LYCEUM

OF THE PHILIPPINES – CAVITE

COLLEGE OF LAW

COURSE SYLLABUS IN
LEGAL MEDICINE

COURSE NUMBER : LMEN44L
COURSE TITLE : Legal Medicine
COURSE DESCRIPTION : As defined by the American College of Legal
Medicine, “Legal Medicine” is the professional and
academic discipline which concerns itself with legal
aspects of medical science, medical practice, and
other healthcare delivery problems. It is a branch of
medicine that applies scientific knowledge and
skills, specifically, medical and surgical principles
to medicolegal issues in order to assist the trier of
facts in dispensing justice properly (Olarte, 2020).

This course includes the study of both medical
jurisprudence and legal medicine. It examines the
legal principles that relate to the medical field and
medico-legal cases. It provides an overview of
forensic medicine as it relates to legal problems,
particularly in the fields of criminal and civil law.

COURSE PREREQUISITE : N/A

COURSE CREDIT : One (1) Unit

REFERENCES : 1. Olarte, Leo Obias. Legal Medicine. Quezon City:

Central Book Supply, 2020. (Volume 1)

2. Olarte, Leo Obias. Legal Medicine. Quezon City:
Central Book Supply, 2006. (Volume 2)

3. Ng, Peter P., and Philipp U. Po. Forensic
Science. Manila: Philippine College of Medical
Researchers Foundation, 2007.

4. Solís, Pedro P. Legal Medicine. Quezon City:
R.P. Garcia Pub., 1987.

5. Selected laws and jurisprudence interpreting
the same

6. Rules of Court and Special Rules promulgated
by the Supreme Court

1
Part I: Introduction

1. Definition of Terms
1.1. Legal Medicine
1.2. Forensic Medicine
1.3. Medical Jurisprudence

2. Brief History of Legal Medicine
3. Common medical and anatomical terminologies
3.1. Structural and Functional Organization of the Human Body
3.2. Organ Systems of the Body
3.3. Directional Terms for the Human Body
3.4. Body Parts and Region
3.5. Subdivisions of the Abdomen
3.6. Planes and Section of the Body
3.7. Trunk Cavities

Reference:
§ VanPutte, Cinnamon L, Regan, Jennifer, Russo, Andrew. Seeley’s
Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology. New York, USA: 2016.

4. Legal Medicine and the Rules on Evidence
4.1. A.M. No. 19-08-15-SC (Sec. 52 vis-à-vis Sec. 53)
4.2. Frye v. United States, 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923)
4.3. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 509 U.S. 579 (1993)
4.4. Teodoro C. Tortona, Rodrigo C. Tortona, Pedro C. Tortona, Ernesto C.
Tortona, And Patricio C. Tortona v. Julian C. Gregorio, Florentino Gregorio,
Jr., Isagani C. Gregorio, Celedonia G. Ignacio, Teodocia G. Chan, Leonila G.
Caampued, Concordia G. Mijares, Romeo C. Gregorio, Edna S. Tan, Nelia S.
Reyes, Cecilia S. Friedman, Lamberto Suante, Julius Suante, Corazon Yasay-
Gregorio, Donaldo Y. Gregorio, Elmer Y. Gregorio, And Roy John Y.
Gregorio, G.R. No. 202612, January 17, 2018

Part II: Medical Jurisprudence

1. Rights, duties and responsibilities of doctors
2. Rights, cuties and responsibilities of patients
3. Special laws affecting hospitals and medical practitioners

3.1. RA No. 9439 - An Act Prohibiting the Detention of Patients in Hospitals
and Medical Clinics on Grounds of Nonpayment of Hospital Bills or
Medical Expenses

3.2. RA No. 10354 - An Act Prohibiting the Detention of Patients in Hospitals
and Medical Clinics on Grounds of Nonpayment of Hospital Bills or
Medical Expenses

3.2.1. James M. Imbong And Lovely-Ann C. Imbong, for themselves and
in behalf of their minor children, Lucia Carlos Imbong and

2
 Bernadette Carlos Imbong and Magnificat Child Development
Center, Inc. v. Hon. Paquito N. Ochoa, Jr., Executive Secretary, Hon.
Florencio B. Abad, Secretary, Department Of Budget And
Management, Hon. Enrique T. Ona, Secretary, Department Of
Health, Hon. Armin A. Luistro, Secretary, Department Of
Education, Culture And Sports And Hon. Manuel A. Roxas II,
Secretary, Department Of Interior And Local Government, G.R.
No. 204819, April 08, 2014.

3.3. BP 702, as amended by RA No. 10932 - Anti-Hospital Deposit Law

3.3.1. Private Hospitals Association of the Philippines, Inc. (PHAPI)
represented by its President, Dr. Rustico Jimenez, v. Hon. Salvador
Medialdea, Executive Secretary, And The Acting Secretary Of
Department Of Health, G.R. No. 234448, November 06, 2018

3.4. RA No. 10173 – Data Privacy Act of 2012.

3.5. RA No. 7170 – Organ Donation Act of 1991

3.6. RA No. 349, as amended by RA 1056, and PD 856 - An Act to legalize
permissions to use human organs or any portion or portions of the human
body for medical, surgical, or scientific purposes, under certain conditions

3.6.1. Dr. Filoteo Alano v. Zenaida Magud-Logmao, G.R. No. 175540, April 7,
2014 (read concurring opinion of Justice Leonen)

4. Medical malpractice and hospital liability

4.1. Definition of medical malpractice;
4.2. Elements of medical malpractice;
4.3. Proof of medical malpractice;
4.4. Doctrines in medical malpractice

4.4.1. Res Ipsa Loquitor
4.4.2. Respondeat superior
4.4.3. Captain of the Ship
4.4.4. Borrowed Servant Doctrine
4.4.5. Estoppel by Agency/Apparent Authority
4.4.6. Corporate Negligence

4.5. Case Analysis:

4.5.1. Leandro Carillo v. People of the Philippines, G.R. No. 86890, January
21, 1994;

4.5.2. Dr. Ninevetch Cruz v. Court of Appeals And Lydia Umali, G.R. No.
122445, November 18, 1997

3
 4.5.3. Rogelio E. Ramos and Erlinda Ramos, in their own behalf and as
natural guardians of the minors, Rommel Ramos, Roy Roderick
Ramos, and Ron Raymond Ramos v. Court of Appeals, De Los Santos
Medical Center, Dr. Orlino Hosaka and Dr. Perfecta Guttierez, G.R. No.
124354, December 29, 1999

4.5.3.1. Rogelio E. Ramos and Erlinda Ramos, in their own behalf
and as natural guardians of the minors, Rommel Ramos, Roy
Roderick Ramos, and Ron Raymond Ramos v. Court of
Appeals, De Los Santos Medical Center, Dr. Orlino Hosaka
and Dr. Perfecta Guttierez, G.R. No. 124354, April 11, 2002

4.5.4. Leah Alesna Reyes, Rose Nahdja, Johnny, and Minors Lloyd And
Kristine, All Surnamed Reyes, Represented By Their Mother, Leah
Alesna Reyes, v. Sisters of Mercy Hospital, Sister Rose Palacio, Dr.
Marvie Blanes, And Dr. Marlyn Rico, G.R. No. 130547, October 3,
2000.

4.5.5. Elsie Ang v. Dr. Erniefel Grajeda, G.R. No. 166239, June 8, 2006

4.5.6. Manila Doctors Hospital v. So Un Chua and Vicky Ty, G.R. No. 150355,
July 31, 2006

4.5.7. Rogelio P. Nogales, for himself and on behalf of the minors, Roger
Anthony, Angelica, Nancy, and Michael Christopher, all surnamed
Nogales v. Capitol Medical Center, Dr. Oscar Estrada, Dr. Ely Villaflor,
Dr. Rosa Uy, Dr. Joel Enriquez, Dr. Perpetua Lacson, Dr. Noe Espinola
and Nurse J. Dumlao, G.R. No. 142625, G.R. No. 142625, December
19, 2006

4.5.8. Professional Services, Inc. v. Court of Appeals and Natividad And
Enrique Agana, G.R. No. 126297, January 31, 2007

4.5.8.1. Professional Services, Inc. v. Court of Appeals and
Natividad And Enrique Agana, G.R. No. 126297, January
31, 2008

4.5.8.2. Professional Services, Inc. v. Court of Appeals and
Natividad And Enrique Agana, G.R. No. 126297, February
2, 2010

4.5.9. Fe Cayao-Lasam v. Spouses Claro And Editha Ramolete, G.R. No.
159132, December 18, 2008

4.5.10. Peter Paul Patrick Lucas, Fatima Gladys Lucas, Abbeygail Lucas and
Gillian Lucas v. Dr. Prospero Ma. C. Tuaño, G. R. No. 178763, April 21,
2009

4
 4.5.11. Dr. Rubi Li v. Spouses Reynaldo and Lina Soliman, as Parents/Heirs of
deceased Angelica Soliman, G.R. No. 165279, June 07, 2011

4.5.12. Dr. Emmanuel Jarcia, Jr. and Dr. Marilou Bastan v. People of the
Philippines, G.R. No. 187926, February 15, 2012

4.5.13. Mariter Mendoza v. Adriano Caumpang, Jennifer Adriane and John
Andre, All Surname Casumpang, G.R. No. 197987, March 19, 2012.

