Integrated Module - Class X (For CBSE, NTSE & Olympiads) @) Aakash Medical | IIT-JEE| Foundations (Civisions of Aakash Educational Services Limited)Contents CHAPTER NO. TOPIC PAGE NO. GEOGRAPHY 1. Resources and Development... vos st = 12 2. Forest and Wildlife Resources..... 13-24 3. Water Resources 25-34 4, Agriculture . 35 - 48 5. Minerals and Energy Resources... 49-64 6. — Manufacturing Industries ... 65-80 7. Lifelines of National Economy {92 HISTORY 1. The Making of a Global World... 2:93 — 100 2. The Age of Industrialisation .. 104 106 3. Work, Life and Leisure M07 - 114 4. Print Culture and the Modem World wel 15 = 124 5. Novels, Society ANG HIStory. ..se nny plone 125 ~ 132 6. _ Rise of Nationalism in Europe... 133-144 7. The Nationalist Movement in Indo-China 145-156 8. Nationalism in India .. v1 57 = 166 POLITICAL SCIENCE 41. Power Sharing... r 167 - 172 2. Federalism.. 173 - 182 3. Democracy and Diversity....... sevsnnensees4 83 — 188 4. — Gender, Religion and Caste... 189-198 5. Popular Struggles and Movements... 199 - 204 6. Political Parties 205 - 214 7. Outcomes of Democracy. 8. Challenges to Democracy .. ECONOMICS 1. Development... a 227 = 230 2. Sectors of the Indian Economy. e 231 - 236 3. Money and Credit cnr oe 237 - 240 4. Globalisation and the Indian Economy... e241 = 244 5. _ Consumer Rights 245 — 248 Answers & Solutions... 249 — 321GeographyCHAPTER Resources and Development Chapter Contents INTRODUCTION Nature provided resources as assets to human beings. Management of natural resources to meet paople’s requirement practiced since pre-vedic e' 3. Technical knowledge is suitable to specific conditions of a/ region required to manage resources. 4, Man gained this knowledge, developed skill through experience end learned by doing 5. Overexploitation of natural resourdes by Growing population résuttod into severe problems. WHAT IS A RESOURCE? 1. Anything available to man. 2. Can be used to fulfil man’s needs. 3. Example : Water, soll, animals, plants, building, minerals, ete. Physical Environment (Nature) Human’ Beings, Technology: Institutions Inter-dependent relationship between nature, technology and institutions Introduction ‘What 1S a’ Resource? Ciassifiealton of Resources Bevélopment df Resources Problems\Atising Due to Overexploitation ‘of Resources Sysiainable Development conoriic Development Resource Planning : Why? Processes of Resource Planning in India Land Resources Land Utilization Land Use Pattern in India Land Degradation : A Major Problem Conservation Measures for Land Degradation Soil as a Resource Classification of Soil Soll Erosion : A problem ‘Types of Soil Erosion ‘Steps of Conservation of Soil Erosion Assignment ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-476234562 Resources and Development Social Science (Class X) Resources Natural Human Renewable Non-Renewable ‘Structures Quantity and and institutions Quality Continuous or Biological flow e.g. wind Recyclable e.g. Non-Recyclable water ‘metals 2g. Fossil fuels Nalural Wilite Vegetation (Forests) Classification of resources CLASSIFICATION OF RESOURCES 1. On the Basis of Origins : 1. Biotic Resources : (@) Resources acquired from natufe having life are ealled biotic resources, (&) Examples : Humans, plants and animals. 2. Abiotic Resources : (@) Substance made of non-living thing'ereeélied abiotic resources. (&) Examples : Stones, mountains. Il, On the Basis of Exhaustibility : 1, Renewable Resources (@) Resources can be renewed or repfoduced by phiysiclchefnical or mechanical processes are called renewable resources, (0) Examples : Water and aie 2. Non-Renewable Resources (@) Resources cannot be recycled,iget exhausted alter thelr use are called non-renewable resources, (0) Example : Coal and fossil fuels. lil, On the Basis of Ownership : 1. Individual Resources : (@) Resources which has ownership under private hands are called individual resources. (©) Example : Plots and houses under private hand. 2. Public Resources : Resources common in nature are called public resources: Type of Public Resources () Community Owned Resources (a) There are resources which are accessible to all the members of community are called community ‘owned resources. (b) Example : Village commons :grazing ground, burial grounds, village ponds, etc. (i) National Resources : (@) All natural and human resources owned by nation are called national resources, (b) Example : All the minerals, water resources, forest, wildlife land within the political boundaries and oceanic area upto 12 nautical miles (19.2 km) from the coast termed as territorial water and resources there belong to the nation ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Resources and Development 3 (ii) International Resources : (@) No man's land and free zone in the world that belong to all nations are called international resources. (0) Example : The oceanic resources beyond 200 nautical miles of the Exclusive Economic Zone belong 10 open ocean and no individual country can ullize it without the concurrence of international institutions. () On the Basis of Status of Development : 1. Potential Resources (@) Resources which are found in a region or exist in nature but have not been utilized or exploited are called potential resources. (0) Example : The westem parts of India particularly Rajasthan and Gujarat have enormous potential for the development of wind and solar energy, but s0 far these have not been developed propery. 2. Developed Resources: (@) Resources which utlized at present, their development depends upon quality, quantity, technology and cultural status of a region are called developed resources. (0) Example : Resources which we are using or utilizing at present. 3. Stock : (@) Resources which are present jf evironment,\but not accessitle Because of lack of technology are called stock, (0) Example :Waler is a compound of two inflammable gases -tivdreyen anthorygén, which can be used as a rich source of energy. But we do not have the! requifed technical ‘knawshiow’ to use them for this purpose, 4. Reserves : (@) Resources can be used with the help ofpresént technology but their use’ has riot been started are called reserves. (0) Example : River water can be used fongenerating hydPosiéctrcity but presently, itis being utilized only to a limited extent. Thus, the water injthe dams, forest és. is a reserve which can be used in the future DEVELOPMENT OF RESOURCES Resources are vital for human survival a§)well as fo? rheintaining the quality of life. It was believed that resources are free gift of nature, As a result, hymen-beings used them indiscriminately and this has led to the many major problems. PROBLEMS ARISING DUE TO OVER-EXPLOITATION OF RESOURCES 1. Depletion of resources for satisfying the greed of few individuals. 2. Accumulation of resource in few hands, which in turn, divided the society into two segments ie., have and have nots or rich and poor. 3. Ithas led to global ecological crises or imbalance. For example : (@) Global warming (©) Ozone layer depletion. (©) Environmental pollution. ‘SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT 1. Economic development should take place without damaging the environment. 2. Needs of future generations should be kept in mind, it means development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-476234564 Resourves and Development Social Science (Class X) ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT 1. Availability of natural resources. Affordability of natural resources. Accessibility of natural resources, sen Use of technology and institutions, A$ a$$ ______§_ India has got the right to mine manganese nodules from the bed of the Indian Ocean from that area which lies beyond the exclusive economic zone. Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit, 1992 In June 1992, more than 100 heads of states met in Rio de Janeiro in Brazil, for the first International Earth ‘Summit. The Summit was convened for addressing.urgent problems of environmental protection and socio- ‘economic development at the global level. Thé assembléd leaders signed the!Dectaifation on Global Climatic ‘Change and Biological Diversity. The Rio Convention endorsad the global Forest Principlesiand adopted Agenda 21 for achieving Sustainable Development in the 24sticeintury Agenda 24 Itis the declaration signed by world leaders in ¥892"At the United Nations! Conferénc@’on Environment and Development (UNCED), which took place at Rio dewaneir@, Brazil, alms at achi€wng glotial sustainable development. Its an agenda to combat environmental demage, poverty, disease:thrbugh global co-operation ‘on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities, One major objective of the Agenda 21 is that ‘every local government should draw its own local Agenda 21: RESOURCE PLANNING : WHY? 1. For sustainable and economic development. 2. For narrowing down the gap between rich and’pdor 3. For reducing the enormous diversity in. the “availability of resources with the help of technology and institution, 4, Example (a) Abundant water resources in Arunachal Pradesh, but lack in infrastructural development. (b) Rich cultural resources in Leh, but deficient in water resources. PROCESSES OF RESOURCE PLANNING IN INDIA 1. Identifying Resources : This involves surveying, mapping and qualitative and quantitative estimation and measurement of the resources. 2. Evolving a planning structure : Endowed with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans, 3,_Match plan with national development : Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans, ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Resources and Development 5 LAND RESOURCES 1. Land is a finite resource. 2. Icovers only 29% of earth's surface. 