3G and Beyond: HSPA Evolution and LTE

Fredrik Florén

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 1 (?)

Overview

• What is the 3GPP?

• 3GPP Timeline
• HSPA Evolution
– Receive Diversity and Equalizers
– HSDPA/HSUPA
– MIMO for HSDPA
– Higher-Order Modulation
– Continuous Packet Connectivity
• LTE
– Targets
– Technology
– Deployment?
• Summary

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 2

What is the 3GPP?

• The 3rd Generation Partnership Program is a collaboration of a

number of national/regional standardization bodies
– ARIB (Japan)
– CCSA (China)
– ETSI (Europe)
– ATIS (USA)
– TTA (Korea)
– TTC (Japan)
• The 3GPP maintains and evolves
– GSM (GPRS, EDGE, GERAN Evolution)
– WCDMA
– LTE
– and their corresponding core networks

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 3

3GPP Timeline

• New versions of 3GPP standards are called releases

• Below only the main physical layer features are shown

Release 7
Release ’99 MIMO
3G CPC
Release 5 HoM
HSDPA Rx Div. + Equaliz.

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Release 4
Release 6 Release 8
HSUPA LTE
Rx Div., Equaliz. MIMO+64QAM?

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 4

 High Speed Packet Access Evolution

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 5

HSDPA

• High Speed Downlink Packet Access

– Adaptive modulation and coding
– Node-B scheduling
– Short transmission time interval Higher-
layer
– Fast Hybrid ARQ trans-
mission
– No power control L1 retrans-
missions
– 16-QAM
– Peak rate: 14.4 Mbps
SNR

R3
R2
R1

t
Rel ‘99 HSDPA

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 6

HSUPA

• High Speed Uplink Packet Access Reordering

– Fast Node-B uplink scheduling
– Fast Hybrid ARQ
– Optional short transmission time interval Scheduling
HARQ
– Long TTI needed for coverage Power control
– Adaptive spreading factor
– Power control and soft handover retained
– Peak rate: 5.76 Mbps

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 7

Receive Diversity and Equalizers
h(t) ISI
Intra-cell int.
• Performance requirements defined for
t
– Two-antenna receive diversity (Type 1)
Tx h(t) Rx
– Equalizer (Type 2)
– LMMSE chip-level
Tx h(t) g(t) Rx
– GRake
h(t)*g(t)
– Receive diversity + equalizer (Type 3)
Receive diversity works
Equalizer only works well close to Node-B well in whole cell

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 8

MIMO for HSDPA

• Extension of the existing beamforming • Complexity

mode – Approximately 100% - 170% for 2x2
• Dual-Stream Transmit Antenna Array LMMSE compared to 1x2 LMMSE
(D-TxAA) – Non-linear receivers (SIC) require re-
• Doubles peak rate to 28 Mbps encoding
• For micro cell, 3 km/h, and 50% power • Sectorization?
to HSDPA (ref: 1x2 LMMSE) • Is it worth it?
– 20% gain in cell capacity
– 35%-50% gain in peak user throughput
– Non-linear receivers shown to give
additional gain
v11
Modulator:
Channel QPSK To spreading
Encode 16-QAM and first
Interlv
… antenna

v21
De-
High-rate mux
data stream v12

Modulator:
QPSK To spreading
Encode Channel and second
Interlv 16-QAM
… antenna
v22

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 9

Higher-Order Modulation

• HSDPA
– 16 QAM => 64 QAM
– Peak rate: 14.4 Mbps => 21.6 Mbps
– Simulations show ~15% peak user
throughput gain
– In Release 8: MIMO + 64 QAM
– Peak rate: 43.2 Mbps
• HSUPA
– QPSK => 16 QAM
– Peak rate: 11.52 Mbps
• 64-QAM requires good accuracy when
modulating
• Similarly to MIMO, good channels needed
• Marketing figures?

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 10

Continuous Packet Connectivity

• Bursty traffic is common

• Large delays occur when switching between active and
idle mode
• In active mode, control channels required
• High control channel overhead for small packets, e.g., HS-SCCH,
F-DPCH
VoIP
• Goal
– Increase number of users in active mode DPCCH,
CQI
– Increase time spent in active mode
– Increase battery time
• Solution
– New control channel formats requiring less transmit power
– Discontinuous transmission and reception of control
channels at UE

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 11

 Long Term Evolution

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 12

LTE High-Level Requirements [1]

• Ensure competitiveness in long-term, 10 years and beyond

• Low-latency
• High data rate
• Packet optimized
• Flexibe bandwidth support
• Possibility to use both existing and new frequency bands
• Reduced production cost
• Simplified architecture
• Reasonable system and terminal complexity, cost, and power
consumption
• Optimized for low mobile speed but also support high mobile speed
– Optimized: 0-15 km/h
– High performance: 15-120 km/h
• Focus on cell radii up to 5 km [1] 3GPP TR 25.913, “Requirements for Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA)
and Evolved UTRAN (E-UTRAN)”

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 13

LTE Detailed Requirements

• Peak data rates (UE has 2 RX and 1 TX

antenna(s) )
– downlink: 100 Mbps
– uplink: 50 Mbps
• Spectrum allocations: 1.25 MHz, 1.6
MHz, 2.5 MHz, 5 MHz, 10 MHz, 15 MHz f
and 20 MHz
• FDD (also half duplex) and TDD

f f f

t t t

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 14

Downlink

• Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)

– Parallel Low-Rate Carriers (Sub-Carriers)
– Cyclic prefix
– Ensures orthogonality CP
– Avoids ISI
– OFDM efficiently realized with FFT
OFDM symbol

