish. Hence some one
benevolently offered it to NAHUM, the seventh of
Christ, but he declined such the minor prophets, is
relief. Mark xv. 23. thought to have lived at the
MYRTLE, a beautiful time Sennacherib invaded
shrub, very common in the Judah. The book, which
east. The blossoms are per- bears his name, is in the
fectly white, and intensely form of a poem ; and is
fragrant. In this unconge- thought by critics to be one
nial climate, its size is very of the most finished and sub-
diminutive ; but in the Le- lime in any language.
vant, it attains the height of NAKED
; uncovered, ex-

eight or ten feet. The posed. ii. Gen.

25. This
church is compared to the word often used, in a
is
myrtle. Isa. lv. 13. modified sense, to describe a
MYS'IA, the north-west- person only partly clothed.
ern province of Asia Minor, Micah i. *8. John xxi. 7.
on the iSgean Sea, Acts xvi. It is also used figuratively,
7, 8. Cicero, in his orations, in various senses. Job xxvi.
*

calls the people a despicable 6, &c.

race. NA'OMI, and her hus-
MYSTERY, secret; band Elimelech, retired to
a
something which at present, the land of Moab, because of
,

we do not fully understand. a famine in Canaan where ;

Thus the doctrines ofa Trin- their two sons, Mahlon and
ity, the incarnation, the Chilion, married Orpah and
union which exists between R uth. After about ten years,
Christ and his people, &c. Elimelech and his sons died
are mysteries. Many things without leaving any chil-
 NAZ 148 NEB
dren. The return of Naomi olics, Greek Catholics, and
to her country, and her sub- Maronites. Mr. Fiske was
sequent history, are narrated hospitably entertained in
with great beauty and in- one of their convents. The
struct! ven ess in the book of precipice over which the
Ruth. people attempted to push our
NATURE. (I.) The nat- Saviour, is still conspicuous.
ural order of things, estab- Luke iv. 29.
lished in the world. (2.) The NAZAR1TE, or Naza-
actual state of any thing, or rene, a Jew who made a
that which makes it what it vow to observe uncommon
is. (3.) That principle of devotion either for a given
reason, or natural light in period or for life. Numb. vi.
the mind of man, which is Jesus Christ was in fact,
capable of great improve- what these were in profes-
ment, but requires the grace sion, consecrated to God, and
of God to direct it to its hence is called a Nazarene.
proper end. Romans That Christ should be thus
ii. 14.
3 Cor. xi. 14. consecrated is declared by
NAZARETH, a small city various prophets, though he
cf Galilee, about 75 miles is not mentioned in the Old
north of Jerusalem, situated Testament, under that ex-
on the side of a hill, and press title. Matthew ii. 23.
overlooking a superb and NEAP'OLIS, a sea-port
spacious valley formed by in Macedonia, Acts xvi. 11,
surrounding mountains. It the same city which is now
was noted for wickedness, called Napoli. See She-
Mark i. 9. John i. 46. Here CHEM.
our Saviour laboured the NEBO, a city 8 miles
most part of thirty years of south of Heshbon. Numb,
his private life ; but their xxxii. 38. Isa. xv. 2. It is
contempt of his ministry, and now called Abarim.
early attempt to murder him, Mount Nebo, where Mo-
occasioned his residing there ses died, stood in the lot of
but little afterwards, and Reuben. Deut. xxxiv. 1.
working few miracles among There was also an idol of
them. Luke iv. 16—29. It this name, thought by some
has continued to this day, to to be the same as Da gem.
be a place of some note ; and Isa. xlvi. 1. As, however,
it now contains, according this name is found in the
to the late P. Fisk, about composition of many Chal-
500 houses. Among the dee words, "such as Nebu-
population are Greeks, Cath- chadnezzar, Nabonassar, Na-
 NEB 149 N£H
bopolassar, &c.,it maybe
a and acknowledged his God,
different god. to be the God of gods, and
NEBUCHADNEZZAR, Lord of kings. He made
Nebuchadrezzar, or Nabo- Daniel chiefof the wise men,
polassar, the most famed and governor of the province
king of Babylon. His father of Babylon ; and made Shad-
Nabopolassar having raised rach, Meshach, and Abed-
an immense army to quell a nego, subordinate governors
revolt of the Syrians, Pheni- in the same place. Dan-
cians, &c. he was appointed iel ii.
to its command, and with it NECROMANCER, a con-
nof only subdued those prov- jurer, who pretended to re-
Canaan, veal secrets by intercourse
inces, but overrun
Moab, Ammon, Assyria, with the dead. Deuterono-
Egypt, &c. and made them my xviii. 11.
tributary. He carried to NEHEMIAH, the son of
Babylon, among other prin- Hachaliah, was, perhaps, of
ces of Judah, Daniel, Ha- the royal family of David.
naniah, Mishael, and Az- His being cup-bearer in the
ariah ; whom he called Persian court, and his suc-
Belteshazzar, Shadrach, Me- ceeding Zerubbabel in the
shacli, and Abednego. These, government of the Jews,
and other young captives, he tends to confirm this opinion.
caused to be trained up in all Furnished with royal letters
the learning of the Chalde- of authority he went to Je-
ans, that they might serve rusalem and spent 12 years
in the court. 2 Kings xxiv. in labouring for its restora-
Dan. i. He twice afterward tion. He afterwards return-
invaded and chastised Judea. ed again to the Holy City,
2 Chr. xxxvi. Ez. xxv. xxxv. and probably died there. He
About A. M. 3399, his wrote the book in the Old
father died, and he became Testament which bears his
king of Babylon. In the name. Nehemiah was not
second year of his reign, he a prophet, but a historian;
had a surprising dream, but and his narrative begins
entirely forgot it. All the about 12 years after that of
<iiviners being applied to in Ezra closes. In his days
vain, Daniel declared to him flourished Herodotus and
both the dream and the in- Thucydides, the two most
terpretation. He was so ancient profane historians
astonished, and yet so con- whose works are extant, and
vinced of the truth, that he Malachi, the Hebrew
fell on his face before Daniel, prophet.
 :

NEW 150 NIC

NEIGHBOUR. (1.) One A. D.
38. The Gospel of Matthew written
who lives near another. (2.) in Judea.
Every man to whom we have 52. 1st and 2d Thess. written from
an opportunity of doing Corinth.
good. Matt. xxii. 39. (3.) 52. Galat. written from Corinth or
Macedonia.
One who pities and relieves 56. 1st.Corinth, from Ephesus.
another in distress. Luke x. 57. 2d Corinth, from Macedonia,
36. (4.) One who stands 58. Romans, written from Corinth.
61. Ephesians, written from Rome.
in need of help. Prov. iii. " James, written at Jerusalem.
28. Our Saviour reproved 62. Philipphns, Colossians and
the Pharisees for using the Philemon, written from
word in a restrained sense, Rome.
63. The Gospel of Luke written in
and informed them that the Greece.
whole world were their " Hebrews, written from Rome.
neighbours, and that their 64. The Acts of the Apostles,
written in Greece.
charity should be exercised,
" 1st Timothy and Titus, written
even to their enemies. Mat. in Macedonia.
v. 43, 44. Luke x. 29—37. " 1st Peter, written from Babylon.
NETH'INIMS, persons 65. The Gospel of Mark, written
from Rome.
who waited on the Lord's " 2d Timothy, written from Rome.
house, performing inferior " 2d Peter, written from Babylon.
offices, under the direction " Jude, where written unknown.
of the Levites. Ezra ii. 58. 90. 1st John written from Patmos.
" 2d and 3d John, from Ephesus.
and viii. 20. They are sup- 96. John, at Ephesus, writes the
posed to be the descendants book of Revelation.
of the Gibeonites, who im- 97. John wiites his Gospel at the

posed on the Hebrew princes, same place.

and were devoted to labo-
NICOLA'ITANS. It is
rious occupations. Josh ix.
not known whether these
They had a particular place were a sect, or only persons
in Jerusalem where they
of a certain description ; nor
dwelt, called Ophel. Neh.
is it known from whom the
iii. 26.
name
is derived. They are
NEW TESTAMENT— supposed to have denied the
The sacred book of Chris- real human nature of Cnrist,
tians, though not to the ex-
and of course the reality of
clusion of the Old Testa-
his sufferings. They seem
ment. The books which singularly been
to have
compose the New Testa-
profligate and impure. Rev.
ment are supposed to have
6.
ii. It is thought they are
been written in the follow-
alluded to in 2 T?et. ii. and
ing order
Jude 7—19.
 -

N1N 151 NIN

NIGHT. (1.) That time afterward partially, rebuilt,
when the sun is below our but never became consider-
horizon. (2.) The time of able. It is now called Mosul,
heathenish ignorance and and is only famous for being
profaneness. Rom. xiii. 12. the residence of the Patriarch
(3.) Adversity. Isa. xxi. 12. of the Nestorians, of which
(4.) Death, wherein we are sect are most of the Chris-
laid asleep. John ix. 4, (5.) tians in those parts.* Mosul
The season in which any is on the west side of the
thing; comes suddenly and Tigris, and was anciently
unexpectedly upon us. 1 only an appendage to the
Thess. v. 2. Isa. xv. 1. city, which itself stood on
Luke xii. 20. (6.) The the east side, where ruins of
whole time of our life on vast extent have been seen
earth, during which we are by modern travellers. Ac-
dark, by reason of ignorance, cording to Diodorus Siculus,
and are exposed to danger the circumference of Nine-
and sinful stumbling. Rom. veh was 60 miles. Jonah
xiii. 12. was three days in going
NIGHT HAWK, the round to proclaim its over-
strix orientalis, a voracious throw; 20 miles being as
bird of the size of the com- much as he could leisurely
mon owl, so bold and dar- walk in a day.
ing in Syria, as to attack The destruction of Nine-
even children if exposed by veh, above mentioned, ful-
night. Lev. xi. 16. Deut.
xiv. 15, only. * The Nestorians are the followers
of Nestorius, Bishop of Constantino-
NINEVEH, a city of
ple, who lived early in the oth cen-
Assyria. It was the capital tury. Their distinguishing tenet is,
of that empire till Eshar- that Christ possessed not only two
liaddon conquered Babylon, natures, but two persons ; the one of
which was divine, and the other hu-
when that city shared the man. About A. D. 438 Pherozes,
royal presence, the court the Persian monarch, put this sect in
being sometimes at one place possession of ecclesiastical authority.
and sometimes at the other. They gradually spread into adjacent
countries, and their spiritual domin-
It was founded by Ashur, ion is to this day very extensive j tak-
the son of Shem, Genesis x. ing in a great part of Asia, and em-
11, and became one of the bracing also part of Arabia, and the
cuast of Malabar. This sect has al-
largest cities in the world.
ways refused to enter into the com-
In the 29th year of the rei^rn munion of the Romish Church, and
of Josiah, king of Judah, has carefully avoided a multitude of
Nineveh was utterly destroy superstitious practices common to
other eastern Christians.
e4 by the Medes. It was
 NIT 152 NUM
filled the following prophe- mirth upon a man in afflic-
cies, to which the reader is tion tp the action of vinegar
referred. Jonah iii. Nahum on nrtre, Prov. xxv. 20. Vin-
ii. and iii. Zephaniah ii. egar has no effect upon
13. It is often a matter of what we call nitre, but upon
wonder, how structures so this earthy alkali it produces
vast as were many in Nine- violent effervescence. Being
veh, especially the walls, of a soapy nature, it was
w hich were nearly 30 feet used to cleanse clothes and
T

thick, could be so utterly the skin to which is the

;

thrown down, that the very allusion, Jer. ii. 22.

situation of some ancient NO, an Egyptian city, the
cities cannot now be clearly site of which is now un-
ascertained. The case is known. Vitringa considers
explained when we remem- it to be the sa-me as Noph,
ber that the cost and diffi- which see. Jer. xlvi. 25.
culty of obtaining materials NOD, a land to which
for building in the east, has withdrew after his
Cain
made it common, from time Gen. iv. 16. We
fratricide.
immemorial, to resort to de- have no means at present,
serted towns for materials to of knowing what country
erect new ones. Thus Se- this was. Gen. iv. 16.
leucia was built with the NOPH, the ancient Mem-
ruins of Babylon, and Mosul phis, near to which are the
from those of Nineveh. famous pyramids. It seems
NITRE, this word, which not improbable that these
occurs but twice in the Bi- pyramids were built by the
ble, does not mean what we children of Israel, while
now call nitre, or salt petre, slaves to Pharaoh but ;

but is that native salt called whether they were designed

" natrum," by naturalists. as places of worship or sep-
The natrum is an earthy ulchres for the dead, is un-
alkaline salt, found in abun- certain.
dance on the surface of the NUMBERS, the fourth
lake Natron in Egypt, in book of the Old Testament.
Sindy, an interior province So called from its contain-
of Asia, and many other ing an account of the num-
places. It is in all respects bering of the children of
the same as the Smyrna Israel. Chapters i. ii. and
" soap earth." Solomon ev- xxvi. It records the history
idently means this sub- of Israel, for 38 years ; that
stance, when he compares is, from the beginning of the
the effect of unseasonable second month of the second
 OAT 153 OFF
*

year after their exodus from Matt. v. 34, 35. Jer. v. 7 ;—

Egypt, to the beginning of nor irreverently, without
the eleventh month of the godly fear and awe of the
fortieth year of their jour- Most High. The multipli-
neyings. Most of the trans- cation of oaths, therefore, in
actions which are mention- commerce, and common af-
ed, took place in the second a great sin. The ir-
fairs, is
and thirty -eighth years. reverent and hurried manner
in which they are too fre-
quently administered, has a
great tendency to increase
perjury.
The lawfulness of solemn-
ly taking our oath to the
OAK, a tree of great stat- truth, is certified by scrip-
ure and durability. Abra- ture example, Matt. xxvi.
ham pitched his tent, and 63,64. Rom.i.9. 2 Cor.
Joshua set up the tabernacle xi. 11, and 31. Ps. i. 20.
beneath an oak, Joshua Heb. vi. 13, 17 — and by in-
xxiv. 26. Its durability timation that this method
made the idolater select it may be restored to for the
as the substance of his god. settlement of strife, Heb. vi.
Is. xliv. 14. The British 16. Few sins are so hein-
Druids held it sacred. It is ous as profane swearing. It
admirable timber for ships, has neither the force of bod-
and is now chiefly used for ily appetite, nor love of
that purpose. gain, for its excuse, while it
OATH, a solemn act, betrays the grossest con-
wherein we swear by God ; tempt of God, and tends to
or call him to witness the destroy all certainty of testi-
truth of what we assert or mony. Matt. v. 34,
promise, and to curse us in OBADIAH is thought to
time and eternity, if we have lived about the time
swear what is false or un- that Jerusalem was sacked
known to us, or if we do not by Nebuchadnezzar. He
perform what we engage. prophesied of the destruc-
An oath should never be tion of Edom, and the future
taken but in matters of im- prosperity of Zion.
portance, nor sworn by the OFFERING, a sacrifice;
name of any but the true any thing offered or present-
God, as it is an act of solemn ed in worship. The He-
worship, Joshua xxiii. 7. brews had several kinds of
James v. 12. Deut. vi. 13. offerings, which were all
 OFF 154 OFF
intended to exhibit and en and ch. vii. 8, with ch. vK
force the great truths of 25, 26, and 29.) The victim
religion. was intended as an atone-
The Burnt-Offerings ment for iniquity; it was
were presented to God, as brought to the door of the
the Maker, Preserver, and tabernacle, the offender put —
Lord of the universe, enti- his hand upon its head, con-
tled to all adoration and hon- fessed his sins, and supplica-
our. The " whole burnt-of- ted pardon, saying, " I be-
ferings," as their name im- seech thee, O Lord ; I have
ports, were all burnt except sinned, I have trespassed, I
the skin. They signified to —
have rebelled; but now I
the people, that the whole repent, and let this," (that
man, in whose stead they is, his sacrifice) " be my ex-
were offered, was to be en- piation." The animal was
tirely devoted God, with-
to then slain, and reconcilia-
out reserve ; that he himself tion enjoyed with God. It
had deserved be utterly
to is thus we confess our sins,
consumed; the suffer-
that in an humble dependence
ings of the Messiah, as the upon the atonement of Jesus
sinner's substitute, would be Christ, and look for salva-
extremely great ; and that tion through his precious
all fleshly lusts, and selfish- blood. Restitution, so oftea
ness of principle, are to be mentioned in Scripture,
completely mortified by the formed an indispensable part
worshippers of Jehovah. of the duty of him that pre-
The Sin-Offering and sented these offerings. If
the Trespass-Offering, he held his neighbour's
are described in Lev. iv. and property unjustly, he not
v. but the exact difference
; only now restored it, but
between the transgressions added a fifth part. Num. v.
to which they have refer- 5—8. Exo. xxii. 3—8.
ence very obscure. It
is The Peace-Offerings
seems probable, from a close and Thank-Offerings had
examination of these chap- respect to God, as reconcil-
ters, that the sin-offering ed to us, and as the Giver of
was for violation of prohib- all our possessions, they —
itory statutes and the tres- were free-will or voluntary
;

pass-offeringwas for neglect oblations, either in return

of imperative statutes. It for blessings received, or in
was not so entirely consum- supplication for mercies de-
ed by fire as the burnt-offer- sired. The blood, &c. of
ing. (Compare Lev. i. 9 } these victims was offered up
 OIL 155 OLI
by the priest^ and the re- delicate repast. An infusion
mainder returned to the of some flowers made it very
worshipper, who added to fragrant for anointing. Matt,
it such other things as he xxvi. 7. Ps. xcii. 10. The
chose, and made a feast, to Hebrews used olive oil in
which widows, orphans, their meat-offerings, in their
slaves, and Levites, were sacred lamps, and in their
invited. Jesus Christ is our common use ; but there was
Peace-Offering, and it is for an oil very precious and
him, and by him, that we sacred, compounded with
render thanksgiving unto cinnamon, calamus, cassia,
the Father. and myrrh, which was used
The Wave-Offerings in the anointing of the
were shaken or tossed to priests, the tabernacle and
and fro, towards the several furniture. None of it was
parts of the world, to denote to be applied to any other
God's universal dominion use ; nor was any to be made
and the extent of the Re- like it exceptfor sacred uses.
deemer's sacrifice. Lev. viii. OL'IVET or Mount of
u The law was a shadow Olives, stood about six
of good things to come ; but hundred and twenty-five
the body is of Christ." Col. paces east of Jerusalem, from,
ii. 17; and Heb. x. 1. Many which it was separated by
of the Hebrews, it is proba- the valley of Jehoshaphat
ble, placed a carnal depen- and brook Kidron.
dence on ceremonial offer- OLIVE, a tree very com-
ings, and did not entirely mon in Judea. There are
appreciate their symbolical two kinds, the wild and the
meaning. But this error is cultivated; the former be-
decidedly condemned in ing smaller and poorer than
—
many places. Ps. 1.8 23. the latter. It is the chief
xl. 6, 9. Isa, i. 11— 20. Hos. resource of Orientals for oil,
vi. 6. —
Mic. vi. G 8, &c. an article they use in great
—
OIL; Ointment is now abundance', both for food
extracted from the fat of and ointment, as well a3
fishes, from flaxseed, and a light. Its oil was also con-
multitude of other substan- sidered good for wounds,
ces. Oil obtained from bruises, &c. The fruit,
olives, that is, such as we which is about the size of a
now call siceet oil, was small plum, is very whole-
abundant in the Holy Land. some and nourishing.
Deut. xxxii. 13. Bread dip- Capt. Cook found that
ped in oil was reckoned a green branches, carried in
 ON 156
the hands, or stack in the
ground, were the emblems
of peace, universally em-
ployed and understood by
ONY
or city of the sun," and is
called " Beth-shemesh in
the land of Egypt," (Jer.
xliii. 13,) to distinguish it

the numerous and untutor- from a place of the same

ed inhabitants of the South name in Canaan. Joshua
Sea islands. The origin of xix. 38.
a custom, thus received, and ONES'IMUS, a slave of
religiously observed, by na- Philemon, a wealthy Chris-
tions dwelling on opposite tian in Colosse. For some
sides of the globe, who nev- unknown reason, he ab-
er had the smallest inter- sconded from his master.
course with one another, Coming to Rome, he was
must be sought for near the converted to Christianity
beginning of time, when the by Paul, and being a man of
inhabitants of our earth, intelligence and respecta-
forming but one family, at- bility, as oriental servants
tached the most pleasing often were, he proved very
recollections to the bring- useful to Paul during his
ing of an olive branch. imprisonment. He then
Gen. viii. 11. A
reference returned to his place with
to God's sign of mercy to Paul's Epistle to Philemon ;
Noah, may be traced also in which see.
the derivation of the Greek ONESIPH'ORUS, an E-
word EXaios mercy, from phesian convert of some dis-
tinction, who being at
EXccim, an olive,
Rome during Paul's impris-
ON, a city of Egypt, call- onment, openly befriended
ed Heliopolis by the Sep- him, and supplied his
wants,
tuagint version, Gen. xli. when many
of his friends
45, and by Herodotus, who were afraid to do so. 2
says the inhabitants were Tim. i. 16. and
iv. 19.
" the wisest of the Egyp-
ON'YCHA, a fragrant
tians." The father-in-law gum, probably the bdellium,
of Joseph, was High Priest which is a gum, smooth and
of On. This was the city shining like a man's nail,
of Moses, according to Be- which the Greeks call onyx,
rosus, and accounts for his and is by some authors call-
being " learned in all the ed u bdella onyx" to distin-
wisdom of the Egyptians." guish it from other kinds.
Acts vii. 22. Heliopolis was The word occurs in Ex.
the Greek translation of xxx. 34, only.
Beth-shemesh, ts the house O'NYX, a precious stone.
 ORA 157 OST
What was is very uncer
it ORGAN, a wind instru-
tain probably a variety of
;
ment of music, invented by
the agate, or the chalce- Jubal, the sixth in descent
dony. from Cain but Jubal's was
;

OPH1R, the son of Jok- probably very different from

tan. Whether he gave ours, which are composed
name to the country famous of various pipes, and some
for gold, or where that of them are 30 or 40 feet
country was, hard- long. The present kind we
we can
ly determine. It is certain do not know to be more
that its gold was renowned than 800 years old. Gen.
even in the time of Job, Ch. iv. 21. Ps. cl. 4.
xxii. 24, xxviii. 16; and ORPON, a constellation
that from the time of David consisting of a great num-
to the time of Jehoshaphat, ber of stars, which appears
the Hebrews traded with it, to us in November.
and that Uzziah revived this O'SEE, one of the proph-
trade when he made himself ets, called in the Old Tes-
master of Elath, a noted port tament Rosea. Rom. ix.
on the Red Sea. In Solo- 25.
mon's time, the Hebrew OSPRAY, the black ea-
fleet took up three years in gle. Bruce has probably
their voyage to Ophir y and described this bird under
brought home gold, apes, the name JV'issa Tokoor. It
peacocks, spices, ivory, eb- occurs in Lev. xi. 13, and
ony, and almug-trees. 1 Deut. xiv. 12, only.
Kings ix. 28. x. 11. xxii. 48. OSSIFRAGE, the vul-
2Chron. ix. 10. ture, Lev. xi. 13. Deut. xiv.
ORACLE, something de- 12. only.
livered by supernatural wis- OSTRICH, the largest of
dom. The " most holy allfowls, and apparently the
place," in the temple was connecting link between
called the oracle, because birds and quadrupeds. It is
there the priest inquired of often 7 or 8 feet in height,
God. 1 Kings vi. 5—19. and generally weighs from
The Scriptures are the or- 60 to 80 pounds. Its eggs,
acles of God, which Chris- of which it lays 30 or 40 in
tians ought to consult at all a season, are as large as a
times ; especially in matters child's head, and are left in
of difficulty, and in the the sand to be hatched by
great affairs relating to their the sun. Job xxxix. 14, lb.
souls and another life. Heb. Ostriches are found in the
v. 12. Acts vii. 38. desert of Arabia, where they
 ;

OVE 158 PAL

live chiefly on vegetables, dou<rh spread thin over the
and lead a social inoffensive outside, which was baked in
life. In swiftness they far a few minutes. Fuel being
exceed the horse, Job scarce, as it is in all eastern
xxxix. 18, and though taken countries, dried cow-dung,
by men on horseback, it is stubble, stalks offlowers, and
by stratagem. The Arabs grass, were used. Matt,
often ride upon them. The vi. 30.
ostrich is so timid, that at OWL,
a bird of night, of
any alarm it will fly and the rapacious kind, very
leave its eggs, or even its various in size and colour,
young ones; which explains and found chiefly in desert
Lam. iv. 3. It is there fore- solitudes, and ruined houses,
told, that the distress of the jsaiah xiii. 21. Its voice
Jews should be so great, is excessively disagreeable
that parents would suffer and melancholy. Job xxx.
their children to perish, be- 29. Psalm cii. 6. Wicked
ing engrossed with anxiety men are compared to owls,
to preserve themselves. It is for that they hate the light.
said, Job xxxix. 16, 17, <e she Isaiah xliii. 20.
is hardened against her
young ones, as though they
were not hers," and that she
is " deprived of understand-
ing;" and such is remarka-
bly the fact. In flight it
sometimes hides its head
and thinking itself safe PALM-TREE, a tree re-
when it cannot see its pur- markable for loftiness,
suer, is easily taken. straightness, and produc-
OUCHES, sockets for the tiveness, and -hence made
gems of the High Priest's an emblem in Scripture of
breast-plate. Ex. xxxix. 6. uprightness, fruitfulness and
The solderings of the rings victory. The fruit is the
at the corners seem also to date, very sweet and nour-
be so called. Exo. xxxix. ishing, and a large portion
16. of the inhabitants of Egypt,
OVEN, a place for baking Arabia and Persia, subsist
food. Some were dug in the almost entirely upon it.
ground. Others were simi- Camels are fond of the
lar to American ovens. Some stone. This fruit is of
were like a pitcher ; the fire the size of an olive. Palm
being put inside, and the branches were signals of
 PAL 159 PAN
joy, and therefore'! the bless- who eat it as we do rice.
ed in heaven are represent- This kind of palm bears no
ed as bearing them. Rev. fruit, but the sort of cabbage
vii. 9. The leaves are six on the top, common to all
or eight feet long, and pro- palms. The sago is obtain-
portionably broad when ed from the sap and pith of
spread out, and are used to the tree.
cover houses and make PALMER-WORM, a sort
couches, baskets, bags, fen- of caterpillar of great vorac-
ces, hats, &c. From the ity. Bochart contends a-
fibre of the branches are gainst the majority of learn-
made thread, ropes, rigging, ed men, that it is a species
&c. Indeed " the natives, of the locust. It occurs only
(says Gibbon,) celebrate in Joel i. 4. ii. 25. Amos
either in prose or verse, iv. 9.
three hundred and sixty PAMPHYLIA. a prov-
uses to which the trunk, ince of Asia Minor, having
branches, leaves, juice, and the Mediterranean on the
fruit, are applied." south, Lycia on the west,
The palm-tree attains full Pisidia on the north, and
maturity in thirty years Cilicia on the east. Attalia
from planting the seed, and and Perga were its princi-
continues in full strength pal cities. That part of the
seventy or eighty years, Mediterranean lying on the
bearing annually, three or south of it, was called the
four hundred pounds of Sea of Pamphylia, Acts ii.
dates ; and finally dies at 10. xiii. 13, &c. This and
about two hundred years the adjacent provinces are
old. From its sap, palm now called the Levant.
wine is made, called by the PANNAG, probably the
natives Araky. It is a bev- valua ie plant which Dio-
1

erage which easily intoxi- scorides and Pliny de-

cates, and is thought by scribe by the name of
Bishop Lowth to be the " Panax," from which a
u strong drink," mentioned composition was made ser-
in Isaiah v. 11, and xxiv. viceable in many diseases ;
9. whence panacea became a
From that species of palm name for an universal med-
tree, called Landan, grow- icine. It is said to resemble
ing wild in various parts of millet, and to have been
the East, the common sago used as food. Ezek. xxvii.
is procured. It forms a nu- 17.
tritious diet for the natives,
 PAP 160 PAR
PAPER was invented in that Paul left at Troas, and
very early times. 2 John ordered Timothy to bring
12. It derives its name from with him, were probably
the papyrus, or paper reed, either the original draughts
a species of bulrushes, grow- of some of his epistles, or a
ing on the banks of the noted copy of the Old Tes-
Nile, Isaiah xix. 7. The tament^ Tim. iv. 13. For
stalk is triangular, rising to about 550 years, paper made
the height of eight or nine of linen rags has been in
feet, besides several feet un- use. Latterly cotton rags,
der the water, and termina- and sometimes even straw,
ting at the top in a crown of and other substances, have
small filaments resembling been made into paper.
the thistle. Of these the PA'PHOS, a commercial
Egyptians made baskets, city of Cyprus, visited by
shoes, cloths, and small Paul, Acts xiii. 6. Twenty-
boats, Exodus ii. 3. Isaiah five or thirty poor huts are
xviii. 2. 'To make paper, all that remain of this once
they peeled off the different metropolitan city. This
skins or films of the plant, miserable village is now
which succeed each other called Baffa.
like those of an onion. PARABLE, a short
These they laid on a table, weighty sentence, or a si-
like the shingles of a roof, militude, used to convey
to the intended length and instruction to ignorant, prej-
breadth of the paper, and udiced, or inattentive hear-
laid over them a thin paste ; ers. The ancients used par-
above which they spread a ables very much.
cross layer of other films or To understand parables,
leaves, and then dried it in it is proper to observe, (1.)
the sun. The films nearest It is not necessary that the
the heart of the plant, made representation of natural
the finest paper. When things in a parable should
Ptolemy, king of Egypt, be strictly matter of fact,
denied Attalus, king of Per- because the design is not to
gamus, this kind of paper, inform concerning these,
for writing his library, he but concerning some more
invented, or greatly improv- momentous truth ; nor is it
ed the manufacture of parch- necessary that all the actions
ment. After which, books in a parable be strictly just.
of note were written on 2 Sain. xiv. Luke xvi. I 8. —
parchment, for almost 1300 (2,) We must chiefly attend
}^ears. The parchments to the scope of the parable,
THE EGYPTIAN PAPER REED.
 : ..