4.5.14. Dr. Eduardo Aquino v. Heirs of Raymunda Calayag, namely: Rodrigo,
Wilma, Willie, William, Wilson, Wendy, Whitney And Warren, all
surnamed Calayag, represented By Rodrigo Calayag, G.R. No. 158461,
August 22, 2012.

4.5.15. Dr. Pedro Dennis Cereno, and Dr. Santos Zafe v. Court of Appeals,
Spouses Diogenes S. Olavere and Fe R. Serrano, G.R. No. 167366,
September 26, 2012.

4.5.16. Dr. Fernando P. Solidum v. People of the Philippines, G.R. No. 192123,
March 10, 2014

4.5.17. Dr. Antonio P. Cabugao v. People of the Philippines And Spouses
Rodolfo M. Palma And Rosario F. Palma, G.R. No. 163879, July 30,
2014

4.5.18. Pedrito Dela Torre v. Dr. Arturo Imbuido, Dra. Norma Imbuido in their
capacity as owners And operators of Divine Spirit General Hospital
and/or Dr. Nestor Pasamba, G.R. No. 192973, September 29, 2014

4.5.19. Dr. Idol L. Bondoc v. Marilou R. Mantala, G.R. No. 203080, November
12, 2014.

4.5.20. Noel Casumpang, Ruby Sanga-Miranda and San Juan de Dios Hospital
v. Nelson Cortejo, G.R. No. 171127, March 11, 2015;

4.5.21. Dr. Jaime T. Cruz v. Dr. Felicisimo V. Agas, Jr., G.R. No. 204095, June
15, 2015

4.5.22. Nilo B. Rosit v. Davao Doctors Hospital And Dr. Rolando G. Gestuvo,
G.R. No. 210445, December 07, 2015

4.5.23. Carlos Borromeo v. Family Care Hospital, Inc. and Ramon S. Inso, G.R.
No. 191018, January 25, 2016

5
Part III: Pregnancy, Delivery, Abortion, Infanticide, Birth and Civil Personality

1. Pregnancy
1.1. Legal Importance of determination of pregnancy
1.2. Process of fertilization
1.3. Physiological changes in women during pregnancy
1.4. Medical Evidence of Pregnancy
1.4.1. Presumptive
1.4.2. Probable
1.4.3. Positive

1.5. Pregnancy Classification System
1.6. Pregnancy Testing
1.7. Stages of Fetal Development
1.8. Estimating Age of Gestation
1.8.1. Prenatal Techniques
1.8.1.1. Non-Sonographic Methods for Determining
Gestational Age
1.8.1.1.1. Naegele’s Rule
1.8.1.1.2. Uterine Size

1.8.1.2. Sonographic Methods for Determining
Gestational Age
1.8.1.2.1. First Trimester Dating
1.8.1.2.2. Crown-rump length
(CRL)
1.8.1.3. Second Trimester Dating
1.8.1.3.1. Biparietal Diameter
(BPD)
1.8.1.3.2. Head Circumference
(HC)
1.8.1.3.3. Femur Length (FL)
1.8.1.3.4. Abdominal
Circumference (AC)
1.8.1.4. Third Trimester Dating:
1.8.1.4.1. Epiphyseal ossification
1.8.1.4.2. Proximal tibial
ossification centers
1.8.1.4.3. Proximal humeral
ossification centers
2. Delivery
2.1. Methods of Delivery
2.1.1. Unassisted Vaginal Delivery
2.1.2. Assisted Vaginal Delivery
2.1.3. Cesarean Section

2.2. Signs of Recent Delivery
2.2.1. In the living
2.2.2. In the dead

6

2.3. Signs of Remote Delivery
2.4. Post-mortem delivery
§ Vennemann, Benedikt & Bohnert, Michael & Pollak, Stefan &
Perdekamp, Markus. (2008). Postmortem "delivery" in a
pregnant fire victim. International journal of legal medicine. 122.
327-31. 10.1007/s00414-008-0234-6.

2.5. Simulation of Births
2.5.1. Article 347, Revised Penal Code
2.5.2. RA 11222: Simulated Birth Rectification Act

3. Abortion and Infanticide
3.1. Abortion (Art. 256 to 259, Revised Penal Code)
3.1.1. Methods of Inducing Abortion
3.1.1.1. Intentional Abortion
3.1.1.2. Unintentional

§ People v. Genoves, G.R. No. L-42819, April 15, 1935
§ People v. Manglicmot, CA, 57 0.G. 8668
§ Gelig v. People, G.R. No. 173150, July 28, 2010
§ US v. Jeffrey, G.R. No. 5597. March 5, 1910

3.2. Infanticide (Art. 255, Revised Penal Code)

3.3. Abortion vis-à-vis Infanticide

3.3.1. Prenatal Death
3.3.2. Postnatal Death
3.3.2.1. Abortion against a born-alive but non-viable
fetus
3.3.2.2. Infanticide against a born-alive and viable
infant with a life less than three days
Read:
§ People v. Robinos, G.R. No. 138453, May 29, 2002
§ People v. Villanueva, G.R. No. 95851, March 1, 1995
§ People v. Paycana, G.R. No. 179035, April 16, 2008
§ People v. Salufrania, G.R No. 136861, November 15,
2000
§ US v. Vedra, G.R. No. L-4779, November 20, 1908

3.4. Proof of livebirth
§ Guddat, Saskia & Gapert, René & Tsokos, Michael &
Oesterhelweg, Lars. (2013). Proof of live birth using
postmortem multislice computed tomography (pmMSCT) in
cases of suspected neonaticide: Advantages of diagnostic
imaging compared to conventional autopsy. Forensic science,
medicine, and pathology. 9. 3-13. 10.1007/s12024-012-
9361-y.

7

4. Birth
4.1. Legal Importance of the Study of Birth (Art. 40, Civil Code)
4.2. Signs of Maturity of a Child at Birth
4.2.1. Dubowitz Method
4.2.2. New Ballard Score

4.3. RA 9288: Newborn Screening Act
4.4. RA 7600(The Rooming-In and Breast-feeding Act of 199), as
amended, RA 10028 (Expanded Breastfeeding Promotion Act of
2009)
4.5. Act 3753: Law on Registry of Civil Status
4.6. Definition and concept of civil personality (Art. 37, Civil Code)
4.7. Attainment and termination of civil personality (Art. 37, 40, 41,
42, Civil Code)

§ Carmen Quimiguin, suing through her parents, Antonio
Quimiguing and Jacoba Cabili, v. Felix Icao, G.R. No. 26795, July
31, 1970
§ Antonio Geluz v. Court of Appeals and Oscar Lazo, G.R. No. L-
16439, July 20, 1961

Part IV: Paternity and Filiation
1. Legal importance of determining paternity and filiation
2. Legitimate children (Arts. 163 – 171, Family Code)
3. Proof of Paternity and Filiation: (Art. 172 -174, Family Code)
4. Legitimated children (Arts. 177-182)
5. Adopted children
5.1. Arts. 183, Family Code
5.2. RA 8552: Domestic Adoption Act of 1998
5.3. RA 8043: Inter-Country Adoption Act of 1995
6. Illegitimate children (Arts. 175 -176, Family Code)
7. Artificial Insemination (Art. 164, Family Code)
7.1. Artificial insemination v. Surrogacy
§ In re Baby M, 109 N.J. 396, 537 A.2d 1227 (1988)
§ Johnson v. Calvert, 5 Cal. 4th 84, 19 Cal. Rptr. 2d 494, 851 P.2d
776 (1993)
§ In Re: MMM, 428 S.W.3d 389 (2014)

Part V: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) as evidence

1. A.M. No. 6-11-5-SC (Rule on DNA Evidence)
1.1. Scope (Sec. 1)
1.2. Definition of Terms (Sec. 3)

1.2.1. DNA
1.2.2. DNA evidence
1.2.3. DNA profile
1.2.4. DNA testing

8
 1.2.5. Biological sample
1.2.6. Probability of Parentage

1.3. Application for DNA Testing Order (Sec. 4)
1.4. DNA Testing Order (Sec. 5)
1.5. Post-conviction DNA Testing (Sec. 6, 10)
1.6. Assessment of probative value of DNA evidence (Sec. 7)
1.7. Reliability of DNA Testing Methodology (Sec. 8)
1.8. DNA Testing Results (Sec. 9)
1.9. Confidentiality (Sec. 11)
1.10. Preservation of DNA Evidence (Sec. 12)