3. About 90% human beings inhabit only 5% of world's land. India : Land under important Relief Features LAND UTILIZATION | _Land use pattern depends upon 1. Quality of land available, 2. Needs of population 3. Technological level of the society. I. Land resources are used for the following purpOSe8: 1. Forests 2. Land not available for cultivation (@) Barren and waste land, (0) Land put to non-agricultural, ses,\e.g , Building’) roads, factories etc. 3. Other uncultivated land (excluding fallaw land) (@) Permanent pastures and grazing lend: (b) Land under miscellaneous treé craps\(fot included in net sown area). (6) Culturable waste land (left ufiuitivated for more than five agricultural years), 4. Fallow land (@) Current fallow : (left without cultivation for one or less than one agricultural year.) (©) Other than current fallow : (left uncultivated for the past 1 to 5 agricultural years.) 5. Net sown area : Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as gross cropped area LAND USE PATTERN IN INDIA Land use Pattern in india |. Physical Factors 1, Human Factors 4. Topography 41. Population Density 2. Soil Types 2. Technological Capability 3. Climate 3. Culture and Traditions ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-476234566 Resources and Development Social Science (Class X) ‘General land use categories -1960-61 ‘General iand use categories - 2008-09 Reporting Area : 100 per cont 18.11% 20% | | aor 3173 3.50% 623% Forest Th cotsrabie wont ans Barren and unculturabe waste lar Ld From other tan curren ow Area under non-agricultural uses 1) curenttatow Permanent pasture and grazing land [D) Netsoon aca ‘Area under misc. tree crops and groves ‘Source : Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Ministry oF Agree) 2008-05 LAND DEGRADATION : A MAJOR PROBLEM | Human Factors 1. Construction activities 2. Industrial development 3. Transportation activities 4. Urban development WL Natural Factors 1. Floods Landslides Mining activities (Over grazing by animals Water logging CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR LAND DEGRADATION Afforestation Planting of shelter belts of plants. Control on over-grazing Stabilisation of sand dunes by growing thorny bushes, Proper management of waste lands. Proper discharge and disposal of industrial effluents and wastes. Control on mining activities Construction of check dams. PNP Ree ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Water eroded area Forest degraded area Saliffé and Aikaline land Mit eroded area ‘SOIL AS A RESOURCE Formation of soil depends upon: 4. Climate 2. Relief 3. Nature 4, Parent rock 5. Time 6. Change in temperature 7. Actions of running water, wind and glacier 8, Activities of decomposers CLASSIFICATION OF SOIL |. Classified on the basis of : 1. Colour 2. Thickness 3. Age 4. Chemical and physical properties Types Alluvial soil Black soil Laterite soil ‘Arid soil Red and yellow soll Mountain soil or forest soil aaeone ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-476234568 Resources and Development Social Science (Class X) PAKistan ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. 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S6UEIC [eISeOO WISE hos feAniy '¢ "S306 ‘Sadojs seddn uj asi809 “Sapys Aajien “sdojs' 10s UL AWS qwaqUED SNUUNY Mo} ‘oIpoW| _“eayoo pUE aL | syWO|Og ‘euO!SAWIT| UIEIUNOW pUE SKEIEA JO Syed JaMOThSBOVUIEUNOW Z “aunysow pue snWUny $¥2e} OS, yupunoss yeseing | wos pues, aejoereyp ul aujes ‘aunyeu ul APES | pue eileg YeMer wes] Josued pue ueuiseley wasann| 119890 Puy _'t Hos Jo uoneoyISsEID ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345610 Resources and Development Social Science (Class X) SOIL EROSION ; A PROBLEM 1, Meaning : Removing of the top soil is known as soil erosion. 2. Causes. (a) Human activities like mining and deforestation. (b) Over-grazing by animals. (©) Natural forces like winds, glaciers and running water. TYPES OF SOIL EROSION 1, Sheet Erosion : Water flows as a sheet over large areas down a slope. In such cases the top soil is washed away. This is known as sheet erosion. 2. Rill Erosion : The formation of numerous closely spaced rills due to the uneven removal of surface soil by stream lets of running water. 3. Gully Erosion : The running water cuts thr6UgW'the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies. Wind Erosion : Removal of upper layer of the earth By wind is known as wind erosion, STEPS OF CONSERVATION OF SOIL EROSION 1. Ploughing along the contour line can débalerate'the Now of water down the slopes Terrace cultivation restricts erosion. 3. Large fields can be divided into strips. Strips of grass are Jeff to Grow between the crops. This breaks up the force of the wind. 4, Planting lines of trees to create shelter alsolworks in a siniar way. Rows of such trees are called shelter belts. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Race ’ Objective Type Questions : 1 Resources that can be recycled (1) Non-renewable resouroe (2) Renewable resources @) Biotic resources (4) Abiotic resources ‘An example of community owned resource is (1) Private plot (2) House (3) River (4) Village ponds: “There is enough for everybody’s need and nat for anybody's greed.” Who gave this statement? (1) Jawahar Lal Nehru (2) Mahatma Gandhi (@) Rabindra Nath Tagore (4) Moti Lal Nehru How much is the mountain share in the total land, area of the world? (1) 40% (2) 50% @) 20% (4) 30% How much is the plains share in the total land area of the world? (1) 43% (2) 44% @) 45% (4) 46% How much area is required for forest in our country? (1) 33% @) 35% 2) 34% (4) 36% 10. " 12, LSSTU LILLE How much is the plateaus share in the total land. area of the world? (1) 28% @) 27% (8) 24% & 29% ‘Aiuvial soll found mainly in (1) Deccan plates’, (2) Norther plains (3) Westem Rajasthan @) North. castetn states Which agent of 4cosion is: responsible for ‘maximtim land degradation in India? GY wing (2) Glaciers (8) Water (4) None of these Whict?is the major cause of land degradation in Punjab? (1) ining (2) Over-grazing @) Deforestation (4) Oversirigation In which state has mining caused severe land degradation? (1) Jharkhand and Chattisgarh (2) Punjab and Haryana (3) Kerala and Tamil Nadu (4) Assam and Meghalaya Name the state where terrace cultivation is practiced. (1), Himachal Pradesh (2) Rajasthan (3) Madhya Pradesh (4) Gujarat ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345612 Resources and Development SECTION-B Matrix Match Type Question: 1 Match the following columns Column Column-it (Type of Soil) (States) a. Laterite soil (i) Western Madhya Pradesh b. Alluvial soil (ii) Western Rajasthan ©. Black soil (ii) Karnataka d. Arid soil (wv) Uttar Pradesh (1) ai), Biv), ef), i) (2) afi), BCH), ct, div) B) afi, BG), ctiv), aii) (4) ali), BD, efiv), Kil) Match the following columns Column Column (Type of Soil) (Crops Grown) a. Arid soil (Cotton and groundnut b. Black soil (i) Jowar and Bajra ©. Laterite soil (i) Tea and coffee d. Mountain/Forest soil (iv) Cashew and spices) (1) ai), BG, efi, Gv) (2) aC), Daye in), a) @) ati, BG), efiv), Ai) 4) ati), BE, av) SECTION-C Very Short Answer Type Question: 1 2 3 4. ae Give example of non-renewable resources, Give example of community owned resources. Define developed resources. In which state has mining caused severe land degradation? ‘ Mention the methods of checking soil erosion, What are the human factors responsible for land 4 degradation in India? Which is the major cause of land degradation ins Punjab? ‘Alluvial soil mainly found in which states of India? What is a resource? gaa 10, 1" 12 13, 14, 15, 16 Social Science (Class X) What are the natural factors responsible for land degradation? Waite any two measures for the conservation of ‘and degradation Mountain and forest soil mainly found in which states? Write any two factors responsible for the formation of soil, Which soil is idea! for growing cotton? Name the states where terrace cultivation is practiced, In which regions of India does terrace cultivation stop soil erosion? ‘Short Answer Type Questions : 1 6 \What is the impdrtan@ of natural resources? Why ig it necessary to,conserve them? Differentiate between renewable and non-tenewable resources, Defifte resourcis on the basis of thei origin with examples Define resource on the basis of exhaustibilty, with examples Writa the processes of the resouree planning. or ‘What are three processes of resource planning? Write ay three causes of soil erosion ‘Long Answer Type Questions : 1 How can we solve the problem of land degradation? “The earth has enough resources to meet the need of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even. ‘one person.” How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss. Explain the resources on the basis of thei ‘ownership. Explain resources on the basis of their status of development. Explain the problems ‘exploitation of resources. What is meant by soil erosion? Explain the type of soil erosion, ing due to the over ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456CHAPTER Forest and Wildlife Resources Chapter Contents Life on Earth 1 2 3, On planet earth life has evolved and shaped its own.environment. Antarctic support only a few species, wheréas rainforasts have diversity of species. Human beings share this planet with micre-organisilittona and lichens to banyan trees to elephants to blue whales. Humans are dependent on the ecological system for this ektstence, Plants, animals and micro-organisms recreate: (a) The quality of the air we breathe (©) The water we drink (©) The soil that produces food for us Forests are the primary products on which all the’ether living Beings depend, FLORA AND FAUNA OF INDIA 1. One of the mega biodiversity centres in the word. 2. Ithas nearly 8% of the total number of species found in the world 3. There are more than 400 species of mammals 4. There are 1,250 species of birds 5. There are 10,000 species of insects 6. There are 2,546 species of fish 7. There are 408 species of reptiles 8, There are 197 species of amphibians. Seen eee cnet mom ee cit ec Over 81,000 species of fauna and 47,000 species of flora are found in India, 2. Of the estimated 47,000 plant species, about 15,000 flowering species are endemic (indigenous) to India. 