PAR 163 PAR

which is to be gathered King going to war, Luke xiv. 31
" xv. 8.
from its inspired explica- The lost piece of silver,
The prodigal son, " " 11.
tion, if any ; or from ihe The unjust steward, u xvi. 1*
introduction to it, or the Rich man and Lazarus, " " 19.
The master and servant, "
conclusion of it. (3.) Hence xvii. 7.
The unjust judge, "xviii. 3.
it follows, that we are not " " 9.
Pharisee and Publican,
to expect that every circum- Labourers in Vineyard, Matt. xx. 1
stance in the parable should The ten pounds, Luke xix SI.
be answered by something The two sons, Matt. xxi. 23.
"
Wicked husbandmen, xxi. 33.
in the explication ; for sev- Wedding garment, " xxii. 1.
eral circumstances may' be Fig-tree putting forth, "f xxiv. 32.
added for the sake of deco- The master's return, " " 44.
The Ten Virgins, " xxv. 1.
rum, or mere allusion to that The Talents, " U 14.
whence the figure of the The true Vine, John xv. 1.

parable is taken. (4.) Yet

a parable may inform us of PARADISE, the abode
several truths beside the of glorified spirits, Luke
scope of it. xxiii. 44. 2 Cor. xii. 4.
The following table, ac- Rev. xxvii. See Eden.
cording to Newcome's Har- PARAN
formed a part of
mony, shows the order in Arabia Petrea. Deuteronomy
which those of Christ were xxxiii. 2.
delivered PARTHIA, an ancient
Blind leading the blind, Lukevi. 39. empire, south of the Cau-
House founded on a rock,Mat.vii. 24. casus, and east of the Tigris,
The two debtors, Lukevii. 41. which subsisted 400 years.
Expelled devil returning, Mat. xii.43.
The rich fool, Luke xii. 16.
The natives were remarka-
The watchful servants, " xii. 38. ble for continuing to fight
The barren fig-tree, " xiii. 6. even when they were oblig-
The sower, Matt. xiii. 3. ed to retreat. In the latter
The wheat and tares, " xiii. 24.
The growth of the seed, Mark iv. 26. periods of the Roman repub-
The mustard seed, Matt. xiii. 31. lic they were a powerful
The leaven, " « 33. people. It now forms a part
Hidden treasure, " 44.
xiii.
u of Persia. Doubtless the
Pearl of great price, '* 45.
The net, « « 47. Jews from Parthia, who
Good householder, " " 52. heard Peter's sermon, car-
New piece to the garment,Luke v. 36. ried home the knowledge of
New wine in old bottles, " " 37.
the Christian faith ; but for
The lost sheep, Matt, xviii. 11.
Unmerciful Servant, " « 23. many ages past, there has
Shepherd and Sheep, John x. 11. been but little Christianity
Good Samaritan, Luke x. 30. here. Acts ii. 9.
The ambitious guests, " xiv. 7.
The neglected invitations, " " 16. PARTITION, a separa-
BuildiDg a tower, « " 28. tion between the parts of a
 PAS 164 PAT
thing. The
peculiar cere- was slain, called the Pascal
monies of the Jews, were a Lamb, was a type of Christ,
the Lamb of God, slain
" wall of partition" between
them and the Gentiles. Je- from the foundation of the
sus did them away, and now world, Rev. xiii. 8. And as
the wall of separation is the destroying angel, pass-
abolished. Ephesians ii. ed over the houses of the
14—16. Hebrews, which were mark-
PARTRIDGE, this bird ed with the blood of the
is mentioned but twice in Pascal Lamb so the wrath
;

Scripture. In 1 Sam. xxvi. of God passes over those,

20, David compares himself whose souls are sprinkled
to it, hunted by his enemy. with the. blood of Christ.
The prophet speaks of u the 1 Cor. v. 7. Heb. xii. 24.
partridge that sitteth on eggs PAT'ARA, a sea-port of
and hatcheth them not" as Lycia. Here was a famous
being like the man who temple of Apollo ; and ora-
getteth and not hy
riches, cles, equalled in repute to
right. As the bird makes those of Delphos, were giv-
no other nest than a hallow en for six months of the
on the ground, her eggs are year. Paul touched here in
very often destroyed by his way from Macedonia
rains or the feet of animals. to Jerusalem. Acts xxi. 1.
Several of them will lay in We
find no traces of Chris-
the same nest, so that the tianity here till the fourth
sitting hen cannot cover century, nor after the ninth,
them all, and many are when the Saracens wasted
spoiled. Fifty or sixty eggs the country,
are often found in one nest. PATH. See Way.
Jer. xvii. 11. PATHROS, a city or can-
PASSION, any strong or ton of Egypt. It is proba-
violent emotion of the mind ; bly the Phaturis of Pliny.
desire for, or aversion to a It had its name from Path-
thing, as anger, love, joy, rusim, the fifth son of Miz-
&c. ; the last sufferings of raim, who built or peopled
the Redeemer of the world. it. Gen. x. 14.
PASSOVER, a feast of PATIENCE, that noble
the Jews, in commemora- passion or power of the
tion of the time when God, mind, whereby a person is
smiting the first-born of the capable of enduring the dif-
Egyptians, passed over the ficulties, afflictions, and dis-
habitations of the Hebrews, appointments that happen
Ex, xii. The lamb which in this life ; that grace
 PAT 165 PAU
which enables us patiently The following is a list of
and readily to submit to the the patriarchs, with the
will of God under all cir- length of their lives.
cumstances a humble and
;
who lived 930 year*,
Adam,
submissive waiting for, and Seth, " " 912 «
expectation of eternal life, Enos, " " 905 "
Cainan, " " 910 "
and the accomplishment of «
Mahalaleel, « " 895
God's promises; that long Jared, " " 962 "
suffering of God, which, de- Enoch, » « 365 "
lays the punishment of sin- Methuselah," " 969 «
Lamech, " « 777 »
ners, and allows them space
Noah, " " 950 «
for repentance. Matt, xviii. Shem, « " 600 "
26—29. Rom. ii. 4. It is a Arphaxad, " " 438
virtue, which, though much
Eber, « « 464 «
overlooked, and reckoned of " " «
Peleg, 239
inferior grade, is, however, Eeu, " " 239 «
one of the noblest attain- Serug, " " 230 »
Nahor, " « 148 «
ments of the Christian. « " "
Terah, 205
PATMOS, a poor rocky Abraham, " « 175 «
" " 180 «
island in the Grecian Archi- Isaac,
" 147 «
pelago, about 25 miles in
circumference. To this isl-
and John was banished by PAUL was of the tribe of
Domitian. A. D. 94, and
Benjamin, born in Tarsus,
which, as it was a free city
here he received his Revela-
of Rome, gave him the hon-
tions, which, however, were
our and advantage of a Ro-
not published till his return
man, though both of his
to Ephesus. The chieftown
parents were Jews. His
is in the centre of the island,
five thousand feet above the
name at first was Saul. He
level of the sea, and con-
was sent to Jerusalem for
his education, and became
tains 200 houses, and a Cath-
olic convent. The present a very learned and famous
name of the island is Patmol, Pharisee. He was not con-
verted till after our Sa-
or Pamosa.
viour's death, which makes
PATRIARCH, a venera- him speak of himself
as
ble manwith a large poster- " born out of due time,"
ity. The word is chiefly and seems to have been
applied to those who lived raised up to take the place
before Moses, Acts vii. 8, of Judas. His wonderful
and hence we speak of " the labqurs and success are re-
patriarchal age." corded in the Acts of the
 PEA 166 PEA
Apostles. He was at last from the ves-
shell, bursting
feeheaded by Nero at Rome. that convey it to the
sels
The following is the order outside, forms into a pearl.
and date of his Epistles, Common oysters, the pinna-
as given by Bishop Pearson, marina, and several other
fish, form pearls ; but the
A. D 52, the 1 Ep. to the Thess.
.
proper pearl oyster pro-
do. 52, the 2 do. do.
duces the best. The chief
do. 57, the 1 do. Corinthians.
do. do. the do. Galatians* fisheries for pearl, are at
do. do. the 2 do. Corinthians. Bahrein, in the Persian
do. do. the do. Romans. Gulf, and near the isle of
do. 62. the do, Ephesians.
do. do. the do. Philippines.
Ceylon, in the East Indies.
do. do. the do. Coiossians. The next to these are the
do. do. the do. Philemon. pearl fisheries in the gulf of
do. 63, the do. Hebrews.
Mexico. The beautiful in-
do. 65. the 1 do. Timothy.
do. do. the do. Titus. side of the shell of the pearl
do. 67, the 2 do. Timothy. oyster is called (i mother of
pearl.''' In 50 years pearls
Some chronologists have generally lose their beauty ;
assigned a little different and in 100 they are scarcely
date to some of these. The worth any thing. Cleopatra
computations adopted by had a pearl valued at 80,000
Horne will be found under pounds sterling. The Per-
New Testament. sian emperor had one worth
PEACOCK, a beautiful 110,000 pounds sterling;
bird, not known in Pales- and Philip II. of Spain, had
tine, till imported by Solo- one as laro-e as a pigeon's
mon, 1 Kings x. 22. Its egg, and valued at 144,000
native country seems to be ducats. What our ladies
Persia and India. When wear in their necklaces are
Alexander reached the river ordinarily false pearls, made
Indus, he was so charmed of fish-scales bruised, and
at the sight of these birds enclosed in glass. What is
that he forbade them to be very excellent, is likened to
pearls; how precious how
killed, under a severe penal- !

ty and when Hortensius hard to be come at in a

;

first killed one for supper proper manner! how truly

at Rome, he was tried for ornamental and how apt !

the offence. are men to counterfeit them!

PEARL, a hard, white Matt. xiii. 46. Rev. xxi. 21,
shining substance, found in 22. To " cast pearls before
some shell-fishes. The mat- swine," is to preach the
ter proper to enlarge the gospel to persecutors; ap-
 ;

PEL 167 PEN

ply the promises and privi- tudes. Its voice is plaintive
leges proper to saints, to and disagreeable. Hence
men really wicked ; to dis- David compares himself in
pense sacraments to persons his distress to the pelican,
notoriously profane ; or to Ps. cii. 6.
administer reproofs to ob- PEN, an instrument fbr
stinate scoffers. Matthew writing. Anciently, when
vii. 6. tablets of wax, &c. were
PELEG, whose name used, the pen was generally
signifies division, was born made of reed. John in his
one hundred years after the 3d Epistle, verse 13, says,
flood, and so named because " I have many things to
in his days the earth was write unto thee, but not
divided into nations, incon- with pen, (KxXotp.%, cala-
sequence of the confusion of mus,) and ink." The Eng-
tongues at the tower of Ba- lish word pen, comes from
bel. Gen. x 25. the Latin penna, a feather
PELICAN, an aquatic but the use of quills is a
bird, somewhat larger than modern invention ; the first
the common goose. Its authentic testimony of their
colour is nearly white, the being used as pens, is in Isi-
neck yellowish, and the dorou.s, who died. A. D.
back dark brown. It has a 636.
long crooked beak, and the PENNY, a Roman coin,
forepart of the head towards equal to about thirteen
the throat naked. Pelicans cents. It was the common
have a bag at their throat, price of a day's work. In
nearly ns capacious as a peck warm countries the fruits of
measure, into which they the earth are produced in
gather fishes, &c. for them- great abundance, and the
selves and for their young, inhabitants require little
of whom they are extremely clothing ; so that labour is
careful. Its feeding its
young from the bag on its
—
very cheap. Matt. xx. 2 13.
PENTECOST, a feast of
breast, has perhaps been the the Jews, on the 50th day
origin of the fable of its giv- after the Passover, called
ing them its own blood ; and the feast ofweeks, Ex. xxxiv.
thus caused it to be the em- 22, because it was celebra-
blem of paternal, as the stork ted after the seven weeks of
is of filial affection. This harvest, and was a solemn
bird is very retired in its thanksgiving for the harvest,
habits, sitting for whole days and a grateful commemora-
alone among rocks and soli-
tion of their being delivered
 PER 168 PER
from Egyptian servitude, &c. Prov. vii. 17. Ps. xlv*
and enjoying their property, 8. Song iii. 6.
by reaping the fruits of their PERGA, a city of Pam-
labours. Lev. xxiii. 10, phylia, on the river Castrus,
11, &c. near to which, on an emi-
PERDITION; utter ruin, nence, stood a temple of
eternal death. The son of Diana. It was famed for the
perdition, means Judas Is- birth of Apollonius, the re-
cariot. Antichrist is also nowned geometrician. Here
called by this epithet. 2 Paul and Barnabas preach-
Thes. ii. 3, 4. ed, Acts xiii. 14. xiv. 25;
PERFECT, complete, and to the end of the eighth
without blemish or defect. century we find a Christian
It is applied, (1.) To God, church here. It is at present
who is absolutely perfect, a place of little importance.
Matt. v. 48. (2.) To that There was another Perga in
man who has risen to the Epirus.
measure of his stature in PERGAMOS,the ancient
Christ, Col. i. 28. (3.) To metropolis of Mysia, and
some who are innocent in the residence of the Attalian
comparison of others, Job kings, stands on a rich and
viii. 20. (4.) To one who is spacious plain, near the
sincere in heart, and un- banks of the Caicus. It was
blamable in life, Gen. vi. 9. famous for its extent and
(5.) To him who imitates grandeur — for a temple to
—
God in doing good to the Esculapius for a library of
unworthy. Matt. v. 48. 200,000 volumes, which was
(6.) To such as have a good removed to Egypt by Cleo-
degree of understanding, 1 patra, and for its being the
Cor. ii. 6. (7.) To inani- birth-place of the celebrated
mate things, as weights, Galen. Parchment was in-
measures, &c. Deuteron- vented here, and received
omy xxv. 15. its name from the place.
PERFUME, an agreeable The Christian church here
smell. In the East, per- soon degenerated, and tol-
fumes were used to testify erated fornication; but ap-
great respect, Dan. ii. 46. pears to have been reformed
The Hebrews had two sa- by John's letter. Rev. ii.
cred perfumes, one of in- For 800 years afterward it
cense, and the other an oil. was a considerable church,
Ex. xxx. 23— 38. They were A Greek and Armenian
addicted to the perfuming church exist here at the
of dead bodies, clothes, beds, present day, Of the popu-
 PER 169 PER
lation, now estimated at prisoned, fined, and killed
30,000 persons, there are for their religion. There
300 Armenian Christians, were ten general and dread-
1,500 Greeks, and a syna- fulpersecutions previous to
gogue of 100 Jews* The A. D. 313. Since the Ro-
remainder are Turks. The man Catholic church has
streets are wide and clean, gained power, she has al-
for an eastern city. Its ways been prone to persecu-
present name is Begamo. tion. The Inquisition was
PER1ZZ1TES, one ofthe established for this very per-
devoted nations of Canaan. pose, and continues to this
They do not appear to have day. All Europe has been
been fully extirpated. Sol- deluged with Protestant
omon exacted tribute of blood; and hundreds of thou-
them. 2 Chr. viii. 7. So sands of men, women and
late as the days of Ezra we children, have been butch-
find them intermarried with ered with the most exquisite
the Jews. Ez. ix. 1. cruelty. Persecution is di-
PERSECUTION, unjust rectly contrary to the Gos-
vexation and injury on ac- pel. 1 Cor. iv. 12. Matt. v.
count of religious principles 43—45.
or modes of worship, Acts PERSEVERANCE, con-
viii. 1, and 13, 50. Rom. viii. tinuance in any design,
35. Gal. vi. 12. It is in state, or opinion, Eph. vi. 18.
some degree the lot of all the Caivinists are of opinion
truly pious, therefore while that all who are truly born
the Saviour promises all ofthe Spirit, will by Divine
necessary good to his follow- grace persevere to the end.
ers, he forewarns them that Arminians maintain that
persecution will be added, real christians may fall from
Mark x. 30. 2 Tim. iii. 12. grace, and be at last eternally
The dreadful practice began lost. Job xvii. 9. Ps.xciv.
in the first human family, 14, and exxv. Jer. xxxii.
and has never ceased. 40. John x. 28, and 17, 12,
The form in which perse- 1 Cor. i. 8, 9. 1 Pet. i. 5.
cution ordinarily shows it- PERSIA, a country in
self, is in hard words, un- Asia, than which none, per-
charitable censures, and haps, has been more various
underhand opposition. When in its fluctuations of extent
however a time of persecu- and glory. Its most ancient
tion is spoken of, it means name was Elam. In the
when men are dragged be- book of Daniel it is called
fore tribunals, banished, im- Pares. It is bounded north
P
 PET 170 PHA
by Russia and independent sake about A. D. 70. The
*f artary east by the Mogul Roman Catholics
; consider
empire south by the Ara- the popes to be the succes-
;

bian Sea and Persian Gulf; sors of Peter, as Bishop of

west by Georgia, Armenia, Rome ; but some learned men
and Arabia. When Cyrus deny that he ever visited
conquered Babylon, the that city.
Persian monarchy swallow- Two Epistles were writ-
ed up that of Chaldea. Dan. ten by him the first four op
;

vii. 3 —
5. Persia was after- five years before the othec
ward conquered by Alexan- They
are called general, be-
der, Dan. vii. 6. It was cause written for the use of
subsequently a part of Par-. all the converts to Christian-
thia, and remained so stiil ity, and especially such as
more than two hundred years were formerly Jews.
after the death of Christ. PHA'RAOH, pronounced
About A. D
the Sara- Pha'ro, the common title of
641,
cens under Omar conquered the ancient sovereigns of
it, and it remained subject Egypt, as Ptolemy was after-
to the Caliphs of Bagdad ward.
615 years. Since then it has There are 7 kings of this
undergone various vicissi- name mentioned in Scripture--
tudes, sometimes triumphant (1.) He who took Abraham's
and often prostrate. Its mon- wife, Gen. xii. (2.) He who
arch's title at exalted Joseph, Gen. xii. xlvik
present, is

Sliak, and sometimes SopJii. (3.) He who first oppressed

This country has few rivers, Israel, Ex. i. ii. (4.) He
many mountains, and several who released Israel, Ex. v.
tfesert plains. Opium, senna, xiv. (5.) He who gave his
rhubarb, and asafoetida, are wife's sister in marriage tt>
procured here. The religion Hadad, 1 Kings xi. (6.)
of Persia at this time is Ma- Pharaoh Necho, who
up set
hometan, of the sect of the Jehoiakim to be lung of Judea,
Chias or Scldites. Its capi- 2Kings xxiii.xxiv. He is call-
tal city was Persepolis, now ed Necus in Egyptian his-
CJielmlnar. tory. In the 14th year of his
PETER, son of Jonas, reign, Daniel interpreted the
born in Bcthsaida. He was dream of the king of Babylon,
of a prompt, resolute tem- (7.) Pharaoh Hophra, in
per, and sometimes impetu- whose reign many of the
ous. Jews sought refuge in Egygt
After a life of most
exalted usefulness, he was and carried the prophet Jere-
crucified far his Master's miah with them, Jer. xliii.
 —

PHI 171 PHI

8—12 andxliv. 1. He died B. and instructive epistle. Rev.
—
C. 570 years. During the reign iii. 7 13. Though we can
of this last monarch, Nebu- only trace the regular history
chadnezzar besieged and de- of Christianity in this place
stroyed Jerusalem and erect* for about eight hundred
ed the golden image on the years, it has never been ex-
plain of Dura. tinguished. At present there
PHARISEES, one of the are in it about two thousand
most ancient and noted sects Christians, chiefly Greeks,
emong the Jews, remarkable who speak the Turkish lan-
for their rigid way ofliving, guage, formed into five
fasting constantly every sec- churches, and having at least
ond and fifth day of the week, twenty places of public wor-
and submitting to many se- ship. An Archbishop resides
vere austerities. They stud- here, whose diocese extends
ied the law, were very exact to Sardis on the west, and
in the outward observance of Laodicea on the east. The
it, and pretended to more town contains about three
holiness than others ; adding thousand houses. Gibbon
voluntary sacrifices to those says, " Among the Greek
that were commanded, and colonies and churches of Asia,
making a great show of ex- Philadelphia is still erect,
*
actly performing all their a column in a scene of ruins. 1
vows. By these methods, It is now called Allah Schyr,
they gained the good opinion or the " Fair City."
of the populace, and were PHiLE'MON seems to
esteemed persons of great have been some eminent
learning and sanctity of man- Christian residing at Colosse,
ners But they corrupted the whose servant, named 0?iesi-
word of God by their exposi mus, absconded and fled to
tions, and substituted human Rome. There he was con-
traditions in the room of di- verted, and sent back to his
vine truth. master with a latter from
PHARPAR. See Abana. Paul, called the Epistle to
PHILADELPHIA, a city Philemon.
of Lydia, at the foot of mount The Epistle, so called,
Timolus. seventy-two miles seems to have been written
from Smyrna, was so called, by Paul during his detention
from Attalus Philadelphus, at Rome, A. D. 62 or 63, and
who built it. A Christian was sent together with the
church was very early plant- epistles to the Ephesians and
ed here, to which John was Colossians, by Tychicus and
directed to write a consolatory Onesimus. Dr. Paley, in
 PHI 172 PHI
Lis Horse Paulinae, has and Lydia and many others
brought many unanswerable were converted. Acts xvh
proofs of the authenticity of 12. This church supported
Scripture from the undesign- Paul, while he laboured as a
ed coincidences between this missionary at Thessalonica,
Epistle and the Acts of the Phil. iv. 15, 16, and also
Apostles written by Luke. when at Corinth, 2 Cor. xi.
PHILIP, son of "Herod the 9 and remitted him money
;

Great, and his wife Cleopatra. for his support, while he

From him the city Cesarea lived at Rome in " his own
Philippi received its name. hired house." Phil. iL 25,
Matt. xvi.l3,&c. and iv. 10—18.
(2) Philip, another son The Epistle to these
of Herod, by his wife Mari- Christians seems to have
amne. He was sometimes been written from Rome dur-
called Herod, and w as the ing the latter part of Paul's
T

husband of Herodias. He first imprisonment.

was disinherited by his fath- PHILISTIA, or Pala-
er, and lived a private life. tine, is a name now given
Matt. xiv. 3, &c. to the w hole of Canaan but
;

(3.) Philip, one of the in Scripture it means only a

twelve apostles a native of narrow strip of land along
;

Bethsaida in Galilee. Some the sea-coast, in the south-

ancient historians say that west of Canaan, about forty
he was the individual, who miles long and fifteen miles
requested of Jesus, that he broad. Its cities were Gerar,
might " first go and bury his Gaza, Majuma, Askelon,
father." Matt. viii. 21,22. Ekron, Ashdod, and Gath.
(4.) Philip, one of the The Philistines and the
seven deacons of the church Caphtorim descended from
at Jerusalem. Casluhim, the son of Mizra-
PHILIPPI, a city of Ma- im, who peopled Egypt ; and
cedonia, anciently called their country is perhaps call-
Datos ; but being repaired ed the isle or country of
by Philip, the father of Alex- Caphtor. Jer. xlvii. 4. Their
ander the Great, it received was allotted to the
territory
its name from him. It stood Hebrews; but they neglect-
about 70 miles north-east of
ing to take possession of it,
the Philistines were made a
Thessalonica. It was render-
ed famous by the defeat of
severe and lasting scourge to
Brutus and Cassius, in its
them. Josh, xiii.2, 3. xv. 4$ 9
neighbourhood. Here Paul 46,47. Judges iii. 1,2,3.
preached about A. D. 52; PHILOSOPHY; the word
 PH(E 173 PHY
of wis-
literally signifies love 1 thought the Phenicians push-
dom. In usual accepta-
its ed their trade as far as Britain?,
tion, however, it denotes a and they probably had set-
science, or collection of sci- tlements on the Red Sea and
ences, of which all things, Persian Gulf. Sir Isaac
both of body and spirit, are Newton thinks vast numbers
the objects. When the term of Edomitesfled hither in the
is thus employed, it admits of days of David, and carried
various definitions. That part their arts along with them.
of philosophy which treats of The chief city of this re'gion,
God, is called Theology; and sometimes the region'it-
that which treats of nature, self, is now called Tripoli.
Physics, or Natural Philos- PHRYGIA, a country of
ophy and taat which treats
; Lesser Asia, having Bithyn-
of men, Logic, and Moral ia and Galatia on the north,
or Intellectual Philosophy. Cappadocia on the east, and
When Paul cautioned the
St. Pisidia and Lycia on the
Colossians to " beware lest south, and Lydia, Mysia, and
any man should spoil them Caria, on the west. The gos-
through philosophy," (chap. pel was very early preached
ii. 8.) he did not mean to for- in Phrygia, and a church
bid the pursuit of knowledge formed, which for many ages
in general but to condemn
; made a considerable appear-
that vain affectation of wis- ance. Acts xvi. 6. xviii. 23.
dom, of which the heathens A portion of the inhabitants
were notoriously fond, and are Christians to this day.
which stood in opposition to PHYLACTERY,
a slip or
the simplicity of the gospel box of parchment on which
of Christ. was written some important
PHOENICIA, a province texts of Scripture, worn by
of Syria. It contained the pious Jews on their foreheads
famous cities, Sarepta, Ptole- or arms. Our Lord censures
mais, Tyre and Zidon. The the Pharisees for wearing
Tyrians and Zidonians had theirs very large and con-
almost all the trade of the spicuous, out of vain glory
then known world. There and hypocrisy, and making
was scarcely a shore or Isle the use of them a great part
of the Mediterranean Sea, of their religion. The cus-
where they did not plant col- tom was founded on the com-
onies. The most noted of mand, Ex. xiii. 16, and Num-
which was that of the Car- bers xv. 37 —40, which, was
thaginians,who once long probably only figurative lart-
contended with Rome. It is guage, meaning that they
 PIS 374 PIT
should most carefully remem- iii.27. xxxiv. 1. There were
ber God's word. But the several fine springs of water
Jews were apt to turn all the at its base. Deut. iv. 49.
law into carnal observances. PISI'DIA, a province of
The passages commonly writ- Lesser Asia, west of mount
ten on them, were Numb. Taurus, south-west of Ly-
xv. 41. Deut. vi. 6— 9. Ex. caonia, and north of Pam-
xiii. 8, 9, and xiii. 14 — 16. phylia. Its present name is
I)eut. xi. 18—21. It does JVatolia.
not appear, however, that Pi'SON, the name of the
they confined themselves to firstbranch of the river of
these texts. There is no ev- Eden. It is supposed to be
idence of their being worn by the western branch of the
the ancient Jews. The cus- divided stream of the Tigris
tom seems have originated and Euphrates, which runs
to
about the time of the rise of along the side of Havilah in
the sect of Pharisees. Some Arabia. Genesis ii. 11.
Jews now wear a square PITCH, the substance so
piece of stuff under their called, Genesis vi. 14, is the
clothes with four strings and same as the " slime," men-
four tassels at the corners, tioned Gen. xiii. 3, and xiv,
which they call Arbah Casoth. 10, and is generally supposed
PILATE. SeePojVTius. to be the inflammable min-
PINNACLE, a turret or eral, called asphaltos, from
high summit. The " pinna- the lake Asphaltites, or Dead
cle of the temple," Matt. iv. Sea in Judea, on the surface
5, seems to have been the of which it is found. When
battlement of the roof of Sol- first obtained, it is soft, vis-
omon's porch which stood cous, and pliable, but soon
;

on ground made by carrying acquires a hardness and te-

up a wall of several hundred nacity, superior to our pitch*
feet from the valley below, It was therefore excellent for
and thus enlarging the space smearing the ark, Ex. ii. 3 ?
for the temple on the top. It or for building the tower of
was a dizzy height, and com- Babel, Gen. xi. 3. The Arabs
manded a great prospect. still use it for the bottoms of
PISGAH, the highest top boots ; and in the ruins of
of that chain of mountains Babylon, large masses of
called Marim, and a part of brick work cemented with if
mount Nebo ; and so Moses have been discovered. jXap*
is sometimes said to view tha, Petroleum, Barbadoes*
Canaan from Nebo, and some- tar, &c. are different varie-
times from Pisgah. Deut. ties of this substance.
 —

PLO 175 POM

PI'THOM and HAME>- POETS, such as compose
SES were the two cities, for songs or verses in metre*
the building of which, the Acts xvii, 28. Homer, Pin*
Hebrews made brick. Ex. dar, Anacreon, and Sappho 5
i. 11. The situation of them excelled among the Greeks;
is now unknown. Virgil and Horace, among
PLEDGE, a pawn which the Latins. Many portions
a lender takes from a borrow- of the sacred writings are in
er, to secure the payment of poetry; the grandeur of
his money. No millstone which incomparably trans-
was ever to be taken in cends that of any human pro*
pledge the widow's ok, or duction.
;

a person's clothing for body POLL, pronounced pole

or bed, was not at all to be —
the head of a person, a
taken, or at least was to be register of heads or persons*
restored the same night. No Numb.i. 2. 1 Chron. xxiih
Hebrew was to take a pledge 3, 24. As a verb, it means
from a poor man of his own to lop, cut, or prune. 2 Sam*
nation, nor to go into the bor- xiv. 26. Ezek. xliv. 20.
rower's house to take a pledge POLLUX. See Castor.
for himself; but the borrow- POMEGRAN'ATE, a
er was to bring out to him species of the apple-tree. Its
what could be best spared. growth is low and spreading ;
Ex. xxii. 26. Beut. xxiv. its wood hard and knotty ; its
10 —17. Ezekiel xviii. 7 bark reddish and prickly ; its
12, 16. leaves, greenish, inclining to
PLE'IADES, a beautiful red ; and its blossoms large,
cluster of stars, sometimes and bell-shaped. The fruit,
called a the seven stars." which resembles an apple,
They are in the constella- ripens about August, and
tion Taurus, and appear the is sometimes three or four
last of March. inches in diameter, and of a
PLOUGH, an instrument pound weight. It was esteenv
of tillage. To plough and ed one of the most delicious
look back, Luke ix. 62, is to fruits in the world. Numb,
make bad work, if indeed one xiii. 23. The pomegranate
could thus work at all. Chris- juice is frequently made into
tians, therefore, must not wine, or mixed with it. Song
look back on the world with viii. 2. One kind was sour,
pleasure and desire, but give and was used to give a flavour
all heed to their holy and to meats and liquors, till the
blessed work. 1 Cor. ix. juice of lemons and oranges
10. superseded it. Deut. viii. 7,
 POW 176 PRA
8. It comes to perfection in ed much discussion. A pro-
our Southern States. bable interpretation is, that
PONTIUS PILATE, the a woman'sveil was regarded
Roman Governor of Judea, as an emblem of subjection to
"Was in office 10 years ; and the other sex. The word
by his covetous, irresolute messenger, there translated
and cruel administration, angel, may mean spies, who
made himself exceedingly came into the Christian as-
hated both by the Jews and sembly, and would malicious^
Samaritans. At length com- women de-
ly report if their
plaints against him reached parted from the established
the court of Cesar ; and he customs.
was called to Rome, tried, PRAISE, to commend.
and banished Gaul. Af- To praise God, is to duly ac-
to
terwards, through poverty knowledge his great excel-
and shame, he committed su- lencies. Ps. cxxxviii. &c.
icide. Matt, xxvii. &c. His Rev. xix. 5. To praise men,
deposition took place three is to declare their good oc-
years after the death of tions or qualifications. Pa.
Christ, under the Emperor xxvii. 2.
Caligula. PRAY, to entreat or ask
PONTUS, a province on earnestly with submission;
the south side of the Euxine to appeal to the judgment
sea, extending from the riv- and decision of another ; to
er Halys on the west, to the intercede in behalf of others,
country of Colchys on the and to beg that some evil
East. In this district is the may be averted, or some fa-
river Thermodobn, beside vour or good obtained ; to
which the Amazons are fabled make known our desires to
to have dwelt. God, by offering up our peti-
POST. (1.) An
upright tions for things lawful and
timber. (2.) Acarrier of dis- necessary, with an humble
patches or letters, who goes confidence of obtaining them,
with haste. Jer. li. 31. Man's through Christ's mediation
days are more swift. Job ix. alone, to the praise of God's
POTSHERD, a piece of mercy, truth, and power.
broken earthen ware, Job Matthew vi. 6. John xvi.
ii. 8. 23, 24, 26. We
are exhorted
POWER, a word various- to pray for all men, 1 Tim.
ly used to signify ability, ii. 1, and are encouraged to
liberty, or jurisdiction, pre- this benevolent act, James v.
rogative, &c. The expres- 16; but we must seek and
sion^ 1 Cor. xi. 10, has caus- expect the help of the Holy
 ;

PRE 177 PRI

Spirit. Rom.viii. 26. The; fault in the pronunciation, the
prayers that we direct to gesture, the language, the or-
God, are the ordinary means der, or'the matter, may tend
by which we receive grace to bring the truths of the gos-
from him. pel into contempt or by feed-
;

To neglect prayer is a ing the carnal fancy of airy

great sin against the majes- minds, divert them from the
ty and mercy of God ; and important subject.
an unspeakable loss to our- PRES'BYTERY, a body
selves. The pious Jews used of ministers met for ordain-
to pray three times a day, at ing a person, or other pur-
morning, noon, and evening ; poses. 1 Tim. iv. 14.
and less than this ought not PREVENT, to hinder, as
to satisfy Christians. the word is now used. But
The true nature of prayer this is never its signification
may be best ascertained from in the Bible. It there means
a view of the manner in always to precede, or, go be-
which it is spoken of in Scrip- fore ; this being the use of
ture. It is called, inquiring the word at the time our
of the Lord, Gen. xxv. 22; translation of the Bible was
supplication, Zech. xii. 10 made. Ps. lxxx. 3. 2 Sam.
entreaty, Ex. viii. 8 ; wrest- xxii. 6. 1 Thess. iv. 15.

ling with God, Rom. xv. 30 ; PRICKS, sharp points

lifting up the soul, Ps. xxv. placed in the end of a long
I ; pouring out the heart, Ps. staff, and used formerly to

Ixii. 8; looking up to God, drive oxen. Of course, if

Ps. v. 3 ; taking hold of God, they kicked against them,
Isa. lxiv. 7; crying, 1 Sam. they only wounded them-
vii. 8 ; asking, John xv. 16 j selves more deeply. Acts
seeking and knocking, Matt. ix. 5. They are now com-
vii. 7, &c. &c. How plainly monly called goads.
$o we see from this method PRIDE. (1.) The high-
of speaking of prayer, the un- ness of a mind filled with
acceptableness and inefficien- self-conceit, contempt of
cy of cold, formal, and heart- and disdain of men.
God,
less repetition before God. (2.) What one is proud of>
PREACH. See Gospel. as power, wealth, church-
To -preach, is loudly to pro- ordinances, and relation to
claim the will of God, as his God, &c. (3.) The haughty
appointed heralds. Eph. iii. looks and words, or wick-
8. To preach in a proper ed deeds, whereby a man
manner, requires no small discovers the pride of his
attention, in order that no heart,
 PRI 178 PRI
PRIESTHOOD means, Divine will, and once a year
(1.)The office of a priest. enter the Holy of Holies,
Numb, xvi. 10. Under the with blood and incense, as
Jewish law, the priest offered described, Lev. xvi. His
sacrifices, taught the people, dress, both on common and
and prayed for them. Aaron's special occasions, is describ-
was an " everlasting priest- ed, Ex. xxxix. &c. In the
hood ;" it secured to him and annexed pictures^ he is seen
his seed the office of priest as robed on the day of expia-
for many generations. Ex. tion, Lev. xvi. and on ordi-
si. 15. Numb. xxv. 13. But nary occasions. Ex. xxviii.
Christ's is an " unchangeable The office began in Aaron,
priesthood," as it never can and was continued in his fam-
pass from him to another. ily till near the time of the
Heb. vii. 24. (2.) A class ruin of the Jewish polity, by
of priests, or persons who the Romans; when among
perform religious offices, ac- other acts of corruption the
cording to the will of God. office was bartered for money.
The saints are an " holy," The high priest, once a
Stnd " royal priesthood ;" a year, made atonement for the
company of spiritual priests, sins of all the people ; but
washed in Jesus' blood, sanc- Christ is the true High Priest,
tified by his word and Spirit, who, by the sacrifice of him-
and enabled to ofTer up spirit- self made atonement for the
ual sacrifices of prayer and sins of the whole world, and
praise to God through Jesus now intercedes, at the right
•Christ. 1 Pet. ii. 5, 9. Rev. hand of God, for all who be-
i. 6. Before the consecration lieve on his name. Heb. vii.
of Aaron and his sons, fathers, 17. ix. II, and xii. 24,25.
elders, brothers, &c. acted as PRINCE, a chief gov-
priests, as Noah, Abraham, ernor; a king's son. Christ
Job, Melchisedek, &c. and is called the " Prince of
occasionally every man for Peace," being the purchaser
himself, as Abel, Cain, &c. and procurer of peace be-
At the head of the Jewish tween God and men, between
priesthood was a High men and men, and between
Priest. His duty was to Jews and Gentiles. Eph. ii.
offer sacrifices, to oversee 15. John xiv. 27. He is
the house of God, regulate called the " Prince of Life, 5*
the services of the other Acts iii. 15, because he is the
priests and the Levites, di- author of temporal life, in
rect public worship, obtain whom we live, move, and
soecial indications of the have our being. He is also
 THE JEWISH HIGH PRIEST.
As robed on the day of expiation.
 THE JEWISH HIGH PRIEST,
In his ordinary Official Robes.
 PRO 181 PRO
called Prince of the ed the %t commandment of
the '«