2. Case Analysis:

2.1. People of the Philippines v. Claudio Tehankee, Jr., G.R. Nos. 111206-08,
October 6, 1995

2.2. Edgardo Tijing and Beinvenida R. Tijing v. Court of Appeals, G.R. No.
125901, March 8, 2001

2.3. People of the Philippines v. Joel Yatar Alias "Kawit", G.R. No. 150224, May
19, 2004

2.4. In Re: the Writ Of Habeas Corpus for Reynaldo De Villa (Detained At The
New Bilibid Prisons, Muntinlupa City) June De Villa v. The Director, New
Bilibid Prisons, G.R. No. 158802, November 17, 2004

2.5. Maria Jeanette C. Tecson and Felix B. Desiderio, Jr. v. The Commission On
Elections, Ronald Allan Kelly Poe (A.K.A. Fernando Poe, Jr.) and Victorino
X. Fornier, G.R. No. 161434, March 3, 2004

2.6. People of the Philippines v. Joel Janson and Ricky Pinantao Alias Ogco, G.R.
No. 125938, April 4, 2003

2.7. Arnel L. Agustin v. Hon. Court Of Appeals and Minor Martin Jose
Prollamante, represented by his mother/guardian Fe Angela Prollamante,
G.R. No. 162571, June 15, 2005

2.8. Rosendo Herrera v. Rosendo Alba, Minor, Represented By His Mother Armi
A. Alba, And Hon. Nimfa Cuesta-Vilches, Presiding Judge, Branch 48,
Regional Trial Court, Manila, G.R. No. 148220, June 15, 2005

2.9. Antonio Lejano v. People of the Philippines, G.R. No. 176389, December
14, 2010

2.10. People of the Philippines v. Edgar Allan Corpuz y Flores, G.R. No. 208013,
July 03, 2017

2.11. Maria T. Calma v. Marilu C. Turla, G.R. No. 221684, July 30, 2018

9

Part VI: Crime Scene Investigation

1. Definition of Crime Scene Investigation
2. Purpose of Crime Scene Investigation/Analysis
3. Purpose of evidence collected at the crime scene
4. Crime Scene Team

4.5. Team Leader
4.6. Photographer and photographic log recorder
4.7. Evidence Recorder/Custodian
4.8. Evidence Recovery Personnel
4.9. Specialists
4.9.1. Medical Examiner/Coroner
4.9.2. Odontologist
4.9.3. Anthropologist
4.9.4. Entomologist
4.9.5. Blood Pattern Analyst
4.9.6. Computer Investigative Specialist
4.9.7. Geologist
4.9.8. Surveyor
4.9.9. Engineer
4.9.10. Bomb technician
4.9.11. Crime Laboratory Examiner

5. Physical Evidence

5.1. Physical evidence as that mute but eloquent manifestation of
truth which rate high in our hierarchy of trustworthy evidence

5.1.1. Capistrano Daayata, Dexter Salisi, And Bregido Mala Cat,
Jr., v. People Of The Philippines, March 8, 2017 G.R. No.
205745

5.1.2. People of the Philippines v. Artemio Gapasan, G.R. No.
110812 March 29, 1995

5.1.3. People of the Philippines v. Wilfredo Guarin, G.R. Nos.
83437-38. July 17, 1996

5.2. Classification of object evidence:

5.2.1. Actual, physical or autoptic evidence
5.2.1.1. Unique Objects - those that have readily
identifiable marks
5.2.1.2. Objects made unique – those that are made
readily identifiable
5.2.1.3. Non-unique objects - those with no identifying
marks

10

5.2.2. Demonstrative evidence

Case Analysis:

5.2.3. People of the Philippines v. Herofil Olarte y Namuag, G.R.
No. 233209, March 11, 2019

5.3. Evidence Triangle – establishes, through physical evidence, a link
between the various facets of the crime scene, the victim, and the
subject.

5.4. Locard’s Exchange Principle/Principle of Interchange - “every
contact leave a trace”

5.5. Identification and Comparison

5.5.1. Identification
5.5.2. Comparison

5.5.2.1. Control samples
5.5.2.2. Elimination samples
5.5.2.3. Class Characteristics
5.5.2.4. Individual characteristics

5.6. Crime Scene Search and Investigation

5.6.1. Stages

5.6.1.1. Preparation
5.6.1.2. Basic Premises
5.6.1.3. Approach the Scene

5.6.1.3.1. Arriving at the Scene: Initial
Response/Prioritization of Efforts

5.6.1.3.1.1. Initial Response/ Receipt
of Information
5.6.1.3.1.2. Safety procedures
5.6.1.3.1.3. Emergency Care
5.6.1.3.1.4. Secure and Control
Persons at the Scene
5.6.1.3.1.5. Boundaries: Identify
establish, protect, and
secure
5.6.1.3.1.6. Duties of the First
Responder while
observing minimum
health standards

11
 5.6.1.3.1.7. Turn Over Control of the
Scene and Brief
Investigator(s) in Charge
5.6.1.3.1.8. Duties and
Responsibilities of the
Investigating Team while
observing the minimum
health standards
5.6.1.3.1.9. Document Actions and
Observations
5.6.1.3.1.10. Establish a Command
Post (Incident Command
System) and Make
Notifications
5.6.1.3.1.11. Manage Witnesses

5.6.1.4. Initiate Preliminary survey of the scene and
brief team (Preliminary documentation and
evaluation of the scene)

5.6.1.4.1. Conduct Scene Assessment
5.6.1.4.2. Conduct Scene “Walk-Through” and
Initial Documentation
5.6.1.4.3. Note-Taking Logs

5.6.1.5. Processing the Scene (Evaluate physical
evidence possibilities around with the scene)
5.6.1.5.1. Determine Team Composition
5.6.1.5.2. Ensure Contamination Control

5.6.1.6. Conduct detailed search
5.6.1.6.1. Search patterns
5.6.1.6.1.1. Strip or Lane Search Method
5.6.1.6.1.2. Grid Search Method
5.6.1.6.1.3. Zone or Sector Method
5.6.1.6.1.4. Point to Point
5.6.1.6.1.5. Spiral or Circular Search
5.6.1.6.1.6. Clockwise or Counter-Clockwise
Inside
5.6.1.6.1.7. Wheel Search

5.6.1.7. Record and collect all physical evidence/
Documentation
5.6.1.7.1. Prepare narrative description
5.6.1.7.2. Depict scene photographically
5.6.1.7.2.1. Sketching
5.6.1.7.2.2. Photography
5.6.1.7.2.3. Videography

12
 5.6.1.8. Prioritize Collection of Evidence
5.6.1.9. Collect, Preserve, Inventory, Package,
Transport, and Submit Evidence
5.6.1.10. Completing and Recording the Crime Scene
Investigation
5.6.1.10.1. Establish Crime Scene
Debriefing Team
5.6.1.10.2. Perform Final Survey of the
Crime Scene
5.6.1.10.3. Documentation of the Crime
Scene
5.6.1.10.4. Acknowledge Specialized Crime
Scene Circumstances
5.6.1.10.4.1. Crime Scene
Investigation in
Correctional and
Custodial
Facilities
5.6.1.10.4.2. Time-Limited
Scene
Investigation
5.6.1.11. Release the scene

5.7. Crime Scene Equipment
5.7.1. Initial Responding Officers
5.7.2. Crime Scene Investigator/Evidence Technician
5.7.3. Evidence Collection Kits

5.8. Common Investigators Oversight


References:

§ Federal Bureau of Investigation. Handbook of Forensic Services. Virginia,
USA: FBI Laboratory Publication, 2003. (p. 155 – 168)
§ Philippine National Police. Criminal Investigation Manual (Revised).
Quezon City: PNP Directorate for Investigation and Detective
Management, 2010. [see Chapter I (General Principles of Investigation);
Chapter II (General Investigative Procedures)]
§ Philippine National Police. PNP Investigator’s Guide for “New Normal”
Quezon City: PNP Directorate for Investigation and Detective
Management, 2020. [see Chapter I (General Principles of Investigation);
Chapter II (General Investigative Procedures)]
§ National Forensic Science Technology Center. Crime Scene
Invetsigation: A Guide for Law Enforecement. Florida, USA: National
Forensic Science Technology Center, 2013.

