THEORY OF MACHINES II

LAB
LAB REPORTS
2017-ME-110

MUHAMMAD TAYYAB
2017me110@student.uet.edu.pk
This part of the lab report discusses the balancing of a single mass and two
rotating masses with the help of a single mass at the same set radii or at
different radii. This whole case is studied in the same plane

2020
Table of Contents
Experiment no 1 ................................................................................................................................................................ 5
Objective: ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Apparatus: ..................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Procedure ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Schematic ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Theory ........................................................................................................................................................................... 5
Static and dynamic balancing.................................................................................................................................... 5
Formulation................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Observations ................................................................................................................................................................. 6
Comments ..................................................................................................................................................................... 6
References .................................................................................................................................................................... 6
Experiment no 2 ................................................................................................................................................................ 7
Objective: ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Apparatus: ..................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Procedure ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Schematic ...................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Theory ........................................................................................................................................................................... 7
Static and dynamic balancing.................................................................................................................................... 7
Formulation................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Observations ................................................................................................................................................................. 8
Comments ..................................................................................................................................................................... 8
References .................................................................................................................................................................... 8
Experiment no 3 ................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Objective: ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Apparatus: ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Procedure ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Schematic ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Theory ........................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Static and dynamic balancing.................................................................................................................................... 9
Formulation................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Observations ............................................................................................................................................................... 10
Comments ................................................................................................................................................................... 10
References .................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Experiment no 4 .............................................................................................................................................................. 11
Objective: .................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Apparatus: ................................................................................................................................................................... 11
 Procedure .................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Schematic .................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Theory ......................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Static and dynamic balancing.................................................................................................................................. 11
Formulation................................................................................................................................................................. 12
Observations ............................................................................................................................................................... 12
Comments ................................................................................................................................................................... 12
References .................................................................................................................................................................. 12
Experiment no 5 .............................................................................................................................................................. 13
Objective: .................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Apparatus: ................................................................................................................................................................... 13
procedure.................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Schematic .................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Theory ......................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Static and dynamic balancing.................................................................................................................................. 13
Formulation................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Observations ............................................................................................................................................................... 14
Comments ................................................................................................................................................................... 14
References .................................................................................................................................................................. 14
Experiment 6 ................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Objective: .................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Apparatus: ................................................................................................................................................................... 15
procedure.................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Schematic .................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Theory ......................................................................................................................................................................... 15
Static and dynamic balancing.................................................................................................................................. 15
Formulation................................................................................................................................................................. 16
Observations ............................................................................................................................................................... 16
Comments ................................................................................................................................................................... 16
References .................................................................................................................................................................. 16
Experiment 7 ................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Objective: .................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Apparatus: ................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Procedure .................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Theory ......................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Static friction: .............................................................................................................................................................. 17
Sliding friction: ............................................................................................................................................................ 17
Rolling friction: ............................................................................................................................................................ 17
 Fluid friction: ............................................................................................................................................................... 18
Formulation................................................................................................................................................................. 18
Observations ............................................................................................................................................................... 18
Comments ................................................................................................................................................................... 18
Experiment 8 ................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Objective: .................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Apparatus: ................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Procedure:................................................................................................................................................................... 19
Theoretical background: ............................................................................................................................................. 19
Formulation................................................................................................................................................................. 19
Observations ............................................................................................................................................................... 19
Comments: .................................................................................................................................................................. 19
Experiment 9 ................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Objective ..................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Apparatus .................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Procedure .................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Theory ......................................................................................................................................................................... 20
Studies That Can Be Done Using This Apparatus ........................................................................................................ 20
Description of apparatus as taken from manufacturers catalogue ............................................................................ 20
Observations ............................................................................................................................................................... 21
Experiment no 5
To balance three rotating mass (disturbing mass) with single balancing mass rotating at same radius in the same
plane.

Objective:
To balance three rotating mass (disturbing mass) with single balancing mass rotating at same radius in the same
plane.

Apparatus:
• Balancing apparatus
• Weights
• Nuts

procedure
• First, select any plane to which disturbing and adjusting masses must be connected.
• Then pick any mass, drew in it at any radius and at angle Ɵ.
• Put the estimation of the masses, radius, and angle to get horizontal and vertical parts of power.
• Equate this to adjusting force and get balancing mass at radius r.
• Using equation get the benefit of adjusting edge, Ɵb = 180+Ɵd.
• Then connected with this balancing masses in a similar plane at a similar radius.
• Now check that if there is any ambulancemen, if yes then do the experiment again.