3. 79 species of mammals, 44 of birds, 15 of reptiles and 3 of amphibians are threatened 4. Nearly 1500 plant species are considered endangered, 5. Flowering plants and vertebrate animals have recently become extinct at a rate estimated to be 50 to 100 times the average expected natural rate, Flora and Fauna of India Biodiversity in India Asiatic Cheetah: Where Did They Go? ‘Are, Colofital Forest\Poticies to bbe Blamed? The Aimdiayan. Yew in Trotible ‘Types of Forest and Wildlife Resources Distribution of Forest and Wildlife Resources Factors declining India’s Biodiversity Change in Forest Cover Reasons for Depletion of Indian Forests Forest Conservation Forest Policy wildiife Reasons for Declining Wildlife Wildlife Conservation in India Several Projects for Various Animals Biosphere Reserves Major Biosphere Reserves Community and Conservation Joint Forest Management Programme (JFM) ing a Step Ahead © Sacred Groves - A Wealth of Diverse and Rare Species Assignment ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345614 Forest and Wildlife Resources Social Science (Class X) BIODIVERSITY IN INDIA 4. Himalaya: Home of a diverse range of flora and fauna. 2. Chilika: Wet land area is protected under the Ramsar convention. 3. Sundarbans: Largest mangrove forest in india 4. Western Ghats: One of the two biodiversity hotspot in India, 5. Thar Desert: Climate and vegetation in this area is in contrast to the Himalayan region, Categories of existing plant and animal species : (On the basis of IUCN (Intemational Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources) 1. Normal Species: Species whose population levels are considered to be normal for their survival, such as cattle, Sal, pine, rodents, ete. 2. Endangered Species: These are species which are in danger of extinction. The survival of such species is dificut if the negative factors that have.led:toa deciine in their population continue to operate. The examples of such species are black buck,crocodile indian wild ass, indian thin®, lion tailed macaque, sangai (brow-antlered deer in Manipur) etc. 3. Vulnerable Species: These are spedies whase population has degiiied to levels from where Ibis likely to move into the endangered category in the near futue if the nedative f@clbrs continue 16 Operate. The examples of such species are blue sheepiyAsiatio €lephant, Gangetic doiphin, etc. 4, Rare Species: Species with small population may move into the efidangered or vulnerable category if the negative factors affecting them continue to operat, The examples of sucthspecies are the Himalayan brown bear, wild Asiatic buffalo, desert fox and hombil, eta 5. Endemic Species: These are species whic @re|only folind in Sorte particular areas usually isolated by natural or geographical barriersExamples of such species"e"é the Andaman teal, Nicobar pigeon, ‘Andaman wild pig, mithun in Arunachal Pradesh: 6. Extinct Species: These are species which are not found’ etter searches of known or likely areas where they may occur. A species may be extinct froma local, area, région, country, continent or the entire earth. Examples of such species are the Asiatic Cheetah, pink head duck ASIATIC CHEETAH: WHERE DID THEY GO? The world's fastest land mammal, the cheetah (Acinonyx jubantus), is a unique and specialised member of the cat family and can move at the speed of 112 km/hr. The cheetah is often mistaken for a leopard. Its {istinguishing marks are the long tear drop shaped lines on each side of the nose from the comer of its eyes. to its mouth. Prior to the 20th century, cheetahs were widely distributed throughout Africa and Asia. Today, the Asian cheetah is nearly extinct due to a decline of available habitat and pray. The species was declared ‘extinct in India tong back in 1952. ARE COLONIAL FOREST POLICIES TO BE BLAMED? ‘Some of our environmental activists say that the promotion of a few favoured species, in many parts of India, has been carried through the ironically-termed “enrichment plantation’, in which a single commercially valuable species was extensively planted and other species eliminated. For instance, teak monoculture has damaged the natural forest in South India and Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii) plantations in the Himalayas have replaced the Himalayan oak (Quercius spp.) and Rhododendron forests ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Forest and Wildlife Resources 15, THE HIMALAYAN YEW IN TROUBLE The Himalayan Yew (Taxus wallachiana) is a medicinal plant found in various parts of Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh. A chemical compound called ‘taxol is extracted from the bark, needles, twigs and roots of this tee, and it has been successfully used to treat some cancers ~ the drug is now the biggest selling anticancer drug in the world. The species is under great threat due to overexploitation. Inthe last one decade, thousands of yew trees have dried up in various parts of Himachal Pradesh and Arunachal Pradesh. TYPES OF FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES In India forests are classified under the following categories: Reserved Protected Unclassed Forests Forests Forests 1, Reserved Forests: (a) More than half of the total forest lend has BBA Gedlared as reserved forests (b) Regarded as most valuable, as far as the conservation of forests and wilde resources gfe concemed. 2. Protected Forests: {a) Almost one-third of the total forest range, as deciated by the forest depactiient {) As of May 2004, the protected areas of India eBver 1,56,700 km”. roughly 4.95% of the total surface area, 3. Unclassed Forests: Constitutes 5% of the India’s forest land. DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST AND WILDLIFE RESOURCES 1. Permanent Forests: Madhya Pradesh has 75% of is total forest area under this category. 2. Reserved Forests: Jammu and Kashmir, Andhfs’ Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Kerala, Tamil Nadu, West Bengal, Maharashtra Protected Forests: Bihar, Haryana, Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Odisha and Rajasthan, 4, Unclassed Forests: All north-eastern states and parts of Gujarat FACTORS DECLINING INDIA'S BIODIVERSITY Habitat destruction Hunting, Poaching Over-exploitation Environmental pollution Poisoning a a Forest Fires: ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345616 Forest and Wildlife Resources Social Science (Class X) CHANGE IN FOREST COVER 1. Forest cover in the country is 2. It comprises of: (a) Dense Forests: 11.48% (b) Open Forests: 7.76% (©) Mangrove Forests: 0.16% timated as 6,37,293 sq.km. ie., 19.39% of the total geographical area. Forest Covers in 1995 and 1997 Assessment (sq.km) Category }997 Assessment] 1995 Assessment | Difference Dense Forests | 367,260 385,037 -17,777 Open Forests 261,310 249,303 + 12,001 Mangrove Forests | 4,827 4533 +204 Total 633,397 638,879 - 5,482, REASONS FOR DEPLETION OF INDIAN FORESTS 1. Expansion of railways, 2. Expansion of agriculture. 3. Commercial and scientific forestry. 4, Mining activities during the colonial period. 5. Agricultural expansion in post-independence pfiod 6. Large scale river-valley projects. 7. Expanding industrial-urban ecofiomy. 8 Mining 8. Grazing 10. Fuel wood collection. (Over half of the natural forests have been depleted. ‘One-third of the wetland have drained out. 70% of the surface water bodies are polluted. 40% of the mangrove forest have wiped out. eens FOREST CONSERVATION Conserve and expand the forest reserves. ‘Adopted a forest policy in 1952, further modified in 1988. Nation-wide forest conservation policy Emphasis on sustainable forest management. ‘Also meets the need of the locals. greene ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Forest and Wildlife Resources 17. FOREST POLICY Increase the forest cover through social forestry. Afforestation on the degraded land. Environmental stability and restore forests. Check soil erosion, extension of the desert land and the occurrence of flood and droughts. Bring 33% of the geographical areas under the forest cover peene ‘WILDLIFE ‘About 4-5 per cent of all the known plants and animal species found on the earth, exists in India. Existence of diverse life forms due to the diversity of the ecosystem. Habitat is disturbed by human activities. Numbers have dwindled significantly, REASONS FOR DECLINING WILDLIFE 4, Industrial and technological advancement brought about a rapid. increase in, the Exploitation of the forest resources. 2. More and more lands were cleared for (9) Agriculture (b) Human settlements (6) Roads (@) Minings (@) Reservoirs 3. Incidence of forest fires. WILDLIFE CONSERVATION IN INDIA 1. In 1972, Wildlife Protection Act was enacted to Conserve and protect wildlife in India, 2. The two main objectives of this act are (2) To provide protection to the endangered species, (b) To provide legal support to the conservation areas classified as the national parks, sanctuaries and also closed areas. 3, There are 92 national parks and 492 wildlife sanctuaries that cover an area of 15.67 million hectares in our country. 4. Gobind Sagar —> Himachal Pradesh 2. Bharatpur — > Rajasthan 3. Nal Sarover —> Gujarat 4, Bakkhal —+ West Bengal 6. Ranganthittu — > Kamataka ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345618 Forest and Wildlife Resources Social Science (Class X) 6. Pulicat lake 7. Vedanthangal 8 Mayani 8. Sultanpur 10. Kaundinya 11. Salim Ali 12, Kumarakom 13. Chika lake Some Wildlife Sanctuaries Rejaji Banbasa Sariska 1 2. 