6. Detailed Crime Scene Evidence Collection

13
 6.1. Ignitable liquids
6.2. Bodily fluids
6.3. Male Suspect Evidence Collection, Including Sexual Assault
6.4. Bombs and Explosives
6.5. Documents
6.6. Firearms
6.7. Ammunition
6.8. Tool Mark Evidence
6.9. Footwear and Tire impressions
6.10. Motor Vehicles
6.11. Electronic and Digital Evidence
6.12. Fingerprints
6.13. Comparison/Elimination Prints

Part VI: Forensic Identification

1. Forensic Identification defined
2. Criminal Identification
3. Identification of the Living; reasons
4. Identification of the Dead; reasons
5. Identification Methods
5.1. Quételet Classification
5.2. Anthropometry (Bertillon Classification/Portrait Parlé)
5.3. Primary physical characteristics
5.4. Secondary Physical Characteristics
5.5. Comparison of public hair
5.5.1. Tanners Stages
5.6. Comparison of scalp hair
5.7. Teeth bite marks
5.8. Dactylography (Fingerprints)
5.9. DNA Fingerprinting
5.10. Forensic Anthropology
5.11. Forensic Odontology
5.12. Laboratory tests
5.13. Individualizing Skeletal Features
5.14. Facial Reconstruction

6. Biometrics

Read:

Blas F. Ople v.Ruben D. Torres, Alexander Aguirre, Hector
Villanueva, Cielito Habito, Robert Barbers, Carmencita Reodica,
Cesar Sarino, Renato Valencia, Tomas P. Africa, Head of the
National Computer Center And Chairman of the Commission On
Audit, G.R. No. 127685, July 23, 1998


6.1.1. Characteristics of Biometric Identifiers

14
 6.1.1.1. Uniqueness
6.1.1.2. Universality
6.1.1.3. Permanence
6.1.1.4. Measurability
6.1.1.5. User friendliness

6.1.2. Common techniques in biometrics
6.1.2.1. Fingerprints
6.1.2.2. DNA Matching
6.1.2.3. Eye Scans
6.1.2.4. Facial Recognition
6.1.2.5. Hand Geometry
6.1.2.6. Voice Recognition
6.1.2.7. Handwriting and Signature Identification
6.1.2.8. Handwriting Analyst
6.1.2.9. Forensic Stylistics
6.1.2.10. Handwriting Analysis
6.1.2.11. Vascular Tattoos
6.1.2.12. Unique Body Odor

7. Other Physical Characteristics

7.1.1. Gait analysis
7.1.2. Footprint track designs
7.1.3. Photogrammetry
7.1.4. Earprint
§ State v. David Wayne Kunze, Court of Appeals of Washington,
Division 2. 97 Wash. App.832, 988 P.2d 977 (1999)

7.1.5. Palm Print and Handwriting Identification
§ United States v. Crisp, 324 F. 3d 261 (4th Cir. 2003)
§ Leonora Ceballos v. Intestate Estate Of The Late Emigdio
Mercado And The Heirs Of Emigdio Mercado, G.R. No.
155856, May 28, 2004
§ Richard A. Cambe v. Office of the Ombudsman, National
Bureau of Investigation, Levito D. Baligod, and Field
Investigation Office, G.R. Nos. 212014-15, December 06,
2016

7.1.6. Lip print
§ People v. Davis, No. 2-97-0725

8. Canine Identification of Human Scent
§ United States v. Place, 462 U.S. 696 (1983)
§ Indianapolis v. Edmond, 531 U.S. 32 (2000)
§ Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27 (2001)
§ The People of the State of Illinois v. Anne F. Cox, No. 5-99-0238,
December 05, 2000
§ Illinois v. Roy Caballes, 543 U.S. 405, 125 S. Ct. 834 (2005)

15

Part VII: Fingerprint Identification

1. Dactyloscopy v. Dactylography
2. Basic Fundamentals in the Science of Fingerprint Identification
2.1. Permanence
2.2. Individuality
2.3. How long do fingerprints last on evidence
2.4. Fingerprints and heredity
3. Types of Fingerprint
3.1. Latent Prints
3.1.1. Process guide for developing latent prints
3.1.1.1. Porous Surfaces
3.1.1.2. Nonporous surfaces
3.1.1.3. Bloodstained specimens – porous
3.1.1.4. Bloodstained specimens – nonporous
3.1.1.5. Cardboard
3.1.1.6. Rubber Gloves – Semiporous
3.1.1.7. Tape – Nonadhesive side
3.1.1.8. Tape – Adhesive side
3.1.1.8.1. Light-colored adhesive side of tape
3.1.1.8.2. Dark-color adhesive side of tape
3.1.1.9. Wallpaper
3.1.1.10. Photographs
3.1.1.10.1. Emulsion side
3.1.1.10.2. Paper-side-semiporous
3.1.1.11. Glossy Paper – Semiporous

3.1.2. Selection process
3.1.3. Processing Techniques
3.1.3.1. Visual
3.1.3.2. Fluorescence

3.1.4. Standard Process of Developing Latent Prints
3.1.4.1. Adhesive Surface techniques
3.1.4.2. Amido Black (Methanol Base)
3.1.4.3. Amido Black (Water Base – Fischer 98)
3.1.4.4. Cyanoacrylate Fuming (Microburst method)
3.1.4.5. Cyanoacrylate Fluorescent Dye (RAM)
3.1.4.6. Diaminobenzidine (DAB)
3.1.4.7. DFO (1,8-Diazaflouren-9-One)
3.1.4.8. Fingerprint Poweders
3.1.4.9. Iodine Fuming
3.1.4.10. Iodine Spray Reagent
3.1.4.11. LCV (Leucocrystal Violet)
3.1.4.12. Ninhydrin (Petroleum Ether Base)
3.1.4.13. Physical Developer (PD)
3.1.4.14. Silver Nitrate
3.1.4.15. Sudan Black

16
 3.1.4.16. Vacuum Metal Deposition

3.2. Patent Prints
3.3. Plastic Prints

4. Classifying Fingerprints
5. Fingerprint Pattern Types
6. Fingerprint Impression Types
7. Basic Finger Printing Equipment
8. Steps for Fingerprinting
9. Quality Checklist
10. Special Situations
10.1. Amputations
10.2. Bandaged Fingers or Hands
10.3. Scars
10.4. Deformities
10.5. Worn Fingerprints
10.6. Extra Fingers

11. Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System
12. Philippine Jurisprudence about fingerprinting
12.1. People v. Llamoso, G.R. No. L-24866, July 13, 1979
12.2. People v. Cando, et. al., G.R. No. 128114, October 25, 2000
12.3. People v. Dizon, G.R. No. 129893, December 10, 1999
12.4. People v. Sartagoda, G.R. No. 97525, April 7, 1993
12.5. People v. Sator, G.R. No. 118025, February 12, 1997
12.6. People v. Larrañaga, et. al., G.R. No. 138874-75, July 21, 2005
12.7. People v. Samus, G.R. Nos. 135957-58, September 17, 2002
12.8. Omar v. COMELEC, G.R. L-53962, February 3, 1981.
12.9. Loong v. COMELEC, G.R. Nos. 107814-107815, May 16, 1996
12.10. People v. Rondero, G.R. No. 125687, 9 December 1999
12.11. People v. Gallarde, G.R. No. 133025, February 27, 2000


Part VIII: Forensic Anthropology

1. Forensic Anthropology and Death Investigation
2. Estimating the age of the individual
2.1. Age categories based on skeletal remains
2.2. Estimating gender of the individual
2.3. Estimating the race of the individual
2.3.1. Discriminant Functions
2.4. Estimation of Stature of the Individual
2.5. Facial Reconstruction

Part IX: Forensic Odontology

1. Forensic Odontology defined
2. The Human Dental Formula

17
 3. Identification of Human Remains
3.1. Comparative Dental Identification
3.2. Postmortem Dental Profiling
3.3. Dental Identification in Mass Disasters

4. Bite Mark Analysis
4.1. Typical presentation of bite marks
4.2. Use of bitemarks to identify individuals

5. Presidential Decree No. 1575
6. Collection and Preservation of Postmortem Dental Evidence
6.1. Examination procedures
6.2. Photography
6.3. Jaw Resection
6.4. Techniques for Dissection /Resection
6.5. Postmortem Dental Record
6.6. Dental Examination
6.7. Narrative Description and Nomenclature
6.8. Dental Impressions
6.9. Dental Radiology

7. Categories and Terminology for Body Identification
7.1. Positive Identification
7.2. Possible Identification
7.3. Insufficient Evidence
7.4. Exclusion

Part X: Trace Evidence Examination

1. Trace evidence defined
2. Hair as trace evidence
2.1. Collection of hair evidence
2.2. Hair Microscopy
2.3. Structure of Hair
2.3.1. Human Hair v. Animal Hair
2.4. Hair Identification
2.5. Body Area Identification
2.5.1. Head Hair
2.5.2. Pubic Hair
2.5.3. Facial Hair
2.5.4. Limb Hair
2.5.5. Fringe hair
2.5.6. Other body hair
2.6. Interpretation of hair examination result

3. Fiber evidence
3.1. Significance of fiber evidence

4. Paint examination

18
 4.1. Paints
4.2. Common Paint Evidence (Automobile)
4.3. How to examine paint

5. Geology/Soil Analysis
6. Glass Analysis
6.1. Glass and its components
6.2. Major types of glass
6.3. Comparison of physical characteristics

Part XI: Medico-legal aspects of physical injuries

1. Classification of Wounds

1.1. As to mortality
1.1.1. Fatal/Deadly wounds
1.1.2. Non-fatal/Non-Deadly wounds

1.2. As to dept of the wound
1.2.1. Superficial
1.2.2. Deep
1.2.2.1. Penetrating
1.2.2.2. Perforating

1.3. As to type of wounding instrument use
1.3.1. Sharp instruments
1.3.2. Blunt instruments

1.4. As to the consequential injury after the application of force
1.4.1. Coup injury
1.4.2. Coup Countre Coup Injury
1.4.3. Contre Coup Injury
1.4.4. Locus Minoris Resistencia
1.4.5. Extensive Injury