Output Data Symbols

Input Data Symbols

IDFT

DFT
P/S

S/P
CP A/D Channel D/A CP

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 15

Downlink, cont’d

• Three modes
– Short CP (4.7 us), 15 kHz subcarrier spacing
– Long CP (16.7 us), 15 kHz subcarrier spacing
– Very long CP (33 us), 7.5 kHz subcarrier spacing
• Small subcarrier spacing
– Long symbol => Channel changes
• Large subcarrier spacing
– Short symbol => Large overhead

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 16

Downlink, cont’d

• Time-frequency interpretation
• Subframe is delay-overhead trade-
off Control
Pilot
• Reference signals
– MIMO Data for
user #1
• Control channels
– Resource indication Data for
user #2
– Transport format
– HARQ info
f
– Uplink grant
– Uplink ACK/NACK t

• Synchronization & Broadcast

subframe = 1 ms

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 17

Downlink, cont’d

• Turbo decoding Transport block (L2 PDU)

– Contention-free quadratic polynomial CRC attachment

permutation (QPP) turbo code Channel coding

internal interleaver
HARQ functionality
• HARQ including adaptive
coding rate

• Adaptive modulation Physical channel

segmentation Number of assigned
– QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM (resource block mapping) resource blocks

• Scheduler
Adaptive modulation
(common modulation is selected)

To assigned resource blocks

Resource
Block

Subframe
1 ms

180 kHz

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 18

MBMS

• Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service • OFDM offers soft combining

– Provides multimedia content to a number – Transparent to UE
of subscribers
– Audio – Synchronization
– Video • Greatly improves MBMS cell-edge
– Stock quotes performance
– Etc…
• Multiplexing of unicast/MBMS
• Same content in many cells

t t

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 19

Uplink

• Single-Carrier Frequency Division Multiplexing (SC-FDMA)

– Low Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR)
– “Easy” to equalize channel due to CP
– Time-domain generation:
Input Data Pulse
Symbols CP
Shaping f

– Frequency-domain generation (DFT-Spread OFDM):

User 1
DFT
Input Data IFFT Pulse
Mapping CP
Symbols Shaping f
User 2
DFT

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 20

 Uplink, cont’d

• CP: 4.7 us and 16.7 us • Data/Control multiplexing

• Orthogonal multiple access • Slow power control
• Shared channel • Sounding pilot will also be
needed
• Time and frequency alignment
• QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAM
• Random access (optional)
Pilots
Control for users
not transmitting
data (CDM)

Data & control

User #1

Data & control

User #2
f

t subframe = 1 ms

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 21

MIMO

• Downlink Single-user MIMO

– Two or four transmit antennas and two
or four receive antennas
– Spatial Multiplexing (SM)
TX RX
– Up to four streams
– Codebook-based pre-coding
– Transmit Diversity (CDD/SFBC)
– Multiuser MIMO also supported
Multi-user MIMO
• Uplink
– Only multiuser MIMO supported
TX/RX
– Closed-loop transmit antenna selection TX/RX
(optional) TX/RX
• Scheduler will be busy…

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 22

Interference Coordination

• Reuse one will work, but…

• Some claim interference PSD

coordination will be needed

– Fractional reuse f
F1 F2 F3
– Partial reuse
– Inverted reuse
– “Conventional” reuse
• Adaptive? PSD

• Cancellation?

f
• Scheduler will be busy… Fr F1 F2 F3

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 23

Persistent Scheduling

• LTE is packet switched • Circuit switched to packet switched to

• How support VoIP? cirucuit switched?
• “Persistent scheduling” • Circuit switched has its merits
– Statically allocate resources in pre-
determined pattern
– Fixed delay
• Scheduler will be busy…
– No control overhead
– Fixed modulation and coding

Transmission instants according to persistent scheduling pattern

frequency

time

Data
Transmission according to SCCH scheduling
SCCH overhead

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 24

LTE Detailed Requirements, cont’d

Base Mobile
• Delay: <5 ms
3G/HSPA
• Throughputs (ref: Rel-6, Type 1)
TX RX Rake
– Downlink
– Mean user throughput: 3-4x
RX TX
– Cell-edge througput: 2-3x
– Cell capacity: 3-4x
LTE
– Uplink
TX RX
– User throughput: 2-3x
– Cell-edge throughput 2-3x
RX TX
– Cell capacity: 2-3x
• Targets fulfilled?
– Fair comparison?

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 25

LTE Deployment

• Is a do-it-all, low-complexity system realistic?

• Applications
– Sit & work
– Stroll & surf
– Ride & surf
– Walk & talk
• Other radio accesses
– WLAN
– GSM/EDGE/GERAN Evolution
– 3G/HSPA
– DVB-h
– WiMAX
• Services requiring high bitrates in mobile systems?
– Terminals!
• How much are customers willing to pay?
– Flat rate

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 26

LTE Deployment, cont’d

• Few 3G/HSPA vendors

• Large interest in LTE among vendors
• Not all operators have investmented in 3G/HSPA
• LTE possibly suitable replacement/complement for
– 3G/HSPA
– GSM
• Simpler and cheaper
– Multi-mode terminals easier?
• Flexible spectrum allocation
• Migration paths
• Timing
– Typically 5 years stable core spec to prototype, another 2 years to certified mass market
– Terminal availability?
• Prioritization needed

• Core (SAE) and radio access network architecture must not be forgotten

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 27

Summary

• HSPA Evolution
– Enhancement of packet-data services
– MIMO
– Higher-order modulation
• LTE
– High peak data rates
– Low latency
– Flexible bandwidth operation
– OFDM-based
– MIMO

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 28

2007-03-01 Radio systems, LTH 29