Kings of the Earth," Rev. i. promise," Eph.vi. 2, because

5, as he rules over all. Satan God has added this declara-
is called the " prince of this tion —
that they who honour
world," because he boasts of their parents shall have their
having all the kingdoms of days lengthened on the earth.
the earth at his disposal. Jesus Christ has promised to
Matt. iv. 9 and because he be with his people to the end
;

has an usurped dominion in of the world. Matt, xxviit

the world, and great power 20. The Holy Ghost is call-
in the hearts of the children ed the u Holy Spirit of pron>
of disobedience, who yield ise," Eph. i. 13, being prom-
a voluntary subjection to him. ised to them that believe on
Of all this power he shall Christ, and being the seal and
goon be dispossessed. John pledge of their everlasting
xii. 31. happiness.
PROFANE, openly wick- PROPHECY. (1.) A de-
ed, wanting in religious rev- claration of fulure things,
erence to sacred names or Neh. vi. 12. (2.) A declar-
things, ITim.i. 9; unhoty, ation of hidden, obscure, and
or impure. 1 Tim. vi. 20. important things. Prov. xxx.
Esau is called profane in 1. (3.) The preaching of
Scripture, because he sold the gospel. 1 Tim. iv. 14.
his birth-right, which was a Rom. xii. 6. (4.) The gift
holy thing not only because of explaining obscure pas-
;

the priesthood was annexed sages of Scripture, or of fore-

to it, but also because it was telling things to come. 1
a privilege leading to Christ, Cor. xii. 10. xiii. 8.
and a type of his title to the PROPHET, one who fore-
heavenly inheritance. When tels what is yet to come a ;

the apostle censured " pro- person inspired and appoint-

fane babblings," he meant ed by God to reveal his will,
those heathen absurdities to warn of approaching judg*
"which were founded in su- ments, to explain obscure
perstition and ignorance. passages of Scripture, or ta
PROMISE, assurance ^an make known the truths of
given, by which a person en- the Bible, and urge men to
gages to do or forbear to do obedience. 1 Cor. xiv. 26,
something. God, in his Jesus Christ is u that proph-
word, promises blessings to et," having taught the will
his people. The fifth com- of God on earth, with an in>
mandment, " Honour thy finite superiority to all the
father and mother," is call- rest in force of authority 5 ex-
 —

PRO 182 PRO

tent of knowledge, and effica-' the entire book of Revelation
cy of instruction, and being is a prophecy.
now exalted to the right hand The following i9 a cata-
of power in heaven, still logue of the prophets. The
teaches by his word and order of succession is, ia
Spirit. Such as refuse his some instances, uncertain,
teachings, incur certain rep- and some chronologists give
robation. Acts iii. 2.2. Heb. different dates. Some of the
xiL 25. prophets lived under succes-
About the time of Samuel, sive kings, but the space al-
Schools of Prophets were lows only the mention of one.
formed, wherein young men
were piously educated, to years.
prepare them for receiving Samuel prophesied 81
David * 48
the gift of prophecy. Such Elijah " under Ahab, 14
schools we find Bethel, Elisha
at « " Jehoram, 58
Gilgal, Najoth, Jericho, and Jonah " " Jehu.
Jerusalem ; which were in- Joel
« " Uzziah.
Amos " " Jeroboam II. 25
spected by Samuel, Elijah, dosea * « " 62
Elisha, &c; but it does not Isaiah " " Ahaz, 62
K " 40
appear that all these young Micah "
men were ever inspired, Nahum " " Hezekia^,
i
Zephaniah " " Josiah,.
Sam. x. xi.xix. 2 Kings ii. Habakkuk " " "
Whether the most of the no- Jeremiah " " " 41
ted prophets were anointed Obadiah " in the captivity.
Ezekiel « « 21
at their entrance on their Daniel " « 63
office, we know not. It is Haggai " after the captivity,
certain they generally lived Zechariah " to
2
« 3
in a very low and temperate Malachi
**

manner. The presents giv-

en them were such as oil, PROPITIATION, an a-
bread, fruits, honey. 2 Kings tonement for guilt. Christ
iv. 42. 1 Sam. ix. 7,8. x. 1. is " the propitiation for our
John Baptist was " more than sins." Rom. iii. 25. 1 John
a prophet," as he pointed out ii. 2.
Jesus Christ as already in- PROS'ELYTE, means in
carnate. Matt. xi. 9. Paul, Scripture one that turned
Peter, and John may be call- from Heathenism to the
pd prophets, as there are in Jewish religion. Acts ii.
their writings a variety of 10. Some were proselytes
predictions. 2 Thess. i. 7 of the gate, who though they
10. ii. 3— 11. ITim. iv.l— renounced idolatry, observ-
3. 2 Pet. iii. 10, &c. Almost ed what the rabbins call the
 PRO 183 PSA
seven precepts of Noah ;* New Testament, nor by any
and attended the Jewish in- writer for several hundred
structions, yet were not cir- years after Christ. No boyji
cumcised, nor partook of the under twelve years of ago,
passover. To these the Jews or girls under thirteen, were
admitted hopes of eternal life, admitted, without the consent
and they allowed them to of their parents or, if these ;

dwell in Canaan. Of this refused, without the consent

kind of proselytes we may of the judges of the place-
suppose Naaman, Cornelius, During the time of Christ, th©
the Ethiopian eunuch, and Jews, and especially the
Solomon's 153,600 servants pharisees, greatly exerted
to have been. Others were themselves to make prose*-
proselytes of righteousness, lytes. Compare Matt, xxiii.
or, of the covenant; being 15, with Acts xiii. 43.
obliged to fulfil the whole law PROVERBS, the name of
of Moses. At their admission, a book in the Scriptures*
the motives influencing them containing the inspired pre*-
to change their religion were cepts of Solomon. 1 Kingp
examined, and they were in- iv. 32. The whole in the
structed in the principles of original seems to be poetry.
Judaism. Next, if males, PROVIDENCE, a care
they were circumcised; after for the future. The word is
which they presented their principally used in reference
oblation to the Lord. Wheth- to that kind superintendence
er they were also dipped in which our heavenly Father
water is much disputed, and exercises over his creatures,
seems not probable, as no supporting them in their be*-
mention is made of such a ing, and governing them in
rite in Scripture, which all their actions.
would leave it without au- PSALM, a holy song.
thority if practised. No
men- The Psalms are particularly
tion is made of it in Josephus, sweet to a Christian, because
Philo, the Apocrypha, or the they contain so much of the
experience of a religious man-
Most of them were composed
* These were seven laws, which
by David. The 90th, was
they maintained were given by Je-
hovah to the sons of Noah', viz. (1.)
composed by Moses perhaps ;

To avoid idolatry. (2.) To wor- the 80th by Heman, called

ship God. (3.) To abhor incest. the treasury of instruction.
(4.) To commit no murder. (5.) Those under the name of
Not to steal. (6.) To punish mur-
der with death. (7.) Not to eat Asaph were probably directed
blood or things strangled. to him as leader of the tern-
 ;

PSA 184 PUB

pie choir. Some psalms are PSAL'TERY, a musical
doctrinal, as Ps. i. ; some his- instrument, first mentioned
torical, as Ps. lxxvii. cv. cvi.; in the Psalms of David. It
some prophetic, as Ps. ex. seems to have been shaped
some consist of prayer and much like the present harp ;

complaints, as Ps. vi. xxxviii. or the Greek letter delta in-

&c. j others consist of praise
verted thus (v)- The body
and thanksgiving, as Ps. was of wood, hollow and ;

cxlv. cl. &c. In some, most

Josephus says it had 12
or all of these subjects are strings. The chords were
connected, as Ps. lxxxix. at first of flax but subse-;

Whether the titles of the quently were manufactured

Psalms are of divine authori-from the entrails of sheep.
ty, is not agreed. The He-
Harp strings of the latter
brew words therein mention- kind are mentioned by Ho-
ed, are by some considered mer, as a recent invention.
as names of instruments of The modern psaltery is a
music ; or first words of flat instrument of a triangu-
some songs ; or denote the lar form, strung from side to
subject-matter of the Psalm. side, with iron or brass wire,
It is thought Maschil means and played on with a kind of
a poem, or set composition, bow.
and Psalm
signifies, that the PTOLEMA'IS, a sea-port
is designed forinstruction, in Galilee of Judea, now
Ps. xxxii. ; that Michtam de- called Acre. Acts xxL 7,
notes the precious or golden See Accho.
nature of the Psalm ; and per- PUBLICAN, a collector
haps all the Psalms so mark- of taxes. The Romans farm*
ed relate to Jesus Christ, as ed out their revenue to men
Gussetius observes. JYeginoth who paid into the treasury of
or Neginath, signifies string- the state, a certain sum, and
ed instruments. Ps. iv. Ixi. took the risk of collecting.
JYehiloth, wind instruments. Contracts were generally tak>
Ps. v. Gittith, a kind of in-
en by principal men, who let
strument invented at Gath. out small districts to individ-
Ps. viii. Jllamoth, the treble, uals for specified sums, these
or a song to be sung by vir- undertaking to collect. Print-
gins. Ps. xlvi. Shiggaion, ing not being known, and the
or Shigionoth, may denote, laws little understood, these
that the Psalm is to be sung inferior agents, generally
with diversified tunes, or has committed gross impositions,
a very diversified matter. and extorted from the people
Ps. vii. Hab. iii. all they could. They were
 PUT 185 QUI
therefore greatly hated by Minor. It stood about 8
the Jews, whose pride was miles from Naples, and was
mortified by having to pay much frequented on account
tribute at all. Matthew, of its mineral waters. From
Zaccheus, and probably oth- hence a considerable trade
er publicans, became disci- was carried on with Alexan-
ples of Christ, Luke xv. 2. dria in Egypt. Paul halted
Matt. xxi. 31. here seven days, as he went
PULSE, the seed of legu- prisoner to Rome. Acts
minous plants, as peas, vetch- xxviii 13. We find several
es, beans, &c. Lev. xxiii. of its bishops in the primitive
14. 2 Sam. xvii. 28. councils of the Christian
PU'RIM is plural of church.
the The present name
Pur, and means lots. It is of the place is Buzzoli.
the name of a solemn feast PY'GARG-, a species of
among the Jews, in com- gazelle or antelope, about the
memoration of Hainan's over- size of our deer. It is prob-
throw. It derives its name ably the Jlddace of the an-
from the circumstance that cients. The word occurs
Hainan cast lots to ascertain Deut. xiv. 5, only.
the best day for destroying
the Jews. Est. iii. 7. and
ix. 26.
PURPLE, a colour much
worn by kings and emperors.
Mark xv. 17. It is the fa- QUAILS, a gallinaceous
mous Tyrian dye, so costly bird, somewhat less in size
and so celebrated in antiqui- than the turtle dove. They
ty. It is called in 1 Macca'o. are extremely numerous in
iv. 23, " purple of the sea," warm countries. Ex. xvi.
It was made from the blood of 13. Numb. xi. 31, 32.
a shell-fish ; plenty of which QUATERNION, a file,
were found in the sea, on the consisting of four soldiers.
north-west of Canaan, and Peter was placed under the
are now found about the Car- guard of four quaternions,
ibee islands, and other parts that is sixteen soldiers, in
at America, and on the west order, it is probable, that
of England. each might guard him three
PUTE'OLI, a city of Cam- hours at a time. See Watch.
pania in Italy ; so called QUICK' The living flesh,
from its hot waters, or the the sensible part of the body.
multitude of its wells. Its Those persons who shall be
ancient name was Delus alive at the resurrection, are
Q
 RAI 186 RAI
called the quick, in distinc- Gen. iii. 21 ; but the art of
tion from those who will spinning and weaving was
arise from the dead. Acts x. soon invented, Ex. xxviii.
42. To give spiritual life to 42, and even embroidering,
sinners, is called quickening Ex. xxxv. 35, which became
them. Eph. ii. 1 5. — common in the days of the
QUIT, to acquit. Josh. ii. Judges. The common gar-
20. 1 Sam. iv. 9. Chris- ment in the days of Christ,
tians in their great conflict was a sort of shirt or tunick,
with sinand temptation, are reaching to the ancles gener-
to " quit themselves as men." ally, with sleeves, but some-
1 Cor. xvi. 13. times having only arm-holes.
A girdle confined it at the
waist. Over this various
garments were worn, accord-
K. ing to the quality of the per-
All classes wore some-
son.
RABBI, a name of dignity thing in the form of a large
among the Jews, signifying shawl, called a " cloak," or
doctor or master ; it was ap- " upper garment/' Matt,
plied to any learned man, but xxi. 8. When a person had
especially to a divine, or a nothing on but the tunick, he
teacher of their law. The was said to be "naked."
Rabbi was ruler of the syna- John xxi. 7. Persons could
gogue, decided all religious carry various articles, in the
disputes, and received the folds of their shawl, Luke vi.
utmost homage. Our Saviour 38 and at night, in that
;

exhorts the disciples not to climate, they rarely needed

be ambitious of gaining such any other bedclothes. Ex.
distinctions and titles, as the xxii. 26, 27. Around this
Scribes and Pharisees sought outer garment the ancient
alter, but to look to him as Jews were accustomed to
their only lawgiver and have a border or fringe,
teacher, whom they were to sometimes marked with texts
follow7 in all matters of faith of Scripture. The Pharisees
and worship. Mat. xxiii. 7, 8. through ostentation, made
RACA, a Syriac word, theirs remarkably large.
meaning a silly fellow ; a Matt, xxiii. 5. When en-
term used by the Jews to ex- gaged in laborious work, this
press the utmost contempt. outer garment was laid
Matt. v. 20. aside, as our Saviour did,
RAIMENT, was at first when he washed his disci-
made of the skins of beasts ples' feet, John xiii. 4; and
 ,

RAI 187 RAM

Peter, when he fished, John exceedingly
I effectual. Its
xxi. 7. This explains, also, ( appearance^though now corn-
Matt, xxiv. 18. These up- raon, continues to be a
per garments would of course gracious token that the earth
lit persons of any size, equal- shall not again be covered
ly well. To give raiment, with waters- Gen. ix. 8 17. —
was therefore common ; and RAISINS, dried grapes.
especially, when opulent or They are much used for
eminent men gave rich en- food in many countries, and
tertainments. In such cases, are considered very whole-
not to accept and put on the some.
proffered robe, was a great RAM,
a male sheep. See
affront. See Sheep.
Matt. xxii. 12. Battering Rams
Vail, Sandals, &c. were used before the inven-
RAIN was plentiful in Is- tion of cannon, to destroy the
rael twice a year; -'the early fortifications of cities. This
and the latter rain," occurred machine was a huge log of
the one in September, the timber, with an iron head at
other in March. In Egypt, it one end, suspended by the
scarcely ever rains, the over- middle to elevated poles, and
flow of the Nile, and copious driven violently against the
dews, answering the purpose. wall, by great numbers of
In tropical climates the win- men, until a breach was ef-
ter is the rainy season. Vio- fected. A shelter was erect-
lent winds often attend these ed to defend these men from
rains, and overthrow in- archers on the walls. Ezek.
secure houses. Hence our iv. 2, and xxi. 22.
Saviour's parable. Matt, RAMAH, a city of Ben-
vii. 25. jamin, which stood 8 miles
RAINBOW, splendid northward from Jerusalem,
a
arch consisting of all the co- Josh, xviii. 25, and being on a
lors formed by the refraction hill was visible from thence.
and reflection of the rays of Near to it Deborah dwelt.
lightby rain or vapour. It Judges iv. 5. Elkanah and
always appears opposite the Samuel resided in it, 1 Sam.
sun, and never when he is i. 1, 19. vii. 17. viii. 4. xxv.
higher than 42 degrees above 1 and at Najoth, or the
;

the horizon. Many critics meadows

of Ramah, was a
have supposed that previous college of young prophets.
to the flood this beautiful I Sam. xix. There was
bow had not appeared. If another Ramah, on the west
not, the confirmation to border of Naphtali, Josh. xix.
Noah's faith must have been 36 ; also a Ramath or Ramoth
 RAV 188 REE
which we suppose the same feeds the ravens, but if killed^
as Baalath-beer, in the lot of he cares for their unfledged
Simeon. Josh.xix.8. 1 Sam. young. " He giveth food to
xxx. 27. See Gilead ; and the young ravens which
also a Ramoth, Remeth, or cry." Ps. cxlvii. 9. The
Jarmtith,in the lot oflssa- raven is a striking emblem
char. Josh. xix. 21. of unconverted man. If the
RANSOM, the price paid Lord takes care of ravens^
for the pardon of an offence, how confidently may his
or the redemption of a slave people trust him. Luke xiL
or captive. Prov. vi. 35. 24.
Exod. xxi. 30. To prevent RE'CHABITES,atribeof
the plague, and make cere- Midianites,who lived in tents
monial atonement for their and roamed the country fop
souls, all male Hebrews pasture, as the Arabs and
of adult age, paid half a Tartars now do. Their
shekel yearly, as a ransom. origin and manner of life are
Ex. xxx. 12. The obedience described 2 Kings x. 15 23. —
—
and death of Christ are the Jer. xxxv. 5 7. It is thought
only proper ransom and price that some tribes dwelling
of our deliverance from sin on the northeast of Medina,
and misery. Matt. xx. 28. are descendants of the Re-
Job xxxiii. 24. chabites.
RAVEN, a bird about the REDEEM, to buy back
size of a pullet. Its- colour what was sold, pledged or

is very black, and its voice forfeited. Luke i. 68.

harsh and doleful. It de- REDEEMER, one who,
lights in solitude, and lives ransoms by paying the price.
on carrion, &c. The raven Jesus Christ redeemed us by
which Noah sent forth, did suffering in cur stead the
not return, probably because penalty of the Divine law.
it found rest and food on the 1 Pet. i. 19.
floating carcasses. It has by REED. (1.) A tall, hollow
all nations been considered a jointed plant, growing in fen-
disgusting and hateful bird ; ny places, much used in hot
but especially so to the Jews, countries, where the plan!
whose laws pronounced it abounds, for buflfeings, car-
unclean. How striking, riages, &c. &c. In this
therefore, is the proof of country, it is employed for
God's paternal regard to all fishing rods, weavers' reeds,
his creatures, derived from &c. It was anciently used
his care of this bird. Job for writing, and answered
xxxviii. 41. He not only to the word "pen." 3 John
 REG 189 REI
13. The use of quills for spirit and grace of God, and
writing cannot be traced is the new birth. It
called
further back than to Isiodo- consists the infusion of
in
rus, who died in A. D. 636. spiritual life into the sou),
(2.) An instrument of music whereby it is enabled to per-
like a flute. When our form spiritual actions, and to
blessed Lord said, " a bruised live to God. Tit. hi. 5. Jt
reed he would not break," differs from conversion be*
it is not certain to which he cause regeneration is a pow-
alluded ; but in reference to er conferred, and conversion
either, the allusion is highly is the exercise of that power.
instructive. (3.) Ameasure Regeneration is the principle
of 9 feet was called a reed. given to turn into the Lord ;
REFUGE, a place of safe- conversion is our actual turn-
ty to which a person may fly ing unto him ; regeneration
in case of danger. The Lord is the life itself, conversion
commanded Moses to appoint its motion. It differs from
six cities of refuge for those justification. Justification
who slew any one uninten- acquits a man from the charge
tionally. Josh. xx. 7 9. — of guilt; regeneration im-
The roads to which, were re- parts a new nature. Justifi-
quired to be 58 feet wide, and cation is effected by the obe-
kept in perfect repair, with dience, death, and resurrec-
sufficient bridges over the tion of Jesus Christ ; but re-
streams, and guide boards generation is the work of the
marked Refuge, pointing the Holy Ghost. It differs from
way at every corner. This adoption. Adoption entitles
arrangement strikingly typi- to heaven, and regeneration
fied the Lord Jesus. God is is our meetness for its enjoy-
called the refuge of his peo- ment.
ple, Deut. xxxiii. 27, as he The word is also used fn
defends them against all the another sense ; for that new
assaults of their enemies. life which is expected at the
Jesus Christ is the only ref- general resurrection, and
uge for sinners. restitution of all things,
Refuge of Lies, means a when Jesus shall sit on the
false hope. Isa. xxviii. 17. throne of his glory, Matt.
REGENERATION, the xix. 28.
new birth, or a spiritual REIGN, to rule as su-
change from a carnal a
to preme. God who is the ab-
Christian life. This renova- solute Monarch of the world,
tion of the soul, with all its reigns in the proper sens^ of
affections, is effected by the the word, as he disposes of
 REP 190 REP
all things, in heaven and on gelical repentance is that
earth. saving grace wrought in the
Sin is said to reign, when heart of a sinner by the Holy
its motions and influences Ghost, by which the sinner
are readily obeyed, and it ex- turns from a course of diso-
ercises an absolute, uncon- bedience, and sincerely en-
trolled power in the soul. deavours to live unblamea-
Rom. vi. 12. bly before God in the ex-
Grace is said to reign, pectation of forgiveness
when we are governed by through the merits of Christ
the impulses of the Holy Matt. iii. 2, &c.
Spirit. REPETITIONS. The
'
RELIGION, the inward vain repetitions blamed by
and spiritual knowledge and our Saviour, Matt. vi. T,
belief of divine truth. It is were lifeless forms of prayer
manifested in a proper ac- frequently repeated.
knowledgment of God, and REPH'AIM, a valley near
obedience to him ; and in Jerusalem, fruitful in corn.
showing proper regard to Isaiah xvii. 5. It seems to
men, chiefly such as are in have had its name from the
distress. James i. 27. giants that anciently inhabit-
REINS, the loins or kid- ed it. Here the host of the
neys. The word is used in Philistines encamped fre-
Scripture, like the word quently. 1 Chron. xi. 15.
heart, to signify the dispo- REPH'IDIM, a place east
sitions and affections of the of the Red Sea, where the
mind. Psalm vii. 9. Jere- Hebrews tempted God, and
miah xii. 2. quarrelled with Moses, for
REMPHAN, an Egyptian vvantof water. It was there-
idol. The learned are very fore called Meribah, conten-
little agreed who this god tion; and Massah, temptation.
was. Some are very peremp- Exodus xvii. 7, 8.
tory, and others quite de- REPROOF, blame charg-
spair of ascertaining. The ed upon a person to his face,
Israelites worshipped this or admonition upon account
false god, calling him Chi- of some fault. Reproof re-
vn. Amos v. 26. Proba- quires the utmost care and
bly it was Saturn. Acts vii prudence in the person by
43. whom it is administered, os
REPENTANCE, grief for it may exasperate and make
sin, a change of mind by the offender sin the more.
wWch we wish any part of Unless circumstances impe-
our conduct undone. Evan- riously require it, let it never
 RES
be done publicly, but always
in secret. Make it evident
that the good of the trans-
gressor is the sole motive of
your censure ; that it is a
painful task, to which you
are urged by a sense of duty,
and prompted by the most
tender solicitude for his hap-
piness. Let not an air
self-importance, an angry
countenance, or a wrathful
tone of expression, discover
itself in your rebukes. You
must feel, and you are allow-
ed to feel ; but it is to be the
feeling of Christianity ; that
is, pity, kindness, and the
191 RES
and in their own consciences.,
which believers enjoy in this
world, Matt. xi. 29, arising
from a great composure of
spirit, and a cheerful confi-
dence in the promises and
providence ofGod. Ps. cxvi. 7.
(4.) A quite and secure hab-
itation, such as was promised
of to the Israelites in the land of
Canaan, which was also a
type of that eternal rest in the
heavenly Canaan, where the
saints shall enjoy a never-
ending blessedness in the
presence of God, at the ter-
mination of all the toils and
troubles of this life Heb. iv. 9,
.

most sincere affection for the RESURRECTION, the

offender himself. Not his act of rising from the dead,
person, but his sin, and his or returning to life, com-
sin alojie, is to be the object monly means the general
of your indignation; and resurrection at the last day,
every admonition should be or the end of the world, Job
accompanied with fervent xix. 25—27. John v. 28. 29,
prayer to God for his bless- when we must stand before
ing to Fucceed your efforts to the judgment seat of Christ,
do good. " As an ear-ring and be admitted to eternal
of gold, and an ornament of happiness, or doomed to end-
fine gold, so is a wise re- less misery. The doctrine of
prover upon an obedient the resurrection was un-
ear." known to the wisest heath-
REREWARD, the rear- ens, and is peculiar to the
guard, Josh. vi. 13. God Bible. They had some glim-
promises to be the rereward merings of the soul's immor-
of his people, defending them tality, but no knowledge of
as they press on their march, the reviving of the bod} 7-.

from unseen enemies behind. The resurrection of Christ is

Isa. Hi. 12. a clear and evident proof that
REST. (1.) A ceasing our debt has been paid, and
from bodily labour. (2.) The divine justice has received
quietness of sleep or death. full satisfaction. On this
(3.) That peace with God doctrine of Christ's power
 REV 192 RIG
over death, which was most vants ; because he is just,
solemnly published to the and^>rder andjustice must be
world, is built our faith in preserved.
his promises, and our hope of RHE'GIUM, a sea-port of
life and glory. Rom. iv. 25. the kingdom of Naples, about
A grain of corn sown in the opposite to Messina in Sicily.
earth, is the image made use It is said to have been origi-
of by our Saviour and the nally built by a colony from
apostle Paul to represent the Chalcis. Paul doubtless
resurrection. John xii. 24. preached here at his visit,
1 Cor. xv. 36. Acts xxviii. 13, though Luke
REVEAL, to disclose. does not record the fact. Its
Christ was revealed when he present name is Regg.io.
came in the flesh. The wrath RHODES, an island of the
of God is revealed when sin- Mediterranean Sea, north-
ners are made to suffer his east of Crete, and ranked for
open judgments. dignity and size next to Cy-
REVELATION, a discov- prus and Lesbos, being about
ery. The sacred Scriptures 120 miles in circumference.
are a revelation, or disclosure It had its name, Vo^og from
of God's will to man. The the multitude of roses that
last book, however, being the grew on it. On this island
declarations of John in refer- was a famous colossal statue
ence to futurity, is called of standing across the entrance
itself a Revelation, from its of the harbour. The Rhodians
containing such minute and were famous about the time
ample predictions of the state of the Trojan war. The most
of the church in future ages. ancient cities were Lindus,
REVENGE, to vent dis- Camirus, and Jalysus; but
pleasure upon a person for a Rhodes eclipsed all the rest,
real or imaginary fault. Men and is still a place of note.
revenge themselves because Acts xxi. 1.
they are too easily offended, RIGHTEOUSNESS. (1.)
and too much influenced by That upright life and conver-
the impulses of pas-ion and sation, which proceed from a
self-love. But when it is pious disposition, inclining us
said in Scripture, that God to render the worship due to
revenges himself, it means God, and be just in our deal-
no more than that he vindi- ings with all men. It signi-
cates the injuries done to his fies also,
(2) That perfection
justice and his majesty, to the of the divine nature, where-
order, he has established in by God is most holy in him-
the world ; and to his ser- self, and most just in all his
 RIN 193 ROE
dealings with his creatures. Haman ; and granted the
(3.) The active and passive same favour to Mordecai,
obedience of Christ. Christ who succeeded Haman ia
is called u the Lord our right- his dignity. It is also used
eousness," as being the pro- sometimes at marriages, as
curer and bestower of all an emblem of conjugal fidel-
the righteousness and holi- ity,and a constant memorial
ness which believers pos- of the marriage vow.
sess. RING-STREAKED, hav-
RIMMON, or Remmon. ing circular streaks or lines
(1.) A city belonging to the on the body, as we often see
Simeonites, about twenty- on cattle. Gen. xxx. 35.
five miles south-west of Je- RIVER, a large stream of
rusalem. Josh. xix. 7. Neh. water. The rivers mention-
xi. 29. (2.) Remmon-mc- ed in Scripture are the Jor-
thoar, a city of Zebulun. dan, Kishon, Jabbok, Arnon,
given to the Levites. Josh, Abana, Pharpar, Euphrates,
xix. 13. Chron. vi. 77. (3.)
1 Hiddikel, Gihon, Pison,
A steep rock near Gibeah, Chebar, Ahavah, and Ulai.
whither six hundred Benja- The Nile is alluded to, but
mites fled when the rest of is not mentioned by name.
their tribe was destroyed. " From the river to the ends
Judges xx. 45. (4.) A
princi- of the earth," means from
pal idol of the Syrians, wor- the Euphrates to the end of
shipped at Damascus. The the then known world. No
name signifies elevation ; but river in Palestine withstands
whether that idol be the E- the drought of summer but
lion, or Most High, of the the Jordan, and that becomes
Phenicians, or Saturn, or greatly diminished. The
Venus, is not agreed. Per- others, though impetuous
haps he was none of all these, torrents in the rainy season,
but Jupiter Cassius. become mere rivulets in
RING. The wearing of summer, and sometimes
rings is a very ancient cus- wholly disappear. Hence
tom. Gen. xxiv. 22. It was Job compares his friends to
an ensign of authority in such. Job vi. 15.
princes and great men ; thus ROBE. See Raiment.
when Pharaoh committed Jesus's imputed righteous-
the government of all Egypt ness is a robe ; when imput-
to Joseph, he took the ring ed to us, it beautifies, warms,
from his finger, and gave it and protects our souls. Isa.
to him. Ahasuerus gave lxi. 10.
his ring
S to his favourite ROE, a small species of
R
 ROM 194 ROM
deer, exceedingly beautiful vast extent of suburbs. In
of form, and light of foot. 2 the time of Romulus, it con-
Sam. ii. 18. Unlike most tained about three thousand
deer, it is not gregarious, inhabitants, and in the time
but lives in families. The of Augustus, two millions.
ancient method of catching Christianity was early plant-
this animal was by a net. ed here, and has continued
Prov. vi. 5. to this day, though for ages
ROLL, a book. Ezravi.2. obscured by Popish supersti-
Jer. xxxvi. Ezek. iii. Be- tions. Most of its early pas-
fore the invention of the tors suffered martyrdom.
present improved manner of While the Romans governed
binding, writings were roll- a great part of the world,
ed on a staff, Such are now they were in the habit, eith-
used in the Hebrew syna- er for money or good deeds,
gogues. or of free favour, of confer-
ROMANS, the first epis- ring the right of citizens on
tolary book of the New Tes- some who were not of their
tament. The name of Paul nation, and even sometimes
is given as the writer of this on the inhabitants of a whole
and twelve others ; besides city. In this sense, Paul
which the Epistle to the He- and Silas were Romans, and
brews is generally imputed had a legal title to all tho
to him. privileges of the citizens of
ROM E for a long time the Rome, by having been born
,

most noted city in the world in a free city. Acts xvi. 37,
It was built by the Etrurians 38. xxii. 25, 26, 27. The
and enlarged" by Romulus, present population of this
and a number of men little city is only one hundred and
better than banditti, under fifty-four thousand but the ;

his direction, about A. M. territories of the Pope em-

3254, that is, about the time brace 13,000
square miles,
of Hezekiah, king of Judah. and a population of two mil-
It gradually increased, till it lions and a half. Not more
extended over 7 hills. The than about the third' part of
river Tiber runs through it, what is within the walls is
affording water to the city, now inhabited. It is noted
and carrying off the filth for many fine ancient ruins,
which is conveyed to it by Church, which
for St. Peter's
sewers under ground. Its was one hundred years in
walls seem never to have building, and for the Vat-
been above thirteen miles in ican, or winter palace of the
circumference but it had a
;
Pope, which consists of
 ROU 195 RUS
about 12,500 chambers, of the most ignorant and
halls, and hardened description were
closets, and has a
famed library, garden and through divine grace hum-
arsenal. Its hospitals are bled, and prepared to receive
under excellent regulation ; the full truths of Christ's
but the inhabitants are licen- mission and ministry. Luke
tious to an uncommon de- iii. 5.
gree. RUBY, a beautiful gem,
ROOF, the covering of a of a red colour, of great hard-
house. The Jews had theirs ness and lustre, but seldom
fiat for walking, or erecting found larger than a grape
booths on, and a battlement seed. A perfect ruby above
breast high around, to pre- 3| carets in size, exceeds in
vent any one falling from value a diamond of similar
them. As this rendered them size. A deep coloured ruby,
private places, they often exceeding 20 carats in
performed their devotions on weight, is called carbuncle.
them. Acts x 9. Wherever the word occurs,
ROSE, the queen of flow- itshould read pearls.
ers. From the frequent con- RUE, a medicinal plant
nexion of the lily with this common in gardens. It has
flower, when spoken of in an unpleasant smell, and a
Scripture, it seems evident pungent taste.
bitter The
that the icild rose must be word occurs in Luke xi. 42,
meant, which in all hot only.
countries is extremely beau- RUNNERS, persons who
tiful. Christ is compared to ran before the king's char-
it. Song ii. 1. " The wil- iot, or bore messages in
derness shall blossom as the haste. They were employ-
rose," when Christianity ed particularly to carry
restores this wilderness tidings to the provinces, of
world to order and beauty. the enactment of any edict
Isa. xxxv. 1. In the East or law.
Indies, an extract is made, RUSH, an aquatic plant,
called " otter of roses," common on the banks of the
which is very costly, and Nile, &c. Job viii. 11. It is
the most exquisite perfume the same as the u Bulrush,"
in nature. Ex. ii. 3. Isa. xviii. 2, and
ROUGH, coarse, rugged, the rt Paper read,'' Isa. xix.
uneven. By the powerful 7. It is the Cyperus papy~
preaching of John the Bap- rus of Linn^us ; commonly
tist, the " rough places were called" the Egyptian Reed."
made plain ;" that is, people The stalk is triangular,
 SAB 196 SAB
rising to the height of nine Lord of Sabaoth," because
or ten feet, beside three or the hosts of all creatures
four under water, and ter- are his. Angels, ministers,
minating in a crown resem- Christians, stars, planets, &c.
bling the thistle. See the are all marshalled and ruled
picture, article Paper. by the Lord God omnipo-
RUTH, one of the ances- tent. Rom. ix. 29. Jfemes
tors of our Saviour, who v. 4.
probably lived in the days of SABBATH; this word
Gideon. means rest. When God
The book of this name is had made the heavens and
thought to have been writ- the earth, in the space of six
ten by Samuel, and forms a days, he rested on the sev-
sort of appendix to the book enth, and ordered it to be
of Judges. The principal observed as a day set apart
scope of the book is to record for himself, or occupied in
the genealogy of Christ in the exercises of religion.
David's time. Compare Though it was really the
Ruth iv. 18— 22, with Matt, seventh day to God, to man
i. 5, 6. The adoption of who was formed on the eve-
Ruth, a heathen, converted ning of the last day, it was
to Judaism, has been gene- the first, and was kept a3
rally considered a pre-inti- such, for ages, though called
mation of the admission of the seventh part of time*
the Gentiles into the Church. Gen. ii. 2, 3. In the first
A further design of this institution of the Sabbath, it
book is to evince the care of was intended to cail to mind
Providence over such as tear the wisdom, power, and
God. goodness of God, as they
RYE, is mentioned Ex. are displayed in the creation
ix. 32, and Isa. xxviii. 35. of the world ; but after the
The word in the original return of the children of
means only bearded, and Israel from their state of
makes it doubtful what grain servitude and hard bondage
is meant. Some suppose rice in Egypt, that was urged as
to be intended. an additional object of recol-
lection on the Sabbath-day ;
and also, as an additional
motive to its observance.
The day was at the same
SAB'AOTH, a Hebrew time changed, to correspond
word, signifying hosts or ar- with that memorable event,
mies Jehovah is called" the and to preserve the Hebrews
 ;

