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Increased risk of
Prolonged Anger & coronary heart diseases
Hostility and other physical
disorders
Positive emotions have positive impacts on our health
Patients with positive emotions have a better chance to cure
E.g. In the study of American School Sisters of Notre
Dame
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Happy Sisters 90% of the
Positive most cheerful
emotions sisters lived up
expressed in to 85 years old
diary
Unhappy Sisters
Less positive Only 34% lived
emotions up to 85 years
expressed in old
diary
Life satisfaction:
Duchenne smiles: genuine smile, real, sincere
Pan American smile: smile of flight attendants
Study by Keltner and Harker (1960):
Studied 141 senior-class photos in Mills College year book
Duchenne Women
More likely to:
Get married
Stay married
Feel happy
More satisfied
Cognitive function:
According to Broaden-and-Build Model: By Barbara
Fredrickson
Positive emotions lead to cognitive change: broader
attention, greater working memory, enhanced verbal
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fluency, and increased openness to information.
Positive emotions __________________ our awareness
and then __________________ upon our learning to
create future emotional and intellectual resources
Positive emotions open our minds
Feeling good has a beneficial effect that builds our
intellectual, social, psychological and physical abilities
Positive emotion as a positive resource, and maximize our
future resources
To try new activities and goals
Have more skills and resources to draw on from the
past activity while feeling good
For example:
Children learn through plan
Doctors could think of more and better methods to cure
liver disease when they were given candies
Adults were asked to: attach a candle on wall, but wax
would not drip on the floor. A group could think of more
creative ideas if they were given candies and required to
read positive words aloud.
Responses to emotion how people regulate, react to, or cope with their
own emotion or the situation that triggered it
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The ‘broaden-and-build’ theory of positive emotions
• Fredricksons (1998) states positive emotions help undo the after effects
of stress reactions in a shorter period of time.
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How to increase lasting positive emotion?
1. Be open and curious – open your mind
Curious Open to continuous learning (know more about yourself
and the world) having a growth happiness and well-being
Your expectations shape your experience and your feeling.
If you expect something to be bad it probably will be, and if you
expect something to be great you may experience disappointment
when it is not
3. Self-awareness
Negative thoughts about someone is offending you would easily result
in hatred and anger vicious cycle Blocking positive emotions
and satisfaction
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Negative thought: someone is
offending you
4. Help others
Bernard Rimland found that “the happiest people are those who help
others”
Exercise: List ten people you know and rate them from 1 – 10
according to how happy you think they are:
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The ‘broaden-and-build’ theory of positive emotions
Tips & Tools
How can we increase positive emotions?
The emotion of contentment can be enhanced by engaging in relaxation
practices, such as progressive muscle relaxation, yoga and imagery exercises.
Meditation exercises help achieve a state of mindfulness, which brings many
other benefits.
References
Biswas-Diener, R., & Dean, B. (2007). Positive Psychology Coaching: Putting
the Science of Happiness to Work for Your Clients. USA: John Wiley &
Sons, Inc.
Boniwell, I. (2008). Positive psychology in a nutshell: A balanced introduction
to the science of optimal functioning. Personal Well-Being Centre.
Chesney, M. A. and Rosenman, R. H. (1985). Anger and Hostility in
Cardiovascular and Behavioral Disorders. Washington, DC: Hemisphere.
Compton, W. C. (2005). An Introduction to Positive Psychology. Thomson
Wadsworth: Belmont, CA USA.
Fredrickson, B. L. (1998). What good are positive emotions?. Review of
general psychology, 2(3), 300.
Gerrig, R.J., & Zimbardo, P.G. (2010). Psychology and Life (19th Ed). USA:
Pearson.
Ingleby, E. (2010). Applied Psychology for Social work (2nd Ed.). UK:
Learning Matters Ltd.
Nicolson, P., Bayne, R., & Owen, J. (2006). Applied psychology for social
workers (3rd Ed.). UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
Seligman, M.E.P., Parks, A.C., & Steen, T. (2004). A balanced psychology and
a full life. The Royal Society, 359,1379-1381.
Seligman, M.E.P., Steen, T., Park. N. & Peterson, C. (2005). Positive
Psychology Progress: Empricial Validation of Interventions. American
Psychologist, 60 (5), 410-412.
Snyder, C.R., Lopez, Shane J. and Pedrotti, Jennifer Teramoto. (2011). Positive
Psychology: the scientific and practical explorations and of human
strengths. Thousand Oaks, Calif.: SAGE.
Weiten, W. (2010). Psychology: Themes and variation (8th Ed.). USA:
Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.
Worthington, E. L. (2003). Forgiving and Reconciling: Bridges to Wholeness
and Hope. Downers Grove, IL: InterVarsity Press.
岳曉東 (2008)做個A+青少年,香港城市大學出版社: Chapter 1, 7
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