Schematic

Figure 5 balancing apparatus

Theory
Static and dynamic balancing
This product allows students to do experiments in balancing a rotating mass system and check their results against
the accepted theory. A sturdy base unit holds a test assembly on four flexible mounts. The test assembly includes a
balanced steel shaft mounted horizontally on low friction bearings. The equipment includes a set of four rotating
masses (balance blocks). The balance blocks fix in any horizontal position and relative angle on the shaft. Each block
contains a different (and removable) circular insert, allowing students to create four blocks of different mass and
moment. Without the inserts, the blocks become four identical masses for simple balancing tests. Students fit an
extension shaft and pulley (supplied) to the end of the balance shaft. They then add weights (supplied) to a cord
wound around the pulley to measure accurately the moment of each balance block. The test assembly includes a
protractor at the end of the shaft and a linear scale with a slider under the shaft. These allow accurate measurement
of balance block angles and horizontal positions. An electric motor and belt turn the shaft to test for dynamic
balancing. The flexible mounts allow the assembly to vibrate, showing imbalance during dynamic balancing tests.
Students remove the belt to check for static balance (the shaft should remain static at any angular position). A
transparent safety dome covers the whole rotating assembly. An interlock shuts off power to the motor when the
dome is not fitted.

Formulation
𝐻 = (𝑚1 𝑟1 cos 𝜃1 + 𝑚2 𝑟2 cos 𝜃2 )𝜔2

𝑉 = (𝑚1 𝑟1 sin 𝜃1 + 𝑚2 𝑟2 sin 𝜃2 )𝜔2

𝐹𝐷 = √𝑉 2 + 𝐻 2

𝑉
𝜃𝐷 = tan−1 ( )
𝐻

𝜃𝐵 = 𝜃𝐷 + 180

Observations

Comments
There can be slight imbalance in the system which might be due to

• poor mass distribution of the system

• poor calibrations of the angles on disc
• human negligence

References
https://www.tecquipment.com/static-and-dynamic-balancing
Experiment 6
To balance three rotating masses (disturbing mass) at different radius with single balancing mass rotating at any
radius in the same plane.

Objective:
To balance three rotating masses (disturbing mass) at different radius with single balancing mass rotating at any
radius in the same plane.

Apparatus:
• Balancing apparatus
• Weights
• Nuts

procedure
• First, select any plane to which disturbing and adjusting masses must be connected.
• Then pick any mass, drew in it at any radius and at angle Ɵ.
• Put the estimation of the masses, radius, and angle to get horizontal and vertical parts of power.
• Equate this to adjusting force and get balancing mass at radius r.
• Using equation get the benefit of adjusting edge, Ɵb = 180+Ɵd.
• Then connected with this balancing masses in a similar plane at a different radius.
• Now check that if there is any ambulancemen, if yes then do the experiment again.

Schematic

Figure 6 balancing apparatus

Theory
Static and dynamic balancing
This product allows students to do experiments in balancing a rotating mass system and check their results against
the accepted theory. A sturdy base unit holds a test assembly on four flexible mounts. The test assembly includes a
balanced steel shaft mounted horizontally on low friction bearings. The equipment includes a set of four rotating
masses (balance blocks). The balance blocks fix in any horizontal position and relative angle on the shaft. Each block
contains a different (and removable) circular insert, allowing students to create four blocks of different mass and
moment. Without the inserts, the blocks become four identical masses for simple balancing tests. Students fit an
extension shaft and pulley (supplied) to the end of the balance shaft. They then add weights (supplied) to a cord
wound around the pulley to measure accurately the moment of each balance block. The test assembly includes a
protractor at the end of the shaft and a linear scale with a slider under the shaft. These allow accurate measurement
of balance block angles and horizontal positions. An electric motor and belt turn the shaft to test for dynamic
balancing. The flexible mounts allow the assembly to vibrate, showing imbalance during dynamic balancing tests.
Students remove the belt to check for static balance (the shaft should remain static at any angular position). A
transparent safety dome covers the whole rotating assembly. An interlock shuts off power to the motor when the
dome is not fitted.