SAB 197 SAC

more effectually from idola- It is contended by some, that
j

try,by making their day of the lt queen of Sheba" was

worship different from that from the neighbourhood of
of the heathen. Deut. v. Abyssinia in Africa.
14, 15. Under the
Christian SACKBUT, a musical in-
dispensation, which unites strument, generally thought
Jews and Gentiles, the Sab- to have had four strings but ;

bath is altered back again Isidore considers it to be a

from the seventh to the first
day of the week, on which
the Redeemer himself rose
from the dead. On the
" first day of the week," Je-
sus Christ made repeated
visits to his disciples, who
were evidently assembled
together for religious pur-
poses. John xx. 19, 26. On
the first day of the week the
disciples came together to
break bread and hear Paul
preach. Acts xx. 7. Upon
" the first day of the week,"
the Corinthians were re-
quired to lay by their con-
tributions for the pr>or, 1 Cor.
xvi. 2. And the first day of
the week is called " the
Lord's Day," Rev. i.
The Sabbath is to be sanctifi-
ed, by a cessation from
worldly affairs by a remem-
; God required the death of
brance of God in creation,
providence, and redemption;
by meditation, prayer, read-
ing the Scriptures, attend-
ing public worship, and by
holy anticipations of that
eternal Sabbath which re-
mains for the people of God.
SABE'ANS, a people of
Arabia, descendants proba-
bly of Sheba, the son of Cush.
kind of flute or hautboy.
SACKCLOTH, was a
coarse cloth, made of the
hair of horses, and coarsest
hair of camels and ^oat3. It
was the common clothing of
very poor people, and was
much used for tents, awn-
ings, &c. Elijah and John
the Baptist wore such ; in-
deed, it was anciently very
common for all prophets to
be thus humbly clad. Hence,
the false prophets wore " a
rough garment to deceive."
Zech. xiii. 4. lt was also
ufed by mourners, being of
a black colour. Isa. 1. 3.
SACRIFICE, an offering
to God, made on an altar by
10. a regular priest; an oblation
meant only the simple offer-
all ing of a gift. The justice of
the offender ; but, being
tempered with mercy, it ac-
cepted a sacrifice in his
stead. All the sacrifices
with their several ceremo-
nies, were either acknowl-
edgments of sin, or images
of the punishment due to it
and had a relation to Christ,
the gospel sacrifice, in whom
all these types had their ful-
 SAF 198 SAL
filment. They signified the SAINTS, converted per-
expiation of moral guilt by sons, Ps. xvi. 3. Phil. iv. 21 ;
the sacrifice of Christ, who they who spend much time
is called the Lamb of God, in religious exercises, and
John i. 29, and the Lamb are eminent for piety, and
slain from the foundation of zeal in the cause of God,
the world. Rev. xiii. 8. Psalm xvi. 3. Hebrews vi.
SADDUCEES, a sect a- 10; those blessed spirits,
mong the Jews, founded by whom God graciously ad-
Sadoc, who flourished some- mits to partake of everlasting
what more than 200 years glory and blessedness, 1
before Christ, and denied the Thess. iii. 13. Rev. xviii. 24 ;
existence of angels and spir- the holy angels,Deut. xxxiii,
its, the immortality of the 2. Jude 14.
soul, and the resurrection of SALO'ME, the wife of
the Dody. They are accus- Zebedee, and the mother of
ed, though not with good James and John. She fool-
proof, of rejecting all the ishly begged that her two
books of Scripture, except sons might have principal
the five books ofMoses. They honours in Christ's temporal
were strict observers of the kingdom.
law themselves, and enforc- SALT is in many places
ed it upon others , but, con- dug from the earth, but is
trary to the Pharisees, they commonly obtained by evap-
kept only to the simple teft orating sea water. In the in-
of the law, without tradi- terior of the State of New
tions, explanations, or mod- York, it is obtained in vast
ifications, and maintained quantities from natural
that only what was written springs of salt water. It was
was to be observed. The appointed to be used in all
Sadducees were generally the sacrifices that were of-
persons of wealth and influ- fered to God. Lev. ii. 13.
ence. Among the modern It is the symbol of wisdom,
Jews there are few, if any, Col. iv. (J; of incorruption,
nominal Sadducees; but in- Numb, xviii. 19; and of
fidelity prevails among them maintenance or hospitality,
to a melancholy extent. Ezra iv. 14 where "main-
;

SAFFRON, the crocus, a tenance from the king's ta-

bulbous plant, common in ble," may be rendered liter-
gardens. The flowers are ally " salted with the salt of
considered medicinal. The the palace." The Jews
word occurs in Cant. iv. 14, were accustomed to rub salt
only. on new born babes, or bathe
 SAL 199 SAL
them with salt water. Ezek. pearance of salt, had perfect-
xvi. 4. Large quantities of ly lost its savour while the
;

salt put on land renders it inDer part, which was con-

barren. Jud. ix. 45. Zeph. nected with the rock, retain-
ii. 4.In small quantities it ed its savour, as I found by
serves as a valuable manure. proof." Compare Matt. v.
Luke xiv. 34. When our 13. Schoetgenius has
Saviour told his disciples largely proved, in his Horae
that they were the salt of Hebraicae, that such as had
earth, he meant, that being thus become insipid, was
themselves endued with used to repair roads, and
grace, they ought to season prevent slipping in wet
others, and preserve them weather. This is exactly
from corruption. The truths the use said to be made of it,
of the Gospel are in opposi- in the above quoted passage.
tion to the corruption of the SALUTE, to address with
world, both in respect to civility. The forms of salu-
doctrine and morals. tation vary exceedingly in
Lot's wife was not turned different countries. Among
into a pillar of such salt as Orientals, so much ardour
we use at our tables, but is expressed, and so long a
into rock salt, as hard and ceremony used, as would in
compact as stone. It is said our eyes appear ridiculous.
that insome parts of Arabia, When an Arab meets his
houses are built of this ma- friend, he begins, yet afar
terial. off, to make gestures indica-
The used by the an- tive of recognition. Oncom-
salt
cients, was what we call ing up, he shakes hands,
rock, or fossil salt and also then kisses his hand, and in-
;

that left on the shores of salt quires concerninghis friend's

lakes. Both of these kinds health, and that of his fami-
were impure, being mixed ly, with great minuteness.
with earth, sand, &c. and All this is of course done by
lost their strength by ex- the other. Sometimes the
posure to the atmosphere. beard is reverently kissed.
Maundrell, in his descrip- When they separate, to pass
tion of the valley of salt, on, each pronounces a sol-
speaks of a small precipice emn benediction, as " the
on the side toward Gibal, blessing of Jehovah be with
where he broke some pieces you," &c. The later Jews
of salt from a part exposed were more moderate than
to the weather, which their neighbouring nations,
u though they had all the ap- and used different degrees
 SAM 200 SAM
of homage, according to the fies the territory between
person and the occasion. A Judea and Galilee. (2.)
bow of the head was the The seat of government of
common civility ; to bend the ten tribes, who revolted
the body indicated more re- from Rehoboam. It was
spect ; and to lay down the built by Omri, A. M. 3080,
face on the ground signified forty- two miles north of
the highest reverence. Ja- Jerusalem After various
cob bowed himself seven sieges, &c
during several
times to the ground when he ages, it was at last laid in
met Esau. Gen. xxxiii. complete ruins, by Shai-
When the Prophet sent his maneser. Alexander the
servant in great haste, to Great, established a colony
raise the dead child, he for- of Macedonians there. A-
bade him to salute any one, bout the year 3947, Gabin-
or answer any salutation, ius, a Roman Governor of
because of the time it would Syria, improved it ; and sub-
occupy. 2 Kings iv. 29. sequently Herod the great
And our Saviour exonerated restored it to magnificence,
the seventy disciples from and called it Sebaste. For
such unmeaning waste of several hundred years after
time. Luke x. 4. Presents Christ, Samaria continued
commonly form a part of to be an important city.
oriental salutation when a SAMARITAN. When
visit is made. Gen. xliii.Shalmaneser removed many
11.
1 Sam. x. 4. Matt. ii. 11. of the ten tribes to Babylon,
"When Saul was recommend- he sent in their place Baby-
ed to seek Samuel's aid, he lonians these intermarried
;

thought it utterly improper with the remaining He-

to speak to him because he brews, and their descend-
had no bread to offer, but ants were the Samaritans.
went when he found they Between these and the pure
had a quarter shekel, that is, Jews there was a constant
twelve and a half cents. 1 jealousy and hatred. John
Sam. ix. 7. So small a pre- iv. The name was used by
sent was evidently not in- the Jews as a term of the
tended for pay. A flower, greatest reproach. John viii.
or an orange, is sufficient to 48. The Samaritans, like
satisfy custom. the Jews, lived in the ex-
SAMARIA. (1.) The pectation of Messiah, and
country of the Ephraimites, many of them embraced him
or ten tribes. In the New when he appeared. John iv.
Testament, it always signi- Acts viii. 1, and ix. 3i. They
 SAM 201 SAM
formerly had synagogues at shipped Juno, who was said
Damascus, Gaza, at Grand to have been born there. It
Cairo, Shechem, and Joppa, is now inhabited by the
Askelon and Cesarea. At Greeks, who are very poor,
present, their chief, if not and who, though nominally
only residence, is JVaplouse, Christians, are sunk in ig-
the ancient Shechem, and norance and superstition.
Joppa ; they perhaps do not Here Pythagoras was born,
amount to three hundred and here Lycurgus died.
persons in all. They have SAMOTHRA'CIA. This
a High Priest, who is con- small island of the iEgean
sidered to be a descendant Sea, is about twenty miles in
of Aaron. Though few in circumference. It derived
number, they pretend to its name from having been
great strictness in their ob- peopled by Samians and
servation of the law of Mo- Thracians. Its present name
ses, and consider the Jews is Samandraki.
far less rigid. From the let- SAMSON, a judge of Is-
ter of their high priest to rael, of the tribe of Dan.
Joseph Scaliger, two hun- Dr. Clarke has shown from
dred and ten years ago, it M. De Levaur, that he is the
appears that they profess to original of the fabled Hercu-
believe in God, and in his les of heathen mythology.
servant Moses, and in the He judged Israel 20 years,
holy law, the mount Geri- and died 1117 years before
zim, the house of God, and Christ, aged 40. Judges
—
the day of vengeance and xiii. xvi. Heb. xi. 32. 33.
peace. They keep the Sab- SAMUEL, an eminent
bath so strictly, that they prophet born at Ramah, in
will not move out of their the tribe of Ephraim, and
place, except to their syna- from his birth dedicated by
gogue. They always cir- his mother to God's service.
cumcise their children on 1 Sam. iii. 1. He wrote the
the eighth day after their books of Samuel, and as is
birth. They do not marry supposed those of Judges
their own nieces, nor allow and Ruth.
a pluralitv of wives. Two books of this name
SAMOON. See Winds. are found in our canon of
SAMOS, an island of the Scripture. The first book
Grecian Archipelago, nine of Samuel describes the pro-
miles south west of the coast phet's life, and the history
of Lydia, in Asia Minor. of Israel under Saul, em-
The inhabitants chiefly wor- bracing a period of about 80
 SAN 202 SAR
years. The second book mong theological writers,
of Samuel contains the his- does not occur in the Bible.
tory of David during a pe- See Council.
riod of nearly 40 years. SAPPHIRE, a pellucid
These books, beside their gem, which in its finest
other important uses, serve slate is inferior in value,
greatly to explain the only to the diamond. The
Psalms. finest are of a pure blue col-
SANCTIFY. (1.) To set our, and others are of va-
apart any person or thing to rious lighter shades, even to
a religious use. Thus the perfect whiteness, resem-
priests, the offerings, the bling crystal, though of a
tabernacle, &c. under the finer lustre. Some are red,
law, were sanctified, Lev. and go under the name of
yiii. 10. Thus the Sabbath Such as are reddish,
ruby.
is sanctified or set apart. and
slightly tinged with
And thus Christ sanctifiedblue, are called amethyst. It
was the second stone in the
himself, by setting himself
apart as a sacrifice to God.
high priest's breast-plate.
John xvii. 19. (2.) To SARDINE, or Sardius,
cleanse a sinner from the a precious stone of a reddish
pollution and dominion of or bloody colour, said to de-
sin. This commences at rive its name from Sardis,
regeneration ; wrought by where the best were found.
is
the Spirit; is progressive The best now come from
during life; makes the Chris- about Bagdad. It was the
tion fit for heaven, and con- first jewel in the high-
stitutes his evidence of adop- priest's breast-plate.
tion. 1 Cor. vi. 11. 2 Thess. SARD1S, a town at the
ii. 13. foot of Mount Tmolus, ten
SANDALS, soles of hours' ride south of Thyatira.
leather or wood, tied to the It was the capital of Lydia,
feet with strings. As these celebrated for its opulence
afforded the traveller no pro- and debauchery. Here the
tection from the dust, it was famous Croesus lived. Ac-
always a necessary act of cording to the Lord's threat,
hr spitality to have the feet its candlestick here has been
of the guest washed before moved out of its place. A
he could retire to bed. John few Christians were found
xiii. 10. 1 Tim.v. 10. in this place by an agent of
SANHEDRIM. The Su- the British and Foreign Bi-
preme Jewish Court this ble Society but a Mission-
; ;

name, though common a- ary, who visited Sardis in

 SAV 203 SCJS
1826, found no Christian re- saves his people from sin,
siding on the spot. It is now and from destruction ; and
called Sart. having merited their salva-
SAR'DONYX. A gem tion by his death, he applies
supposed to partake of the the purchased redemption,
qualities and appearance of by shedding abroad the Holy
the Sardine and Onyx, of Ghost in their hearts.
which names the word SAVOUR, the smell or
seems to be compounded taste of any thing. The
Rev. xxi. 10. ancient sacrifices were a
SAREPTA. See Zare- " sweet savour unto God;"
PHATH. he accepted of, and delight-
SATAN, the prince of ed in them, as typical of the
hell. The name is Hebrew, obedience and suffering of
and means enemy, for the Christ. Gen. viii. 21. Ezra
devil is the enemy of God vi. 10. Eph. v.2.
and man. Much of man's SCALL, a disease inci-
wickedness may be ascribed dent to the hairy parts of the
to him. See instances, Gen. body, as the head or beard.
iii. Job i. Acts v. 3. He It is called nethek in He-
is called " the god of this brew, indicating that the
world," for his power in it. hair is plucked up. Lev.
Unconverted persons are xiii. 30—36.
said to be under his influ- SCARLET, a colour
ence. Acts xxvi. 18. Peter much admired and worn in
is called Satan, that is, ene- former times. It was an-
my, because he wished his ciently produced from a lit-
master to avoid that suffer- tle worm found in warty
ing to which he was appoint- excrescences of a shrub, or
ed. Matt. xvi. 23. See small tree, called the Ker-
Devil. mes oak. The excrescen-
SAT'YR, a name given to ces or bladders, are about
some animal which prowls the size of juniper berries,
round the ruins of Babylon ; and are caused by the in-
probably the ape or baboon. sect. TouRNEFORTsawthe
Isa. xiii. 21, and xxxiv, 14. Kermes collected in the is-
Some of the ancients wor- land of Crete, and Bellow
shipped it as a god. saw them near Damascus.
SAVE, to preserve from The article is still known in
danger, or from eternal commerce in the Levant,
death ; to deliver from the Palestine, Persia, &c. Ex.
guilt, or the power of sin, xxv. 4, &c.
Matt. i. 21. Jesus Christ SCEPTRE, a staff, or
I
 —

SCH 204 SCO

wand, royalty. leader, but examine for oar-
signifying
Ps. Rev. xix. 15. selves. Matt, xxiii. 9.
xlv. 6.
Anciently kings were shep- SCORPION, a reptile of
herds, and hence probably fatal venom, found in most
this badge took its origin. hot countries, and so ma-
Ez. xix. 11. Esther viii. 4. licious as to be constantly
The u rod of the wicked," striking at every object with-
means their power and in- in its reach. In general,
fluence. Ps, cxxv. 3. it does not exceed three or

SCHOOL, a place of in- four inches in length. Some

struction. Each parent is, are yellow, others brown,
by the obvious law of na- and some black. The sting
ture, bound to educate his is in the tail. It has eight
child according to his sta- legs, and four eyes-perhaps
tion. The association of a more. The torment produc-
number of parents to pro- ed by their sting is dreadful.
cure a person who shall de- Rev. ix. 3, 5.
vote his whole mind and
time to this subject, seems
not to have been known in
the early periods of the
world. We read of schools
for the prophets in the days
of Saul. 1 Samuel xix. 18
24. About the time of Christ,
eminent doctors delivered
stated instructions, which
were attended by the studi-
ous, whether priests or oth-
ers. Paul was in this manner
educated by Gamaliel, the
most celebrated Rabbi of his
time. Acts xxii. 3. Each
great teacher had, of course,
his peculiar views. Such as
fully adopted these, called
him Father or Master, and
themselves children. The
exhortation, " Call no man In Africa, some grow to
your father upon earth," the size of a very small lob-
means that we are not to ster, which they resemble
give ourselves up implicitly in shape, as isseen by the
to any one great doctrinal picture.
 SCO SCR
The south border of Ju- to thirty and nine. Deut,
&ea, and the desert between xxv. 2, 3. When the scourge
that and Egypt, was much had three lashes, as was
infested with Scorpions. common, thirteen blows
Deut. viii. 15. They delight made out the " forty stripes,
in stony places, and in old save one." This was done
ruins. Wicked men are to Paul five times. 2 Cor,
called scorpions. Ezek. ii. 6. xi. 24.
The statements of some au- SCRIBE, a clerk, or wri-
thors that the only cure for ter; among the Jews he
its bite is to crush the rep- copied, taught, and explain-
tile on the wound —
that the ed the Scriptures. Our Sa-
young ones instantly kill viour classes the scribes with
their mother, &c. are ab- prophets and wise men. The
surd. The folly and cruel- estimation in which they
ty of Rehoboam in threat- were held by the people ap-
ening to rule Israel as with pears in Matt. xvii. 10.
scorpions, is very striking. Mark xii. 35, &c. The in-
What father would give his jury done to true religion by
child such a reptile, when it the traditions of these in-
" asked of him an egg f" terpreters and preachers of
Luke xi. 12. The complete the law, may be gathered
security of Christ's follow- from the severe rebuke
ers is forcibly seen when he which Christ gave to their
gives them power to " tread obtrusive question, Matt. xv.
on scorpions" unharmed. 2, 3, &c. Our Saviour gave
Luke x. 19. various instances of their
SCOURGE, a whip, a irregular and unjust deal-
lash ; an instrument of dis- ings. Matt, xxiii. 2, 3, 4,
cipline or punishment. In &c. He therefore, on the
the punishment of the mount, warns his audience
scourge, the offender was of the dangers they w ere ex
7

stripped from his shoulders posed to from such teachers.

to his waist, and tied by his Matt. v. 20. They existed
arras to a low pillar, that he as a separate class of men as
might lean forward, for the early as the days of Deborah.
convenience of the execu- Most of them were of the
tioners. The law directed tribe of Levi.
them not to exceed forty SCRIP, a bag or purse.
stripes; and the Jews, in According to its size, &c. it
order to prevent the com- was used for food or for
mand being broken, always money. 1 Sam. xvii. 40.
limited the number of lashes SCRIPTURE, that whick
 SEA 206 SEA
is written. The Old and moderate size and the mod-
;

New Testaments, which ern inhabitants of Palestine

contain the whole will of still retain the same phrase-
God necessary to be known ology.
for our salvation, are called (1.) The Sea of Gali-
the Scripture, or the writ- lee was anciently called the
ings, the Bible, or the book, Sea of Cinnereth, Numbers
by way of eminence, be- xxxiv. 11, or Cinneroth, Josh,
cause they far excel all oth- xii. 3 in the time of the
;

er writings. Though writ- Maccabees Genesar, 1 Mace,

ten by divers men at differ- xi. 67 and in the days of
;

ent times, yet they all agree, our Saviour, the Sea of
as if written by one man. Tiberias, John vi. 1. from
" All Scripture is given by the great city of that name
inspiration of God," 2 Tim. which stood on its banks,
iii. 16, " and is profitable for and Gennesareth, from the
doctrine," to declaie and neighbouring district of the
confirm the truth ; " for re- same name. Mark vi. 53.
proof," to convince of sin See Gennesareth.
and confute errors ; " for (2.) The Dead Sea was
correction," to reform the anciently called the Sea of
life ; and tl
for instruction the plain, Deut. iv. 49 ; the
in righteousness ;" that is, Salt Sea, Deut. iii. 17, Josh,
to teach us to make a further xv. 5; and the East Sea y
progress in the way to heav- Ezek. xlvii. 18. Joel ii. 20.
en, or to instruct us in the By Josephus and other writ-
true righteousness revealed ers it is called lake Asphal-
by the gospel of Jesus Christ. tites, from the bitumen found
in which we may appear in it. The term Dead Sea,
with comfort before God. seems to have been given to
SCrTH'lA. No country it from the opinion, (erro-
under this name, and em- neous, though general) that
bracing the same territory, no living creature could ex-
now exists. It comprehend- ist in its waters, and that
ed Tartary, Asiatic Russia, even birds fell dead into the
the Crimea, Poland, part of water in attempting to fly
Hungary, Lithuania, Swe- over. It is sometimes called
den, Norway, and the north- Sea of Sodom, because it oc-
ern parts of Germany. Col. cupies the site of that place,
iii. 11. and the other cities of the
SEA, a large collection of plain destroyed for their
waters. The Hebrews ap- wickedness in the days of
plied this terra to lakes of, Lot. It is said that the
 SEA 207 SEC
ruins of these cities may red. Hence originated th©
now be discerned under the mistake, that its water or its
water when it is low. See bottom, was reddish.
Dead Sea. » SEARED, burnt off, or
(3.) The Great Sea, is burnt hard, as flesh is with
the Mediterranean, called a hot iron. Men have their
sometimes, the Hinder Sea, conscience seared, when it
in contra-distinction to the is so stupified with the load
Red Sea, which is called the of unpardoned guilt, and
Former Sea. Zech. xiv. 8. power of inward corruption,
It may be here remarked, that it regards nothing, how-
that orientals turn their ever horrid and abominable.
faces eastward in various re- 1 Tim. iv. 2.
ligious rites, and commonly SECT, a party or number
call the east before, the west of persons united together
behind, the left hand north, under some particular lead-
and the right hand south. er, or who
profess the same
The word beyond, for the tenets or opinions. The
same reason, means east. Jews, in the time of our Sa-
The Mediterranean Sea is viour, were divided into the
about two thousand miles sects of Pharisees, Saddu-
long, and varies in breadth, cees, Essenes, Herodians,
from eighty to five hundred and Zealots. These are de-
miles, beautifully sprinkled scribed under their respec-
with islands, and bordered tive names, except the Es-
by fertile and opulent coun- senes, which are not express-
tries. No tides are percep- ly mentioned in Scripture.
tible in it except in narrow The Essenes were a very
straits. ancient sect, spread through
(4.) The Red Sea that Syria, Palestine, Egypt, and
is
arm of the Indian Ocean the neighbouring countries.
which runs along the south- They seem to have made
west side of Arabia, and the religion to consist chiefly in
east of Ethiopia and Egypt, quietness, and contempla-
to the length of nearly twelve tion ; regarding a serene
hundred miles,now called the mind as the most acceptable
Arabian Gulf. As the Edom- offering to God. All agreed,
ites had long the property therefore, in avoiding the
and use of it for their ship- snares of cities and traffic.
ping, it came to be called the Some dwelt in villages,
« Sea of Edom," which the practising agriculture and
Greeks translated into the mechanic arts ; others, re-
Red Sea, Edom signifying tiring to deserts, gave them-
 SEL 208 SEN
selves wholly to solitude now called Bagdad. The
and devotion. They set a Scripture mentions only
high value on the Old Tes- that of Syria, near the river
tament, and addicted them- Orontes, which was built by
selves to its perusal ; but Seleucus Nicanor, the first
did not practise any of the Syro-Grecian monarch. Here
ceremonies, considering Paul and Barnabas embark-
them allegorical. They re- ed for Cyprus. Acts xiii. 4.
fused to take oaths, but were SENNACHE'RIB,aking
remarkable for uprightness of Assyria, successor to
and veracity. Their dress Shalmanezer. The kings
and diet were plain and ofJudah having refused to
cheap, their lives inoffen- pay tribute to him, he laid
sive ; and in doctrinal views, waste their country. Taking
they nearly coincided with part of his army to invade
the Pharisees. Slavery, Egypt, he left Ralsluikeh in
which has always been com- the command of the army in
mon in the east, they regard- Judah, whose blasphemy
ed as repugnant to nature. and insults we read in 2
The Tkerapeutce, who Kings xviii. 19. Hezekiah
were numerous near Alex- and Isaiah resorted to pray-
andria, seem to have been a er, and an angel destroyed
branch of this sect, differ- 185,000 of the Assyrians in
in or but little in sentiments one night. The remnant of
or habits. the invaders returned to
SEER, a prophet, so call- Nineveh where, shortly af-
;

ed, from his foresight or ter, Sennacherib was slain

knowledge of the future. 1 by his sons, as we are told in
Sam. ix 9. 2 Kings xviii. During the
SEETHE, to boil any reign of this monarch, Sev-
thing. Ex. xxiii. 19. echus was king of Egypt,
SELAH,a word of doubt- and Deioces king of Media.
ful import. Some suppose SENSE, means, (1.) That
it to mark the beginning of faculty of a living creature,
a new paragraph ; others whereby it receives the im-
that it indicates an elevation pression of material objects.
of voice. It is probably no (2.) The impression of an
more than a nota-bene, call- object upon the senses. (3.)
ing for particular atten- Meaning or import. (4.)
tion. Common sense, or those
SELEU'CIA. There were general notions arising in
several cities of this name in the minds of men, by which
Asia. One in Mesopotamia, they apprehend or under-
 SEP 209 SER
stand things alike, in Matt, xxvii. 60. Dr. Clarke,
or
common. in his travels in Greece and
SEPHARVA'IM,orS E p- the Holy Land, informs us
harvites. They seem to that " on the reputed tomb
have originally dwelt north of Agamemnon is placed a
of Media, or about Siphora stone twenty-seven feet in
on the river Euphrates. length, seventeenin breadth,
Sennacherib king of Assyria and four feet seven inches
ravaged the country about in thickness. See Tomb.
the days of Hezekiah, and SERAPHIM, or Fiery
after destroying great num- Ones, an order of heavenly
bers in battles, colonized beings, of the distinct char-
most of the remainder in Ca- acter and employments of
naan, where they at length which, we know nothing.
became a tribe of Samaritans. Isa. vi. 1 7. —
SEP'ULOHRE, a place SERPENT. There are
for receiving the dead. Eve- many kinds of serpents.
ry vault, tomb or grave, may The only remarkable kind
be termed a sepulchre. The mentioned in Scripture is
Jews invariably placed them the flying serpent. They
without the cities, as they were called fiery from their
always should be, on ac- colour and their venom. Isa.
count of the noxious effluvia xxx 6. Several profane au-
rising from them. The roy- thors mention serpents found
al family only was buried in in the east, with wings like
Jerusalem. 2 Chron. xxiv. a bat. Herodotus saw them
16. Natural caves were of- at the city of Butus, and
ten used for interment and describes them minutely.
;

in these, thieves and lunatics Bochart quotes many au-

sometimes resided. Hence thors to prove that they are
the grave is called a pit. the same as the hydra of the
—
Psalm lxxxviii. 3 12. Our Greeks and Latins.
Saviour's sepulchre was The serpent was worship-
'* hewn out of a rock;" and ped in Chaldea, and other
the door being sealed, it was oriental nations. See Ad-
impossible he should he der and Cockatrice.
stolen wilhout the knowl- SERVANT. The He-
edge of the guards. The size brews had several kinds of
of the stone which formed servants. (1.) The slaves
the door was itself an ample for life who were strangers
;

security. It was *' a great bought, or taken in war,

stone" that was generally Lev. xxv. 44, &c. (2.) He-
selected for this purpose. brew slaves or bond-ser-
 ; ,

SHA 210 SHE

vants, who could only at the reign A. M. 3267, and reign-
firstbe bound six years, and ed 14 years. He conquered
then were to be dismissed Israel when Hoshea was
with presents. Slavery was king, and three years after-
common before the deluge ; ward, finding out a negocia-
and some of the patriarchs, tion with Egypt to set them-
as Job and Abraham, appear selves free from his yoke, he
to have owned thousands of overrun Israel with his ar-
slaves ; but they seem to mies, ravaged the country,
have been treated with great destroyed the fenced cities,
tenderness, and often to have killed many of the inhabi-
had wages and much confi- tants, captured Samaria, the
dence placed in them. A- metropolis, and transported
mong the Romans they were Hoshea and the chief citi-
often branded, for security zens to Media and other east-
but this was forbiddento the ern parts of his empire, 2
Jews. Kings xvii. Among these
SERVE, to labour, do was Tobit, whose history is
work for, or help a person given in the Apocryphal
in any employment to at-; book, which bears his name.
tend or wait upon a person, At this time Hezekiah
in order to obey and assist reigned in Judah ; and Sa-
him. Toserve God, is to bacus in Egypt. The suc-
obey him, not only by wor- cessor of Shalmaneser was
shipping him, as required, Sennacherib.
in spirit and in truth, but SHAME. (1.) Confusion
also by studying to know arising from conscious guilt
and do his will, on all occa- Gen. ii. 25. Ezra ix. 6. (2.)
sions, however opposed to Reproach, ignominy, Ezek.
our depraved inclinations, xxxvi. 6. Prov. ix. Great
or at variance with our tem- modesty and reserve, is call-
poral interests. ed Shamefacedjvess. 1
SEVEN, a number which Tim. ii. 9.
in Scripture is used so often SHEBA, or Seba. There
and so remarkably, as obvi- were several of this name :

ously to have an especial the first was the son of Cush,

import. The term often who gave the name to a
means a perfect or complete country in Arabia. Gen. x.
number. Job v. 19. Lev. 7. Psalm Ixxii. 10. (2. )The
xxvi. 24. Pa;, xii. 6. grandson of Cush. Gen. x.
SHALMANESER, a king 7. (3.) The son of Joktan,
of Assyria who, succeeding Gen. x. 29. (4.) The grand-
Tiglath-Pilezer, began his son of Abraham. Gen. xxv.
 —,