3 4. Shivpuri 5. Kanha Kisii 6. Periyar 7. Simlipat 8. Nagarhole (Rajiv Gandhi) 9. Sanjay Gandhi 410. Tadoba 11. Dachigam 12, Sunderbans 19, Nanda-Devi 44, Bandipur Uttarakhand Uttar Pradesh JArdhra Pradesh Tarnil Nadu Kerala Andra Pradesh Odisha Kamataka Assam Jammu and Kashmir Jammu anc Kashmir ‘Onarakhand (Uttar CFedesh Gijeret Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh Kerala Odisha Jammu and Kashmir West Bengal Uttarakhand Karnataka ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Forest and Wildlife Resources 19. SEVERAL PROJECTS FOR VARIOUS ANIMALS Project tiger Project elephant. (One-horned rhinoveros. Asiatic lions Black bucks (chinkara) 6 Great Indian bustards (godawan). Project Tiger 4, Implemented in 1973. 2. 27 tiger reserves, area 37,761 sq.km of tiger habitats distributed in 17 states. 3. Tiger population increased from 1,827 in 1972 to 3,642 in 2001-02 Tiger is one of the key wildlife species in the faunal web. In 1973, the authorities realised that the tiger population had dwindled to 1,827 from an estimated:65,000 at the tur of the century. The major threats to tiger population are numerous, such as poaching for trad, shrinking habitat, depletion of prey base species, ‘growing human population, etc. The tradg/of tigen skins and the use of their bones i traditional medicines, ‘especially in the Asian countries left the tiger population on the verge ofyextination, Since India and Nepal Provide habitat to about two-thirds of the Surviving tiger pgpulation in the world, these two, nation’ became prime targets for poaching and illegal trading, “Project Tiger’, one of the well publicised wildif®"Eafipaigns inithe worid was launched i973. Initially, it showed success as the tiger population went up ta 4,002 in 1985 and’4,334 in t@89. But in 1993, the population of the tiger had dropped to 3,600. There were 39 tiger reserves. in India covering an area ‘of 32137.14 sq. km. Tiger conservation has been viewed not only:85 an effort to save an endangered species, but with equal importance as @ means of preserving biotypes Of sizeable magnitude. Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand, Sunderbans National Park in West Bengal, Bandhavgarh National Park in Madhya Pradesh, Sariska Wildlfe Sanctuary in Rajasthan, Manas Tiger Reserve in Assam and Periyar Tiger Reserve in Kerala ‘are some of the tiger reserves of India, Project Elephant 1. It was launched in 1992 to assist states having population of wild elephant. 2. The project aimed at ensure long-term survivabot identified viable population of elephant in their natural habitat 3. It was implemented in 13 states. eeene BIOSPHERE RESERVES 1. A.unique and representative ecosystem of terrestrial and coastal areas. 2. Components: Landscape, habitats, species and land races. 3. Nine biosphere reserves have been recognised by the UNESCO on the World Network of Biosphere Reserves. MAJOR BIOSPHERE RESERVES 1. Cold desert —+ Himachal Pradesh 2. Nokrek —> Meghalaya 3. Nanda devi — Uttarakhand 4, Khangchendzonga —> Sikkim ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345620 Forest and Widlile Resources 5. Pachmarhi — 6. Amarkantak-Achanakmar = —> 7. Manas — 8. Nilgir — 9. Rann of Kutch — 10, Sunderbans — 41, Gulf of Mannar — 12. Simlipal — 13. Dihang-Dibang = 14, Great Nicobar + 15, Dibru-Saikhowa = 16. Seshachalam Hills — 17, Panna = Social Science (Class X) ‘Madhya Pradesh Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh Assam Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Kamataka Gujarat West Bengal Tamil Nadu Odisha ‘Arunachal Pradesh ‘Andaman Nicobar Islands Assam ‘Andhra Pradesh Madhya:Pradesh Nine Out of 18 biosphere reserves internationally recognised within the framework of UNESCO Man and the Biosphere (MAB) Programme. Nilgii Biosphere Reserves — [Tamil Nady) Kerala’and Karnataka, 1 2, Nanda devi Biosphere Reserves > Uttaraktiand 3, Sunderbans Biosphere Reserves —> West Bengal 4, Gulf of Mannar Biosphere Reserves — Temi Nadu 5. Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserves > Madhya Pradesh 6. Nokrek Biosphere Reserves > Meghataya 7. Simlpal Biosphere Reserves 3) Odishat ‘8. Achanakmar-Amarkantak Biosphere Reserves > ~ Chattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh 9, Great Nicobar Biosphere Reserves, = Widamantand Nicobar 10. Agasthyamalai 4) Kerala and Tamil Nadu COMMUNITY AND CONSERVATION 1. In the Sariska Tiger Reserve in Rajasthan, villagers have fought against mining by citing the Wildlife Protection Act. 2. The inhabitants of five villages in the Alwar district of Rajasthan have deciared 1200 hectares of forest as the Bhairodev Dakav 'Sonchur dectaring their own set of rules and regulations. 3. Villagers and conservationist Sunder Lal Bahuguna started Chipko Movement in March 1974 in Uttarakhand. 4, Farmers and citizen's groups ike the Bee] Bachao Andolan in Tehri and Navdanya have shown that adequate levels of diversified crop production without the use of synthetic chemicals possible and economically viable. JOINT FOREST MANAGEMENT PROGRAMME (JFM) 1. The Joint Forest Management Programme is structured on the guidelines issued by the ministry. 2. It involves the local communities in the management and the restoration of the degraded forests. 3, Local institutions undertake activities to protect the forests and managed by the forest department, ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Forest and Wildlife Resources 24 TAKING A STEP AHEAD 1. Local communities have to be involved in some kind of natural resource management 2. Accept only those economic on developmental activities that are (@) People centric (©) Environmental - friendly (©) Economically rewarded SACRED GROVES — A WEALTH OF DIVERSE AND RARE SPECIES Nature worship is an age old tribal belief based on the premise that all creations of nature have to be protected. Such beliefs have preserved several virgin forests in pristine form called Sacred Groves (the forests of God and Goddesses). These patches of forest or parts of large forests have been left untouched by the local people and any interference with them is banned. Certain societies revere a particular tree which they. have preserved from time immemorial. The Mundas and the Santhal of Chota Nagpur region worship miahua (Basia latifolia) and kadamba (Anthocaphalus cadamba) trees, and the tribals of Odisha and Bihar worship the tamarind (Tamarindus indica) and mango (Mangifera indica) trees during weddings. To many of us, peepaliand banyan trees are, considered satred. Indian society comprises several cultures, each with its own set of traditions), methods of Conserving nature and its creations. Sacred qualities are often describe springs. mountain peaks, plants and animals which are closely protected. You will ind troops of macaques-and Tangurs afound many temples. They,are fed daily and treated as a part of temple devotees. In and around Bishndi villages jin Rajasthan Herds. of blackbuck, (chinkara), nilgai and peacocks can be seen as anjintegral pert of the community. anit nobody harms them. @ ayo ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Race ’ Objective Type Questions : 1 ‘Which species are found in isolated geographical area? (1) Endangered species 2) Rare species @) Normal species (4) Endemic species According to the National Forest Policy (1952), how much forest area should be under cover?, (1) 35% 2) 33% @) 50% (4) 25% ‘When was the Indian Wildlife Act implemented? (1) 1972 (2) 1982 @) 1973 (4) 1969 ‘Where is Kaziranga National Park situated? (1) Meghalaya @) West Bengal @) Arunachal Pradesh 4) Assam ‘When was the Project Tiger implemented? (1) 1972 (2) 1973 @) 1992 (4) 1908 ‘When was the Project Elephant implemented? (1) 1992 2) 1993 @) 1972 (4) 1973 10. " ASSIONIGIY In which state is Corbett National Park situated? (1) Uttar Pradesh (2) Uttarakhand @) Haryana @ Punjab Periyar Tigar Resenv@is situated in Which state of India?, (i) Maghya Pradesh 2) Rajasthan @) Kerola () Tama Nadu Jn which 'state is Bandhavgarh National Park located? (1) Madhya Pradesh (2) Rajasthan (3) Haryana (4) Punjab Which state has the largest area under permanent forest? (1) North-castomn states (2) Gujarat 3) Rajasthan (4) Madhya Pradesh Which state has the higher percentage of unclassed forest? (1) Gujarat (2) North-eastem states (8) Madhya Pradesh @) Rajasthan ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) 12 13, 14, 15. 16. 7. 8. SECTION Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve is situated in (1) Madhya Pradesh (2) Rajasthan (3) Gujarat (4) Punjab Similipal National Park is situated in (1) Karataka (@) Madhya Pradesh (3) Rajasthan (4) Odisha Periyar wildlife sanctuary is situated in (1) Tamil Nadu (2) Kamataka @) Andhra Pradesh (4) Keraia Bharatpur bird sanctuary is situated in (1) Madhya Pradesh (2) Rajasthan @) Haryana (4) Punjab India has how many species of flora? (1) 48,000 (2) 47,000 (3) 81,000 (4) 82,000 India has how many species of fauna?, (1) 47,000 2) 48,000 @) 62,000 (4) 81,000 Chipko movement was started in (1) 1972 2) 1964 @) 1962 (4) 1974 Matrix Match Type Questions : 1 Match the following columns Column Column-t Biosphere Reserve State a. Nilgie () Madhya Pradesh b.Nokrek (i) Odisha ¢. Pachmarhi (i) Tamil Nadu d, Simiipal (v) Meghalaya (1) ai), Biv), ef), A) (2) afi), DA, ct), div) @) ali, D4), ct, dKiv) (4) ativ), BG, ef), A) Forest and Wildlife Resources | 23 Match the following columns Columns Column-tt Chipko Movement (i) 1972 Wildife Protection Act (i) 1974 Project Tiger (ii) 1982 Project Elephant (v) 1973 (1) a(), BG, ei, Gv) (2) alii), bi), cfiv), c(i) @) AG, BAD, of, Gv) (4) ativ), BA, efi, iy aege SECTION-C Very Short Answet Type Questions : 1 i 3 wi 10. 1 2, With whom Chipka movement associated? What is Himalayani¥ev/? Which{@ategoryiof species-does Black buck belong to? Give example of rare. spacies ‘Which species re found in Isolated area? ‘Which programme furnishes a good example of ‘involving total communities restoration of degraded movement? Which tree is worshipped by the mundas and Santhais of Chotanagpur region? Which communities in India is famous for ‘protecting the Blackbuck? Unclassed forest mainly found in which states? Reserved Forest found in which states of India? Protected forest found in which states of India? Write the name of state where mainly Permanent forests are found. Write any two causes of depletion of Indian forest. Write the name of the three categories of forests. Which type of forest found in sunderbans delta? Write the name of any two national parks in Madhya Pradesh, Chipko movement was started in which year? Sariska Tiger Reserve is situated in which state of India? ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345624 Forest and Widlile Resources Short Answer Type Questions : 1 2 Neos 10, ‘What are the three types of forest found in india? Describe briefly about the Wildlife protection or conservation in india. Explain briefly about the Forest conservation in India, Describe briefly about the forest policy in India. ‘Write @ short note on Project Tiger. ‘Write a short note on Project Elephant. Describe briefly about the biosphere reserves in India, Explain the policy of Joint Forest Management’ Programme(JFM). Forest and wildife are vital to the quaity of fe and the environment. Justify the statement. Explain the importance of biodiversity for hUman, beings Social Science (Class X) Long Answer Type Questions : 1 2 3. Describe about the Biodiversity in India. Describe about the distribution of Forest in India, Write the important features of Community Conservation in india. Write the reasons for the depletion of Indian Forests, What are the different steps taken by the government of India for the protection and ‘conservation of Flora and Fauna? Explain about the different categories of existing plant and animal species. Based on the Intemational Union for Conservation of Nature and. Natural Resources (IUCN). Write the reasons for'the Geciining of Wildlife in India. JMaintenang@/of ecological system. iS oF utmost importance” HOW ean you contribite.id conserve It and whatlvaluesiare developed through this activity? ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456CHAPTER Water Resources INTRODUCTION 1. 70% of earth's surface is covered with water 2. Earth is called a ‘Blue Planet’ 3. Life on earth probably originated in water. WATER ; A RENEWABLE RESOURCE Water can be renewed through natural process like hydrocycle Water : Some facts and figures + 96.5 per cent of the total volume of world's Water is @stimatlet to exist as oceans and only 2.5 per cent’as freshwater. Nearly 70 per cant of this freshwater occurs as ica sheets and glaciers in Antarctica, Green land and the mountainous regions of the world, vile 2 ke less than 30 per cent is stored as gtoundwatehr the world’s aquifers, + India receives nearty 4 per cent of the gicbat precipitation and ranks 133 in the word in terms of water availabilty per person per annum. + The total renewable water resources of India are estimated at 1,897 'sq km per annum. + By 2025, it is predicted that large parts of India will join countries or regions having absolute water scarcity. Source: The UN World Water Development Report, 2003 USES OF WATER (1) Domestic consumption > About 8% of fresh water. @) Industrial consumption —» About 22% of fresh water. (3) Agricultural consumption > About 70% of fresh water. Chapter Contents Introduction Water : A Renewable Resource: Use of Water Searcity of Wate® Catises, of Water searcity Warp Conseivation Necessity of water ‘Conservation and Management Methods of Water Conservation Multipurpose River Projects (Dams) Rain water Harvesting Techniques of Rain Water Harvesting Rainwater Harvesting Techniques Assignment ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345626 Water Resources Social Science (Class X) SCARCITY OF WATER (1) It occurs where water resources are insufficient to satisty long term average requirements, 2) It refers to tong term water imbalance, @) It combines with low water availabilty (4) The level of water demand exceeding supply. (6) According to Falkenmark, a Swedish expert, water stress occurs when water availablity is between 1000 ‘and 1600 cubic metre per person per year. CAUSES OF WATER SCARCITY (1) Erratic and uneven rainfall (2) Urbanisation @) Industrialisation (4) Pollution (6) Expansion of agriculture: (6) Increase in population (7) Lack of fresh water WATER CONSERVATION (1) It refers to the wise use of water. @) Methods : Efficient farm practices) economical uselin home’ and-ihdusity, aiming at water storage or ‘conservation project. @) Large scale need for management of water resource jn Inia NECESSITY OF WATER CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT (1) To overcome erratic and uneven rainfall pattern in India (2) To proper utilization of existing water resources. @) To tackle with flood conditions @) To tackle with drought conditions. (©) To full the needs of growing population. ©) To ensure food security METHODS OF WATER CONSERVATION (1) Construction of dams (multipurpose projects) Q) Linking of rivers @) Rainwater harvesting (4) Creation of awareness ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Water Resources 27 MULTIPURPOSE RIVER PROJECTS (DAMS) (1) It performs many functions. @) It refers to reservoirs rather than structure. @) River projects serving a number of purposes synonymously are known as Multi-purpose projects Advantages of Multipurpose Projects (1) These are multipurpose river valley project. @) It solves the problem of water scarcity in droughts @) It controls the flow of water in floods. @) It helps for the better irrigation of crops. (6) Navigation ©) Fishing (7) Electricity @) Recreation Disadvantages of Multipurpose Projects (1) Loss of cuttvabie areas. @) Loss of forest area. @) Difficut in relocation of people. ) It disturb ecological balance. (5) affects the natural flow of water oF fivers. ( Itis also responsible for earthquake: Hydraulic Structures in Ancient India + In the first century 8.C. Sringaverapura near Allahabad had sophisticated water harvesting system ‘channeling the flood water of the river Ganga. During the time of Chandragupta Maurya, dams, lakes and irrigation systems were extensively built % Evidences of sophisticated irrigation works have also been found in Kalinga, (Odisha), Nagarjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh), Bennur (Kamataka), Kolhapur (Maharashtra), etc. % Inthe 11" Century, Bhopal Lake, one of the largest artifical lakes of its time was bul Inthe 14" Century, the tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi was constructed by litutmish for supplying water to Siri Fort area. ‘Source: Dying Wisdom, CSE, 1997. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345628 Water Resources ‘Social Science (Class X) INDIA MAJOR RIVERS AND DAMS ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delh-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Water Resources 29 Important Multipurpose Projects in india [SNNo| Multipurpose Project River State Hi |Bhakre-Nangel Project | Sutlej River Puned > Highest nin. 226m Reservoir —> Gobind Mandi Project [3. [Damodar Valley Project | Damodar River Himachal Pradesh Bihar —> Based on Tennessee Valley Project USA. Madhya Pradesh & Rajasthan (a) Gandhi Sagar Dam (©) Rana Pratap Sagar Dam (0) Jawahar Sagar Dam l4._|Chambal Valley Project | Chambal River Is. | Hirekod dam Mahanadi Odisha — World's longest Dem —> 4801m [6.__|Rihand Project Son Rivoe MirzapurUitar Pradesh [7.__[ Kosi Project Kosi River North iar ls.__|Mayurkashi Project___| Mayurkashiiaiver |_| West Bengal Io. |Kakrapara Project 10 _| Nizam Sagar Project fi. [Nagarjuna Sagar Project fiz |Tungabhadra Project 3. | Shivasamudra Project fia, | Teh Dam 5._| Sardar Sarovar Project et Project a "or Ganey Rie fora Narmada Bachao Andolan or Save Narmada Movemefits @ Non Governmental Organisation (NGO) that mobilised tribal people, farmers, environmentalists ani human sights activists against the Sardar Sarovar Dam being built across the Narmada river in Gujarat ofiginally focused on the environmental issues related to trees that would be submerged under the-dem water, Recently it has re-focused the aim to enable poor citizens, especially the oustees (displaced people) to get full rehabilitation facilites from the government People felt that their suffering would not be in vain... acoapted the trauma of displacement believing in the promise of irigated fields and plentiful harvests. So, often the survivors of Rihand told us that they accepted their sufferings as sacrifice for the sake of their nation. But now, after thirty bitter years of being adrif their livelihood having even being more precarious, they keep asking: “Are we the only ones chosen to make sacrifices for the nation?” ‘Source: S. Sharma, quoted in the Belly of the River. Tribal conflicts over development in Narmada valley, A. Baviskar, 1995. ‘A dam is a barrier across flowing water that obstructs, directs or retards the flow, often creating a reservoir, lake or impoundment, “Dam” refers to the reservoir rather than the structure. Most dams have a section called a spillway or weir over which or through which it is intended that water will flow either intermittently or ‘continuously. Dams are classified according to structure, intended purpose or height. Based on structure and the materials used, dams are classified as timber dams, embankment dams or masonry dams, with several subtypes. According to the height, dams can be categorised as large dams and major dams or altematively as low dams, medium height dams and high dams. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345630 Water Resources Social Science (Class X) RAIN WATER HARVESTING (1) Gathering and accumulation and storing of rain water. (2) Practiced in area where water scarcity exists. {@) Provide water for drinking, domestic purposes, livestock and irigation (4) It also increases ground waler level [VOU] KN OW? (1) The popular Bhadu song in the Damodar valley region narrates the troubles faced by people owing to the flooding of Damodar River known as the river of sorrow. (2) The Krishna-Godavari dispute is due to the objections raised by Karnataka and Andhra pradesh ‘governments. It is regarding the diversion of more water at Koyna by the Maharashtra government for ‘a multipurpose project. This would reduce downstream flow in their states with adverse consequences for agrioutture and industry, TECHNIQUES OF RAIN-WATER HARVESTING. 