1.5. As to the integrity of the skin
1.5.1. Closed wounds
1.5.1.1. Petechiae
1.5.1.2. Contusion
1.5.1.3. Hematoma
1.5.1.4. Blunt Injury

1.5.2. Open wounds
1.5.2.1. Abrasion
1.5.2.2. Bruise
1.5.2.3. Incised Wound
1.5.2.4. Stab Wound
1.5.2.5. Punctured Wound
1.5.2.6. Lacerated Wound

19
 1.5.2.7. Bites
1.5.2.8. Gunshot Wound

1.5.2.8.1. Firm contact fire
1.5.2.8.2. Loose contact fire
1.5.2.8.3. Short range fire
1.5.2.8.4. Medium range fire
1.5.2.8.5. Far distance

1.5.3. Special types of wounds
1.5.3.1. Assailant’s wound
1.5.3.2. Defense wound
1.5.3.3. Victim’s wounds
1.5.3.4. Self-inflicted wound
1.5.3.5. Homicidal wound
1.5.3.6. Accidental wound
1.5.3.7. Suicidal wound

1.6. Stages and duration of wound healing

2. Regional Trauma/Specific Injuries

2.1. Head

2.1.1. Types of Head Injuries
2.1.1.1. Epidural Hematoma
2.1.1.2. Subdural Hematoma
2.1.1.3. Hemorrhagic Contusions
2.1.1.4. Diffuse Axonal Injuries
2.1.1.5. Skull fractures
2.1.1.6. Subarachnoid hemorrhage
2.1.1.7. Intracerebral Hemorrhage
2.1.1.8. Carotid dissection
2.1.1.9. Vertebral dissection

2.2. Spine and Spinal Cord Injuries

2.2.1. Types of Spinal Cord Injuries
2.2.1.1. Cord concussion
2.2.1.2. Cord contusion
2.2.1.3. Cord compression
2.2.1.4. Laceration
2.2.1.5. Transection
2.2.1.5.1. Complete
2.2.1.5.2. Incomplete
2.2.1.5.3. Preserved sensation only
2.2.1.5.4. Preserved motor nonfunctional
2.2.1.5.5. Preserved motor functional
2.2.1.6. Hemorrhage

20
 2.2.1.7. Damage or obstruction of spinal blood supply

2.3. Chest trauma and/or injuries

2.3.1. Life threatening chest injuries
2.3.1.1. Tension Pneumothorax
2.3.1.2. Open Pneumothorax
2.3.1.3. Massive Hemothorax
2.3.1.4. Flail Chest
2.3.1.5. Cardiac Tamponade

2.3.2. Potentially lethal chest injuries
2.3.2.1. Pulmonary contusion with or without flail chest
2.3.2.2. Thoracic Aortic Tear or Rupture
2.3.2.3. Tracheobronchial tree injuries
2.3.2.4. Esophageal Injury
2.3.2.5. Traumatic Diaphragmatic Hernia
2.3.2.6. Myocardial Contusions

2.3.3. Serious chest injuries
2.3.3.1. Subcutaneous Emphysema
2.3.3.2. Pneumothorax
2.3.3.3. Hemothorax
2.3.3.4. Rib fracure

2.4. Abdominal Trauma and/or injuries

2.4.1. Penetrating injuries
2.4.2. Blunt injuries

2.5. Musculoskeletal injuries

2.5.1. Sprain
2.5.2. Subluxation
2.5.3. Dislocation
2.5.4. Fracture

2.5.4.1. Complete fracture
2.5.4.1.1. Closed
2.5.4.1.2. Open
2.5.4.1.3. Comminuted
2.5.4.1.4. Linear
2.5.4.1.5. Oblique
2.5.4.1.6. Spiral
2.5.4.1.7. Transverse
2.5.4.1.8. Impacted
2.5.4.1.9. Pathologic
2.5.4.1.10. Avulsion
2.5.4.1.11. Compression

21
 2.5.4.1.12. Displaced
2.5.4.1.13. Extracapsular
2.5.4.1.14. Intracapsular

2.5.4.2. Incomplete fractures
2.5.4.2.1. Greenstick
2.5.4.2.2. Torus
2.5.4.2.3. Bowing
2.5.4.2.4. Stress
2.5.4.2.5. Transchondral

2.5.4.3. Common fractures and dislocations
2.5.4.3.1. Pelvic fractures
2.5.4.3.2. Acetabular fractures
2.5.4.3.3. Hip fractures
2.5.4.3.4. Femoral fractures
2.5.4.3.5. Knee fractures
2.5.4.3.6. Fractures of the tibia-fibula
2.5.4.3.7. Ankle fractures and dislocations
2.5.4.3.8. Ankle factures and dislocations
2.5.4.3.9. Foot fracture and dislocations
2.5.4.3.10. Fractures of the wrist
2.5.4.3.11. Fractures of the radius and ulna (Colles
fracture/ “Silver fork deformity”)
2.5.4.3.12. Elbow dislocation
2.5.4.3.13. Humeral shaft fractures
2.5.4.3.14. Shoulder dislocation
2.5.4.3.15. Clavicular fractures
2.5.4.3.16. Maxillofacial trauma
2.5.4.3.16.1. Le forte 1 – transverse
fracture
2.5.4.3.16.2. Le forte 2 – Pyramidal
fracture
2.5.4.3.16.3. Le forte 3 – Craniofacial
dysjunction

2.5.5. Compartment syndrome
2.5.6. Intra-articular laceration
2.5.7. Pulseless extremity
2.5.8. Stages and duration of fracture healing

2.6. Arterial trauma

2.6.1. Blunt injury
2.6.2. Penetrating injury
2.6.3. Iatrogenic

2.7. Burns

22
 2.7.1. Classification
2.7.1.1. First Degree ( Superficial, partial thickness) burn
2.7.1.2. Second Degree (Deep, partial thickness) burn
2.7.1.3. Third Degree (Full thickness) burn
2.7.1.4. Fourth Degree (Full Thickness) burn

2.7.2. Extent of burn
2.7.2.1. Rule of Nines
2.7.2.2. Lund/Browder method
2.7.2.3. Palm Method

2.8. Urologic Injuries

2.8.1. Hematuria following trauma
2.8.2. Myoglobinuria following trauma
2.8.3. Kidneys
2.8.3.1. Blunt kidney injury
2.8.3.2. Penetrating kidney injury

2.8.4. Bladder, Ureters, Urethra trauma
2.8.5. Penile injury
2.8.5.1. Contusions of the penile-skin
2.8.5.2. Avulsion of the prepuce
2.8.5.3. Fracture of the penis
2.8.5.4. Amputated penis

Part XII: Sex, Gender, Sexual Disorders and Sexual Offenses

1. Definition of terms

1.1. Sex
1.2. Gender
1.3. Gender identity
1.4. Gender expression
1.5. Sexual Orientation

References:

§ Republic Act 11313 (“Safe Spaces Act”); House Bill No. 4982
(“SOGIE Equality Act”]
§ Republic of the Philippines v. Jeniffer B. Cagandahan, G.R. No.
166676, September 12, 2008
§ Rommel Jacinto Dantes Silverio v. Republic of the Philippines,
G.R. NO. 174689, October 22, 2007
§ Jesus Nicardo M. Falcis, III v. Civil Registrar General, G.R. No.
217910, September 3, 2019

2. Sexual Dysfunctions and Disorders

23
 2.1. Stages of the human sexual response
2.2. Impotence/Erectile dysfunction

2.2.1. In the Matter of the Petition of Alfonso R. Lim So, to Be
Admitted A Citizen Of The Philippines. Alfonso R. Lim So,
v. Republic of the Philippines, G. R. No. L-1967, May 28,
1951;

2.2.2. People of the Philippines v. Mariano Austria Alias "Anoy",
G.R. No. 123539, June 26, 2000

2.2.3. People of the Philippines v. Jesus Paragas Cruz, G.R. No.
186129, August 04, 2009

2.2.4. Chi Ming Tsoi v. Court of Appeals and Gina Lao-Tsoi, G.R.
No. 119190, January 16, 1997

2.2.5. Antonio Macadangdang v. The Honorable Court of
Appeals and Elizabeth Mejias, G.R. No. L-49542,
September 12, 1980

2.3. Paraphilia (Sexual perversion disorders)

2.3.1. As to choice of sexual partners

2.3.1.1. Infantosexual (Pedophilia)
2.3.1.2. Bestosexual (Bestiality)
2.3.1.3. Autosexual
2.3.1.4. Gerontophilia
2.3.1.5. Necrophilia
2.3.1.6. Incest

2.3.2. As to instinctual strength of sexual urge

2.3.3. Oversex (Satyriasis/Nymphomania)
2.3.4. Under sex or sexual frigidity
2.3.5. Sexual Anesthesia
2.3.6. Dyspareunia
2.3.7. Vaginismus