SHE 211 SHE

3. All these seem to have which resulted in the con-
taken up their residence in version of so many of the
Arabia, and perhaps most of citizens John iv. Matthew
them in the south part of it. Henry observes, " Shechem
One or more of these Shebas yielded the first proselytes to
gave name to the country, the church of Israel, (Gen.
whose queen came to visit xxxiv.) and it was the first
Solomon, and brought him place where the Gospel was
large presents of gold, spi- preached out of Israel." It
ces, and precious stones; was enlarged and beautified
but whether this Sheba was by Vespasian, about forty
situated in Arabia the Hap- years after Christ's death,
py, or in Abyssinia, is doubt- and was by him called Neap~
ful. The sonofBichri,
(5.) olis, or the New City.
a Jew, who headed a revolt It is, at this day, a fine
in the reign of David. 2 town, containing ten thou-
Sam. xx. (6.) The name of sand inhabitants, of which
a famous well, sometimes about one hundred are nom-
called Sheba, and sometimes inal Christians. It is now
Beersheba. Gen. xxvi, 33. called Naplouse.
SHECHEM, a very an- SHEEP, a well known
cient city, which the sons of animal, of the greatest utili-
Jacob cruelly ravaged, to ty, and famed for meekness
revenge the insult done to and docility. In Syria, are
their sister by its prince. two varieties of sheep. One
Gen. xxxiv. Near it was differing little from ours
u Jacob's well," John iv. 6, the other, more common
and his purchased burial and more esteemed, having
place, where the remains of a tail of extraordinary bulk,
Joseph, Eleazer, and Joshua often weighing twelve or
were deposited. Next to fifteen pounds, and some-
Jerusalem, this is perhaps times much more. It seems
the most interesting spot in to consist of a substance be-
Palestine. Mount Gerizim tween fat and marrow, and
rises near the town on the was commanded to be offer-
south, and Mount Ebal on ed in sacrifice to God. Lev.
the north. After the ruin iii. 9. The wealth of ancient
of the city of Samaria, She- kings, and other great men,
chem became the metropolis consisted chiefly in flocks
of Samaria, and was called and herds, 2 Kings iii. 4
Sychar. Near it occurred and this is still the case in
our Saviour's conversation some eastern countries, es-
with the Samaritan woman pecially where the people
 ;

SHE 212 SHI

are few, and pastures luxu- twelve tribes, were, ever/
riant. Christians are compar- Sabbath day, put upon the
ed to sheep for their inno-
, golden table, to be exposed
cence and excellence. Christ for the whole week. This
is << the Lamb of God ;" that bread was forbidden to be
is, the great atoning sacri- eaten by any, except the
fice. John i. 29. prieststherefore in the ex-
;

SHEK'EL, a weight a- traordinary case of David,

mong the Hebrews, but its nothing but urgent necessi-
precise heaviness is not ty could exempt him from
agreed on. The common sin. 1 Sam. xxi. 3 7. Matt, —
shekel of money, was about xii. 4. It seems to have
equal to a half dollar. The been intended to remind the
shekel of the sanctuary was Hebrews of their depend-
double that sum. ence on God for daily sup-
SHEM, the second son of port, and also as an emblem
Noah, was born A. M. 1558 of Jesus, the bread of life.
His posterity, of which the John vi. 48.
Jews are a part, peopled the SHIB'BOLETH, a He-
greater part of Asia. It is brew word, signifying a
thought by some that he was stream of water. Jud. xii. 6.
the Pluto of the heathen. SHIELD, an. instrument
SHEM'INITH, a string- of defence, held on the left
ed instrument, or possibly a arm, to ward off blows. In
species of music. Psalm vi. Scripture, God is often call-
xii. &c. ed the shield of his people.
SHEW, or Show, an ap. Princes and great men are
pearance or pretence ; also called shields, because they
any public sight. ought to be the protectors of
Christ made a shew of their people. Ps. xlvii. 9.
principalities and powers. Faith is likewise called a
Col.ii. 15, when he openly shield, Eph. vi. 16, because
triumphed over them on his it derives strength from
cross. To make a i( fair Christ for overcoming the
shew in the flesh," is to be temptations of Satan.
hypocritical by carefully ob- SHIGGAI'ON. word A
serving outward forms, while found in the title of the sev-
real piety at the heart is not enth psalm. It comes from
sought. a Hebrew word, which sig-
SHEW-BREAD, was that nifies to stray or icander
which was constantly exhib- whence some conjecture,
ited in the temple. Twelve that it denotes the song to
loaves, according to the be various, running from
 SHI 213 SHI
one kind of tune into anoth- mous by sea. After the
er, and expressive of great Saracens had ruined the
anguish of heart. Others Grecian commerce, the Ve-
suppose it to be an instru- netians and Genoese be-
ment of music. came famous in that way.
SHIGl'ONOTH, seems About 280 years ago, the
to be the plural of Shiggaion. Spaniards and Portuguese
Hab. iii. 1 became the most commercial
SHILOH. (1.) Oneof people. Then the Dutch
the names of Jesus Christ. took the lead; but at pres-
The great Deliverer; he ent, the English carry on
that frees from the law, sin, more business by sea than
and death. Gen. xlix. 10. any other nation.
It denoles the Redeemer, SH1TT1M WOOD, the
the author of our happiness, same as Shitta tree ; much
and our sole peacemaker used in building the Taber-
with God. nacle, and in making the
(2.) Shiloh, a famous sacred utensils, &c. ; but it is
city of the tribe of Ephraim, not now known exactly, what
about 25 miles north of Je- kind of a tree it was. Most
rusalem. Here Joshua fix- probably it was the Acanthus,
ed the tabernacle of God ; or Acacia vera, which grows
and here it continued at in all the deserts, from the
least 310 years. northmost part of Arabia, to
SH1NAR, the same as the extremity of Ethiopia.
Chalo'ea; which see. It is about the size of a mul-
SHIPS. Probably Noah's berry tree, the bark of a
ark was the first vessel of] greyish black, wood pale
this kind ever formed. The yellow,
|
and very hard,
tribes of Zebulon and Dan' branches thorny, flowers
appear to have early engaged sometimes white, but gene-
in commerce. Genesis xlix. rally yellow, and the fruit,
13. Judges v. 17. Solomon, which resembles a bean,
and after him Jehoshaphat, contained in pods, like the
set on foot a considerable lupin. Both the wood and
trade by sea. 1 Kings x.22. the flowers have a very
The Trojans were early pleasant smell. From this
powerful at sea but the tree is obtained the gum
;

Tyrians and Sidonians for Arabic, by making a gash

many ages were much more with an axe. Its leaves are
so: And after them, the Car- almost the only food for cam-
thagenians. The Greeks els while travelling in the
were also in their turns fa- great deserts.
 SHO
SHOE, a defence for the when he took possession of
foot.Among the Hebrews, the country, and used the
slaves went barefoot oth-
ers generally had their feet
and legs covered when they
went abroad ; and women of
quality wore shoes or gaiters
of very costly texture. Song
vii. 1. Ezek. xvi.10. Shoes
were ordinarily of no great
value, and so a, pair of shoes
denotes a very inconsidera
ble bribe. Amos ii. 6. Sol
diers often wore shoes of iron
and brass; and to this day,
many of the eastern people
wear iron plates on the heels
and the fore-sole of their
shoes. The Hebrews' eat-
ing of the first passover with
their shoes on, loins girded,
and staffs in their hand, im-
ported that they were im-
mediately to begin
journey. Exo, xii. 11. Put-
ting off shoes, imported rev-
erence, and was done in
presence of God, or on en-
tering the mansion of a su-
perior. Ex. iii. 5. Josh. v.
15. Want of shoes, denoted
mourning, debasement, and
slavery, 2 Sam. xv. 30.
Ezek. xxiv, 17. Isa. xx. 2,
4. The plucking off a shoe
and giving it to another, im-
ported resignation of right
to him. Ruth iv. 7.
or unloose the shoes of anoth-
er, imports doing for him the
meanest offices.
11. Luke iii. 16.
cast his shoe over
214 SIB
; people as slaves. Ps. lx. 8.
cviii. 9.
SHRINE, a cabinet or
case, to hold the effects of
saints, and the relics or re-
mains of their bodies; also
the tomb or place where
pilgrims offer up their pray-
ers and oblations to the
saints. Those of Ephesus
seem to have been small
models of Diana's temple,
with her image enclosed.
Acts xix. 24.
SHUNEM, a city of Is-
sachar, about five miles
south of Tabor. Josh. xix.
18. In a great adjacent
plain, the Philistine army
encamped, while Saul's ar-
my lay at Gilboa. 1 Sam-
their uel xxviii. 4.
SHUNEM1TE, an inhab-
itant of Shunem
or Shunam.
SHUSHAN, or Susa, on
the banks of the river Ulai,
in Persia. It is said to have
been built by Memnon, be-
fore the Trojan war. It
was the winter residence of
the Persian kings from the
time of Cyrus, being shel-
tered by a high ridge of
mountains from the north-
east wind ; but in the sum-
To hear, mer it was so intensely hot
as to be scarcely habitable.
Here Daniel had his vision
Matt. iii. of the ram and he-goat. Dan.
David viii.
Edom, SIBMAH, Shebmah, or
 S1L 215 SIM
Shebam, a cily about half which are drawn out with
a mile from Heshbon. The great care in spinning.
best vines grew about it. SIL'OAM, a fountain ris-
lsa. xvi. 8. It was original- ing at the foot of Mount
ly the property of the Moab- Zion. Its waters were re-
ites, and fell within the lot ceived in two large pools ',

of Reuben. Numb, xxxii. and what overflowed from

38. Josh. xiii. 19. the lower one passed into the
SICHEM. See Sechem. brook Kidron. The upper
SIDON, a great trading pool was sometimes called
city, and the capital of the " King's pool," probably be-
Phenicians. It was built cause his gardens were wa-
soon after the flood, by tered from it. Near this
Sidon, the eldest son of Ca- stood the tower of which
naan. Tyre, 25 miles south Christ speaks. Luke xiii. 4.
of it, was built by a colony SILVER is not mentioned
from this city. Both Tyre and as having been in use before
Sidon lay within the lot of the flood, nor till the time of
Jlsher ; but that tribe never Abraham ; it was not coined
expelled the people. Indeed, till long after, but was used
at one time the Sidonians in bars, or ingots. Its ore
overcame all Israel ; and in generally contains other
the days of Ahaz they drove metals, such as lead, tin, &c.
a great commerce in export- and must be often purged to
ing the Jews for slaves, render it fine. Ps. xii. 6.
Joel iii. 4. The gospel was The fine silver of the an-
at the first proclaimed here, cients was found in the
and flourishing churches mines of Tarshish. Jer. x. 9.
continued for many ages. Great quantities of it were
Some Christians are yet used in the building of the
found here. It now contains temple by Solomon. 1 Chron.
16,000 inhabitants, and is xxix. 4. It is put for all
called Saide. See Tyre. temporal wealth. Hos. ix.
SILK is not mentioned in 6. A siherling, or " piece
the Bible except in Ezek. of silver," is the same as a
xvi. 10, 13. The original Qn p Is pi
word means todrato out SIMEON. (1.) The sec-
gently ; and as there is no ond son of Jacob, born in
Historical evidence that silk the year 2247. (2.) An aged
was known in the days of saint who embraced the in-
Ezekiel, it might be better fant Jesus. It is thought by
to translate the word, very some learned historians he
fine linen; the threads of was the great Rabbi, with
 SIM
whom Gamaliel, Paul's
teacher, studied. (3.) A preached the gospel in E-
Christian minister of Anti-
och. Acts xiii. 1.
SIMON. There were sev-
eral of this name. (1.) Si-
mon Peter, a distinguished
disciple of our Lord. The
Roman Catholics call him
the Prince of Apostles,
though Paul seems more de-
serving of such a title. The
celibacy of the clergy finds
no example in his case, as
we know he had a wife.
Mark i. 29, 30.
(2.) The Cyrenian, who tomary
is thought by some to be the him water for his feet, took
same as Niger, the teacher
at Antioch. Matt, xxvii.
32. It is said that he was
afterwards the pastor of
Bostra, or Bezer, and died
a martyr for the faith.
(3.) Simon Zelotes, or
the Canaanite,one of Christ's
apostles. Pie was called Ze-
lotes, because he had been
one of those Galileans, or
zealous Jews, who refused
to pay tribute to the Romans.
The term Canaanite is ap-
plied to him, not because he
was a native Canaanite, like
the woman mentioned Matt.
xv. 22, for all the apostles
were Jews ; but either be-
cause he was born in Cana
of Galilee, or more probably
from the Hebrew word
Kanaim, which is synony-
mous to the Greek word
Zelotes.
216 SIM
Some suppose that he
gypt, Cyrenaica, Lybia, and
Mauritania, if not also in
Britain. Others affirm him
to have been murdered at
Lunir, in Persia, along with
Jude. See Zelotes.
(4.) Simon, the brother or
cousin of our Saviour, and
the son of Cleophas. Matt,
xiii. 55.
(5.) Simon -
, the Pharisee,
who invited our Saviour
an entertainment ; and
to
though he omitted the cus-
civility of giving
offence at his allowing Mary
Magdalene to anoint them.
Jesus, by the parable of the
two debtors, convicted him
of his mistake. Luke vii.
36—50.
(6.) Simon Magus, from
-
whom Simony had its name.
Simony means making mer-
chandise of ecclesiastical
livings, &c.
(7.) There were also
Simon, a tanner, Acts ix.
43 ; Simon, the father of
Judas Iscariot, John xii. 4,
&c.
SIMPLE, harmless, free
from deceit. To be " simple
concerning evil," is to have
little knowledge of the art
of committing it. Rom. xvi.
19. The " simplicity that is
in Christ," is either the
plain self-consistent truth of
! the gospel, or an unfeigned
 SIN 217 SIN
faith in this truth, 2 Cor 20, and works in us all man-
xi. 3. ner of concupiscence. Rom.
SIN. (1.) The name of vii. 8, 23.
a wilderness bordering on the The SIN AGAINST THE
Red Sea. Exo. xvi. 1. (2.) Holy Ghost, as it rejects
Offence against the law of and tramples on all his evi-
God, either by doing what dence and convictions, is call-
it forbids, or neglecting what ed the sin unto death, be-
it enjoins. Desiring forbid- cause being never pardoned,
den things, or disliking du- it inevitably ruins men. 1
ties, is also sin. It is the John v. 16.
cause of all misery in this What we render sin offer'
world, and of everlasting ing, is often the same in the
wo to the finally impeni- Hebrew as what we render
tent. Sins are called tres- sin. Lev. iv. 3, 25, 29. And
spasses, because they violate the priests are said to eat sin ;
the law. When it is said, he i. e. with pleasure feast on
that " committeth sin is of sin-offerings. Hos. iv. 8.
the devil," and is the " ser- Christ is said to be made sin,
vant of sin," it means, such that we might be made the
is the character of those who righteousness of God in him ;
wilfully sin. When it is i. e. he had our sins charged
said, the children of God do to his account, and was made
not sin, John viii. 34. 1 John a sin-offering 2 Cor. v. 21.
iii. 6, 9. v. 18, it means that IPet. ii. 24. Isa.liii. 6.
such do not willing!}' sin. SINAI, the mount on
When they sin, it is through which Jehovah appeared to
the power of temptation, Moses, and gave the law.
and gives them great grief. The Hebrews came to this
" Thou shalt visit thine hab- place in the third month of
itation, and not sin," means, their pilgrimage. The law
we must not live in a wick- was given, it is thought, just
ed manner. Job v. 24. fifty days after their exodus
Original. Sin, is that from Egypt, and hence, the
whereby our whole nature is Pentecost was observed on
defiled, and rendered con- the 50th day after the passo^
trary to the nature and law vei\ This mount stands in
of God, Ps. li, 5 ; and hence Arabia Petrea, and is called,
the inward part is said to be by the Arabs, Jibbil Mousa,
very wickedness ; that is, the or the mountain of Moses,
heart is enmity against God* and sometimes El Tor, or the
Ps. v. 9. This is the sin that Mount. It has two summits,
dwells in us, Rom. vii. 17, Horeb and Sinai ; which last
 SIN 213 SIN
is much the highest, and is ity, means an evident purity
called the Mount of God. when held up in the light of
The ascent is very steep, and the sun, as we would exam-
is hy steps, which the Em- ine water. 2 Cor. i. 12.
press Helena, the mother of SINGING has always
Constantine the Great, caus- been a part of divine wor-
ed to be cut in the rock. ship by Heathens, Jews and
These are now so much Christians. The gospel not
worn and decayed, as to make only authorizes it by exam-
the ascent tedious and diffi- ple, Matt. xxvi. 30, but ex-
cult. At the top of Sinai, pressly enjoins it, Eph. v. 19.
there is an uneven and rug- Col, iii. 16. It should be per-
ged place, sufficient to hold formed with an understand-
60 persons. Here stands a ing of its nature and impor-
chapel, and near to it, is a tance and with spiritual emo-
fountain of fresh water. At tions. Pres, Edwards ob-
the bottom in a narrow val- serves " as it is the
that,
ley, is the convent of St. command of God, that all
Catharine, enclosed by high should sing, so all should
walls without a door, to pre- make a conscience of learn-
serve them from Arab rob- ing to sing, as it is a thing
bers. Whoever wishes to that cannot be decently per-
enter, is drawn up in a bas- formed without learning.
ket. Here God spoke to Eli- Those therefore (where there
jah. 1 Kings xix. 8. Mount is no natural inability) who

Sinai, says Niebuhr, has neglect to learn to sing, live

numerous beautiful springs, in sin, as they neglect what
but they are not so copious as is necessary in order to their
to unite and form streams attending one of the ordi-
that last the whole year. nances of God's worship."
Various modern travellers Singing was by the early
have ascended to the summit Christians usually performed
of this Mount but the Arabs in a standing posture. The
;

practise upon them great im- mode of pronunciation was

positions. clear and intelligible, not
SINCERITY, pureness of greatly varying from a re-
mind, without double deal- citative tone. Those mod-
ing. The word is derived ern times which almost pre-
from the Latin sineerus, com- clude intelligible annuncia-
posed of sine without, and tion tend to defeat the object
e erv, wax ;or pure honey. 1 of the ordinance.
Cor. v. 8. The Greek word The Jewish hymns were
HXiKPiviiot translated sincer- accompanied with various
 SLI 219 SMY
musical instruments to assist the neighbourhood of ancient
the voices of the Levites. Babylon. Herodotus, Dio-
SIS'ERA, General of the scorides, Justin, Vitruvius,
Canaanites, under Jabin II. Strabo, Diodorus Siculus, &c.
Jael invited him into her speak of its being used as
house, and being instigated mortar.
of God to destroy this mur- The slime pits of Sidim,
derous idolater, and devoted were mud holes or springs,
Canaanite, drove a nail out of which issued this liquid
through his temples. bitumen, or naphtha. It was
SITE, an obsolete word, used in the process of em-
meaning since, or because. balming, and was hence call-
Jer. xv, 7. Ezek. xxxv. 6. ed " Gummi funerum," and
SI'VaN, the third month "Mumia." See Pitch.
of the Jewish sacred year. SLING, one of the earli-
See Month. est weapons invented by man.
SLANDER, the uttering By long practice, wonderful
of false accusations against skill is attained in the use of
another. It may consist in it, as was the case of the
surmises or assertions in Benjamites,
; who, <; with
imputing bad motives to cor- either hand, could sling stones
,
rect actions in partial and at a hair, and not miss.''
;

lame accounts of our neigh- Judges xx. 16.

bour's conduct; in putting- SMYRNA, a city of Ionia,
false constructions on words built by the Amazons, about
or conduct; in magnifying 40 miles north of Ephesus. It
real faults; in imputing con- was famous as early as the
sequences to our neighbour's time of Homer, whose birth-
conduct, which do not, or place it claims to be. About
may not follow and in any A. M. 3400, the Lydians de-
;

way of speaking, which shall stroyed it but it was rebuilt

;

be designed to injure one's 300 years after. ChristianA

fame, safety, or welfare. church was planted here
Christians should be anxious very early the members of
;

to guard against the very ap- which maintained their holy

pearance of this odious vice faith with such exactness,
SLIME was used by the that in the divine epistles
builders of Babel instead of sent them by John, there is
mortar. It is called in the no reproof, but praise and di-
Septuagint version asphal- rection. Rev, ii. 8, 9, 10.
tos ; and is bitumen, or a At the time Christianity was
kind of pitch. Great quan- introduced here, it was in all
tities of it are still found in its glory, abounding in wealth,
\
 ;

SOA 220 SOL

works of art, and schools of ably the boritk, or saltwort,
learning. Persecution soon a very common plant in
raged against the Christians Syria and parts adjacent.
but after Polycarp and many The natives burn it, and
others had laid down their leach the ashes. The water
lives for Christ, multitudes becomes impregnated with
were converted. It has of- a strong salt very proper
ten suffered from earth- for removing stains from
quakes, plague, fires, and cloth. There is also an
war ; but at present, is one unctuous kind of earth called
of the most flourishing places " steatites," or soap-earth,
in the Levant ; having a of much esteem in the baths
large and good harbour, and of the east for cleaning and
sustaining an active com- softening the skin. Dr. Har-
merce with all nations. Dur- ris thinks it probable that the
ing the late revolutionary two mules' burden of earth,
struggle, this city suffered taken by Naaman, were for
dreadfully ; but as Greece this use. 2 Kings v. 17.
is now free, it may be ex- SOCKET, a kind of mor-
pected to regain its ancient tise in which the pillars of
prosperity. By the last ac- the tabernacle were fixed.
counts, before the Revolu- A vast number of sockets
tion, it contained 100,000 were made, of which one
souls, of which above 10,000 hundred were of silver, a
are Christians of the Greek talent to each. Exod. xxviii.
church; 5,000 Armenians; 27. xxvi. 37. xxxviii. 27.
the rest are Turks, Jews, &c. The weight of these sockets
SNOW falls occasionally tended to make the pillars
in Palestine, and always in stand firm.
flakes as large as a chestnut. SODOM, Gomorrah, Ad-
Hence the expression, "He mah, Zeboim, and Zoar,
giveth snow like wool." Ps. were five cities of the Ca-
cxlvii. 17. It was brought naanites. In the days of
from the mountains, and sold Abraham they had each a
in the hot season, to cool king. The Dead Sea, or at
wine, &c. as ice is in our leasta part of it, now covers the
cities. Its water was con- site of these cities. Jude 7.
sidered very cleansing. Job The Scripture account ot the
ix. 30. overthrow of these cities is
SOAP, a word which oc- corroborated by profane his-
curs only Jer. ii. 22, and torians, viz. Strabo. Diodoruj
Mai. iii. 2. It seems to mean Siculus, Tacitus, Solinus, &c«
some cleansing herb; prob- SOLOMON'S history is
 SOR 221 SPA
full of interest, and amply grief tempered with reliance
given in Scripture. He was on God. *•
The sorrows of
the author of several books, hell," Ps. xviii. 5, are troubles
besides those in the Bible, of great magnitude.
viz. 3000 Proverbs, 1005 SOUL, is that spiritual, ra-
Songs, besides works on bot- tional, and immortal part or
any, natural history, and substance in man, which dis-
commerce. tinguishes him from the brute
The Soxg of Solomon is creation, and bears some re-
-

a sublime mystical allegory, semblance to its Divine Ma-

representing the reciprocal ker ; which possesses con-
love of Christ and the church. sciousness of its own exis-
In 1 Kings iv. 32, we are in- tence, and actuates, directs,
formed that Solomon's Songs or disposes in all the rela-
were a thousand and five of tions of life. The Scripture
,

which this is supposed to be ascribes to beasts a soul,

the chief for length and which may be a second ac-
grandeur, or as being inspir- ceptation of the word, as hav-
ed, and is hence called a ing the same import with
Song of Songs. breath or respiration, which
SORCERERS; conjurers, is the general principle of an-
or those who undertake to dis- imal life. But the Scripture
close secrets or foretel events, allows to man alone, an im-
by magical or diabolical pow- mortal soul, possessing the
er. Acts xiii. 8. They claim- knowledge of God, wisdom,
ed the power of calling up immortality, the hope of fu-
departed spirits. 1 Sam. ture happiness and of eternal
xxviii. of inflicting plagues. life ; and man alone it threat-
Ex. viii. 18, &c. The dam- ens with the punishment of
nation of such as addict another life, and the pains of
themselves to the practice of hell. Soul is sometimes used
sorcery is often declared, Isa. for a human creature, or the
xlvii. 9. Rev. xxi. 8, and whole person, both soul and
xxii. 15. body. Gen. xii. 5. ActsiL
SORROW, inward pain, 41. When
the soul and spirit
arising from guilt or afflic- are spoken of together, spirit
tion. It is said " the sorrow probablv means the temper.
of this world worketh death ;" SPARROW,
a very small,
that is, mere distress without well known bird. It is gre-
regard to God and looking to garious and remarkably live-
him for breaks the ly ; and when lamed, or de-
help,
heart, and brings us to the serted by its mate, seems
grave. " Godly sorrow," is quite disconsolate. Ps. cii. 7,
 SPE 222 SPI
Sparrows were so cheap at ed unto death; bein| made
Jerusalem, that " five were a spectacle to the world, to
sold for two farthings." Luke angels, and to men." 1 Cor*
xii. 6. The care of Divine iv.9.
Providence is therefore most SPIDER, a venomous,
strikingly depicted when his cruel and crafty insect, men-
minute attention to them is tioned but three times in the
declared. Matt. x. 29. Ps. Bible, and each time in al-
Civ. 24—31. lusion to wicked men. Job
—
SPECTACLE, a public viii. 14. Isa. Ux. 4 7. Prov.
Show. The Romans were xxx. 28. The story of the
remarkably fond of shows bite of that species called
and games; and the theatres tarantula, being only cura-
for this purpose w ere some- ble bv music, is a ridiculous
r

times very splendid gener- fable."

;

ally round like our circuses, SPIKENARD, a very fra-

and without a roof. One of grant species of grass, which
the common exhibitions was when trodden upon fills the
to put criminals in the arena, air with sweetness. The ear
and let loose wild beasts upon is about the size of one's fin-
them. Hence the apostle's ger, and is of a strong smell,
allusion. Heb. x. 32, 33. and bitterish taste. The
Perhaps when he says he medicinal properties reside
(i
fought with beasts at Ephe- principally in the root. The
stis." he means literally that ointment made of it is very
he was thus exposed. I Cor. precious, and was a favourite
xv. 32. Those who were perfume at ancient baths and
not condemned to certain feasts. Mark xiv. 3. It is
death, were allowed weapons called by Horace, " un-
af defence. When the com- guentum nardi spicatae," and
pany, which was always vast, contained the very essence
had enjoyed the horrid sight of the plant. A pound of it
Of these contests, in which in the days of Christ, was
the criminal was generally worth 300 denarii, a great
victor, then were brought sum at that time. John xii,
those capitally condemned, 3. The best spikenard comes
who were allowed no weap- from India. When cultivated
ons, nor even raiment ;and in gardens, it attains the
were of course soon destroy- height of five or six feet.
ed. To the latter class Paul SPIRIT, an incorporeal
seems to compare ministers, being, as God, John iv. 24;
when he says they are u set angels, Heb. i. 14; and the
forth last, as it were appoint- human soul, Acts vii. 5$.
 SPI 223 STA
The Holy Ghost, the third objects, and motives spiritual*
Person in the adorable Trin- Such as have not this spirit-
ity, Matt, 16; equal in ual-mindedness, are said to
iii.

power and glory with the be dead, while such as possess

Father and the Son, 1 John it, have life and peace. Rom*
v. 7. He inspired the an- viii. 5 — 9.
cient prophets to foretel fu- SPONGE, a sub-marine
ture events, 2 Peter i. 21 ; substance, produced like cor*
and bestowed on the Apostles al, by insects who inhabit it»
miraculous gifts, Acts ii. He Its innumerable and delicate
now quickens, illuminates, cells make it imbibe water
sanctifies, and comforts the easily, and as easily part with
people of God. John iii. 5. it, under pressure. Matt,
1 Pet. i. 2, and John xiv. 26. xxvii. 48.
We grieve the Holy Spirit, STACTE, a fragrant gum
Eph. iv. 30, by resisting of amber colour, supposed to
conviction of duty ; by living distil from the myrrh tree.
in a lukewarm condition ; or The only difference between
by abusing his favours, the stacte and gum myrrh,
through vanity, curiosity, or seems to be that the former
negligence. 2 Tim. i. 6. See oozed spontaneously from the
Soul,. tree, and was perfectly pure,
SPIRITUAL, means that while the latter was obtained
which belongs to spirits. The by incision, and was general*
church is a spiritual house ly less excellent.
;
It is men*
her members are renewed in tioned Ex. xxx. 34. only.
spirit. Jesus her foundation:
is STAR, a bright heavenly
and his and grace, body, seen in the night
Spirit
connect them w ith him, and Some are fixed, that is, retain
T

with one another. 1 Pet. ii. 5. the same relative distance

Prophets and ministers, are from the stars which sur-
spiritual men, because their round them others revolve'j

office lios in spiritual exer- round the sun, viz. planets

cises. Hos. ix. 7. God's law and comets. The naked eye
is spiritual ; it is a transcript can perceive only about one
of the divine nature. It is thousand. Tycho Brahe
given by the Holy Ghost, gave a catalogue of 770 stars.
and extends its authority to The telescope of Mr. Flam-
duties of a spiritual nature. stead, enabled him to discov-
Rom. vii. 14. er about three thousand.
Christians are required to The prodigious telescope of
be spiritually minded: that is, Hershel, rendered visible in-
to have their joys, exercises, numerable stars which had
 ST A 224 STA
before been hidden from our are calculated to be six hun-
knowledge. The ancient dred times further than Sir-
Heathens worshipped the ius ! Hence it takes three
Sun, Moon, Mercury, Mars, or thousand years for
four
Jupiter, Venus, arid Saturn, their light to reach us. As
for planets, i. e. wandering new stars have become visi-
luminaries ; and as our fath- ble in later times, perhaps
ers worshipped these, they there are some stars whose
dedicated the several days of light, since the creation, has
the week to them, as the but now reached our earth,
names they still bear indi- though it travels thirteen
cate. But according to the millions of miles in a minute.
new astronomy, the solar How immense then must He
system consists of eleven be, whom the heavens, and
primary planets, Mercury, heaven of heavens, cannot
Venus, the Earth, Mars, contain !