1 Traditional (1) Built diversion like ‘guls’ or ‘kuls', A kul leads to.@ circular village tanks jn Rill Agriculture Social Science (Class X) NON-FOOD CROPS Rubber (1) An equatorial crop, but under special conditions, it also grown in tropical and sub-tropical areas. 2) Climate need moist and humid climate. @) Rainfall More than 200 cm annually. (4) Temperature : Above 25°C. (6) An important Industrial raw material (©) Growing Regions : Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Kamataka, Andaman and Nicobar Isiands, Garo hills of Meghalaya. (7) 5 Rank among the world's natural rubber producer. Consumption of natural rubber ~ 2010-11 Fibre Crops (1) Cotton, Jute, Hemp and Silk @) Cotton, Jute and hemp are derived fromthe crops grown in the soil @) Silk is obtained from cocoons of the sikworrs ¥ed on Green leaves specially mulberry (4) Rearing the silk worms for the produttion’ef silk fibre is known as Sericulture. 1 Cotton (1) India isthe original home of cotton plant (2) Raw material for cotton textile industry. (@) India is second largest producer of cotton in the world in 2008 (4) Grows well in drier parts of Deccan Plateau. (©) It requires (2) High temperature (0) Light rainfall or inigation (6) 210 frost free days () Bright sunshine for its growth (6) 6 to 8 months to mature ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Agriculture 43, (©) itis a Kharif crop @) Growing Regions : Maharashtra, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Kamataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh. Jute (1) Also known as golden fibre. 2) Soll : Grows well on well-drained fertile soil in the flood plains where soil are renewed every years. @) Temperature : high temperature is required during the time of growth. (4) Uses : In making gunny bags, mats, ropes yam, carpets and other artefacts. (6) Growing Regions : West Bengal, Bihar, Asom, Odisha and Meghalaya. ©) Due to its high cost it is losing market to synthetic fibres and packing materials particularly the nylon. TECHNOLOGICAL AND INSTITUTIONAL REFORMS. (1) Land reform was the main focus of ouf 1 five year Plan. The right of inhefitanc®\had already lead to fragmentation of land holdings necessitation cofisolidation of holdings. (2) During 1960s and 1970s : The Green, Revolution based on the Use ofypackagé technology and the White Revolution (operation flood) were, some ofthe strategies initiated 10 improve: theiot of Indian agriculture. @) Provisions of crop insurance against drought, floody eyclones fire and disease. (4) Establishment of (@) Grameen Bank (b) Cooperative Societies (c) Banks. For providing loan facilties to farmers at lower rate of interest were some important steps in this direction, (6) Some other schemes (a) Kissan Credit Card (KCC) (b) Personal Accident insurance Schiame (PAIS) (6) Special weather bulletin and agricultural programmes for farmers were introduced on the radio and television. @) The Government also announce Minimum Support Price (MSP), remunerative and procurement prices for important crops to check the exploitation of farmers by speculators and middlemen. Mahatma Gandhi declared Vinoba Bhave as his spiritual heir. He also participated in Satyagraha as one of the foremost satyagrahis. He was one of the votaries of Gandhi's concept of gram swarajya. After Gandhij’s martyrdom, Vinoba Bhave undertook padyatra to spread Gandhi's message covered almost the entre country. Once, when he was delivering a lecture at Pochampalli in Andhra Pradesh, some poor landless villagers ‘demanded some land for their economic well-being. Vinoba Bhave could not promise it to them immediately but assured them to talk to the Government of India regarding provision of land for them if they undertook cooperative farming ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345644 Agriculture Social Science (Class X) Suddenly, Shri Ram Chandra Reddy stood up and offered 80 acres of land to be distributed among 80 land- less villagers. This act was known as 'Bhoodan’. Later he travelled and introduced his ideas widely all over India. Some zamindars, owners of many villages offered to distribute some villages among the landless. It was known as Gramdan, However, many land-owners chose to provide some part of their land to the poor farmers ‘due to the fear of land ceiling act. This Bhoodan-Gramdan movement initiated by Vinoba Bhave is also known as the Bloodless Revolution, CONTRIBUTION OF AGRICULTURE TO THE NATIONAL ECONOMY, EMPLOYMENT AND OUTPUT OR PRODUCTION (1) Agriculture has been the backbone of the Indian economy. (2) Its share in the Gross Domestic Production (GDP) has registered a dectining trend from 1951 onwards. (G) Its share in providing employment and livelihood to the population countinues to be as high as 63% in 2004 (4) The Government of india made concerted efforts to modernize agriculture. () Establishment of Indian Council of Agricutfiiral' Research (ICAR), agricultural, Universities, Veterinary services and animal breeding centres, hrtiéulture devdlopment. FOOD SECURITY (1) In order to ensure availabilty of food to all Sections #6 society oUF government carefully desijned a national food security system @) It consists of two components (@) Butfer stock (0) Public Distribution System (PDS) @) Public Distribution System(PDS) isa programme which ptovide foodgrains and other essential commodities at subsidized prices in rural and urban areas, @) India’s food security policy has a primary objective to ensure availabilty of foodgrains to the common people at an affordable price. (6) To maintain their stock, Food Corporation of tridia (FCI is responsible for procuring and stocking food rains, whereas distribution is insured by Public Distribution System. (©) The FCI procures foodgrains from the fermers at the government announced Minimum Support Price (msP), (7) Each district and block can be made self sufficient in foodgrains production if government provide proper agricultural infrastructure, credit linkages and also encourages the use of latest techniques. (8) Creation of necessary infrastructure like irrigation facilities, availabilty of electricity, etc., may also attract private investment in agriculture. IMPACT OF GLOBALISATION ON AGRICULTURE (1) During the British period cotton belts of India attracted the British and ultimately cotton was exported to British as a raw material for their textile industries (2) Cotton textile industry in Manchester and Liverpool flourished due to the availabilty of good quality cotton from India. ) Under globalisation, particularly after 1990, the farmers in India have been exposed to new challenges. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Agriculture | 45; (4) Today Indian agriculture finds itself at the cross roads. To make agricuture successful and profitable, proper thrust should be given to the improvement of the condition of marginal and small farmers. (6) Infact organic farming is much vague today because itis practised without factory made chemicals such as fertilizers and pesticides. Hence, it does not affect environment in a negative manner. (©) Indian farmers should diversify their cropping pattern from cereals to high-value crops. This wil increase lncome and reduce environmental degradation simultaneously gaa ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Race ® Objective Type Questions : 1 ‘Which describes a system of Agrioulture whére a single crop is grown on a large area? (1) Horticuture 2) Plantation Agriculture @) Primitive Subsistence Farming (4) Jhumming Which state is the leading producer of rubber in India? (1) Maharashtra (2) Andhra Pradesh, @) Karnataka (4) Kerala! ‘Which state is the leading producer of Jowar? (1) Kerala 2) Rajasthan (3) Madhya Pradesh (4) Maharashtra ‘Which type of soil is ideal for growing cotton?’ (1) Black soil (2) Red soil @) Alluvial soil (4) Arid soi Which one is not a rabi crop? (1) Rice (2) Wheat (3) Barley (4) Peas India produces what percent of the world's vegetable? (1) 12% 2) 13% @ 14% (4) 15% ‘What is the rank of India among the natural rubber producing countries of the world? (1) Fourth (2) Second @) Ninth (4) Fith SSIOMMEIY Which is the leading coffee producer state of India? (1) Kerala (2) Maharashtra: @) Kamataka @)yTamit Nadu ‘Which one is a beverage crop? (A) Rice @ cofee (3) Wheat (4), Vegetables In Which typetof farming high dose of modern inputs @reusec? (1) Commercial Farming 2) intensive Subsistence Farming (3) Primitive’ Subsistence Farming (4), Stash and Bum Agriculture Which.type of farming includes high production from few or limited land? (1) Primitive Subsistence Farming (2) Plantation Agriculture @) Subsistence Farming (4) Intensive Subsistence Farming Which soil is appropriate for the production of rice? (1) Red soi 2) Alluvial soil @) Yellow soil (4) Arid soil Which state is a leading producer of cotton? (1) Kerala (2) Uttar Pradesh @) Punjab (4) Maharashtra What is the appropriate temperature required for the production of sugarcane? (1) 21°C 027°C @) 25°C 030°C 3) Below 20°C (4) Above 30°C ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Oice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) 15. Which state is a leading producer of pulses? (1) Madhya Pradesh (2) Rajasthan @) Kerala (4) Goa 16. Which state is a leading producer of jute? (1) Kerala (2) Tamil Nadu (@) West Bengal (4) Maharashtra SECTION-B Matrix Match Type Question: 1. Match the following columns Column Column-tt (Crop) {Leading Producer Stat ‘a Cotton {l) Madhya Pradesh b. Pulses (ii), Maharashtra cute (ii). Kamataka Coffee {w) West Bengal (1) ai), Beiv), efi), dQ) (2) afi), b(i), ef), ai) (3) alii), bfiv), c(i), ati) (4) afi, Béll), ctiv), ail) 2. Match the following columns Column Columat (Crop) {Require Annual Rainfall) a. Rice (75 cm to 100 om Wheat (i) More than 200° &. Sugarcane (i) More than 150 cm, d. Rubber (W) 50 om to 75:0m (1) ai), bv), cfil), Afi) (2) aii), Bfiv), efi), Kil) @) aa), Biv), ef), 4G) (4) ati, DA), cf), ai) SECTION-C Very Short Answer Type Questions ‘Write another name for White Revolution’ ‘Write the full form of ICAR, ‘Write the full form of FCI. What is the full form of MSP? ‘What is the full form of POS? ‘Write the full form of KCC. Perera ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Office 7. 