2.3.8. As to mode of sexual expression

2.3.8.1. Oralism (Fellatio, Cunnilingus, Analism)
2.3.8.2. Sado-masochism
2.3.8.3. Fetishism

2.3.8.3.1. Anatomic
2.3.8.3.2. Clothing
2.3.8.3.3. Necrophilic

24
 2.3.8.3.4. Saboteur Fetish
2.3.8.3.5. Ospresiophilia

2.3.8.3.5.1. Urolagnia
2.3.8.3.5.2. Coprolagnia
2.3.8.3.5.3. Mysophilia
2.3.8.4. Narcissism
2.3.8.5. Vampirism

2.3.9. As to part of the body

2.3.9.1. Sodomy
2.3.9.2. Uranism
2.3.9.3. Frottage
2.3.9.4. Partialism

2.3.10. As to visual stimulus

2.3.10.1. Voyeurism
2.3.10.2. Scotophobia

2.3.11. As to number of participants
2.3.11.1. Troilism
2.3.11.2. Pluralism

2.3.12. Other sexual deviates
2.3.12.1. Don Juanism
2.3.12.2. Exhibitionism
2.3.12.3. Coprolalalia

3. Sexual Status

6.14. Chastity
6.15. Virginity
6.15.1. Moral Virginity
6.15.2. Physical Virginity
6.15.3. Demi Virginity
6.15.4. Virgo Intacta
6.15.5. Body parts to be examined to determine virginity

6.16. Defloration

6.16.1. Parts of the genitalia to be examined to determine
defloration;
6.16.2. Duration of Hymenal Laceration

4. Sexual Offenses

4.1. Rape and Sexual Assault

25
 4.2. Acts of Lasciviousness

4.2.1. People of the Philippines v. Salvador Tulagan, G.R. No.
227363, March 12, 2019

4.2.2. People of the Philippines v. Noel Go Caoili alias “Boy Tagalog”,
G.R. No. 196848, August 8, 2017

4.2.3. People of the Philippines v. Pedro Belandres and Jacinto
Manacop, G.R. No. L-2801, March 31, 1950=

4.2.4. People of the Philippines v. Daniel Ortega, G.R. No. 186235
January 25, 2012

4.2.5. People of the Philippines v. Leonardo Cruz y Roco, G.R. No.
205200, September 21, 2016

4.2.6. People of the Philippines v. Bobby Belgar, G.R. No. 182794
September 8, 2014

4.3. Abduction
4.4. Seduction
4.5. Examination of the victim
4.5.1. Rape test kit
4.5.2. Corroborative signs of rape
4.5.3. Findings related to time of assault

4.6. Examination of the accused

Part XIII: Death and Thanatology, Exhumation and Autopsy

1. Four kinds of death
1.1. Clinical or Somatic Death
1.2. Brain Death
1.2.1. Stages (Cerebral Cortex, Cerebellum, Brainstem)
1.2.2. Criteria for Diagnosing Brain Stem Death
1.2.3. Persistent Vegetative State
1.2.4. Harvard Criteria of Whole Brain Death
1.3. Biological Death
1.4. Cellular Death (Apoptosis)

2. Signs of Death

3. Changes in the body following death
3.1. Change in the muscle
3.2. Changes in the blood
3.3. Autolytic or autodigestive changes after death
3.4. Putrefaction of the body
3.4.1. Time sequence of putrefactive changes

26
 3.4.2. Kinds of Putrefaction

4. Factors to consider in approximating the duration of death in a cadaver

5. Burial and Exhumation (Sec. 90 to 101, P.D. No. 856)

5.1. Stronghold Insurance Company, Inc. v. Hon. Court of Appeals and
Felicitas Rivera, G.R. No. 833376, May 29, 1989
5.2. People of the Philippines v. Rodolfo Operaña, Jr., G.R. No. 120546,
October 13, 2000

6. Autopsy (Sec. 95, P.D. 856)

6.1. Types of Autopsies
6.2. Purpose of Autopsies
6.3. Person authorized to perform autopsies
6.4. Instances when autopsies may be performed
6.5. Requirements in performing autopsies
6.6. Cases:

6.6.1. Rollie Calimutan v. People of the Philippines, G.R. NO.
152133, February 09, 2006

6.6.2. Romeo I. Suerte-Felipe v. People of the Philippines, G.R. No.
170974, March 03, 2008

6.6.3. Becmen Service Exporter And Promotion, Inc. v. Spouses
Simplicio And Mila Cuaresma (For And In Behalf Of Their
Daughter, Jasmin G. Cuaresma), White Falcon Services, Inc.
And Jaime Ortiz (President, White Falcon Services, Inc.), G.R.
Nos. 182978-79, April 07, 2009

6.6.4. Wallem Maritime Services, Inc., and Reginaldo
Oben/Wallem Shipmanagement Limited v. Donnabelle
Pedrajas and Sean Jade Pedrajas, G.R. No. 192993, August
11, 2014




Part XIV: Forensic Radiology

1. Forensic radiology defined
2. Uses of Forensic Radiology
3. Virtopsy (Virtual Autopsy)

Part XV: Forensic Serology

1. Forensic serology defined

27
2. Importance of forensic serology
3. Serological physical evidence
4. Blood
4.1. Properties of blood
4.1.1. Physical considerations
4.1.1.1. Gravity
4.1.1.2. Viscosity
4.1.1.3. Surface tension

4.1.2. The Theory: Teardrop v. Blood Drop
4.1.3. Blood Splatter Flight Characteristics

4.2. Blood typing
4.3. Bloodstain Characterization
4.3.1. Steps in Bloodstain Analysis
4.3.2. Presumptive and Confirmatory Blood Test
4.3.3. Proper Handling of Blood Samples
4.3.4. Presumptive tests
4.3.5. Confirmatory Testing

4.4. Blood and the Crime Scene
4.4.1. Wet Blood v. Dry Blood
4.4.2. Blood Pattern Analysis
4.4.2.1. IABPA Terminologies
4.4.2.2. Importance of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis
4.4.2.3. Bloodstain Pattern Categories
4.4.2.3.1. Passive Bloodstains
4.4.2.3.1.1. Passive Drop
4.4.2.3.1.2. Drip Pattern
4.4.2.3.1.3. Flow Pattern

4.4.2.3.2. Projected Bloodstains
4.4.2.3.2.1. Low velocity impact spatter
4.4.2.3.2.2. Medium velocity impact spatter
4.4.2.3.2.2.1. Arterial Spurting
(Or Gushing)
4.4.2.3.2.2.2. Weapon Cast-off

4.4.2.3.2.3. High velocity impact spatter
4.4.2.3.2.4. Back spatter
4.4.2.3.2.5. Expiratory Blood

4.4.2.3.3. Transfer/Contact Bloodstains
4.4.2.3.3.1. Wipe Pattern
4.4.2.3.3.2. Swipe Pattern

4.4.2.3.4. Target Surface texture
4.4.2.3.5. Directionality of Bloodstains
4.4.2.3.6. Impact Angle Determination

28
 4.4.2.3.7. Point of Convergence and Origin
Determination

Part XVI: Toxicology, Poison, and Drugs

1. Definition and purpose of toxicology

2. Branches of toxicology

2.1. Post-mortem Forensic Toxicology
2.2. Human-Performance Forensic Toxicology
2.3. Forensic Urine Drug Testing

3. Samples for toxicological examination
3.1. Urine
3.2. Blood
3.3. Hair Sample
3.4. Other organisms
3.5. Other bodily fluids

4. Detection and Classification of Toxins
4.1. Gas chromatography
4.2. Detection of metals
4.2.1. Reinsch test
4.2.2. Emission spectroscopy
4.2.3. X-ray diffraction

4.3. Nonvolatile Organic Substances
4.3.1. Thin-layer chromatography
4.3.2. Gas-liquid chromatography
4.3.3. Immunoassay

4.4. Miscellaneous

5. Toxins and Poisons

5.1. General Signs and Symptoms of Poisoning
5.2. Samples used to detect poisoning
5.2.1. Blood – must be obtained from blood vessels and not
from body cavities as it is almost certainly contaminated
with other body fluids. The femoral vein is probably the
best site for collection of the blood, but internal jugular
vein could also be use. About 30 ml of blood is fixated and
taken for toxicological analysis.

5.2.2. Urine – up to 30 ml is taken by suprapubic puncture with
a long needle or through an incision in the bladder.

29
 5.2.3. Bile – can be useful for morphine and chlorpromazine
analyses because these substances are concentrated by
the liver and excreted into the gall bladder. This is
collected directly into a bottle.

5.2.4. Stomach contents – at least 250 ml need to be collected.
Then the stomach is opened fully, and any capsule,
tablets or powder picked off. The gastric lining also has to
be examined and a part of the stomach dissected off.

5.2.5. Intestinal contents – the intact gut is sent to the
laboratory in the case of suspected heavy metals
poisoning (arsenic or antimony)

5.2.6. Body tissues – when the toxic substance may have been
injected into the muscles.

NOTE: The shorter the delay between the time of death and the
collection of samples the better. Some poisons will form stable
compounds in the body; the processes of decomposition however
will quickly break down other substances.