Vesta, Juno, Ceres,, Pallas, God numbers the stars and

Jupiter, Saturn and Her- knows them by their name,
schel; eighteen secondary Ps. cxlvii. 4. We have few
planets, of which the Earth of their names in Scripture,
has one, viz. the Moon Ju-
; as Chiun, Mazzaroth, Arctu-
piter has four, Saturn seven, rus, Orion, Pleiades. The
and Herschel six. All these star which conducted
the
planets move round the sun, wise men to the infant Jesus,
as well as round their own was probably a meteor, which
axes; and the satellites move moved in the air. Matt. ii.
round the planets. The}' Jesus Christ is called the
appear luminous by the re- MorningStar, by a simili-
flection of the rays of the sun. tudeborrowed from a star
The distance of the fixed which usually rises shortly
stars from the sun, renders it before the Sun, as he intro-
impossible for them to be il- duced the light of the gospel-
luminated by the reflection day, and brought a fuller
of his rays. It is thought manifestation of the truths
they are equal to our sun in of God, than the prophets,
magnitude, and only appear whose predictions are now
small by reason of their dis- accomplished. By stars are
tance. The nearest fixed sometimes meant, the prin-
Star is Sirius, or the Dog ces and nobles of a king-
Star, whose distance is sup- dom, Daniel viii. 10 ; and
posed to be not less than sometimes pastors or minis-
400,000 times greater than ters of the Gospel, who ought
that of the Sun. Some stars, to shine like stars in their
 STE 225 STO
lives and doctrine. Rev. i. anee. Matthew xxv. Titu3
20. The angels are called i. 7.
stars, 7, who
Job xxxviii. STOICKS, a sect of heath-
joined in extolling God for en philosophers, founded by
his work of creation. In Zeno of Cyprus, so called
Scripture, an extraordinary from his teaching in the Stoa,
multitude is often expressed or porch, at Athens. They
under the similitude of the regarded pain, poverty, be-
stars of heaven. reavement, &c. as only im-
STAVES, plural of staff; aginary evils, and the grati-
a word not now used. Mark fications of life, as only imag-
xiv. 48. N inary pleasures, and there-
STEEL iron combined fore preserved a cool indiffer-
is
with about one part of carbon ence under all circumstances.
in about two hundred of iron. Paul argued with them
The word occurs very sel- when in Athens. Acts xviL
dom, and probably ought to 18. Some of Zeno's opinions
be rendered brass or copper.: owe their degree of truth to
It is in fact so translated in his knowledge of the Old
Job xxviii. 2. and xl. IS, as Testament, and some he
well as in other gathered from the writings
various
places. of Socrates and Plato. One
STEWARD, one who of his favourite sayings was,
manages the affairs ot anoth- that u men, having two ears,
er, and is accountable to him should hear much ; and one
for the proper discharge of mouth, should speak little."
the duties of his office. The STONING, the punish-
ministers of Jesus Christ are ment generally appointed in
" stewards of the mysteries the law of Moses for capital
of God," being intrusted offences. The witnesses
with the management of threw first, then all present.
God's people, and the distri- Deut. xvii. 5—7. John viii. 7.
bution of their spiritual food. STORK, a bird about the
1 Cor. iv. 1. 1 Pet. iv. 10. size of a goose ; but as it ob-
Indeed, all mankind are tains its food by wading in
stewards under God, and the mud and not by swim-
must give an account to him ming, it has legs two feet
of all the talents with which long, and a neck in proportion.
they have been intrusted. It is a bird of passage, Jer.
We should therefore attend viii. 7, and frequented the
seriously to our important region round Ca.na and Naz-
charge, and stand prepar- areth in great flocks, which
ed for our Lord's appear- the inhabitants did not qio-
 sue 226 SUN
lest, chiefly because they ate this name. (1.) In Egypt
up injurious insects and rep- where the Hebrews first set
tiles. Such being its chosen up their tents. Exod. xii. 37.
food, may furnish the reason (2.) A
city east of Jordan, and
why it was not to be eaten south of the sea of Galilee,
by the Israelites. Lev. xi. where Jacob set up his tents
19. It is remarkable for its or succoth, as he came from
love to its parents. Bochart Pad an- a ram. Gen. xxxiii.
amd Scheuchzer have col- 17. It seems probable that
lected many testimonies to near it, Hiram
in the valley
this from the ancients. cast the large utensils for the
fact
Its very name in the Hebrew temple. Psalm lx. 6. 1
language, signifies mercy or Kings vii. 46.
piety. In Holland, and else- SUMMER, the warm sea-
where in Europe, where this son of the year. Gen. viii.
bird is common, it builds its 22. In countries north of
nest in high towers, or on the the equinoctial line, it begins
tops of houses. But in Pal in June, and ends in Sep-
estine, and such hotcountries, tember. South of the equi-
where the roofs are flat and noctial, it begins in Decem-
often frequented by the people ber, and ends in March.
df the house, the stork builds Seasons of prosperity, and of
its nest in lofty trees. Ps. civ. opportunities of salvation, are
17. called summer. Prov. x. 5.
STUBBLE. the stalks Zech. xiv. 8.
left in a field of grain which SUN, the great source of
has been reaped. Stubble light and heat; brought into
is of little value; of no existence on the fourth day
strength or force ; is easily of creation. The diameter
scattered by the wind ; and of the sun is about 800,000
easily burnt. Job xiii. 25, miles. His distance from our
xli. 29. xxi. 18. Joel ii. 5. earth is ninety-five millions
To it wicked men are com- of miles ; so that light, which
pared. Ps. Ixxxiii. 14. Isa. flies at the inconceivable
xl. 24. Mal. iv. 1. False swiftness of two hundred
doctrines are as stubble, of thousand miles in a second,
no worth; of no force to con- requires eight minutes to
vince or comfort men's con-
reach our earth cannon ! A
ball, shot thence, and moving
sciences, and cannot abide
the trial of God's word. 1
with unabated swiftness, viz.
Cor. iii. 12. (according to Durham,) a
SUCCOTH means tents. mile in eight and a half sec-
There were two places of onds, would take about thirty
 SUN 227 SUP
yenrs to reach our earth! the " sun and moon endure,"
The which often appear
spots is to last very long, or forev-
on the sun have never been er. Ps. Ixxii. 5, 17. Christ
satisfactorily accounted for. is called the "Sun of Righte-
Herschel thought them to ousness," as he enlightens-,
arise from chasms in the quickens, and comforts his
sun's atmosphere, caused people. u A woman clothed
temporarily by the ascent of with the sun," and the moon
gasses. Three miraculous under her feet, signifies the
events are related of the sun. church, clothed with the
It stood still at the command righteousness of Christ, and
of Joshua. Chap. x. 12. It rising superior to worldly
returned back in the time of thinas. Rev. xii. 1.
king Hezekiah. 2 Kings xx. SUPERSCRIPTION, that
11. It was involved in dark- which is written on the top
ness, at the time of our Sa- or outside of any thing. Mat.
viour's crucifixion, though xxii. 20. It was the custom
the moon was full, which of the Romans to write on a
proves it was not an ordinary tablet or board, the crime for
eclipse. Matthew xxvii. which any man suffered
45. Multitudes, from the death. This tablet, they
brightness and usefulness of carried before ihe offender
the sun, have worshipped to the place of execution,
him, under the characters of and fastened it over his head,
Baal, Chemosh, Moloch, that all might read his trans-
Phcebus, &c. Even with the gression, and beware of vio-
Jews, the worship of the sun lating the laws of their coun-
was practised ; and Josiah try. Hence the superscrip-
had to take away the horses, tion written over the head of
and burn the chariots, con- Jesus Christ, as recorded by
secrated in the temple to the all the Evangelists. Mat- .

sun. 2 Kings xxiii. 11. Af- thew xxvii. 37.

ter his death, we again find SUPERSTITION, foolish
the Jews worshipping the fears, extravagant fancies, o?
sun. Ezek. viii. 16. " From mistaken devotion in divine
the rising to the setting of worship the performance of
;

the sun," imports the whole uncommanded rites and ex- ;

world over. Ps. cxiii. 3. travagant dependence on

u Before the sun," or u in the such as are of Divine institu-
face of the sun,' imports the tion or too much ceremony
;

most daring, public, and open in religion, without due re*

manner. Jer. viii. 2. Numb. gard being paid to the attain*
xxv. 4. To continue while ment of inward holiness, ac»
 SUR 228 SWE
companied by a correct moral 22. Christ fulfilled the law
conduct. Idolatry a super- by the holiness of his life,
is
stition. Acts xvii. 22. Those and underwent the penalty
are superstitious who are when he offered up himself
alarmed at the howl of a dog, a sacrifice to satisfy divine
the spilling of salt, or who justice. The Scripture for-
fear ghosts, witches, &e. A
bids suretyship, or engage-
proper regard to the Divine ment for the payment of
government would assure us another person's debt. Prov.
of our perfect safety from al! xxii. 26. xi. 15.
evil, so long as we trusted in SWALLOW, a small bird,
God and obeyed him. nearly black, which migrates
SUPPER, was an impor- to warmer countries every
tant meal with the ancients, winter but returns, often to
;

Mark vi. 21. Luke xiv. the very nest occupied be-
12—24. John xii. 2. Rev. fore, which it constructs
xix. 9—17. generally under the eaves of
After eating the Passover, houses, in chimnies, &c. It
our Saviour instituted that seems some had their nests
solemn ordinance which is round the ceilings of the
called « the Lord's Supper," temple. Ps. Ixxxiv. 3. In
1 Cor. xi. 20. countries not very cold, swal-
In this rite we spiritually lows often venture to remain
feed upon Christ the living during winter, and fixing
bread, Rom. iii. 20. 1 Cor. themselves in caves or clefts
xi. It is called the commun- of mountains, or secluded
ion because we therein com- buildings, become torpid.
mune both with Christ and But it is not true, that they
our brethren. The Lord's conceal themselves under
Supper is not a sacrifice, as water or in marshes.
the Roman Catholics regard SWAN. The Hebrew
it, but a commemoration. It word so rendered, is very
is to be observed till the end ambiguous, and is translated
of the world, 1 Cor. xi. 26. Lev. xi. SO, mole. The Sep-
None are to partake, but tuagint render it, " Ibis ;" and
such as have been baptized Parkhurst considers it to be
and maintain a credible pro- the goose, because the word
fession of religion. imports breathing in a strong
SURETY," one who be- manner, or hissing, as the
comes bound for another. goose is known to do. It
Sins are called debts, Matt. occurs Levit. xi. IS, and
vi. 12, and Jesus Christ is Deut. xiv. 16.
called the surety. II eb. vii. SWEAR, to make a sol-
 SWI 229 SYN
emn appeal to Almighty of reproof, is strikingly indi-
God, desiring his mercy and cated by their being compar-
protection, no otherwise, ed to swine, trampling pearls
than as the matter or thing under their feet. Matt. vi. 6.
affirmed is true or false to
; SYCAMINE. Critics do
declare, promise, or give ev- not agree whether or not,
idence upon oath. Weought this is the same tree as the
never to swear but upon very Sycamore. Much learning
urgent necessity, and to se- has been displayed by Hil-
cure some considerable good. ler and Celsius to prove it
Our Saviour, who came into to be the morus or mulber-
the world not to destroy the ry tree. Luke xvii. 6, only.
law, but to fulfil it, forbade SYCAMORE, a tree which
all profane oaths. Matt. v. partakes of the properties
34. But he is not thought both of the fig and mulberry.
by learned men to have tor- The Egyptians seem to be
bidden solemn swearing in more fond of its fruits than
a court of justice. On the any other people. It is said
contrary, his answering, to produce seven crops a
when adjured by the High year. We find in 1 Chron.
Priest, is generally consider- xxvii. 28, that the Jews priz-
ed in the light of an oath. ed it. It attains a great size,
See Oath. three men sometimes not be-
SWINE, the plural of hog. ing able to grasp one. It is
It was not only ranked among always green. The fruit is
unclean animals by the Le- about the size of a fig, and is
viticai law, but by the strict often called by that name. It
Jews was regarded as impure is remarkable that the fruit
and detestable in the highest does not grow on the branches
degree. They would not so and twigs, but on the trunk
much as pronounce its name, of the tree, attached by sprigs
but called it "the strange like grape stalks. The wood,
thing." The herds of swine though coarse in grain, is
kept in the country of the remarkable for durability.
Gergesenes, were probably Mummy chests, &c. found
intended to supply idolaters in the catacombs by Dr.
with food and victims ; and Shaw, were of sycamore, and
was a gross violation and had remained sound for 3,000
contempt of the law of Moses. years. This tree abounded
Matt. viii. 30—32. The in Palestine. 1 Kings x. 27.
sottish slavery of persons SYNAGOGUE, an as-
devoted to sensuality, and sembly among the Jews for
their con temptous rejection religious worship. The place
 S YN 230 SYR
where they met to pray, to Our Saviour and his Apos-
read, and to hear the reading tles found the synagogues
of the Holy Scriptures, and very convenient places for
otherinstructions; and where proclaiming the good news
by sermons and exhortations from heaven.
delivered to them, by proph- There are now in the Unit-
ets formerly, and afterwards ed States, Jive synagogues,
by the doctors or teachers, via. in Newport, New York,
the people were kept in the Philadelphia, Richmond, and
knowledge of God and his Charleston. The congrega-
laws. They began to be tions in each are small.
used about the time of Ezra, SYRACUSE, a famous
and were very useful in keep- city, called also Saragassa,
ing up a knowledge of God on the southeast of Sicily,
among the people. There 22 miles in circumference.
was a council or assembly of It was founded A. M. 3269,
grave and wise persons, well and was once the largest and
versed in the law, who had richest city of the Greeks.
the care of all things belong- Archimedes, with astonishing
ing to the service of the syn- inventions,defended the place
agogue, and the manage- from the Romans; but it
ment of certain judicial af- was taken, and he was slain,
fairs ; over whom was set a about B. C. 208. The Sara-
president, called the " ruler cens seized it, A. D. 675;
of the synagogue." Luke but in 1090 it was taken from
viii. 41. As there was but them by Roger, duke of
one temple, and to this a re- Apulia. Here Paul tarried
sort was to be had but thrice three days, as he went pris-
a year, and then by the males oner to Rome. Christianity
only, such a mode of keeping was early planted here, and
the Sabbath became indis- still continues, at l^ast in
pensable. Soon after the cap- name- The city has wholly
tivit}', the Jews had great lost its ancient splendour.
numbers of synagogues, Acts xxviii. 12.
which increased, till there SYRIA, or Aram. The
were about 480 of them in Syrians descended from
Jerusalem. Every trading Aram, and possessed Meso-
fraternity had their syna- potamia, Chaldea, and part
gogues ; and companies of of Armenia. But Syria Pro-
strangers, as Alexandrians, per had the Mediterranean
Cyrenians, and others, had Sea on the west, Cilicia on
theirs for public prayer, and the north, the Euphrates on
for reading the Scriptures. the east 3 and Canaan and part
 THE TABERNACLE,

THE COURT OF TU2, TASERNACLS.

 ,

SYR 233 TAB

of Arabia the Desert, on the Syria, without any other
south. Its good soil and noble appellation, stands for the
rivers, Euphrates, Orontes, whole kingdom of Syria ; of
Casshnere, Adonis, Barrady, which Jltitioch became the
&c. rendered it a most de- capital, after the reign of the
lightful country. It was di- Seleucidae, before which the
vided into various provinces, name is seldom used alone.
which derived their names SYRO-PHCENICIA was
from their situation and cir- either that part of Phoenicia
cumstance. bordering on Syria, or per-
Ccelo-Syria, included haps the whole of Phoenicia,
the valley between the ridges which by conquest had been
ofLibanus and Anti- Libanus. united to Syria. The people
The word often occurs in the were originally Canaanites.
books of Maccabees, and sig- Gen. x. 15. Mark vii. 26.
nifies Syria the Hollow. Matt. xv. 22— 2S.
Syria of Damascus was
a section stretching eastward
along Mount Libanus, and of
which Damascus was the T.
capital. Its limits varied ac-
cording as its princes were TABERNACLE. (I.) A
more or less powerful. Isa. tent, or slight temporary
vii. 8. building made to be carried
Syria of Rehob was from place to place as occa-
that part of which Rehob sion required. (2.) That
was the metropolis. 2 Sam. particular tent in which the
x. 6. It bordered Palestine, Israelites performed their re-
and was given to Asher. ligious exercises, while in
Josh. xix. 23. the wilderness. It was call-
Syria of Zoba was prob- ed " the Tabernacle of the
ably the same as Hollow Congregation." Exo. xxxiii.
Syria. 7. Here, till the building of
Syria of Maacah lay the temple, was kept the ark
beyond Jordan towards Leb- of the covenant, which was
anon, and was given to Ma- a symbol of God's gracious
nasseh. 2 Sam. x. 6. Deut. presence with the Jewish
fii. 14. It is called Abelbeth- church. Exod.xxvi.l. Heb.
Maacah. 2 Kings xv. 29. ix. 2, 3. A tolerable idea of
Tob, or Ishtob, was a the tabernacle may be ob-
province of Syria in the tained from the picture. The
neighbourhood of Libanus. [court was 150 feet long and
Jud. xi. 3, 5. 1 75 broad. The curtains round
U
 TAB 234 TAB
itwere 8 feet high, sustained The tabernacle was a type
by 56 pillars. Within this of Christ's human nature,
area was the tabernacle, the wherein God dwells person-
altar of burnt-offering, and ally. Heb. viii. 2. ix. 11.
the brazen laver. The tab- The natural body is the tab-
ernacle or sacred tent was ernacle of the soul. 2 Cor.
towards the west end, 45 feet v. 1. 2 Pet. i. 13. The
lon^ and 15 broad. A curtain ' ;
tents of Judah," are such
divided it into two apart- Jews as dwelt in unfortified
ments, the eastern one, call-
cities. Zech. xii. 7. The
ed the Most Holy Place, be- church's " tent was enlarg-
ing 15 feet square. Within ed," and " her curtains
the Holy Place were the altar stretched out," her "cords
of incense, the candlestick, lengthened," and her" stakes
and the table of shew-bread. strengthened," when the
Within the Holy of Holies, Gentiles were converted to
was the ark of the covenant, Christ, and her gospel state
with its mercy -seat, and over- established. Isa. liv. 2. " The
shadowing cherubims, be- tabernacle of God is with
tween which rested the she- men," when they enjoy his
kinah, or visible glory. See eminent fellowship and fa-
Ark. vour. Rev. xxi. 3. The
was a splendid and cost-
It church and her true mem-
ly structure ; but having bers are like " the tents of
been removed often, it be- Kedar ;" their outward ap-
came entirely worn out by pearance is mean and despi-
the time Solomon's temple cable, and their condition in
was ready. this woild very unsettled.
The Feast of Tabernacles Song i. 5.
was celebrated after the har- TABLE. The Jewish ta-
vest, in remembrance of their ble mostly in use, was proba-
having dwelt in tents in the bly that now common in the
the wilderness. They re- east, viz. a circular piece of
turned thanks to God for the leather spread on the floor,
fruits oi the earth, and were on which the food is laid,
put in mind, that they were while those who partake, sit
only pilgrims and traveller; round with their leg* crossed.
in this world, Lev. xxiii.34. Among those in high life,
It lasted eight days, during each guest had his separate
which the people dwelt in table and mess.
booths, or tents, erected in When the Jews returned
the fields, or streets, and on from captivity, they brought
tops of their houses. with them tiie more refined
 TAC 235 TAL
Persianmethod of eating, by which the curtains of the
which was to have a table tabernacle were buttoned.
like ours, only shaped like Ex. xxvi. 6.
a horse shoe, or three sides TADMOR, a noble city in
of a square. Against these the norlh of Canaan. Its vi-
were placed not chairs, but cinity was exceedingly fer-
couches, with their end to tile, though at a little greater
the table. The body re- distance all was a sandy des-
clined on these, propped by ert. Here lived Longinus.
the left arm. The open It is now famous only for its
space in the centre enabled ruins. About 30 poor fami-
the servants to perform their lies constitute its whole pop-
duty. Such a posture ena- ulation. The modern name
bled Mary to come behind of the town is Palmyra.
Christ to wash and anoint TALENT, a Jewish coin
his feet. See the Frontis- or weight. Money of specific
piece, whence a true idea current value was not known
may be formed of this ancient in early times but gold and
;

mode of eating. silver were weighed out

TABOR. (I) A conical when purchases were made.
mountain in Galilee. Josh, Gen. xxiii. 16, and xxxvii.
xix 12, 22. It is about two 28. Jer. xxxii. 10. The
miles high, and on the top is Jews did not besrin to coin
a beautiful plain about a money till about 150 years
mile in circumference, and before Christ. It is not quite
enclosed with trees, except clear what wa3 the exact
towards the south. From value of the talent. That of
the top is one of the most de- silver was probably some-
lightful prospects in the where near 2,000 dollars,
world. On this mount, Ba- and that of gold about 30,000.
rak assembled his army, and, Whatever gifts or opportuni-
at the foot of it, defeated the ties God gives to men for
hostofJabin. Judg. iv. 6,8. their usefulness are called
It is thought by some that talents. To some he gives
here our Saviour was trans- these in greater, and to oth-
figured. (2.) Tabor was also ers in less proportion ; but all
the name of a city given by ought to improve what they
the Zebulonites to the Le- receive, for of all will a strict
vites of Merari's family, 1 account be exacted. Matt,
Chron. vi. 77; and of a place xxv. Luke xix. When our
near Bethel. 1 Sam. x. 3. Saviour speaks in a parable,
TABRET. See Timbrel. of the obligations we owe to
TACHES, loop3 or clasps, God, and those which men
 TAR 226 TAR
owe each other, he calls try the wheat fan gets out
to
the ten thousand talents, the tare seed
first but the an- ;

and the last a hundred pence, cient fan could no*. [See
&trikingly teaching us how Fan.] On this account they
small our offences are to one pulled up the tares, or sepa-
another, compared to those rated them
before threshing,
we commit against God. when the best flour was to be
Matt, xviii. 24—28. made. Mr. Fisk the mis-
TAMMUZ,orThammuz, sionary, found on the plains
an Egyptian Deity, thought round Ephesus, some Greek
by some to be same as Apis, men and women employed
or Serapis, or Osiris, (three in the fields of grain, pulling
names for the same god) and up tares Matt. xiii. 28L
by others to in Syria have seen
be the same as Travellers
Adonis, vshose untimely the reapers separate the tares
death was honored by an an- from the wheat as they pro-
nual mourning, Ezek. viii. 14. ceeded, and bind them in sep-
The 10th month of the arate bundles. Matt. xiiL
Jewish civil year, bore also 30. Sometimes a sieve is
this name, Jer. xxxix. 2. used. Thus Satan desired to
TAP£STRY,cloth wrought sift Peter as wheat. Luke
into figures in the loom, or xxii. 31.
with the needle. It was used TARSHISH,or Tarsus.
in the east, as early as the There appear to have been
time of Solomon. The cru- several places called by this
saders seem to have intro- name, viz.
duced the art of making it (1.) Tarsus in Cilicia,
into Europe, about 600 years which was the capital of that
ago. The English and Flem- country, and stood on the
ish first distinguished them- river Cydnus, about six
selves in making it. It was miles from the sea, built,
used to cover beds and to or- Strabo says, by Sardanapa-
nament rooms, but is now lus, the king of Assyria. It
happily become unfashiona- is said to have once excelled

ble, as its beauty is not equal even Athens and Alexandria

to the time and pains it re- in learning; those cities, and
quires. Its figures are fre- even Rome itself, being in-
quently formed with threads debted to it for their best pro-
of gold. Prov. vii. 16. fessors. Julius Cesar, and
TARES, a weed injurious afterward Octavius, delighted
*o grain, both by occupying to honour it. and granted its
space, and by the seed being citizens the same privileges
unwholesome. In this coun- as those of Rome : and hence
 —

TEM 237 TEM

Paul was here u free born." to abstain from excessive
To evince their gratitude, the eating, drinking, or any other
inhabitants called their city enjoyment. It is opposed to
Juliovolis, or the city of Ju- every excess, by which the
lius. This city at present is mental faculties are becloud-
of no importance ; but Chris- ed, or the moral habits ren-
tianity, planted here by Paul, dered unchaste. Luke xxi.
has never since been wholly 34. Phil. iv. 5. Intemper-
extinct. Its present name is ance in the use of ardent
Trassa. *
spirits had become awfully
(2.) The name seems to be prevalent in this country,
applied to Spain. Psalm and threatened entire ruin,
Ixxii. 10. till of late vast numbers of
(3.) Aplace on the east of _ iod men, alarmed at the
Africa, not far from Ophir. approaching crisis, rose to
1 Kings x. 22. check the spreading evil.
(4.) Carthage. Isaiah Associations were formed
xxiii. 6. newspapers established a- —
TEIL-TREE, the same as gents employed tracts cir- —
the linden. Its leaf resembles culated —
addresses deliver-
laurel, and its flower that of ed, &c. ; and by the blessing
the olive. Isa. vi. 13. The of God, the growth of the
original word is every where evil is not only checked, but
else rendered Oak. a good measure of reform
TE'KEL, a Chaldee word, produced. It is the purpose
signifying, Thou art iccighed. of those who began to sound
See Upharsin. the alarm, not to cease till
TEKO'A, a city ofJudah, such liquors are only used as
twelve miles south-east of a medicine, according to the
Jerusalem. Around it was Scriptures. Prov. xxxi. 6.
an extensive wilderness, or TEMPLE. The house
pasture land, and forest built at Jerusalem for the
Amos, the prophet, kept a worship of God. The pre-
herd here, before his call to parations for this temple were
the ministry. Amos i. 1. immense. David and his
TEM AN, a grandson of princes contributed 108,000
Esau, from whom descended talents of gold. 1,017,000
the Temanites, Job iv. 1. talents of silver, which to-
The land of Edom is so call gether amounted to 46,000
ed, Jei xlix. 20. Amos i. 12. tons weight of gold and sil-
.

TEMPERANCE, moder- ver, or the value of more

ation; that command over than 4,000 millions of dollars !
ourselves, which enables us About 184,600 men were em-
 TEM 238 TEM
ployed seven years in build- About A. M.
3469, Cyrus
ing it. It was erected on ordered it be rebuilt,
to
Mount Moriah ; and was ded- which was done under the
icated with solemn prayer by direction of Zerubbabel. It
Solomon, during seven days wanted, however, as the
of sacred feasting and by a Jews say, five things which
peace-offering of 20,000 oxen were the chief glory of the
and 120,000 sheep, to con- former viz. the Jlrk, and its
;

sume which the holy fire furniture, the Shechinak, or

came down anew from heav- cloud of the divine presence,
en. It remained in its glory the Holy fire, the Urim and
only about 34 years, when Thummim, and the Spirit of
Shishak carried off its treas- prophecy. Ezra i. iii. vi.
ures, 1 Kings xiv. 25, 26. About A. M. 3837, Antio-
Jehoiada and Joash repaired chus Epiphanes profaned it,
it about A. M. 3150. Soon and stopped the daily sacri-
after Joash gave its treasures fice; but, about three year9
to Hazael king of Syria, 2 after, Judas Maccabeus puri-
Kings xii. 4, 5. Ahaz strip- fied and repaired it, and re-
ped it so completely to hire stored divine worship. This
the assistance of Assyria, second temple having stood
that it was a long time en- more than 500 years, and
tirely shut up. 2 Chron. being greatly out of repair,
xxviii. Hezekiah repaired Herod the Great, about A.
it, and made such vessels for M. 3987, began to build it
it as it wanted ; but in the anew. In nine years he
14th year of his reign, was finished the principal parts of
obliged to take from it much it ; but 46 years after, when
of its wealth, to give to Sen- our Saviour had begun his
nacherib. 2 Kings xviii. public ministry, it was not
Manasseh idolatrously rear- quite finished ; indeed, till
ed altars to the host of heav- the beginning of their ruin-
en in the sacred courts, but ous wars, they still added to
afterwards restored the true its buildings. It was thus
worship of God. Josiah his made far more complete and
grandson further purged the beautiful than that of Zerub-
temple, and replaced the ark babel, and was one of the
ofGodinit. 2 Kings xxi. most astonishing structures in
xxii. About A. M. 3398, the world, for magnitude and
Nebuchadnezzar carried the magnificence. Though al-
sacred vessels to Babylon, most a new edifice, it retained
and at last, 3416, entirely de- the name of Second Temple.
molished it. Jer. lii. 12—23. It was more glorious than the
 TEM 239 TES
original terflple, Hag. ii. 9, sin with great boldness, as
because honoured with the if to try whether God would
presence and ministry of punish them. Mai. iii. 15.
Christ. It was burnt and Acts v. 9.
entirely destroyed by the We
may conclude an evil
Roman army under Titus. thought to be a temptation of
M
A ah cine tan Mosque now Satan, and not the fruit of our
stands on the very spot own minds (1.) When it is—
where once was the Holy of contrary to our general char-
Holies. Into this no Jew or acter. (2.) When it is op-
Christian dare venture on posite to our present frame of
pain of death, or of redeeming mind, and seems to come sud-
his life by becoming a disci- denly. (3.) When it is un-
ple of Islamism. natural or contrary to reason,
TEMPTATION. (1.) The (4.) When it is detested and
act of enticing to a crime. opposed from the moment of
(2.) The state of beins: tried. the suggestion.
(3.) Any thing offered to the TERAH, the son of Na-
mind as a motive to ill. It hor, wasborn, A. M. 1878;
signifies those means which and at the 130th year of his
are made use life, had Abram born to him.
of by the devil,
to ensnare mankind, and He and his family were idol-
dfaw them from their duty. aters but it would seem that
',

Matt. vi. 13. xxvi. 41. Luke the call of Abraham was
xi. 4. God tempts men by blessed to his conversion. It
those afflictions which he per- is certain that Terah emi-
mits, in order to exercise, grated with Abraham to
prove, and confirm the graces Haram, and died there. Gen.
of his people. Gen. xxii. 1. xi. 24—32. Josh. xxiv. 2, 14.
They should therefore be TERAPHIM, images or
borne by Christians without household gods. Some think
murmuring, that they may they were talismans, to pre-
become patterns of obedience, serve the family from evil.
James i. 2, 12. Men tempt Eastern nations have for
God, when they unseasona- many ages been addicted to
bly and irreverently require such charms. The Persians
proofs of his presence, power, call them telephin, a name
and goodness. Ex. xvii. 2, not dissimilar teraphim.
to
7 ; when they expose them- They were sometimes con-
selves to danger, from which sulted for oracles. Zech. x.2.
they cannot escape without T£STAMENT,thewillof
his miraculous interposition, a testator. Gal. iii. 15. Heb.
Matt. iv. 7 ; and when they ix. 16, 17. The Greek word
 THE 240 THE
so translated in the New Tes- cent churches. Ch. v. 27.
tament, is that hy which the His object seems to have
JLXX, have uniformly trans- been, to confirm them in the
lated theHebrew word for faith, and to excite their
Covenant. The Old Scrip- piety.
tures are called the Old Test- The Second Epistle written
ament, or Covenant, or Dis- soon after the first, commends
pensation. 2 Cor. iii. 14. their faith and charity, recti-
The dispensation of the cov- fies their mistake in suppos-
enant of grace, as contained ing that the day of judgment
in the writings of the evange- was at hand ; admonishes
lists and apostles, is called the them of certain irregularities
New Testament. It is last in in their church, &c.
order, and shall never be Beside the marks of gen-
abolished. Though it agree uineness and authority which
with the Old Testament, it is this epistle has in common
far more clear, spiritual, ef- with the rest, Horne re-
ficacious, and easy. Heb. ix. marks, " it has one peculiar
15. Acts xv. 10. to itself, in the exact repre-
TE'TRARCH, one who sentation it contains of the
governed the fourth part of a Papal power, under the char-
kingdom. acters of the Man of Sin,'
'

THANKSGIVIN ^grate- and the * Mystery of Iniqui-

ful acknowledgment of ben- ty.' For considering hovv
efits. It implies, (1.) A real directly opposite the princi-
sense of value in the things ples here described, Ch. ii,
received. (2.) A reception were to the genius of Chris-
of them with complacency. tianity, it must have appear-
(3.) Acheerful avowal of the ed at that time highly improb-
obligation conferred. (4.) able, that they should ever
Grateful love to the bestow- have prevailed in the Chris-
er; and (5.) Hearty desires tian church ; and conse-
to compensate or honour him quently a prediction like this,
who blesses us. Phil. iv. 6. which answers so exactly in
ITim. ii. 1. every particular to the event,
THE8SALONIANS, the must prove that its author
tftle of two epistles written to wrote under divine influ-
the church at Thessalonica ence."
The First Epistle is gen- THESSALONI'CA, the
erally admitted to have been capital of Macedonia. It was
the earliest written of all anciently called Haiis, and
Paul's letters. He enjoined Thermos; but Philip, the fath-
it to be read to all the adja- er of Alexander the Great,
w
*mm,2

ANCIENT THRESHING FLOOR.