Formulation
𝐻 = (𝑚1 𝑟1 cos 𝜃1 + 𝑚2 𝑟2 cos 𝜃2 )𝜔2

𝑉 = (𝑚1 𝑟1 sin 𝜃1 + 𝑚2 𝑟2 sin 𝜃2 )𝜔2

𝐹𝐷 = √𝑉 2 + 𝐻 2

𝑉
𝜃𝐷 = tan−1 ( )
𝐻

𝜃𝐵 = 𝜃𝐷 + 180

Observations

Comments
There can be slight imbalance in the system which might be due to

• poor mass distribution of the system

• poor calibrations of the angles on disc
• human negligence

References
https://www.tecquipment.com/static-and-dynamic-balancing
Experiment 7
To determine the kinetic coefficient of friction of various pairs of wheels.

Objective:
To determine the kinetic coefficient of friction of various pairs of wheels.

Apparatus:
• Kinetic coefficient of friction apparatus
• Various pairs of metallic wheels
• Steel rod
• Stop watch

Procedure
• Select the material of rod like in this experiment is steel.
• Select one by one pair of wheel of which friction has to find.
• Then place the rod on wheels, and by rotating the wheel note the time for 10 revolutions.
• And note the time for three times and take average to get time period.
• Then note the distance between pair of wheels which is “s”.
• After this, put the value in formula to get kinetic coefficient of friction.

Theory
Climbing a vertical shake divider implies setting your quality and stamina against the power of gravity, which pulls
you down toward the ground. Another power causes you to climb the vertical shake divider by shielding your hands
and feet from slipping. That constrain is Friction.

Friction is the power that contradicts movement between any surfaces that are in contact. There are four kinds of
friction: static, sliding, rolling, and liquid friction. Static, sliding and rolling friction happen between strong surfaces.
Liquid friction happens in fluids and gases. Each of the four sorts of friction is portrayed underneath.

Static friction:
Static friction follows up on articles when they are laying on a surface. For instance, on the off chance that you are
climbing in the forested areas, there is static friction between your shoes and the trail each time you put down your
foot (see Figure underneath). Without this static friction, your feet would slip out from under you, making it hard to
walk. Truth be told, that is actually what occurs in the event that you attempt to stroll on ice. That is on the grounds
that ice is extremely tricky and offers almost no friction.

Sliding friction:
Sliding friction will be friction that follows up on items when they are sliding over a surface. Sliding friction is more
fragile than static friction. That is the reason it's less demanding to slide a household item over the floor after you
begin it moving than it is to make it move in any case. Sliding friction can be helpful. For instance, you utilize sliding
friction when you compose with a pencil. The pencil "lead" slides effectively over the paper, yet there's simply
enough friction between the pencil and paper to leave an imprint

Rolling friction:
Rolling friction will be friction that follows up on articles when they are rolling over a surface. Rolling friction is a lot
more fragile than sliding friction or static friction. This clarifies why most types of ground transportation use wheels,
including bikes, autos, 4-wheelers, roller skates, bikes, and skateboards. Metal rollers are another utilization of
rolling friction. You can perceive what they look like in the Figure beneath. They let portions of a wheel or other
machine roll instead of slide over on another.
 Fluid friction:
Fluid friction will be friction that follows up on articles that are traveling through a fluid. A fluid is a substance that
can stream and take the state of its compartment. Fluids incorporate fluids and gases. In the event that you've at any
point attempted to push your open hand through the water in a tub or pool, at that point you've encountered fluid
friction. You can feel the obstruction of the water against your hand. Take a gander at the skydiver in the Figure
underneath. He's falling toward Earth with a parachute. The opposition of the air against the parachute moderates
his plummet. The quicker or bigger a moving article is, the more prominent is the fluid friction opposing its
movement. That is the reason there is more prominent air obstruction against the parachute than the skydiver's
body.

Formulation

Observations

Comments
• Frictional forces increases with the increase in applied forces.
• Friction always causes loses in the form of heat energy.
• To lower any frictional type error, we have to clearly lubricate the apparatus.
Experiment 8
To determine the mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and mechanical efficiency of worm and worm wheel gears.
Objective:
To determine the mechanical advantage, velocity ratio and mechanical efficiency of worm and worm wheel gears.

Apparatus:
• Worm and worm wheel gear set
• Hangers
• Weight

Procedure:
• Set the experimental setup and turn up the worm rope.
• Add a weight into the gear pan.
• Now start adding weights into the pan of worm and continue adding.
• At a point where the pan of worm drops down stop adding the masses.
• Note down the readings.
• This is the force that balances the weight on the gear pan.
• Consider the given formulas and show the calculations.