All the samples must be labeled and identified, and the time and
nature of the sample recorded in the medical notes as well as the
name of the person delivering the samples to the laboratory. The
chain of custody must be ensured.

5.3. Common Poisons and Drugs

5.3.1. Medicinal substances
5.3.1.1. Analgesics
5.3.1.2. Paracetamol
5.3.1.3. Insulin

5.3.2. Corrosive Poisons
5.3.2.1. Strong mineral acids (Hydrochloric acid,
Nitric Acid, Sulfuric Acid)
5.3.2.2. Organic Acid (Acetic and Oxalic Acid)
5.3.2.3. Alkalis (caustic soda)
5.3.2.4. Household bleaches and detergents
5.3.2.5. Vinegar

5.3.3. Heavy metals
5.3.3.1. Arsenic
5.3.3.2. Thallium
5.3.3.3. Mercury
5.3.3.4. Iron

5.3.4. Non-Metallic Irritants

30
 5.3.4.1. Strychnine
5.3.4.2. Organic Phosphates
5.3.4.3. Cyanides

5.3.5. Drugs
5.3.5.1. Opiate drugs
5.3.5.2. Amphetamines
5.3.5.3. Cocaine

6. Forensic Drug Testing
6.1. Alcohol and Substance Abuse; Symptoms (DSM V)
6.2. Detection Periods
6.3. Common Type of Drug Tests
6.3.1. Urine Drug Screening
6.3.2. Hair Drug Screen
6.3.3. Saliva Drug Screen/Oral Fluid-Based Drug Screen
6.3.4. Sweat Drug Screen

6.4. Type of testing
6.4.1. Pre-employment drug testing
6.4.2. Random Drug testing
6.4.3. Post-incident drug testing

6.5. Cases:
6.5.1. Social Justice Society (SJS) v. Dangerous Drugs Board And
Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA), G.R. No.
157870, November 03, 2008

7. Chain of Custody
7.2. Section 21, Article II, of RA No. 9165
7.2.1. People of the Philippines v. Jehar Reyes, G.R. No. 199271,
October 19, 2016
7.2.2. People of the Philippines v. Larry Mendoza y Estrada, G.R.
No. 192432, June 23, 2014

Part XVII: Firearms, Ballistics, Gunshot Wounds

1. Firearms
1.1. Guns v. Firearms v. Small Arms
1.2. Firearm Mechanism of Action
1.3. Types of firearms

2. Handgun or Pistol
2.1. Common pistols in the Philippines
2.1.1. Revolver
2.1.2. Semi-Automatic Pistol
2.1.3. Paltik
2.1.4. Sumpak
2.1.5. Machine Pistols

31

2.2. Handgun v. Riffles and Shotguns

3. Long guns
4. Machine Guns
5. Ammunition
5.1. Cartridge or Round
5.1.1. Anatomy of a cartridge or round
5.1.1.1. Bullet
5.1.1.1.1. Types of Bullet
5.1.1.1.1.1. Full metal jacket
5.1.1.1.1.2. Hollow point
bullet
5.1.1.1.1.3. 0.338 Lupua

5.1.1.1.2. Bullet Acronyms

5.1.1.2. Casing
5.1.1.3. Gunpowder
5.1.1.4. Percussion cap or primer

6. Magazine

7. Ballistics
7.1. Definition
7.2. Forensic Ballistics
7.3. Areas of Ballistics’
7.3.1. Internal Ballistics
7.3.2. Transition ballistics/Intermediate ballistics
7.3.3. External ballistics
7.3.4. Terminal ballistics

7.4. Gunshot residue (GSR)
7.4.1. Gunshot residue evidence
7.4.2. Contents of GSR
7.4.3. Where GSR is found
7.4.4. Collection of GSR evidence
7.4.5. Procedures used to detect and evaluate GSR
7.4.6. Paraffin test
7.4.7. Detection of primer residues
7.4.8. Problems to be aware of in primer residue test
7.4.9. GSR test kit
7.4.10. Confirmatory GSR test
7.4.10.1. Atomic Absorption (AA) Analysis
7.4.10.2. Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)
7.4.11. Chemical Method
7.4.12. False Positive and Negative GSR test
7.4.13. Important Points About GSR

32
 7.5. Barrel Markings
7.6. Ammo collections
7.7. Weapon recovery
7.8. Other examinations
7.9. Packaging and shipping
7.10. Examination of whole bullets in crime laboratory
7.10.1. Patterns of Striae on Bullets
7.10.2. Examination of Bullet Fragments or Bullet Composition
7.10.3. Contents of GSR

8. Jurisprudence on GS wounds and ballistics
8.1. Custodio, et. al. v. Sandiganbayan and People of the Philippines, G.R.
Nos. 96027-28, March 8, 2005
8.2. People of the Philippines v. Cornelio Cajumocan, G.R. No. 155023,
May 28, 2004
8.3. Revita v. People, G.R. No. 177564, October 31, 2008
8.4. People of the Philippines v. Barangay Captain Tony Tomas, Sr.,
Benedicto Doctor, And Nestor Gatchalian, G.R. No. 192251,
February 16, 2011

Part XVIII: Forensic Botany

1. Botany defined
2. Trace botanical evidence

§ Meredith A. Lane, Loran C. Anderson, Theodore M. Barkley, Jane H.
Bock, Ernest M. Gifford, David W. Hall, David O. Norris, Thomas L.
Rost, William Louis Stern. Forensic Botany: Plants, perpetrators,
pests, poisons, and pot. BioScience, Volume 40, Issue 1, January 1990,
Pages 34–39, https://doi.org/10.2307/1311237

§ Miller Coyle H., C. Ladd, T. Palmbach, and H.C. Lee. The green
revolution: botanical contributions to forensics and drug
enforcement. Croatian Medical Journal 42(3):340-345. DOI:
10.1201/9780203484593.ch11

§ Miller Coyle H, Lee CL, Lin WY, Lee HC, Palmbach TM. Forensic
botany: using plant evidence to aid in forensic death investigation.
Croat Med J. 2005 Aug;46(4):606-12. PMID: 16100764.

3. Forensic Palynology
§ Milne, Lynne A, Vaughn M. Bryant, Jr., and Dallas C. Mildenhall.
2004. "Forensic Palynology." In Forensic Botany.

4. Ecology and Plant Systematics
4.1. Location of clandestine graves
4.2. Identification of controlled substances

5. Limnology and Drowning Tests

33
 5.1. Diatom tests
§ Rana, Ajay, and Manhas, Sakshi. Significance in Diagnosis of
Drowning Deaths: A Review. Peer Reviewes Journal of Forensic
Science. DOI:10.32474/PRJFGS.2018.01.000121

5.2. Estimating time of death
§ Casamatta, Dale A. Verb, and Robert G., Algal colonization of
submerged carcasses in mid-order woodland stream. Journal of
Forensic Sciences 45(6):1280-1285. DOI: 10.1520/JFS14880J

6. Dendrochronology
6.1. Postmortem Bone Dating
§ Cardoso HF, Santos A, Dias R, Garcia C, Pinto M, Sérgio C,
Magalhães T. Establishing a minimum postmortem interval of
human remains in an advanced state of skeletonization using
the growth rate of bryophytes and plant roots. Int J Legal Med.
2010 Sep;124(5):451-6. doi: 10.1007/s00414-009-0372-5.
Epub 2009 Aug 28. PMID: 19714355.

7. Molecular Biology and DNA
7.1. Selected Readings
§ Yoon, C.K. Botanical witness for the prosecution. Science
260: 894-895. DOI: 10.1126/science.8493521
§ Ehleringer, J., Casale, J., Lott, M. et al. Tracing the
geographical origin of cocaine. Nature 408, 311–312
(2000). https://doi.org/10.1038/35042680
§ Zaya D.N., Ashley M.V. (2012). Plant Genetics for Forensic
Applications. In: Sucher N., Hennell J., Carles M. (eds) Plant
DNA Fingerprinting and Barcoding. Methods in Molecular
Biology (Methods and Protocols), vol 862. Humana Press.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-61779-609-8_4




Part XIX: Forensic Entomology

1. Forensic entomology defined
2. Three Areas of Forensic Entomology
2.1. Medico-criminal Entomology
2.2. Urban Entomology
2.3. Stored Product Insects

§ Joseph, I., Mathew, D. G., Sathyan, P., & Vargheese, G. (2011). The use
of insects in forensic investigations: An overview on the scope of
forensic entomology. Journal of forensic dental sciences, 3(2), 89–91.
https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-1475.92154

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 § Lord, W. and W. Rodriguez. “Forensic Entomology : The Use of Insects
in the Investigation of Homicide and Untimely Death.” URL:
https://ia803003.us.archive.org/20/items/WildlifeForensicInvesti
gationPrinciplesAndPracticePDFDrive.com/116278NCJRS.pdf.pdf