A, View of the bottom and rollers.
B, View of the side and driver'u Beat.
 ;

THR 243 THR

called it Thessalonica, to our southern states, by
commemorate his victory trampling and rolling a suf-
over the Tbessalians. About ficient spot of ground, gen-
A. D. 52, Paul, Silas, and erally on some gentle em-
Timothy, planted a church inence for the sake of the
here. It was at this time a wind. The lees of oil were
city of great commerce and mixed up with the clay,
wealth, and abounded with which rendered it impervi-
Jews. The Saracens took it ous to water. Here the
about 800 years after Christ smaller kinds were beaten
and after various revolutions, out with a long staff, or
it fell under the power of flail; the larger kinds with
Turkey. It is at this time oxen or horses, These drew
one of the chief ports oi a set of rollers, over which
modern Greece, containing was constructed a seat for
before the late revolution the driver of the team. Isa.
60,000 inhabitants, of which To separate the
xxviii. 27.
12,000 were Jew*. Its pres- chaff and s;rain, the fan was
ent name is Saloniky. used. [See Fan.] The
THOMAS, or Didymus, grain was cleared of heavier
one of the apostles. Matt. substances, such as lumps of
x. 3. He staid several years dirt, by means of the sieve.
at Jerusalem, after the Pen- To depict the dire ruin of
tecost, and then went, it is the wicked, it is said, " they
said, to preach among the shall be as the chaff that is
Parthians, Medes, Hyrcani- driven with the whirlwind
ans, and Bactrians. He suf- out of the floor." Hos. xiii.
fered martyrdom in Melia- 3. Job xxi. 18. The church
poor, in the East Indies, is likened to a threshing-
where, three hundred years floor ;for here Christ gath-
ago, the Portuguese discov- ers his glorious harvest, and
ered Christians, who called here he will thoroughly
themselves by his name. cleanse it. Matt. iii. 12.
THREE TAVERNS, a THRONE,the seat of a
place between Apii-Forum monarch. Being always
and Rome, about 35 miles higher than a chair, it need-
south of the latter. ed a footstool, where, in to-
THRESHING-FLOOR. ken of reverence, applicants
A very good idea of this im- bowed themselves. Ps. xcix.
portant part of a Jewish farm 5. Solomon's throne was
may be got from the -picture. raised six steps, and was of
It was prepared in the open solid gold and ivory. The
field, as it is at this day in word is used to denote king-
 TIB 244 TIB
ly authority,Gen. xli. 40; sian, was'almost demolish-
it
and hence angels are called ed. It was, however, a place
thrones. Col. i. 16. of considerable note, for ma-
THYAT1RA is situated ny ages after. This city, af-
between Sardis and Perga- ter the destruction of Jerusa-
mos, near a branch of the lem, flourished considerably,
Caicus, in the centre of an having thirteen synagogues
extensive plain. At the dis- and a famous academy, over
tance of four or five miles, a which a succession of Jewish
belt of mountains surrounds doctors presided till the
it. It was once famous for fourth century. Here was
its purple dye. Acts xvi. held the last session of the
14. There are now about Sanhedrim, and here the
1,000 houses in the place, Talmud was collected. It
but poor. The streets are is still a decent town, and
very narrow and dirty. Its around it are extensive ruins
modern name is Ak Hisar. indicative of its former ex-
THY'INE, the same as tent and grandeur. Thirty
the Thya tree. It rises with or forty families of Greek
a strong trunk to the height Catholics reside here. The
of 30 feet on more, the present name of this town is
branches projecting horizon- Tabaria.
tally, and at right angels TIBERIUS. Cesar Au-
with each other. The wood gustus having married Li-
is hard and admits a fine via. Tiberius' mother, adopt-
polish, on which account ed him as his heir. In the
the heathen make gods of it. beginning of his reign, Ti-
From this tree is obtained berius behaved with moder-
the gum sandrac. Rev. ation ; but afterwards be-
xviii. 12. came peevish, cruel and op-
TIBERIAS, sea of. See pressive. About the thir-
Gennesa-reth. teenth year he made Pilate
TIBERIAS, a city of Gal- governor of Judea. In the
ilee, builtby Agi ippa, and fifteenth year, John Baptist
named in honour of the em- began to preach. Luke iii.
peror Tiberius. Hegesippus 1. Soon after, he took from
says it was the same as the Jews the power of put-
Cinnereth. In the time of ting criminals to death. It
the Jewish wars, this city is said, that hearing of the
was the capital of Galilee, miracles of our Saviour, he
and was bravely defended was earnest to have him en-
by Josephus the historian; rolled among the Roman
but being taken by Vespa- deities, but was hindered by
 ;

TIM 245 TIN

the senate. He so favoured prepared for an event. Gal.
the Christians, as to threat- iv. 4.
en death to such as molested TIMOTHY, or Timothe-
them on account of their us, was a native of Lystra.
religion. His father was a Greek, but
TIGLATH-PILEZER, a his grandmother and moth-
king of Assyria, who was er, being pious Jewish wo-
called upon by Ahaz, king men, trained him up in the
of Judah, for help against knowledge of the Scriptures,
Pekah, king of Israel, and Acts xvi. 1. His bodily con-
Rezin, king of Damascus. stitution was weak, but his
1 Kings xi. He died B. C. gifis and graces were emi-
729, and was succeeded by nent.
Shalmanezer. The Epistles to Timothy
TIMBREL, an instru- were written by Paul from
ment of music, very like our Rome, not long before his
Tambourine, consisting of a death. In these he is in-
brass hoop, over which was structed in the choice of of-
stretched a parchment. It ficers for the church, in the
was held in the left hand, proper deportmentofa Chris-
and struck with the right tian minister, in the method
and was played on while of church government and
dancing, on occasions oi discipline, the importance of
great joy. Ex. xv. 20. It steadfastness in Christian
is also called Tabret. doctrine, the perils and se^
TIME, the measure of ductions that should come,
duration ; the season to do a &c.
thing. To " redeem time," TIN, a white metal, of
is to be doubly diligent in little elasticity, lighter than
duty on account of former almost any other metal, and
negligence. Time is re- so ductile as to be capable
deemed, by avoiding exces- of being beaten out into
sive sleep, useless recrea- leaves as thin as paper. It
tions, indolent habits, formal is procured in Germany,
visits, trifling reading, vain Saxony, England, South
conversation, and officious America, and the East In-
employments. " The last dies. It seems to have been
times," mean gospel times known and used very early,
which are under the last dis- being mentioned, Numb.
pensations of grace, and near xxxi. 22, and by Homer, in
the end of the world. The the Iliad. Its ores frequent-
" fulness of time," means the ly occur in granite. Tin
time when every thing is ware, as it is called, is really
 TIT 246 TIT
sheet iron ware, washed with his g.un. Gen. xxviii. 22.
tin to prevent rust. Many of the Greeks, Ro-
TIRE, an ornament for a mans, and other Heathen,
head dress, or possibly the devoted the tenth part of
head dress itself. The Tar- their incomes to the service
gum and Talmud, as well as of their gods.
Rabbi Jarchi, interpret the By the Jewish law, the
word in Ezek. xxiv. 7, of tenth of \he product of corn,
the phylacteries, or frontlets, cattle, &c. was assigned to
worn on the forehead. The the Levites. Of what re-
" round tires like the moon," mained ro the proprietor,
mentioned lsa. iii. 18, were another tithe was levied, and
necklaces, such as were in value or kind, sent to the
fourd upon the necks of the service of ihe tabernacle and
Midianite kings, and even temple, and the ministers
on their camels, Jud. viii. thereof, at the solemn feasts.
21, 26. In the latter text On every third year a third
the same Hebrew word is tithe was levied, for the use
called " chains," which is of the Levites, and the fath-
here called tires. erless, widows, and stran-
TIR'HAKAH, a king of gers. The Levites paid to
Cush ; called in profane the Priests the tithe of what
history, Thearchon. 2 Kings they received from the peo-
xix. 9 ple. Deut.xiv. 28. It does
TIR'SHATHA, a title of not appear that the tithe of
honour bestowed on Nehe- herbs was demanded. The
miah, thought to be equiva- Pharisees, however, tithed
lent to commissioner. Ezra their mint, anise, cummin,
ii. 63: Neh. x. 1. and rue nor does Jesus
;

TlRZAH,avery beauti- condemn them for it, but for

belonging to the neglecting weightier things,
ful city
Ephraim. 1 Kings as mercy, judgment, and
tribe of
xiv. 17. faith, while they were so ex-
TITHES mean tenths. act in small matters. Deut.
The early practice of giving xiv. 22—29. Num. xviii. 20.
a tenth of income to relig- TITTLE, a minute point;
ious purposes, seems to have a small circumstance.
been by divine institution. TITUS, an eminent Chris-
Abram gave to Melchisedec, tian Bishop.He seems to
the Lord's priest, the tenth have been a Greek, and one
of his spoils taken in battle. of Paul's early converts. Of
Gen. xiv. 20. Jacob dedi- the time, place, or manner «
cated to God, the tenth of of his death, we have no cer-
 —

TOM 247 TON

tain account. Tradition says some slight stone or board,
he lived to the age of 94 which when they fell, were
years, and was buried in not set up again, by which
Crete, where he had been means the grave did not ap-
left by Paul. Tit. i. 5. pear. Hence they could be
The Epistle to Titus is walked over unperceived.
eminently valuable for its Luke xi. 44. See Sepul-
elucidations of the nature
and duties of the Christian TONGUE.(1.) That
ministry —the manner of ac- member by which we artic-
commodating exhortation to ulate sounds. James iii. 5.
the characters of the persons (2.) The language spoken
—
we address the necessity in any country. Deut. xxviii.
of a minister's setting an ex- 49. There appears to have
ample of what he teaches been but one language, till
the doctrine of obedience to the confusion of tongues at
civil rulers —
the necessity of Babel The Hebrew tongue
good works, and the treat- contains more internal evi-
ment of foolish questions dence of being the same that
and heretics. God communicated to Ad-
TOB. See Syria. am, than any other but it
;

TOMB, a grave
a vault
; is supposed to have under-
in which dead bodies are gone alterations, in the se-
placed a house or monu-
; ries of so many ages from
ment raised over a grave. Adam down to Moses. The
The ancients always buried simplicity of its construc-
outside of cities. When tion, the conciseness and
cupolas or vaulted chambers energy of its expression, its
were raised over graves, peculiar fertility, the relation
they were generally 10 or 12 it has to the most ancient

feet square, and so might oriental languages, which

well afford lodging for de-
moniacs, Mark v. 5. Forbes
in his " Oriental Memoirs,"
informs us that those recess-
es often afford shelter to the
weary traveller overtaken by
night, and likewise to rob-
bers who sally forth from
them to commit their noc-
seem to derive their origin
from it; the etymology of
the names whereby the first
of mankind were called,
which naturally occurs in
this language, the names of
animals, which are often
significant of their nature
and habits the most ancient
;

turnal depredations. The book, viz. the Old Testament

graves of the poor were of- being, for the most part, in
ten distinguished only by this language, &c. indicate
 TOP 24J TOW
that it was the original lan- loathsomeness. In order to
guage of the human spe- prevent the pestilent influ-
cies. ence of such a place, per-
TOPAZ, a name nowap- petual fires were kept burn-
plied to a yellow gem, ob- ing there. Hence it grew
tained in various parts of to be an image of hell, and
the earth, generally about ultimately the name Gehen-
the size ot a pin's head. na was definitively applied
Scarcely any exceed the to the place of future and
sixth part of an inch in di- eternal punishment.
ameter. The most valuable TORMENTORS, agents
topaz in the world, is that in of Jewish Courts of Justice,
possession of the Great Mo- whose duty it was to admin-
gul ; said to weigh 137 car- Matt, xviii.
ister sentences,
ats, and to be worth nearly 34. It seems that in the
a million of dollars. time of Christ this office
TOPHET, a drum, or was connected with that of
timbrel. The name of a place Jailer.
in the valley of Hinnom,. TORTOISE. There are
called Gehenna, where the two kinds of tortoises, viz.
idolatrous Jews burned their sea and land ones. It is the
children to Moloch. This land tortoise that is mention-
valley Jay near Jerusalem, ed in Scripture. It feeds on
and was in ancient times flowers and insects, lives
delightfully verdant and longer than men, and has a
shaded with trees. It was wonderful power of endur-
called Tophet, from the ing the want of food. Its
beating' of drums, (tophheing general size is from four to
the Hebrew name of a drum,) eio-ht inches 1 ong; but in
which were used to drown the Isle of Madagascar, the
the cries of the infant?, sac- Gallipagos, &c. it attains
rificed to theimage. 2 Kings five or six times that size,
xxiii. 10. In order to dis- covered with a variegated
qualify this valley from be- shell of great value in com-
ing a place of worship, and merce, and much used for
thus the more thoroughly to ladies' combs, &c.
have Moloch discarded, Jo- TOWER. (1.) A high
siah caused it to be a place stage erected in cultivated
for dead carcasses, and filth fields, on which a watchman
of every kind. 2 Kings was stationed toward harvest
xxiii. 10. Jer. xix. From to guard against thieves, Jer-
that time, it was universally vi. 21. (2.) A fortified
abhorred, and abandoned to building to afford protection
 TRA 249 TRA
against enemies, or to annoy called Gemara, or Perfec-
them. 2 Kings xvii. 9. tion. The whole was called
TRACHONi'TIS, a dis- the Talmud, or Instruction.
trictbordering the holy land About the year 500, the Bab-
to the northeast. It is a ylonian Rabbins composed
craggy, mountainous region, another Talmud, written in
infested, during the govern- a clearer style, and not quite
ment of Philip, with many so full of absurdities. It
robbers. Luke iii. 1. makes 10 or 12 large folio
TRADITION, a narrative volumes; but there is an
or ceremony delivered from abridgment by Maimonides,
father to son by word of a distinguished Spanish Jew
mouth, without any written of the 12th century, who
memorial. Those traditions, omitted the grosser absurdi-
for the observance of which ties. The Roman Catholics
the Scribes and Pharisees so are fond of traditions, and
much contended, were con- hold to many. The word of
demned by our Saviour, as God, however, is our only
subversive of the true intent guide, in faith and practice,
of Scripture. Matt. xv. 2. and whatever has no warrant
3. The fifth commandment there, ought not to be con-
was so strangely perverted sidered binding. Before the
by these self-righteous teach- New Testament was com-
ers, that according to them, pleted, and while the apos-
a man might give the sur- tles remained to examine
plus of his estate, as a relig- traditions, it was proper for
ious gift to God, and deny Christians to regard such as
any support to his parents, were by them sanctioned.
who might be destitute of 2 Thess. ii. 15. It would
the necessaries of life. Matt. now be hazardous to trust in
xv. 6. See Cokbaiv. These them at all ; and might be
traditions became in time considered as adding to the
amazingly numerous, and word of God. Rev. xxii. 18.
had regard to the most tri- TRANCE, that state of a
fling actions of life. About person's mind, in which su-
A. D. 190 they were collect- pernatural things are reveal-
ed by the industrious Rabbi ed to him. Paul was cast
Judah, and icritten. He into a trance. Acts xxii. 17.
called his work the Mishna, And so was Peter. Acts x.
or second law. About one 10. xi. 5, &c.
hundred years after, Rabbi TRANSFIGURE, to
Jochanan wrote a commenta- change the outward form.
ry on the Mishna, which he The word is chieflv used in
 ;

TRE 250 TRI

reference to the supernatural or algum, oak, teil, apple,
change in the appearance of ash, elm, juniper, box, fir,
our Saviour on the Mount. oil, olive, citron, balsam,
The word occurs only in pomegranate, fig-, sycamore,
Matt. xvii. 2. and Mark scyamine, poplar, thyine,
ix. 2. and mulberry. Trees in
TRANSLATE,now means Palestine generally put forth
to render one language unto their foliage in the month of
another ; but its significa- January, when the old leaves
tion in Scripture, is to trans- of many trees are not fallen
fer from one person or place off. The first blossoms are
to another. The word and those of the almond tree.
its derivatives are used Jesus Christ is called the
five times in the Bible, viz. u tree of life," because by
Sam. iii.
2.. 10. Col. i. 13. partaking of his fulness we
Heb. xi. 5. In the latter attain life everlasting. Rev-
verse thrice. elations xxii. 2. Christians
TREASURY, a place are called " trees of right-
where public money is kept eousness," because like
or managed. It was the Christ, and yielding benefits
name given to that part of to men. Ps. i. 3.
the Jewish temple where TRIBE, a division of peo-
stood the chests for collect- ple. The tribes of Israel
ing the voluntary contribu- were the descendants of Ja-
tions of the people over cob's sons.
; As Jacob bless-
which w ere the chambers
7
ed both Manasseh and E-
for depositing the sacred phraim, w ho were Joseph's T

stores. Josh. vi. 19. Jer. sons, it made 13 tribes, and

xxxviii. 11. Matt, xxvii. 6. yet no tribe of Joseph. The
Luke xxi. 1. John viii. land of promise, however,
20. The money collected was divided only into 12
in these chests was appro- portions, because the tribe of
priated to the purchase of Levi was to be supported by
fuel for the altar, salt, tithes. There being iicelve
&c. tribes who each paid them a
TREES are useful, some tenth of every thing, their
for fuel, some
for timber, condition was more easy
some for medicine, some for than the other tribes. The
dyeing, some for fruit, &c. Jews assert, though without
The Scripture mentions the very satisfactory proof, that
palm, shittah; bay, cedar, each tribe had its appropriate
chestnut, almond, willow, banner, as follows
cypress, pine, ebony, almug
 ;

TRO 251 TRU

Judah, a Lion couching, Gen. xlix. 9. the vessel in which Paul
Issachar, " Ass, u xlix. 14.
« sailed to Macedonia, made
Zebulon, « Ship, " 13.
Reuben, " Man, " " 3. an anchorage for a ni^ht.
Simeon, " Sword, " " 5. Acts xx. 15.
" Lion, Deut. xxxiii. 22.
Gad,
Ephraim, " Unicorn," " 17.
TROW,
to think, or sup-

Manasseh, « Bull, " 17.

pose ; to believe; to trust
Benjamin, il Wolf, Gen. xlix. 27. Luke xvii. 9.
Dan, « Serpent, « "
" Sheaf of wheat, "
17. TRUMPET, instru- an
Ash« 20.
Kaphtali, ;
< Hind, « " 21.
ment of loud music,
still in
common use. It was orig-
TRIBUTE, money paid inally made of the horn of a
by a tax. Our Saviour, Matt, ram or ox, and subsequently
xxii. 17, shows clearly, that of metal. The bugle is a
religion does not exempt modern improvement of this
men from civil duties ; and instrument. On that new
the apostle Paulrecommends moon festival which com-
faithful Christians to pay ac- menced the Jewish civil
cording to law. Rom. xiii. year, that is, the first day of
7. See Publicans. Tizri, was held the Feast of
TROAS, or Troy, a city Trumpets. Lev. xxiii. Num.
of Mysia, near the mouth of xxix.
the Hellespont, very famous TRUST, confidence in
in history, which, after a any person or thing. To
siege of ten years, was ta- trust in man is both sinful
ken by the Greeks. This and vain. Jer. xvii. 5. Trust
occurred, according to Sir in God should be sincere,
Isaac Newton, about nine Prov. iii. 5, 6 Unreserved, 1
;

hundred and four years be- Pet. v. 7 j Steadfast, lsa.

fore the birth of Christ, or xxvi. 4 ; and Cheerful, Mic.
during the reign of Jehosha- vii. 7. as trust God are
Such
phat. A new city of thy safe, Ps. exxv. 1 ; Coura-
same name was soon built geous, Ps. xx\ ii. 1 3 ; and —
about four miles nearer the Serene, Ps. xxvi. 3.
sea. Here Paul often preach- TRUTH,the positive mat-
ed, lodging with one Carpus. ter of fact contrary to false-
;

Acts xvi. 8. xx. 5 12. — 2 hood. Moral truth

is the

Tim. iv. 13. A Christian conformity of word*; and ac-

church long existed here tions to the thoughts of the
;

but is now extinct, and theheart as w hen a man speaks

;
T

place lies in ruins. what he thinks, and is in re-

TROGYL'LlUM,acape, ality what he seems to be.
which formed a bay about 5 It is taken for the true prin-
miles from Samos, where ciples of religion, *he true
 TWI 252
doctrine of the gospel ; and
Jesus Christ, being the Au-
thor, is emphatically styled
u the Truth" because lie is
the substance of all the types,
John xiv. 6.
TURTLE-DOVE, a well
known mention-
bird, often
ed in Scripture. In one
place it seems that by -\
being written for i, an er-
ror very easiiy made, the
word for turtle-dove has oc-
curred, instead of the word
for " confessing thee,'" The
text accordingly stands in
the Septuagint and Syriac
versions, " deliver not the
soul of him that confesseth
thee unto the multitude of
the wicked." Ps. lxxiv. 19.
TWILIGHT, the light
which continues after the
sun has set, and commences
before it rises. 1 Sam. xxx.
17, Prov. vii. 9. This is
caused by the atmosphere,
which being thicker than
the space between it and
the sun, bends down, or re-
fracts the rays of light, and
even makes the sun itself
appear when it beneath ness, their entrance into
is
the horizon. In the north- Canaan, their wars with the
ern parts of Scotland, the
sun sets but for a short time
in the summer, and the
twilight will enable a person
to read even at midnight.
Near the poles, twilight con-
tinues for several weeks to-
gether, without the sun's
rising. It then rises, and
TYP
shines uninterruptedly the
whole summer. Then the
twilight of several weeks re-
curs, and afterward the sun
sets to be seen no more till
the next summer.
TYPE, a person or thing,
prefiguring something rela-
tive to Christ or his church.
These were numerous, as
none of them could fully
point out its antitype ; and
were a kind of real predic-
tions of things to come, as
those uttered by the proph-
ets were verbal. There
were typical persons, as Ad-
am, Noah, Melchisedek,
Isaac, Aaron, Joshua, David,
Solomon, Jonah: typical
classes of persons, as Israel-
ites, first-born males, kins-
man-redeemers, Nazarites,
high priests typical things,
:
as Noah's ark, Jacob's ladder,
the burning bush, the cloudy
pillar, the water of Marah,
the manna, the poo! ofBeth-
e^da, the deliverance of the
Hebrews from Egypt, their
passage through the Sea,
their travels in the wilder-
heathens, &c. The typical
institutions were circumcis-
ion, sanctification of fruit-
trees, offering no base things
to God, exclusion from the
congregation of the Lord,
wearing proper apparel, a-
voiding mixedgarments, sow-
ing mingled seed, ploughing
 TYP 253 TYR
with oxen and asses, tender- Saviour and his body the
ness to beasts, not muzzling church.
the treading ox, &c. The TYRE, h, very ancient
typical places were Canaan, city, possessing, for many
the cities of refuge, Jerusa- ages, astonishing enterprise
lem, Zion, the tabernacle, and wealth. Isa. xxiii. 8.
and the temple. The ty- It was at first built four fur-
pical utensils were the ark, longs from the shore, on an
the pot of manna, the table island. But the city which
of shrew-bread with its soon reared itself upon the
loaves, the golden altar of opposite land, grew into
incense, the golden candle- greater size and considera-
stick, the silver trumpets, tion. After a ?iege of thir-
the brazen laver and sea, the teen years by Nebuchadnez-
brazen altar, &c. The typi- zar, B. C. 537, it was over-
cal offerings were the burnt, come and destroyed, but not
the sin, the trespass, peace, till the inhabitants had es-
and meat-offerings. the drink- caped with their effects to
offerings, the anointing oil, the insular city. The latter
ransom-money, tithes, first- then flourished for 200
fruits, things voluntarily de- years, when Alexander
voted, the ram caught in the stoimed and took it, having-
thicket, &c. The typical with this intent built a
seasons were the time of the causeway to it, out of the
daily sacrifices, the Sabbath, ruins of the old town. It
the feast of new moons, the was the emporium of com-
passover and feast of unlea- merce and the arts. Their
vened bread, Pentecost, the ships found the way even to
feast of trumpets, the feast England, whence among
of tabernacles, the year of ottier things, they brought
release, and the jubilee, &c. tin from the mines at Corn-
The typical purifications wall. Its kings swayed a
were from the defilement of powerful sceptre, and their
unholy things, from child- colonies were scattered over
birth, leprosy, infection by all the Mediterranean. The
dead bodies, &c. To him chief deities of the place
that discerns the evangelical were Hercules and Astarte.
signification of these various It belonged to the tribe of
types, the narratives of the slsher,but was never wholly
Old Testament are not a dry subdued. About two hun-
history, but appear replen- dred years after Christ it was
ished with the most useful destroyed by Niger, emperor
instructions concerning our of Rome. After this it
 ;

UNB 254 UNC

flourished five hundred ence to his commands, and
years, under the Seljukian that man will be eternally
Turks, was then taken by condemned, over whom it
the crusaders, and finally shall finally prevail. Matt,
was destroyed A. D. 1289, xiii. 58. It a dreadful crime,
by the Sultan of Egypt. A. as makes God a liar, re-
its
D. 1516 it was seized by the jects Jesus and his whole
Ottoman Turks, who are to salvation, and is the root of
this day masters of all that all other sins. Unbelief is
country. The predictions either negative, in such as
of Isaiah and Ezekiel, that have not heard the gospel
this city for its wickedness as in the Heathen, 1 Cor. vi.
should be utterly destroyed, 6. 2 Cor. vi. 14; or positive,
have been most severely ful- as in those, who, though
filled, lsa. xxxiii. Ezek. they hear the gospel, and
xxvi. xxviii. Maujvdrel, profess to re$,ird it, yet be-
who visited this spot in 1697. lieve not with their hearts.
found not a house entire, and Luke xii. 46. Tit. i. 15. Un-
only a few miserable inhab- belief is either with respect
itants, harbouring them- to a 'particular declaration of
selves in vaults, and sub God ; as when Zach arias
sisting chiefly by fishing. A discredited God's promise of
village adjacent, then bore a son to him, Luke i. 20 or ;

the name. There is now a universal, having respect to

considerable village built the whole declarations of
among the ruins the popu- God. It is either jjartial,
;

lation of which Mr. Jowett importing some degrees of

estimates at about 1,500. distrust, Mark ix. 24 ; or
Mr. Connor reckons them at total where there is no trust
j

double that number. It is at all. 1 Tim. i. 13.

now called Skur } or Zur.
things are unclean. (1.) Nat-
u,
UNBELIEF, infidelity, or
a distrust of any narrative,
person or doctrine. Unbe-
lief of God's holy word, is a
UNCLEAN. Persons or
urally;- as dunghills, or
hateful animals are unclean.
Rev. xviii. 2. (2.) Cere-
monially ; as persons who
touched dead bodies, &c.
A great number of beasts
were thus unclean. Numb,
xix. Lev. xi.xvi. (3.) In
scrupulous opinion so some ;

universal sin in the world. meats were reckoned un-

It is the cause of disobedi- clean by the primitive Chrif-
 UPH 255 URI
lians. Rom. xiv. 14. (4.) ter word, answering to our
Morally ; bein^ polluted word and.
with sin : so devils are "un- UR, an
ancient city of
clean spirits." Matt. x. I. Chaldea or Mesopotamia,
Uncleanness means lewd where Terah and Abraham
ness. Rom. i. 24. dwelt. Gen. xv. 7.
UNICORN, a fierce and URIM and Thummim, lit-
powerful animal often men- erally, lights and perfections ,

tioned in Scripture. It is mentioned Exo. xxviii. 30,

generally thought to mean and Lev. viii. 8. It seems
the Rhinoceros, which has a probable, that they were the
strong horn between its fore- tic elve precious stones of the
head and nose, with which it high priest's breast- plate;
rips up trees into splint- on which were engraven
ers for food. Some have the names of the tribes of
thought that the Buffalo was Israel ; and that the letters
the true Unicorn. The pic- by standing out, or by an
tures which represent the extraordinary illumination,
unicorn in the form of a marked such words as con-
horse, with a horn in its tained the answer of God to
forehead, are probably whol- him who consulted this ora-
ly fictitious, though it has cle. Many learned men are
been lately affirmed that a of opinion that the answer
similar animal is found in was given in an audible
South Africa. voice from the Shekinah, or
UPHARSIN, one of the that brightness which al-
Chaldee words, written on ways rested between the
the wall atBelshazzar's feast, cherubims over the mercy
which signifies dividing seat. Ps. lxxx. 1. and xcix.
Why the Chaldeans could 1. When the Urim and
not read these words, Dan. Thummim were to be con-
v. 7, is not now known. sulted, it is said, that the
Perhaps being all written as high priest put on his golden
one word, they could not vestment, and in ordinary
rightly divide the letters, or cases went into the sanctua-
only the initial letters of ry, and stood with his face
the words might have been to the Holy of holies, and
written. the consulter stood near him.
Peres, which is used for The Urim and Thummim
this word in Daniel's inter- were never consulted in
pretation, Ch. v. 28, is the matters of faith, as in these,
singular of Pharsin: the the Jews had the written
letter U, put before the lat- law for their rule; nor in
 VAI 256 VAN
matters of small moment; ded the holy of holies from
nor by any but priests, rul- the holy place in the Jewish
ers or prophets. 1 Sam. tabernacle, was a type of the
xxii. 10, &c. human nature of Christ, and
USURY, among the Jews, also of the separation be-
meant the customary price tween the Jews and Gen-
money. The
for the use of tiles but was rent in twain
;

word now means extortion- at our Saviour's death, and

ate and unlawful interest. the separation is now re-
The law of nature forbids not moved by the preaching of
the receiving of moderate the Gospel to the Gentiles.
interest for the loan of mon- Heb. x. 20. Eph. ii, 14.
ey, any more than the taking Matt, xxvii. 51. The vail
of rent for houses. As the of ignorance, blindness, and
Jews had very little concern hardness of heart, which
in trade, and so only borrow- kept the Jews from under-
ed in case of necessity, and standing the spiritual sense
as their system was calcula- and meaning of the law,
ted to establish every man's caused them to crucify the
inheritance to his own fami- Saviour, resist the introduc-
ly, they were allowed to tion of the new covenant,
lend money upon u?ury to and reject the gospel light, is
strangers, Deut. xxiii. 20; still a hinderance to the ex-
but were prohibited to take tension of the Redeemer's
it from their brethren of Is- kingdom. John ix. 39. 2
rael ; at least if they were Cor. iii. 14, 25. Women
dis-
poor. Exo. xxii. 25. Lev. graced themselves by ap-
xxv. 35—37. pearing in public without a
UZ. (1.) The grandson of vail. I Cor. xi. 3—10. Es-
Shem. Gen. x. 23. (2.) A pecially, perhaps, as it was
Horite. Gen, xxxvi. 28. (3.) the chief and almost the only
The country of Job, situated difference between the dress
somewhere east or northeast of women and men. There
ofPalestine. It seems to have were various forms of the
been near Chaldea. Jobi. 17. vail some covered the
;

whole person, others only

the burst.
VALLEY of H1NNOM.
V. See Tophet.
VANITY, emptiness. The
VAIL, Veil, whatever term is applied in Scripture
or
hides any thing from being to the world, as unsatisfac-
seen. The vail which divi- tory, Eccl. i. 2 to idols,—
 VAP 257 VIN
Dent, xxxii. 21. 2 Kings evaporation, grain and grass
xvii. 15 — to mean
deceitful- could not be cured for use,
—
ness, Ps. iv. 2 to whatever clothes could not be dried if
disappoints our hopes, Ps. wa-hed. In fine, a great
lx. 11 —
to iniquity, Ps. cxix. variety of common opera-
37. tions on which our comfort
VAPOUR, water combin- depends, could not be per-
ed with so much
heat as to formed. Well does David,
cause it to rise in a gaseous therefore, represent the va-
form. Its expansive force, pour, as praising God, and
being greater than even that " fulfilling his word." Ps.
of gun-powder, themoderns cxlviii. 8. Human life is
have discovered the art of compared for frailty and
making it eminently useful transitoriness to a vapour.
in propelling engines for James iv. 14.
boats, factories, mines, &c. VESTMENT, a word
The steam engine is the no- which occurs in Scripture
blest aid ever contrived by only in 2 Kings x. 22, and
human ingenuity. By its there means the sacred robes
means a single bushel of of pagan priests. The vestry
coal can do the work of ten was the place where thej
horses for one hour. Vapour lay, and were put off and on.
raised by the sun is h<j ld by A vesture is chiefly an upper
the air, till it accumulates in robe. Deut. xxii. 12. Christ's
clouds, and by electricity, or having his " vesture dipt in
by some unexplained cause, blood," and inscribed with
descends in rain. Ps. cxxxv. this name, " King of kings,
7. Vapour is a wonderful and Lord of lords," imports,
evidence of the wisdom and that, in conquering and de-
goodness of God. Jer. x. stroying his enemies, he
13, and li. 16. By evapora- mightily shows his sover-
tion we obtain rain, mist, eign power* and dominion.
dew, &c. By its constantly Rev. xix. 13, 16. See Rai-
taking place in the human ment.
body, man is enabled to sus- VINE, one of the most
tain the heat of every cli- prominent productions of
mate. By the extraction of Canaan, and flourishing best
vapours from the earth, the in the lot of Judah, which
air is sweetly cooled and contained the mountains of
made refreshing. The oc- Engedi ; and the vallies of
casional drying winds of Eschol and Sorek, Gen. xlix.
Africa carry with them ter- 11. At the present day, a
ror and death. Without single cluster from those
X
 VIN 258 VIR
vines will often weigh 12 their intellect, that they
pounds ; and as the whole might not be sensible of
country is now comparative- them." The rabbins ground-
ly neglected and barren, it ed this on Prov. xxxi. 6. Our
is probable they once were Lord, of course, refused
much larger. Hence the such aid. By his first tast-
spies, to avoid bruising the ing, before refusing it, we
fine specimens they brought may infer, that if it had
to Moses, hung them to a been merely adapted to
pole, borne by two men. quench thirst, it would not
Profane authors speak of the have been refused. Labour-
excellent wines' of Gaza, ers in harvest refreshed
Sarepta, Libanus, Saron, themselves with this weak
Ascalon, and Tyre. wine, or vinegar. Ruth ii.
The vine of Sodom grows 14.
near the Dead Sea. Its VINEYARD, a piece of
grapes are bitter, and consid- ground planted with vines.
ered poisonous. Moses com- The vineyard was prepared
pares Israel to with great care, the stones
rebellious
this plant.Deut. xxxii. 32. being gathered out, a secure
VINEGAR, an acid com- fence made round it, and a
monly derived from sac- •scaffold or high summer-
charine fermented liquors. house, built in the centre,
When distilled it becomes where, as the fruit ripened,
perfectly colourless, and is a watchman was stationed,
increased in strength. It end where there was always
seems that weak sour wine, shelter for the workmen at
was. called vinegar by the their meals, and a suitable
"Romans. Thus Matthew place to keep the tools. Isa.
(Chap, xxvii. 34.) says. v. 1—7. Matt. xxi. 33.
" they gave him vinegar to VIPERS, serpents which
;"
drink, mingled with gall bring forth their young
whereas Mark informs us, alive, and not as is general-
(Chap. xv. 23.) " they gave ly the case, by eggs. They
him to drink, wine mingled seldom exceed 18 inches in
with myrrh." Dr. A. Clarke length. There is no crea-
says, " it was a common ture more malignant and
custom to administer a stu- venomous, Job xx. 16. Isa.
pit'ying potion, compounded xxx. 6.
of sour wine, frankincense, VIRTUE, energy to pro-
and myrrh, to condemned duce an effect courage, —
persons, to. alleviate their ——
2 Pet. i. 3 5 holiness of
sufferings; or so to disturb] heart and life. The latter
 vow 259 WAT
is its more common signifi-
cation, but in defining it wri-
W.
ters are not agreed. Some
define it " universal benevo- WAFER
means in Scrip-
lence ;" others u the imita- ture a flat cake, used in. Jew-
tion of God:" others u a ish worship. Exo. xxix 2.
wise regard to our own in- Lev. ii. 4, and vii. 12. Numb.
terest," others " moral good- vi. 19.
ness." We may say it WATCH, a guard. The
means in generalwhatever period that a guard kept
is ooposed to vice. Phil. iv. 8. watch. The night was an-
VISION. See Dream. ciently divided by the Jews
VOICE, in general, signi- into three watches; the first
fies any kind of noise, watch, Lam. ii. 19, the mid-
whether made by animals dle watch, Jud. vii. 19, and
or not. God's voice is, (1 ) the morning watch, Exo.
The thunder, which loudly xiv. 24. This division of
declares his existence and the night is also mentioned
providence. Psalms xxix. by Homer, Livy, Xenophon,
(2.) His laws, teaching, and &c. in the time of Christ,
promises in which he de- the night wT as divided into
;

clares his will to men. Ex. four watches, which was

xv. 26. (3.) His providences then the common practice
wherein he publishes his of the Greeks and Romans.
own excellencies, awakens The second and third of
us from our stupidity, and these divisions are mention-
calls us to our duty. Mic. ed, Luke xii. 33 ; the fourth,
vi. 9. Amos i. 2. To mark Matt. xiv. 25, and all of
John Baptist as not the true them, Mark xiii. 35. These
Messiah, but a proclaimer watches differed according
of his appearance, he is call- to the length of the night,
ed a voice. Isa. xl. I.which in Palestine varies
VOW, promise from 14 hours 12 minutes,
a sacred
made to God, to leave off to 9 hours 48 minutes.
some sin, to perform
or WATCHFUL, vigilant
some duty. Genesis xxviii. to guard against dangers.
20. A genera! vow is made Watchfulness is a duty often'
at baptism. The word is and urgently inculcated up-
now used in an inferior on Christians. We must be
sense to signify an oath, watchful against the temp-
or solemn assurance to a tations of Satan, Rom. x.
person. —
12; the allurements of the
world, Ps. xxxix. 1. Mark