Theoretical background:
A worm drive is a gear course of action in which a worm (which is a gear as a screw) networks with a worm gear
(which is comparable in appearance to a goad gear). The two components are additionally called the worm screw
and worm wheel. The phrasing is regularly befuddled by uncertain utilization of the term worm gear to allude to the
worm, the worm gear, or the worm drive as a unit.

Like other gear plans, a worm drive can lessen rotational speed or transmit higher torque. A worm is a case of a
screw, one of the six straightforward machines.

One of the real preferences of worm gear drive units is that they can move movement in 90 degrees.
Formulation
Mechanical Advantage = M.A = Load (L)/Effort Applied (E) Measure of force application

Observations
• Radius of effort drum = R1 =17.5mm Radius of load drum = R2 = 35 mm Number of starts on worm = S = 1
• Number of threads on worm wheel = T = 40 Distance moved by effort = x = 2πR1S = 109.956 mm Distance
moved by load = y=2πR1/T= 5.4978 mm
• V.R = x/y = 20

Sr. No. Applied Load Applied Effort Mechanical Mechanical

(lb.) (lb.) Advantage Efficiency
1 1 0.45 2.222 1.111
2 1.5 0.75 2 0.1
3 1.6 0.8 2 0.1

Comments:
• worm and worm gears are specially applied at the shafts that are 900 apart.
• These gearset reduces noise and erosion.
• Worm and worm gears are so much useful where other types of gears failed.
Experiment 9
Study of the Cam Analysis machine and draw the cam profile with the help of the displacement diagram.

Objective
Study of the Cam Analysis machine and draw the cam profile with the help of the displacement diagram.

Apparatus
Cam analysis machine TM1021

Procedure
• Bing the Cam at the reference position and set the dial indicator for reading the angle.
• Attach the follower with the top surface of cam.
• Attach the graph paper with the Cam holding periphery and attach marker perpendicular to that in
such a way that it just touches the graph paper.
• Start giving rotation to Cam in such a way it is the outstroke of the follower.
• Check if the marker is making the profile on the graph paper.
• Start rotating the cam in the dwell time which will give constant cam diameter.
• Start rotating the cam in the return stroke. Now, follower should move in the downward direction.
Then, complete the cycle and check if marker has made the profile.

Theory
Studies That Can Be Done Using This Apparatus
• Studies the dynamic behaviour of cam followers
• Clearly shows follower ‘bounce’
• Includes different cams and followers
• Variable follower inertia and compression spring rate
• Includes a drum recorder to trace the movement of the follower – even at bounce
• Bench-mounted and suitable for class demonstrations
• Heavy, robust construction for accurate results

Description of apparatus as taken from manufacturers catalogue

The main part of the product is a geared motor coupled to an extension shaft with a tapered end that carries a cam.
A vertical compression spring pushes a cam follower onto the cam face. A nut adjusts the spring tension. Students
can add different weights (included) to alter the inertia of the follower. Included with the product is a selection of
springs, followers and cams. A timing belt from the cam shaft drives a cylindrical drum carrying chart paper. A pen
traces a record of the cam follower amplitude. Included is an optical tachometer to measure the cam shaft speed. A
heavy flywheel reduces any speed fluctuations. A motor speed control (included) varies the speed of the cam shaft
and the direction of rotation. A guard covers the moving parts to protect the user.
Observations

Comments
So far in this experiment, what we did is that we draw the cam profile with the help of SHM motion of the follower
provided manually. There are some chances of error in the geometry of the cam because of the manual feed. But
effort was done to take the best possible diagram. The resulting diagram is shown in the graph paper in the
observation section with stroke length on y axis and angular displacement cover by the cam in the x axis during the
360 degree of cam. Cam and follower instrument assume a noteworthy job as it used to drive brief machine part
consistently. Focal locks and customary lock frameworks are additionally evolved by joining the component of cam
and supporter. Different parts are incorporated with the system that must be comprehended by the client of the
component. A portion of the wordings are trace point, throw curve, pressure point, etc. Cam and supporter
components are not a little piece of mechanical

building. Along these lines, exactness and persistence are required to execute the instrument by and by. From the
start, the client should mindful of the connections and sets before understanding the origination of cam and
adherent. Cam is a higher pair gadget along these lines, the client should give the level of opportunity to apply the
equivalent in a machine part. In conclusion, it very well may be suggested that the weight edge ought not be
expanded by the client to limit the possible effect of side push.