TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY

Tribhuvan University
Institute of Medicine
Maharajgunj Medical
Campus
Question Nepal
Maharajgunj, Bank Kathmandu,

Bachelor2017
of Science
Tribhuvanin University Acknowledgement(s):
Medical Imaging Technology Rohit Pandit
Institute of Medicine BamshadeepThapaliya
(B.Sc. MIT)
Maharajgunj Medical Campus Leena Shrestha
Dorik Lal Yadav
Maharajgunj,
Year- I Kathmandu, Nepal Prajana Shrestha
Bibek Sharma
2017 Year Bhawan Thapa Magar
-Karun Bhattarai Keshav Shah
Ritu Panta
B.Sc. MIT
10th Batch

for academic session 2017

a
Tribhuvan University “Decide what you
Institute of Medicine want,
Determine what
Maharajgunj Medical Campus you are willing to
Maharajgunj, Kathmandu, Nepal exchange for it.
Establish your
1972
priorities &
go to work”
ᶋ

0 |EP Pa A
D g eR T M E N T OF RADIOLOGY AND MEDICAL IMAGING TUTH
Bachelor Level – B.Sc. MIT / First Year/ IOM Time:- 3hrs.
Human Anatomy- Basic Health Science I FM :80

Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words

as far as practicable.
The figures in the margin indicate full marks.
Attempt all the questions.
Year :- 2071 <Basic Science I Human Anatomy>
1. Classify bone with appropriate examples. Describe Haversian system. (4+4)
2. Define general connective tissue. Mention its components. (2+6)
3. Name the organ present in the male reproductive system. Describe the structure and
function of testis. (2+6)
4. Describe briefly the normal anatomy of liver with its applied aspects.(8)
5. Mention the structure and function of skin in brief. (5+3)
6. Describe briefly the extent and structure of larynx. (2+6)
7. Describe the formation, circulation and applied aspect of CSF. (2+2+4)
8. Write short notes on : (4*6)
a) Diaphragm
b) Nasal cavity
c) Abdominal aorta
d) Histology of adrenal gland
e) Neurons
f) Spleen

Year: - 2069 <Basic Science I Human Anatomy>

1. Classify muscle. Differentiate between their types. (8)
2. List the layers of meninges. Describe the CSF circulation with applied aspects.
(2+5+1)
3. Classify joints with appropriate examples. Draw a well labeled diagram of simple
synovial joint. (4+4)

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4. Name the organs of the female genital tract. Describe briefly on female external
genitalia. (3+5)
5. Mention the extent of different parts of pharynx. (skull to C6) Describe briefly on
oropharynx.(upto C3) (3+5)
6. Write short notes on: (5*8)
a) Arterial supply of heart.
b) Diaphragm
c) Spleen
d) Pleura
e) Extrahepatic biliary apparatus
f) Ureter
g) Suprarenal gland
h) Aorta

Spleen :-

fig: (A) Diagram of spleen with its (B) Sectional Anatomy

The spleen is formed by reticular and lymphoid tissue and is largest lymph
organ.
The spleen lies in the left hypochondriac region of the abdominal cavity between
the fundus of the stomach and diaphragm. It is purplish and varies in size among
individuals and is usually about 12cm long, 7cm wide and 2.5cm thick. It weighs
about 200gm.
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 Structure: It is slightly oval in shape with hilum on lower medial border. The anterior
surface is covered with peritoneum. It is enclosed in a fibroelastic capsule that dips
into the organ forming tubercle. The cellular material, consisting of lymphocytes and
macrophages, is called splenic pulp, and lies between the trabeculae. Red pulp is the
part suffused with blood and white pulp consists of areas of lymphatic tissue where
there are sleeves of lymphocytes and macrophages around blood vessels. The
structures; a) splenic artery, a branch of the coeliac artery b) splenic vein, a branch of
the portal vein c) lymph vessels (efferent only) and d) nerves enters and leaves the
spleen at hilum. Blood passing through the spleen flows in sinusoids which have
distinct pores between the endothelial cells, allowing it to come into close association
with splenic pulp.
Function: a) Phagocytosis: Old and abnormal erythrocytes are mainly destroyed in
the spleen, and the breakdown products, bilirubin and iron, are transported to the
liver via the splenic and portal veins.
b) The spleen contains T- and B-lymphocytes, which are activated by the presence of
antigens.

CSF Circulation :-

Figure: frontal section of the skull with arrows showing the flow of cerebrospinal fluid.