8 9. 10. n. 12. 13, 4. 15, 16. 17. 18 Agrcuture | 47 Write the ful form of PAIS. ‘Who initiated Bhoodan-Gramdan Movement? In which season Rabi crops are sown? In which season Rabi crops are harvested? In which season Kharif crops are grown? In which season Khan crops are harvested? Which season is known as Zaid Season? Which are the two important Cereal crops in India? Which crop is Commercial crop in one state while Subsistence crop in other state? Write the major producing states of Ragi What are the major rice producing states in India? What are the major wheat producing states in India? Short Answer Type Questions.; or aoe 9. 10. 1 2 13, 14 15, 16. 17. 18, 19. 20. Write the facts"about Indian, agricuituces Describe briefly the meaning of darlculture. Desefibe briefly primitive subsisterice farming Write briefly about Stash €nd' Burn Agriculture, Whet 's meant by Sibsistence Farming? ‘What do you understand by Intensive Subsistence Farming?, Deseripe briefly the characteristic features of ‘commercial farming. What are'the characteristic features of plantation agriculture? Describe briefly about the Rabi crops season. Describe briefly about the Kharif crop season. ‘Write about the Zaid season briefly. Write the geographical conditions required for the production of rice with growing regions. Write the geographical condition required for the production of wheat with growing region. Write a short note on Jowar. Write shortly about Bajra. Write briefly about Ragi. Write the geographical condition required for the production of Maize. What are the major pulses grown in the India and in which states of India pulses are produced? Write a short note about Tea Write a short note about Coffee. ‘Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456AB Agriculture Long Answer Type Questions : 1 2 Explain all the factors which affect the agriculture. Explain the geographical conditions required for the production of sugarcane. Explain the geographical condition required for the rubber production. ‘What are the producing states and geographical Condition required for the production of cotton? Explain a a Social Science (Class X) What are the geographical conditions required for the production of state? What is the reason behind jute is losing its market? Describe the technical and institutional reforms ‘occurred in Indian agriculture. Explain the contribution of agriculture to the national economy, employment and output. Describe the impact of Globalisation on Indian agriculture ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Oice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456CHAPTER Minerals and Energy Resources INTRODUCTION Chapter Contents (1) We use different things in our daily life fade from metal. © datroduation @) Number of items used in our houses made Ofimetals, + ae @) Almost everything we use from a tiny pin to a towering building /® Rocks or a big ship all are made from mineral8, 1) Type of Rocks: (4) Cars, buses, trains, aeroplanes are manufactured from minerals, ji Propertics tw'Classify ©) Even the food we eat contain minerals, aa © Ore. MINERALS @,Unedital Distribution of Minerals in India Geologist define minerals as a “homogeneous naturally occurring’ Ferrous Minerals substance with a definable internal structure. Non Perrous Mera (1) Naturally occurring substances. © Non-Metallic Minerals (2) Formed through geological processes. * Conservation of Minerals @) Atomic structure is highly ordered © Energy Resources (4) Have specific physical properties, * Conservation of Energy Resour (6) Mineralogy Means-study of minerals. nneteid © Assignment ROCKS (1) An aggregate of minerals. Q) Having specific chemical composition. (3) Formed by combination of homogeneous substances called minerals, (4) Consist of several minerals in Varying proportion. (©) Most rocks contain a few minerals in abundance. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345650 Minerals and Energy Resources Social Science (Class X) TYPE OF ROCKS 1. Igneous Rocks Types ‘of Rocks 2. Metamorphic Rocks 3. Sedimentary Rocks: (1) Igneous Rocks : Formed by solidification of Molten Magma. Term derived from Latin word ‘ignis’ meaning fire (2) Metamorphic Rocks : Make up of a large part of earth's crust. Result of transformation of sedimentary rocks and igneous rocks. Example: Siate, marble, quartzite etc. (8) Sedimentary Rocks : Formed from the erosion and accumulation of rock minerals Example: limestone, ‘sandstone etc. PROPERTIES TO CLASSIFY MINERALS Colours Properties Crystal Forms Hardness Lustre CLASSIFICATION OF MINERALS Minerals Metallic Neonmetate Energy ioe J t 1 eg. mica, salt, Coat potash, sulphur, Petroleum frenronon! weoeeee, Precious: granite, limestone, Natural gas Wemltate ie, aise” 99,004 avr, Marl sanétne, cobalt, et. baunite, ote, \ ORE (1) Accumulation of any mineral mixed with other element. (2) Concentration of mineral content makes its extraction commercially viable. @) Example: iron Ore, Manganese Ore eto. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Oice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Minerals and Energy Resources | 51 Minerals generally occur in these forms: (In igneous and metamorphic rocks minerals may occur in the cracks, crevices, faults or joints. The smaller ocourrencas are called veins and the larger are called lodes. In most cases, they are formed when minerals. in iquid/ motten and gaseous forms are forced upward through cavities towards the ‘earth's surface. They cool and solidify as they rise, Major metallic minerals like tin, copper, zinc and lead etc., are obtained from vains and lodes. (i) In sedimentary rocks a number of minerals occur in beds or layers. They have been formed as a result of deposition, accumulation and concentration in horizontal strata. Coal and some forms of iron ‘ore have been concentrated as @ result of long periods under great heat and pressure. Another group ‘of sedimentary minerals include gypsum, potash salt and sodium salt. These are formed as @ result ‘of evaporation especially in arid regions. (i) Another mode of formation involves the decomposition of surface rocks, and the removal of soluble ‘constituents, leaving a residual mass of weathered material containing ores. Bauxite is formed this way. (W) Certain minerals may occur as alluvial depasits in sands of valley floors and the base of hils. These deposits are called ‘placer deposits: afid generally.contain minerals which gi@inot corroded by water. Gold, silver, tin and platinum are most important among such minerals, (W) The ocean waters contain vast quantities of Minerals, but mostofithese ate 100 widely, diffused to be of economic significance. However, common salt, magnesium and bromine are targely derived from ‘ocean waters, The ocean beds, too, are rich in,manganesemnodules, Rat-Hole Mining. Do you know that most of the possible only after obtaining due permission north-east India, minerals are ow of coal, iron ore, limestone and member in the form of a long ra ost of the tribal areas of the ataya, there are large deposits and:Cherapunjee is done by family Rael” mining, pea ine UNEQUAL DISTRIBUTION OF MINERALS IN INDIA. (1) Peninsular rocks contain most of the reserve of (2) Coal (0) Metalic minerals (©) Mica (@) Non-metallic minerals 2) Sedimentary rocks of Gujarat and Asom : Most of the petroleum deposits @) Rock system of Rajasthan: Reserves of many non-ferrous minerals (4) Alluvial plains of North India : Almost devoid of economic minerals. Metallic Minerals >——_ Ferrous Minerals Non-Ferrous Minerals 8, Iron ore, 2.9. Copper, Manganese, Nickel, Lead, Tin, Cobatt Bauxite ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Rogd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345652 Minerals and Energy Resources ‘Social Science (Class X) FERROUS MINERALS Ferrous minerals: Metallic minerals which contain iron. a) @) @ @) a) 2) i) @ 6) Account three-fourth of metallic minerals production value. Provide strong base for development of metallurgical industries Form a major share of exports, Example : Iron, Manganese, Nickel, Cobalt, Pyrite, Tungsten, Chromi Ores : Magnatite and Hematite Magnetite is the finest iron ore with a very high content of iron up to 70% Hematite is the most important industrial iron ore in term of the quantity used slightly lower iron content then magnetite (50-60%). Backbone of industrial development. India has abundant reserves of good quali More. The major iron ore belts in India are: * Odisha-Jharkhand belt: In Odisha high grad@lhiématite ore is found, in Baampahar mines in the ‘Mayurbhanj and Kendujhar districts. In\the adjoining Singbhum disiet 6| Jherkharid hemati iron ore is mined in Goa and Noamundi Durg-Bastar-Chandrapur belt lies in Chhattisgarh and Maniareshtra Very high grade Wiematites are found in the famous Bailadila range of hills in the Bastar district of Chhattisgarh. The range of hills comprise of 14 deposits of super high grade hematite iron orehit has the best physical properties needed for steel! ‘making, Iron ore from these mines is exported)to. Japan and South Korea via Vishakhapatnam port. Bellari-Chitradurga-Chikkamagaluru- Tumakuru belt in Karnataka tas large reserves of iron ore. The Kudremukh mines located