WAT
viii. —
15 ; the deceitfulness
of our hearts, Heb. iii. 12;
erroneous doctrines ; and in
short against whatever would
hinder our piety and useful-
ness. We are to watch for
the teachings of Providence,
—
Ps. v. 8; the fulfilment of
prophecies, Rev. xvi. 15;
righteous deliverance from
trouble, Psalm cxxx. ;
proper topics, spirit, and sea-
sons of prayer. Ephesians
yi. 18; —
death and judgment,
Mark xiii. 37.
W ATER,
r
a fluid,
occupies a large portion of
the globe. Moisture raised
by the heat of the sun, in
the form of vapour, being
carried about in the air, and
meeting in a collective mass,
produces clouds ; these uni-
ting and becoming heavier
than the surrounding air,
down in dew or
fall rain, to crust of ice formed, but the
make fruitful the
Much more rain falls on the from further cold ; fishes are
higher than on the lower
ground, and the water en-
tering through crevices, on
the hills, and finding its way
through the earth to the sur-
face again, produces springs.
The streams of these uniting,
form brooks, which unite
into rivers ; and after add-
ing to the beauty of the
country, and accomplishing
yery many useful purposes,
empty themselves into the of usefulness, it represents
sea. Water is 816 times the gifts and comforts of the
heavier than common air a Holy Spirit,
—
260 WAT
pint of it weighs one pound,
and a cubic foot about one
thousand ounces, or sixty-
two and a half pounds. Ice
is chrystallized water ; and
by a remarkable exemption
from the common laws of
heat, becomes lighter as it
grows colder. In this is
strikingly exemplified the
wisdom and goodness of
God. Dreadful would have
been the consequences, if,
like other fluids, water had
grown heavier by loss of
which heat. In winter the ice on
the surface of rivers would
have sunk as it froze, in suc-
cessive sheets, until the
whole would have become
a mass of ice, which no sub-
sequent summer could thaw;
and the world would soon
have become uninhabitable.
As it now is, no sooner is a
earth. water beneath i3 protected
«afe, water abundant, and
the moderate warmth of
spring unbinds the stream.
Such are the wonderful
works of Him, who, in infi-
nite wisdom, and by his al-
mighty power, created the
heavens and the earth.
Water, when disturbed, sig-
nifies troubles and afflictions.
Ps. Ixix. 1. But flowing in
all the plenitude and beauty
; lsa. xii. 3
THE EGYPTIAN WHEAT.
 VVEA 263 WHE
xxxv. 6,7. John vii. 37,38. In kinds, the house and the
Scripture, water is used for field weasle. They are sub-
all soris of drink, as bread tle and strong, though of
is put for all kinds of solid small size. They prey on
food. serpents, moles, rats, mice,
Water. courses are either and sometimes on poultry.
the beds of rivers, wherein Occurs in Lev. xi. 29, only.
they run, or the streams WEEK, a division of time,
themselves. Isa.. xliv. 4. universally observed by the
WATKR-SPOUTS, are descendants of Noah, which
falls of water from the clouds, being lost by the Hebrews
which are whirled round by during their bondage in
tornadoes, so as to form a Egypt was revived and en-
column ; or which are forced acted by Moses. Seven years
with a mighty noise from the are calied a week. Dan. ix.
sea, by an earthquake at the 24, The undisputed antiqui-
bottom. They are more fre- ty of the use of weeks, is a
quent on the coasts of Pal- strong confirmation of the
estine and Syria, than any Old Testament history of the
where else in the Mediter- creation. &c.
ranean Sea. To them are WEIGH, (1.) To exam-
compared heavy, over- ine by scales. Ezek. iv. 16.
whelming, and terrifying (2) To inspect rigidly, Prov.
visitations. Ps. xliii. 7. xvi. 2. Isa. xxvi. 7. The she-
WAY, a path for travel- kel weighed 10 dwt. Sixty of
lers. The word is frequent- these made a waneh i weigh-
ly used to signify the habits ing 2 lb. 6 oz. Fifty manehs
of a person, or the method made a talent, or 3000 she.
of doing any thing. Gen. kels, weighing 1251bs. Such
vi. 12. Jer. x. 2. The cus- are the computations of
tomary dealings of God are Horne ; but on all this sub-
called his way. Ps. xxv. 10. ject there, is much uncer-
Isa. Iv. 8. Christ is " the tainty.
way, the truth, and the life;" WHEAT, a grain raised in
and his salvation is the "new most parts of the earth, of
and living way" of access to which is made the most es-
God. Heb.x.20. Jehovah's teemed bread. Being called
precepts are the " way of corn in England, where the
truth,'" 2 Pet. ii. 2, and those Bible was translated, it is of-
who obey, shall find them to ten so called in Scripture.
be " ways of pleasantness Matt. xii. 1. The ordinary
and peace." Prov. iii. 17. kinds of wheat are well
WEASLES, are of two known. The annexed picture

WIL
shows the species common
in Egypt, and is such as ap-
peared to Pharaoh in his
dream, who saw " seven ears
of corn, come up upon one
stalk, rank and good." Gen.
xli. 5. The wisdom of God
is strikingly shown in
stalk of Egyptian wheat. If
it were hollow and weak like
ours, which has only to sup
port one ear, it would break
with the weight. But it is
solidly filled with a sort of
pith, and thus rendered suf-
firm.
ficiently The Holy
Land produced wheat and
barely so abundantly, that
sixty or a hundred fold some-
times rewarded the hus-
bandman. Gen. xxvi. 12.
Matt. xiii. 8. It was export-
ed to neighbouring countries
in great quantities. 1 Kings
V. 11. Actsxii. 20.
WILDERNESS. (1J
tract of land less cultivated
than the generality of the
country, but not wholly
desert. Joel i. 20. Such
commonly derived their
name from the chief city
adjacent, as Diblah, Engedi,
Judea, fye. The forerunner
of our Lord resided in the
wilu'erness of Judea, till he
commenced his public min-
istry. Ishmael settled
the wilderness of Paran
and David took refuge from wandering of the Hebrews
the persecution of Saul in was in a wilderness indeed,
the same ; in which the nu- and by no means the com-
merous flocks of Nabal, the mon thoroughfare of travel*-
;
264 WIL
Carmelite, were pastured.
Such places, therefore, were
not deserts, but thinly peo-
pled, or less fertile districts.
(2.) Places utterly waste,
such as the wilderness where
our Lord was tempted of the
the devil. A more dismal and
solitary place can scarcely
be found in the earth. About
one hour's journey from the
foot of the mountains which
environ this wilderness,
rises the lofty Qaarantania,
which, Maundrell was told,
is the mountain into which
the devil carried our Sa-
viour. It is, as the evange-
list styles it, " an exceeding'
high mountain," and in it*
ascent both difficult and dan-
gerous. It has now a small
chapel at the top,andanoth-
er about half way up, built
on a prominent part of the
A rock. Near the latter are
several caves and holes, oc-
cupied formerly by hermits,
and even in present times
by religious devotees, who
repair hither to keep their
lent, in imitation of our
Lord's fasting in the wilder-
ness forty days. The land
of Canaan was environed
with wildernesses. We
read of those of Egypt,
in Etham, Shur, Sin, Sinai,
Tadmor, fyc\ The 40 years
 WIL 265 WIN
lers between Egypt and Ca- WILD-HONEY. See
naan. The reason why Israel Honey.
was turned intoit we read, WILL, that faculty ofthe
Numb. xiv. The only veg- soul, operation of the
or
etable productions which mind, whereby a man freely
meet the eye ofthe traveller chooses or refuses. Scrip-
in these frightful solitudes, turally, to will any thing is
are occasionally some coarse of nature ; but to will what
sickly grass, a plat of senna, is good, is of grace, Ps. ex.
or saline or bitter herb, or 3. John viii. 36. Phil. ii.

an acacia bush, Moses, who 13. The will of God may

knew these deserts well, be known by reading his
calls them u great and ter word, by observing his
rible," " a desert land," providences, and by pray-
" the waste howling wilder- ing for his Spirit to enlight-
ness." Jeremiah, with sur- en,- instruct, and guide the
prising force and brevity, soul.
has exhibited those circum- WIMPLE, a hood, Isa.
stances of terror, which the iii. The word occurs
22.
modern traveller details also Ruth iii. 15, and is
with so much pathos and there translated Vail which ,

minuteness: "The Lord see.

that brought us up out of WIND, a flow of air from
the land of iSgypt, through one place to another. There
a land of deserts and of pits, are trade winds, which blow
through a land of drought, constantly from east to west,
and ofthe shadow of death, and monsoons, which blow
through a land which no three or six months at once,
man passed through, and from one point, and as long
where no man dwelt." (3.) from the opposite. The Sa-
The word is metaphorically miel, or Simoom, is the most
used to signify things barren terrible wind of eastern
or unattractive. Hence God countries. Coming over the
asks the Hebrews if he had vast deserts, it brings intense
been a wilderness to them. and suffocating heat and
Jer. ii. 31. The Gentile dryness, with billows of
world was called such. Isa. sand and dust, carrying with
—
xxxv. 1 6, and xliii. J 9. it fiery streaks, like threads
The people of God are rep- of silk whoever breathes ;

resented as in a wilderness it, dies instantly. It rarely

while in this world, but fa- lasts more than seven or
voured with the presence of eight minutes. If travellers
Christ. Sol. Song viii. 5. see it approach, and lay
y
 WIN 266 WIN
their faces to the earth till change is wrought in the
it pass, they commonly es soul, are the compared to
cape. Camels and other an- blowing of the wind, the ef-
imals do this by instinct. It fect being evident, but the
is, of course, most dangerous manner incomprehensible.
when it comes unperceived John iii. 8. •

in the night. Wnole cara- WINE, a liquor made

vans have perished in it. It from grapes, much in the
is not improbable but that manner that cider is made
this wind was the " messen- from apples. There is no
ger of the Lard," which de- evidence that wine was
stroyed 185,000 men of Sen known before the deluge.
nacherib's army in one Noah was probably the first
night. 2 Kings xix. 35. The who preserved the juice of
preceding account willbeau- the grape, till by fermenta-
tifnlly illustrate the follow- tion it became proper wine.
ing passages of Scripture. Before him, men only ate
Job xv. 2, and xxvii. 21, and grapes like other fruit. His
xxxviii. 24. Jer. iv. 11. ignorance of its strength,
Ezek. xvii. 10, and xix. 12. caused his intoxication. Gen.
Hos. xi-i. 1, and xiii. 15. ix. 20, 21. The " mixt
Jonah iv. 8.Hab. i. 9. Ps wine," Prov. xxiii. 30, ren-
eiii. 15, A whirlwind, dered in Isa. lxv. 11, " drink
16.
is a strong blast, which offering," may mean wine
winds about in a somewhat rendered more potent by the
circular manner. Multi- addition of myrrh, and other
tudes of such blasts come drugs, or of defrntum, that
from the deserts of Arabia is, wine inspissated by boil-
;

and out of one of them the ing it down. Homer speaks

Lord spake to Job, Isa. xxi. of Helen giving such wine
1. Job xxxvii. 9, and xxxviii. to her guests when oppress-
1. Whirlwinds sometimes ed with grief, to raise their
sweep down trees, houses, spirits. Thus the drunkard
and every thing in their is properly described as one
way. Prov. x. 25. that seeketh mixed wine,
Violent winds are compu- Prov. xxiii. 30 and " min- ;

ted to fly at the rate of 4000 gles strong drink."

feet in a minute.
of great importance in pre-
serving the purity of the at-
mosphere. The operations
of the Spirit of God on the
heart, by which a spiritual
They are WINE-PRESS, a vat,
usually sunk into the earth.
It was divided into two parts,
one being deeper than the
Other. Into the shallow
compartment, the grapes
 WIS 267 WIS
were thrown, while several wisdom." But spiritual
men trod them with their wisdom, " which is from
feet, and the juice ran in- above,'' James iii. 17, begins
to the lower part. Rev. xiv. in the fear of God, and pro-
18. Jer. xxv. 30. duces true piety in all our
WINTER, the season of deportment. It is known
cold, barrenness, and storms. by several properties. It is
In the torrid zone, which is pure; it makes men careful
about 3270 miles broad, they toavoid defilement by sin.
have two winters, or rainy It is peaceable ; under all
seasons a year, but both are the trying circumstances of
very mild. At the poles, life. It is gentle toward the
nearly the whole year is infirmities of others, inter-
winter, and awfully severe preting all things for the
Gen. viii. 22. Spring and best, and receding from
autumn are scarcely known. right for the sake of peace.
Vegetation starts suddenly It is easy to be entreated;
at the return of the sun, and making men yield to good
soon comes to perfection. In counsel, and sound reason.
Sweden, nine months are a It is full of mercy ; making
severe winter. Jn Canaan, us pity the afflicted, and
great men had their warm ready to forgive those that
houses for the winter sea have offended us. It is full
son, as well as cooler ones of good jruits, of benefi-
for the summer. Jer. \xxvi. cence, liberality, and all
22. Amosiii. 15. The win- other offices of humanity
ter there is wet and cold ;
which proceed from mercy.
especially between the 12th It is without partiality ; not
of Dec. ana 20th of Jan. courting and favouring the
Matt. xxiv. 20. Seasons of rich and influential merely
temptation, persecution, and because they are so, but re-
distress, are likened to a garding and loving men ac-
winter: " summer and win- cording to their piety. It
ter," may signify all the is sdso ivithout hypocrisy, not
year long ; perpetually, counterfeiiing goodness; nor
Zech. xiv. 8. To winter in condemning others, and yet
a place, is to live in it during being guilty of the same
the winter. Isaiah xviii. 6. things ourselves. It is put
Acts xxvii. 12. for the Scriptures generally,
WISDOM, the power of Luke xi. 49 for the doc-;

judging rightly what is to be trine of the GospeL 1 Cor.

done, according to circum- ii 6, 7 and for Jesus Christ
;

stances. This is " worldly the eternal and essential

 WIT 2m WIT
wisdom of God, Proverbs ture. Lev. xix. 31. Deut.
iii. 19. xviii. 10, 11. 2 Chron.xxxiii.
WISE MEN, or Magi. 6. Gal. v. 20. By the Jew-
The Magian religion existed ish law they were to be put
anciently in Persia. It was to death. Exo. xxii. 18. Lev.
so revived and extended by xx. 27. It is plain, that great
Zoroaster that he has been caution is necessary in the
regarded as the founder of detection and punishment of
the sect. They had temples those who may be guilty of
in which were kept perpetualthis crime. Witchcraft ex-
fires. The the cludes from the kingdom of
priests of
Magi being the only learned God. Gal. v. 20. It is a
mathematicians and philoso- great sin to place any confi-
phers of the a;e in which dence in persons who profess
they lived, the term Magian these powers ; or to honour,
became synonymous with a or aid them by seeking them
learned man. The wise men to interpret dreams, tell for-
or Magi, who visited our tunes, discover stolen goods,
Saviour at his birth, were &c. Those who thus consult
probably Persian doctors or them are abhorred of God.
princes. Matt. ii. 1. Lev. xx. 6. Nahum iii. 4.
WIT, an obsolete word Mic. v. 12.
for know ; from which comes WITHES, twisted boughs,
wot for knew, Exo. xxxii. 1. bark, willow, &,c. such as
Acts iii. 17. " We do you to those wherewith faggots are
wit," 2 Cor. viii. 1, means often bound together. Judges
we inform you. It is now xvi. 7, 8.
used only in the infinitive WITNESS, one who gives
mode to wit, meaning, name- evidence. The Holy Spirit
ly, that is to say. " beareth witness" to our
WITCH is a woman, and adoption, by producing in us

toizard man, that has, or the graces of Christianity.

is a
is supposed to have dealings Rom. viii. Christ is called
with Satan. In Europe witch- the u faithful witness," Rev.
craft was universally believ- i. 5, because he faithfully de-
ed in, till the sixteenth cen- clared the things of God, and
tury, and is still, in most parts sealed his testimony with his
of the earth. Of late, in Eu- blood. The prophets and pi-
rope and America, some have ous persons of the Old Testa-
denied its existence altogeth- ment, are a " cloud of wit-
er. That such persons have nesses" to the faithfulness
been found among men, is and mercy of God. The
abundantly plain from Scrip- Apostles are competent wit-
 WOM 269 WOR
nesses of the things they af- been the greater sharer. In
firm in the New Testament, most parts of the world wo-
because they saw and heard men are treated harshly. So
the things of which they much is this the case in some
speak. They are credible countries^ that mothers often
witnesses, because they had murder their female infants,
no interest to deceive, and that they may not experience
suffered great hardships, and such hardships as themselves
even death for the sake of endure. In the Christian
their testimony. church women are raised to
WOE is a word of mourn- an equality with men in most

ing. Ezek, xxx. 2. Ps. cxx. of their religious privileges,

5. A woe is a heavy calam- but are not permitted to gov-
ity. Rev. viii. 13. Matt. ern or teach. Gal. iii. 28. 1
xxiii. 13. Woeful, full of Cor. xiv. 34. Rules for fe-
distress and sorrow. Jer. male behaviour and dress are
xvii. 16. laid down, Tit. ii. 1 Pet. iii.
WOLF, an animal of the &c. and their duties towards
dog kind, crafty, greedy, their husbands, in 1 Cor. vii.
ravenous, fierce, and of a Eph.- v.
quick smell. Wolves abide WORD, an intelligible
in forests, and live on smaller sound. Any discourse is so
animals. Matt. vii. 15. They called. Gen.xxxvii. 14. Deut.
can bear hunger long, but iv. 2. The term is applied
are then exceedingly fierce, tothe sacred Scriptures Luke
and will attack either man or xi. 23. James i. 22. It is also
beast. Hence in the eve- a name of Christ. John i.
ning, when they come hun- Heb. iv. 12—14, and xi. 3.
gry out of their holes, they Why he is so called we are
are very dangerous. Jer. v. not expressly told. Perhaps
6. The species most common because he is the intelligible
in Syria, Africa, <&c. is the indication of the Father's
Hyaena. The name is ap- will and character, as words
plied to tyrannical rulers, are of our thoughts, Heb. i.
—
Zephaniah iii. 3 to false 2, 3 ; and because he spake
prophets, Matthew vii. 15 — j

to creation into being, commu-

i

mercenary pastors, Acts xx. nicated with the patriarchs

29, &c. and prophets, declared the
WOMAN. Before the fall gospel when on earth, now
the woman seems to have intercedes in heaven, and
been more on a level with will give sentence at the last
the man, than since the curse, day.
in whicli she seems to have WORK, any thing done*
 —

WOR 270 WOT

Creation is the work
of God. nothing but worldly things,
Gen. ii. 2. The works
of and pursue only worldly de-
God's providence are his signs. John xv. 13. (4.) The
preservation and government Gentiles. Rom. xi. 12. (5.)
of the world. John v. 17. The The pleasures, riches, and
work of redemption is attrib- honours of the world. 1 Cor.
uted to the three persons of vii.31. Man's tongue is a
the Trinity ; the beginning " world of iniquity ;" its
is from the Father ; the dis- words contain inconceivable
pensation is through the Son ; wickedness. James iii. 6.
and the application by the Worldly is what is of a carnal
Spirit. John vi. 29. 1 Peter and earthly nature. Tit. ii.
i. 2. 12. Heb. ix. 1.
By good works, are under- WORMWOOD, an herb,
stood all manner of duties, as of a very hitter taste. In the
well thoughts, as words and Septuagint, the original word
actions, towards God or man, is variously rendered, and
which are commanded in the generally by terms expres-
law of God, and proceed from sive of figurative sense ;
its
a pure heart and faith un- for what offensive, odious,
is
feigned, and are referred un- or deleterious ; as idolatry,
to God's glory. Eph. ii. 10. profaneness, apostacy, &c.
Good works are the way to Deut. xxix. 18. Heb. xii. 15.
the kingdom, not the cause Celsius considers it to be
of entering thither. They the Absinthum Santonicum
are imperfect, Ecc. vii. 20 Judaicum, which Rauwolf
and of course are not merito- describes as abounding round
rious, Luke xvii. 10. They Bethlehem. Prov. v. 4. Lam.
are, however, the only evi- iii. 15.
dence of our title to heaven, WORSHIP, to bow down
—
James ii. 18 20. They show with reverence it means, ;

our gratitude to God, Psalm (1.) Civil reverence, given

cxvi. 12, 13 —
are honorary to to persons of authority or
our profession, Titus ii. 10 worth, Matt. ix. 13. xviii. 26.
and profitable to men, Titus Luke xiv. 10. (2 ) Outward
iii. 8. homage, given as an acknowl-
WORLD. (1.) The earth edgment of Deity. Matt. iv.
and all the animals, and veg- 10. Dan. iii. 5, 1*2, 14. (3.)
etables on its surface man- Inward trust, love, and fear
;

kind generally. (2.) The of God, because of his infi-

universe and all created be- nite excellency. John iv. 24.
ings. John i. 10. (3.) The Phil. iii. 3.
wicked, who relish and love WOT, to know ; to be
 YEA 271 YEA
aware ; a word not now in national concerns, and in the
common use. Numb. xxii. 6. other, their religious affairs
See Wit. and festivals. The civil year
WRITING was probably commenced the month in
taught men by the inspira- Tizri; that is, at the autum-
tion of God. Ex. xvii. 14. nal equinox; and their sacred
xxiv. 4. The alphabets of year in the month JYisan, or
all languages have a remark- ancient Abib y Ex. xii. 2,
able similarity to the He- which corresponded either to
brew. At first, writing seems March or April, according to
to have been very rudely the passover moon. The sa-
done, the letters being cut cred year was instituted as a
or scratched on stone, Exod. new era to commemorate the
xxiv. 12 ; or on plastered deliverance of Israel from the
stones, Deut. xxvii. 2 ; or on yoke of the Egyptians. Ex.
clay, which was then baked xii. 2. It might be consider-
like brick ; or on plates of ed as a presage of the gospel
lead. Afterward tablets of day, because it began in the
wood were used, on which very month in which Christ
the letters were traced. Then was crucified, and thus put
those were improved by cov- an end to the ancient dispen-
ering them with thin wax sation. John xix. 30. Every
and writing with a sharp third year they added a month,
stick. To obliterate the wri- to make up for the days lost
ting, they were held to the in consequence of measuring
fire ; hence God is said to the months by revolutions of
blot out sins " as a cloud." the moon, which made the
The sharp instrument for year consist of 354 days.
writing was called a style, This intercalary month they
hence we call a man's man- called Ve-adar, or second
ner of writing, his style. Af- Adar. See Month.
terward, bark, &c. became Ignorance of chronology,
used. See Paper. and pride of antiquity, made
the Egyptians, Chaldeans,
Chinese, Indians, and others,
date back the rise of their
own nation to the distance of
a ridiculous number of years.
It is now conceded by most
YEAR, a space of twelve learned men, that the crea-
months. The Jews had both tion occurred at or about 4004
a civil and a sacred year ; in years before the birth of our
the first they regulated their Saviour. The practice of
 YEA 272 YEA
numbering the years from called leap year. The new
the birth of Christ, was not reckoning, however, was not
adopted for several centuries perfectly exact, for the true
after that event. Different year consists of only 365 days
countries had their different 5 hours and 49 minutes, so
eras for commencing ; such that the Julian year was
as the foundation of a metro- eleven minutes too long.
polis, or the reign of a king. This surplus in 130 years
The last method, was used in amounted to a whole day, and
England the time o( Crom-
till in 1600 years had created an
well, when the Christian era error of ten clays. In the
was adopted. Anno Domini ,
year 1532 Pope Gregory
generally written A. D. XIII. at the instance of Lilio,
means yearof our Lord. Anno the Roman astronomer, pro-
Mundi, or year of the world, posed to strike out this ex-
marks the date from creation. cess of ten days, and to omit
There is much confusion three leap years in every
in all chronology, from the four centuries. This was for
incorrect modes of computing a while called New Style, and
the year, practised by early was gradually adopted both
nations. The use of lunar by Catholic and Protestant
months, of twenty-nine and states. It was not introduced
a half days each, made the into England till the middle
year too short. Many plans of the last century, [1752] at
were adopted to regulate the which time the difference
year, but none came near amounted to elcren days.
making the lunar and solar Russia has not yet acceded
year correspond, till Julius to this reform, and the differ-
Cesar, by the help of his as- ence now amounts to 12
tronomers, brought it to a days. So that the 12th day
considerable degree of accu- of the month with us, is the
racy. He abolished the lunar 1st day of that month with
month, and established a her. Our present calendar
solar year, of 365 days, 6 is very nearly, though not
hours, divided into 12 artifi- quite correct. The surplus,
cial months, consisting alter- as now left, would not amount
nately of 30 and 31 days. to seven hours in 1000 years.
The odd six hours in four In prophetic style, a year
years made a whole day, signifies 360 years, and a
which was added by count- month 30 years, a day be-
ing the 24th day of Februa- ing put for a year ; and so
ry twice. The year on three years and a half, and
which this was done wT as "times, time, and half a
 YOK 273 ZAD
time," or 42 months, or 1260 scrupulous on this point.
days, denote the 1260 years' Hence, Homer represents
duration oi Antichrist. Rev. Diomedes, as promising to
xl 2, 3. xii. 6, 14. Pallas,
YOKE, a frame of wood "A yearly heifer,
for the neck of oxen
with Unconscious of the galling yoke."

which they draw ; a mark of

servitude, bondage, or slave-
ry. The service of God is,
to flesh and blood, a yoke, MA*
because it restrains our natu-
ral inclinations; yet it is ZACCHE'US, a rich pub-
easy comparison of the
in lican. Whether be was a
service of sin, the covenant Jew or not, is uncertain.
of works, or the ceremonial Publicans paid government a
law. Matt, xi.29, SO. Gal. certain sum for the t.ixes of
v. 1. It is easy to them that a specified district, and then
love God, and are born of the collected them on their own
Spirit, because the law is account and risk. This is

written in their hearts, they called farming a revenue.

are endued with faith, and ZACHARIAH, or Zech-
they are strengthened by ariah. There were several
Christ. Ps. xxxvii. In the persons of this name. (1) A
ordinance of the red heifer king of Israel, who reigned
that was to be slain for the but six months. 2 Kings xv.
water of separation, Numb. (2.) A chief priest,
martyred
xix. 2, 9. it was expressly by king Joash. 2 Chron. xxiv.
required that she should be He is probably the person
" without spot or blemish, mentioned bv our Saviour,
and never have worn a yoke." Matt, xxiii. 35. (3.) One of
As all the ancient institutions the minor prophets, who re-
were designed to convey re- turned from Babylon, with
ligious instruction, we learn Zerubbabel, A. M. 3484, and
from this victim, that our began to prophesy about two
first services are clue to God ; months after Haggai. He
wrote the book which bears
and typically, the perfection
of our Lord and Saviour, his name, and has been call-
Jesus Christ, whose blood ed the chief of the minor
cleanseth from all sin Heb. prophets. (4.) One of the
ix. 13, 14. Uohni. 7. With common priests, father of
respect to the creature never John Baptist. Luke i.
having worn a yoke, the ZA'DOK, the son of Ahi-
heathens were particularly tub, appointed high priest
 ; ;

ZEA 274 ZEB

by Saul. By
event that that our zeal be enlightened
this
high office was returned
to and pure. When it is cher-
the family of Eleazer, after ished in connexion with ig-
it had continued nearly 120 norance, bigotry or prejudice,

years in the house of Eli, and it leads on to fury and per-

the family of Ithamar. secution, and every evil
ZAMZUM'MIMS, a gi- work. Johnxvi. 2. Acts ix.
gantic race of men residing 1, 2. God's zeal is his high
near Moab. Deut. ii. 20. and holy regard to his own
ZAR/EPHATH, or Sa- honour, and to the welfare
repta, where Elijah dwelt of his people. 2 Kings xix.
sometime with a widow 81.
was a sea- port of Phoenicia, ZEBOTM. (1.) One of
midway between Tyre and. the cities of the plain, de-
Sklon. 1Kings xvii. 9, 10. stroyed with Sodom. Gen.
Luke iv.26. About A. D. xiv. (2.) A valley near
400, it was stiil of some note. Jericho. 1 Sam.xii. 18. (3.)
name is Sarphend. A city of the Benjamites.
Its present
ZAR'ETAN^Zar'taintah, Neb. xi. 34.
or Zered'athah, a place ZEBULON, or Zabuloiv,
near to which the waters the sixth son of Jacob by
stood in heaps, as Joshua Leah, born about A. M. 2256,
passed below. The large from whom sprang one of
molten vessels of the temple the tribes of Israel. When
were cast in the adjacent this tribecame out of Egypt,
plain. Josh. iii. 16. 1 Kings their fighting men amounted
iv. 12. 2 Chron.
iv. 17. to 57,400 men, commanded
ZEAL, a fervent passion by Eiiab the son of Elon
or earnest desire for any they increased 3100 in the
thing, but especially in the wilderness. They had their
cause of religion. 2 Kings inheritance between the Sea
x. 16. Titus ii. 14. St. Paul of Galilee and the Mediterra-
speaks of some Jews having nean, and them-
enriched
a " zeal of God, but not ac- selves by com-
fisheries,
cording to knowledge," Rom merce, and the manufacture
x. 2 that is, they had an
; of glass. They were very
earnest desire to maintain honest in their dealings, and,
the honour of the ritual to notwithstanding the distance,
which they were accustom- were punctual attenders of
ed but knew not that right-
; the worship of God at Jeru-
eousness whereby a person salem. Gen. xlix. 13. Their
is justified before God. It country was signally blessed
is of unspeakable importance with the early instructions
 ZEL 275 ZIF
and miracles of our Saviour. phemy, or theft. He quotes
Isa. ix. 1,2. Matt.iv. 13,15. various Jewish authors, who
There was a city of this regarded their conduct as
name in the tribe of Asher. highly laudable. Simon was
Joshua xix. 27. Judges xii. of this class. Luke vi. 15.
12. Actsi 13
ZEDEKIAH, the son of ZEMARA'IM, a city of
Josiah. When Nebuchad- Benjamin, not far from Beth-
nezzar carried Jehoiachin el, near which was fought a
prisoner to Babylon, he made bloody battle in the days of
Mattaniah king in his stead Jeroboam I. Josh, xviii. 22.
after he had caused him to 2 Chron. xiii. 3—18.
swear to be his tributary, ZEM'ARITES, descend-
and changed his name to ants of Canaan, by Zemar,
Zedekiah. He began to his tenth son. Gen. x. 18.
reign when he was twenty- ZEPHANIAH is thought
one years of age, and reigned to have lived about the time
eleven. He revolted, but of Jeremiah. He awfully
was subdued and carried reproves the wickedness of
prisoner to Nebuchadnezzar, his times, and predicted God's
who caused his children to chastisement by the invasions
he murdered before his face, of the Chaldeans ; declared
and then his eyes to be glorious things for the church,
plucked out after which he and denounced ruin upon
;

loaded him with chains, and idolatrous nations.

sent him to Babylon, where ZERUB'BABEL was the
he died. Jeremiah xxi. Jewish name of Shesbaz-
xxvii. zar, who built the second
ZELO'TES, or Zealots, temple, by authority of Cy-
a sect often mentioned in rus. Ezra v. 16. Zech. iv. 9.
Jewish history. Lamy is of He took with him to Judea a
opinion that the just men colony of 50,000 persons, and
sent to entangle Christ in his restored the temple worship.
conversation, were of this In his day lived Haggai and
class. Luke xx. 20. Zechariah the prophets. Hag.
Dr. Gill says, that they i. and ii. Zech. iv.
were a set of men, who, in ZIF, orJAiR, the second
imitation of Phinehas, who month of the Jewish sacred
slew Zimri and Cozbi in the year, and eighth of the civil.
act of uncleanness, would Such as by reason of jonrnies,
immediately kill any person uncleanness, &c. were de-
whom they found commit- barred from keeping the pass-
ting adultery, idolatry, blas- over at the regular time,
 ZIO 276 ZIO
were permitted observe it especially. Ps. lxv. l.lxxxiv.
to
on the 14lh of month.
this 7. The worshippers at the
ZION, or Siojv. (1.) Part temple, if not the whole in-
of the range of mountains in habitants of Jerusalem, are
the north of Canaan, called calledZion. Ps. xcvii. 8. It is
Anti-Libanus. Deut. iv. 48. thought that the temple stood
(2.) Part of the site of Jeru- on Mount Moriah, where
salem. Abraham offered his son. 1
Which of the- several hills Kings viii. 1. Ps. xlviii. 2.
on which Jerusalem stood The Church is called Zion.
was probably called Zion, is Ps. cii. 13. 1st. ii. 3. Heh.
now not certain, the whole xii. 22. The name is applied
city having early taken that to heaven. Rev. xiv. 1.
name, and the temple itself

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