3. Stages of decomposition and waves of insects

§ Vanin S., (2018) “Forensic Entomology: an overview.”, Crime
Security and Society 1(1). DOI:
https://doi.org/10.5920/css.2018.05

§ Elsharkawy, Eman E. Forensic entomology. DOI:
10.13140/RG.2.2.28028.56960

Part XIX: Questioned Document Examination

1. Definition and distinctions of terms
1.1. Questioned document
1.2. Questioned document examination
1.3. Graphology
1.4. Graphoanalysis
1.5. Handwriting Analysis
1.6. Steganography

2. Scope of Questioned Document Examination
3. Role of Forensic Document Examiners
4. Handwriting Analysis
4.1. Uses of handwriting analysis
4.2. Jurisprudence on handwriting
§ Francisco Beltran v. Felix Samson, Judge Of The Second
Judicial District, And Francisco Jose, Provincial Fiscal Of
Isabela, G.R. No. 32025, September 23, 1929
§ Joey P. Marquez v. The Sandiganbayan 5th Division, and the
Office of the Special Prosecutor, G.R. Nos. 187912-14
January 31, 2011
§ Norberto Lee v. People of the Philippines and Allied Bank,
G.R. No. 192274, February 8, 2012
§ Philippine Trust Company (also known as Philtrust Bank) v.
Redentor R. Gabinets, Shangrila Realty Corporation and
Elisa Tan, G.R. No. 216120, March 29, 2017
§ Serconsision R. Mendoza v. Aurora Mendoza Fermin, G.R.
No. 177235, July 07, 2014
§ Heirs of Severa P. Gregorio represented by its
Administratrix Buenconsejo Pineda Vda. De Vivar, v. Court
of Appeals, Ricardo Santos, Rosalina Palomo, Spouses
Wilson Tan and Benita Lui Tan, G.R. No. 117609. December
29, 1998

35
 § Bienvenido Libres and Julie L. Paningbatan v. Spouses
Rodrigo Delos Santos And Martina Olba, Respondents, G.R.
NO. 176358, June 17, 2008

Part XX: Forensic Psychology/Psychiatry, and Mental Health Laws

1. Forensic Psychology defined
2. Forensic Psychiatry defined
3. Who is a psychotherapist under AM No. 19-08-15-SC; privileged
communication
3.1. Rule 130, Section 24 (c)
4. Application of Forensic Psychology and Psychiatry

4.1. Family Cases
4.1.1. Psychological Incapacity
§ Valerio E. Kalaw Ma. Elena Fernandez, G.R. No.
166357, January 14, 2015
§ Maria Teresa B. Tani-De La Fuente v. Rodolfo De La
Fuente, Jr., G.R. No. 188400, March 08, 2017
§ Maria Concepcion N. Singson A.K.A. Concepcion N.
Singson V. Benjamin L. Singson, G.R. No. 210766,
January 8, 2018
§ Republic of the Philippines v. Katrina S. Tobora-
Tionglico, G.R. No. 218630, January 11, 2018
§ Republic of the Philippines v. Liberato P. Mola Cruz,
G.R. No. 236629, July 23, 2018
§ Mary Christine C. Go-Yu v. Romeo A. Yu, G.R. No.
230443, April 3, 2019

4.1.2. Custody
§ Proposed Rule On Custody Of Minors And Writ Of
Habeas Corpus in Relation To Custody Of Minors
(A.M. No. 03-04-04-SC)
§ Reynaldo Espiritu And Guillerma Layug v. Court Of
Appeals And Teresita Masauding, G.R. No. 115640
March 15, 1995

4.1.3. Guardianship
§ Section 2, Rule 92, Rules of Court
§ Section 53 (c), Rule 130, Rules of Court
§ Cecilio C. Hernandez, Ma. Victoria C. Hernandez and
Natividad Cruz-Hernandez v. Jovita San Juan-Santos,
G.R. No. 166470, August 7, 2009
§ Nilo Oropesa v. Cirilo Oropesa, G.R. No. 184528, April
25, 2012

4.1.4. Domestic and child abuse
§ People of the Philippines v. Marivic Genosa, G.R. No.
135981, January 15, 2004

36
 § Jaime Araza y Jarupay v. People of the Philippines,
G.R. No. 247429, September 8, 2020
§ Rule on Examination of a Child Witness (A.M. NO.
004-07-SC)
§ People of the Philippine v. Efren Castillo, G.R. No.
186533, August 9, 2010
4.2. Civil Cases
§ Moral damages (Arts. 2217 to 2220)
§ Career Philippines Shipmanagement, Inc. and
Columbian Shipmanagement, Ltd., Petitioners v.
Eduardo Godinez, G.R. No. 206826, October 2, 2017
§ Robert B. Cabuyoc v. Inter-Orient Navigation
Shipmanagement, Inc., And Inter-Orient Navigation
Co., Limited, G.R. NO. 166649, November 24, 2006
§ Emerita M. De Guzman v. Antonio M. Tumolva, G.R.
No. 188072, October 19, 2011
§ Ma. Lourdes Valenzuela v. Court Of Appeals, Richard
Li And Alexander Commercial, Inc., G.R. No. 115024,
February 7, 1996

4.3. Criminal Cases
§ People of the Philippines v. Romeo Cartuano, G.R. Nos.
112457-58, March 29, 1996
§ People of the Philippines v. Charlie Butiong, G.R. No.
168932, October 19, 2011
§ People of the Philippines v. Allan Rodriguez y Grajo, G.R. No.
208406, February 29, 2016

5. Overview Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5)
5.1. Neurodevelopmental Disorders
5.2. Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
5.3. Bipolar and Related Disorders
5.4. Depressive Disorders
5.5. Anxiety Disorders
5.6. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
5.7. Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
5.8. Dissociative Disorders
5.9. Somatic Symptom and Related Disorders
5.10. Feeding and Eating Disorders
5.11. Elimination Disorders
5.12. Sleep-Wake Disorders
5.13. Breathing0Related Sleep Disorders
5.14. Parasomnias
5.15. Sexual Dysfunctions
5.16. Gender Dysphoria
5.17. Disruptive, Impulse-Control and Conduct Disorders
5.18. Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
5.19. Neurocognitive Disorders
5.20. Personality disorder

37
 5.21. Paraphilic Disorders
5.22. Other Mental Disorders
5.23. Medication-Induced Movement Disorders and Other Adverse
Effects of Medication
5.24. Other conditions that may be a focus of clinical attention

6. RA 11036: Mental Health Act
1.1. Declaration of Policy (Sec. 1)
1.2. Objectives (Sec. 2)
1.3. Definitions (Sec.4)
1.3.1. Service User
1.3.2. Carer
1.3.3. Legal Representatives
1.3.4. Mental Heath Professional
1.3.5. Mental Health Worker
1.3.6. Mental Health Service Provider
1.3.7. Mental Health Service
1.3.8. Mental Health Facility
1.3.9. Mental Health
1.3.10. Mental Health Condition
1.3.11. Psychosocial Problems
1.3.12. Psychiatric or Neurologic Emergency
1.3.13. Impairment or Temporary Loss of Decision
1.3.14. Informed Consent
1.3.15. Recovery-Based Approach
1.3.16. Support
1.3.17. Supported Decision Making
1.3.18. Confidentiality
1.3.19. Addiction
1.3.20. Drug Rehabilitation
1.3.21. Deinstitutionalization
1.3.22. Discrimination

1.4. Rights of Service Users (Sec. 5)
1.5. Rights of Family, Members, Carers and Legal Representatives
(Sec. 6)
1.6. Rights of Mental Health Professionals (Sec. 7)
1.7. Informed Consent to Treatment (Sec. 8)
1.8. Advance Directive (Sec. 9)
1.9. Legal Representative (Sec.10)
1.10. Supported Decision Making (Sec. 11)
1.11. Internal Review Board (Sec. 12)
1.12. Exceptions to Informed Consent (Sec. 13)
1.13. Duties and Responsibilities of Mental Health Facilities (Sec.19)
1.14. Drug Screening Services (Sec. 20)
1.15. Suicide Prevention (Sec. 21)
1.16. Integration of Mental Health into Educational Systems (Sec. 23)
1.17. Mental Health Promotion in Educational Institutions (Sec. 24)
1.18. Mental Health Promotion and Policies in the Workplace (Sec. 25)

38
 1.19. Duties and Responsibilities of the Commission on Human Rights
(Sec. 31)
1.20. Investigative Role of the Commission on Human Rights (Sec. 32)
1.21. Complaint and Investigation (Sec. 33)
1.22. Voluntary Submission of a Drug Dependent to Confinement,
Treatment and Rehabilitation (Sec. 43)
1.23. Penalty Clause (Sec. 44)
1.23.1. Failure to secure informed consent of the service user
1.23.2. Violation of Confidentiality of information
1.23.3. Discrimination against a person with mental-health
condition
1.23.4. Administering inhumane, cruel, degrading or harmful
treatment not based on medical or scientific evidence

Part XX: Emerging trends in forensic science
1. Forensic Science and Environmental Pollution
2. Cybersecurity and Computer Forensics

39