in the Westar Ghats of Karnataka ard 2 100 per cent export unit. Kudremiukh deposits are known to be one of the latgestiin the world. The bre is transported as slury through a pipeline to a port near Mangaluru Maharashtra-Goa belt includes the state of Goa’ and Ratnagiri district of Maharashira, Though, the ores are not of very high quality, yet they are efficiently expioitéd. Iron ore is exported through Marmagao port. Production of iron ore showing statewise share in per cent, 2009-10 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Oice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Minerals and Energy Resources 53 aY2aq¢_—_ HH, Kudre in Kannada means horse. The highest peak in the western ghats of Kamataka resembles the face ‘of a horse. The Bailadila hills look lke the hump of an ox, and hence its name. Manganese (1) Used in manufacturing of: (@) Steel and ferrous-Manganese alloy (0) Bleaching powder (0) Insecticides: (@) Paints 2) Largest Producer : Odisha accounted one-third of the country’s total production in 2000-2001, ‘Madhya Pradesh 24% Production of Manganese showing statewise share\in percent, 2009-10 NON-FERROUS MINERALS Metallic minerals which do not contain iroh. Example : Copper, Bauxite, Lead, Zinc, Gold, Silver. Copper (1) Deficient Reserves 2) Properties (@) Malleable (0) Ductile (©) Good conductor @) Uses: (@) Electric cables (0) Electronics (©) Chemical industries ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345654 Minerals and Energy Resources ‘Social Science (Class X) ) Distribution: (a) Balaghat mines in Madhya Pradesh. (b) Khetri mines in Rajasthan (©) Singbhum district of Jharkhand. Rajasthan 48% Production of Coppershowing: statewise share in'pericant, 2009-10 jauxite (1) Formed by decomposition of aside Variety of rocks ric in aluminium silicates, (2) Aluminium obtained from bauxite ore. Aluminium (1) Most abundant metal element in Earth's crust 2) Properties {a) Silver-white metal (©) Very strong (©) Ductile (8) Extreme light (@) Good conductivity () Great malleabiity @) Distribution (a) Amarkantak Plateau, Maikal hills and Plateau region of Bilaspur-Katni. (b) Largest bauxite producing state : Odisha (Panchpatmali of Koraput district) ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Oice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Minerals and Energy Resources 55 w se EF few = 36N te INDIA ~ IMPORTANT MINERALS. Paxistan. Skt 78 16° [wee se ry ore iL 4 r ni India: Distribution of Iron Ore, Manganese, Bauxite and Mica After the discovery of aluminium Emperor Napoleon tI! wore buttons and hooks on his clothes made of ‘aluminium and served food to his more illustrious guests in aluminium utensils and the less honourable ones ‘were served in gold and silver utensils. Thirty years after this incident aluminium bowls were most common with the beggars in Paris. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345656 Minerals and Energy Resources Social Science (Class X) NON-METALLIC MINERALS Mica (1) Characteristics: (9) Appears clear, black, green, red, yellow or brown. (0) Excellent dielectric strength (0) Low power loss factor (@) Resistance to high voltage. (2) Used in: (@) Electric Industries (0) Electronic industries @) Distribution: (a) Northem edge of Chotanagpur Plateau, (b) Koderma-Gaya-Hazaribagh belt of Jharkhand. (©) Aimer in Rajasthan (@) Nellore in Andhra Pradesh Rock Minerals : Limestone (1) Found in sedimentary rocks. (2) Used in: (2) Cement industry : A basic raw mater! (©) Smetting of iron ore in blast furnace: Andhra Pradesh Others nis 50%, Kamataka 30% Production of Limestone showing statewise share in per cent, 2009-10 ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Oice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Minerals and Energy Resources 87 CONSERVATION OF MINERALS Minerals can be conserved by- (1) Modern Techniques @) Recycling Metals @) Using Scrap Metals (@) Introducing Substitutes ENERGY RESOURCES Energy Resources | Conventional sources Non-Conventional of Energy sources of Energy Conventional Sources of Energy Includes: Firewood, Cattle dung cake, coal, petroleum, natural gas, electricity Coal (1) Most important fossil fuel @) Formed due to: (@) Compression of plant material over millions of years. (©) Subjection of constant heat and pressure @) Used in: (a) Domestic Purposes (0) Industrial Purposes (©) Agricultural Purposes (8) Commercial Purposes Classification of Coal (1) Peat : has a low carbon and high moisture contents and low heating capacity. @) ignite: itis a low grade brown coal, which is soft with high moisture contents. The principal lignite reserves are in Neyveli in Tamil Nadu and are used for generation of electricity @) Bituminous : Coal that has been buried deep and subjected to increased temperatures is bituminous coal, Metallurgical coal is high grade bituminous coal which as a special value for smelting iron in blast furnaces. (4) Anthracite : It is the highest quality hard coal Distribution of coal in Rock series of two main geological ages: (1) Gondwana : 4 litle over 200 million years in age, Located in Damodar valley (West Bengal ~ Jharkhand). sharia, Renigani, Bokaro are important coaifields. The Godavari, Mahanadi, Son and Wardha Valleys also contain coal deposits, ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-476234565B Minerals and Energy Resources ‘Social Science (Class X) @) Tertiary Deposits : Which are only about 5 million years old. It occurs in the north easter states of Meghalaya, Asom, Arunachal Pradesh and Nagaland. India : Distribution of Coal, Oil and Natural Gas Petroleum (1) Also known as crude oil or mineral cil Q) Uses: (2) Fuel for heat and lighting. (®) Lubricants for machinery (c) Raw material for manufacturing industry. (@) For vehicles @) Petroleum refineries act as “nodal industry.” For synthetic textile, fertilizers and numerous chemical industries. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Oice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456Social Science (Class X) Minerals and Energy Resources | 59) Petroleum Occurrences: (1) Associated with anticlines and fault traps. (2) Formed in tertiary age @) Occur where oil is trapped in crest of the upfold. (4) Flows through porous limestone or sandstone layer. (©) Prevented from rising or sinking by intervening non-porous layers. (6) Gas occurs above the oil Distribution of Petroleum: (1) About 63% of India’s petroleum production is from Mumbai high. Q) 18% from Gujarat. @) 16% from Asom. @) Ankeleshwar is the most important field of Gujarat (6) Asom is the oldest oll producing state of India (©) Digboi, Naharkatia and Moran-Hugrijan are:the important oil fields in Asom. Natural Ga: (1) Itis an important clean energy resource formnethin,assaciation with or without petrolelm. 2) It is used as raw material in Petro-chemical industry. (3) Reserves or Distribution. (@) Krishna-Godavan basin (b) Mumbai High and Guif of Cambay. (©) Andaman and Nicobar Istands. Electricity: (1) Per capita consumption of electricity considered as an index of davéiopment: @) Different forms: (@) Hydroelectricity : is generated by fast flowing water which is a renewable resource. India has umber of multi-purpose projegts Which are producing hydroelectric power. (0) Thermal Electricity : is generating)by using coal, petroleum and natural gas. The thermal power stations use non-renewable fossil fuels for genérating electricity. There are over 310 thermal power plants in India Non-Conventional Resources or Sources of Energy (1) Exposed to use from modern technological advancements. (@) Advantages over conventional resources of energy. Includes (9) Renewable (0) Non-polting {6) Free of cost (@) Minimum cost of harnessing @) Examples: (a) Solar Energy (®) Wind Energy (©) Biogas (@) Tidal Energy (@) Geothermal Energy (Nuclear or Atomic Energy ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Office : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-4762345660. Minerals and Energy Resources Social Science (Class X) Solar Energy: (1) Photovoltaic technology converts sunlight directly into electricity. (2) Largest solar plant in Madhopur near Bhuj, @) India has an advantage because of its location. @) Its fast becoming popular in rural and remote areas. Wind Energy: (1) India is one of the wind superpower in the word. (2) Largest wind cluster ; Nagarcoil to Madurai. (3) Other projects are in (a) Andhra Pradesh (b) Kamataka (e) Gujarat (4) Nagarcoll and Jaisalmer are well known for effective use of wind energy in the country. Biogas: (1) Production source: Shrubs, farm waste, animal and Hyman waste @) Process : Obtained by decomposition of organic Matter yields gases @) Set up levels: (2) Municipal level (0) Cooperative level (©) Individual level (4) Advantages : (a) Higher thermal efficiency as compare tolker®sene, dung cake od charcoal (b) Prevents loss of trees and maflures due to buming of fuel Wadd and cow dung cakes. Tidal Energy: (1) Electricity generation by the oceanié tides, @) Kinetic energy of tidal waves converted/into élecirical energy by turbines of flood gate dams. @) In India ideal conditions for utilizing tidal energy re: (@) Gul of Khambhat (©) Gulf of Kutch (©) Gangetic delta in Sunderban regions Geo Thermal Energy: (1) Heat and electricity produced by using heat from interior of earth. 2) Example: (2) One project in Parvati Valley near Manikarn in Himachal Pradesh. (b) Other is located in the Puga Valley, Ladakh. Nuclear or Atomic Energy: (1) It is obtained by altering the structure of atoms. When such an alteration is made, much energy is released in the form of heat (2) This is used to generate electric power. @) Uranium and Thorium which are available in Jharkhand and Aravalli ranges of Rajasthan are used. (4) The Monazite sands of Kerala is also rich in Thorium. ‘Aakash Educational Services Limited - Regd. Oice : Aakash Tower, 8, Pusa Road, New Delhi-110005, Ph.011-47623456