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 Cerebrospinal fluid is a clear, slightly alkaline fluid and is secreted into each
ventricle of the brain by choroid plexuses. These are vascular areas where there is a
proliferation of blood vessels surrounded by ependymal cells in the lining of ventricle
walls. CSF passes back into the blood through tiny diverticula of arachnoid mater, called
arachnoid villi (arachnoid granulations), which project into the venous sinuses. The
movement of CSF from the subarachnoid space to venous sinuses depends upon the
difference in pressure on each side of the walls of the arachnoid villi, which act as one-
way valves. When CSF pressure is higher than venous pressure, CSF is pushed into the
blood and when the venous pressure is higher the arachnoid villi collapse, preventing the
passage of blood constituents into the CSF. There may also be some reabsorption of
CSF by cells in the walls of the ventricles.
From the roof of the fourth ventricle CSF flows through foramina into the
subarachnoid space and completely surrounds the brain and spinal cord. There is no
intrinsic system of CSF circulation but its movement is aided by pulsating blood vessels,
respiration and changes of posture.
CSF is secreted continuously at a rate of about 0.5 mL per minute, i.e. 720 mL per
day. The volume remains fairly constant at about 150 mL, as absorption keeps pace with
secretion. CSF pressure may be measured using a vertical tube attached to a lumbar
puncture needle inserted into the subarachnoid space above or below the 4th lumbar
vertebra. If the brain is enlarged by, eg, haemorrhage or tumour, some compensation is
made
by a reduction in the amount of CSF. When the volume of brain tissue is reduced, such
as in degeneration or atrophy, the volume of CSF is increased.
Functions:- a) Supports and protects the brain and spinal cord by maintaining a uniform
pressure around these vital structures and acting as a cushion or shock absorber between
the brain and the skull.
b) keeps the brain and spinal cord moist and there may be exchange of nutrients and
waste products between CSF and the interstitial fluid of the brain.

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 Year: - 2068 <Basic Science I Human Anatomy>
1. Describe briefly on general connective tissue. (10)
2. Classify bones with appropriate examples. Describe the parts of a long bone and its
blood supply. (6+4)
3. Describe skin and its appendages. (10)
4. List the organs of GIT. Mention the gross and microscopic features of liver. (3+4+3)
5. List the organs of female reproductive system. Describe briefly on uterus. (3+7)
6. Describe briefly the chambers of heart and its blood supply. (4+6)
7. Write short notes on:
a) Pleural cavity
b) Spinal cord
c) Typical thoracic vertebra
d) Diaphragm

Fig: typical thoracic vertebrae © Ross & Wilson 12th Ed.

Year: - 2067 <Basic Science I Human Anatomy>

1. Classify joints with appropriate examples. Give their characteristics features. (10)
2. Name the axial and appendicular bone. Briefly describe the histology of a compact
bone. (5+5)

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3. Describe briefly on aorta and name its branches. (5)
4. Describe briefly on the structure and function of spleen. (5)
5. Describe briefly on the structure and extent of spinal cord. (5)
6. Describe briefly on the structure and function of stomach. (5)
7. Describe briefly on the structure and function of testis. (5)
8. List the organs of respiratory system. Describe briefly on the features of lungs.(4+6)
9. Define ANS. List the characteristics features of sympathetic nervous system. (5)
10. Write short notes on: (5*4)
a) Chambers of heart.
b) Blood Lung Barrier
c) CSF Circulation
d) Simple Epithelium

Year: - 2067 <Basic Science I Human Anatomy>

1. Define general connective tissue. Mention its components. (2+6)
2. Classify joints with appropriate examples. Mention their characteristics features in
brief. (4+4)
3. Name the organs present in female reproductive system. Describe the structure and
function of ovary. (4+4)
4. Mention the structure and function of skin. (5+3)
5. Mention the extent, course and area of drainage and applied aspects of thoracic duct.(2*4)
6. Name the parts of large intestine and its characteristics features.(3+5)
7. Name the cavities present in CNS. Describe the formation, circulation and applied
aspect of CSF. (2+2+2+2)
8. Write short notes on: (6*4)
a) Pleura and pleural recesses
b) Nephron
c) Lacrimal apparatus
d) Branches of abdominal aorta
e) Portal circulation
f) Histology of Thyroid Gland.

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 Some imp. Questions
1. Classify epithelium, mention its distribution and function. (3+3+2)
2. Name the endocrine glands present in our body. Briefly describe pituitary gland.
(3+5)
3. Name the parts of CNS. Briefly describe central hemisphere. (3+5)
4. Describe briefly the structure and function of kidney. (6+2)
5. Enumerate different parts of the nephron and mention its function. (8)
6. Discuss briefly on pancreas and its functions. (8)
7. Define ANS. List the functions of sympathetic and parasym NS. (8)
8. Expln spermatogenesis & mention the components of spermatic cord(8)
9. Mention the differences between cardiac & smooth muscle and list on types of
epithelium with examples. (8)
10. Enumerate main arteries of the body. (8)
11. Classify joints with appropriate examples & mention their functions.
12. Enumerate different parts of respiratory system.
13. Define hepatic lobule. Mention the function of liver.
14. Enumerate different endocrine glands & and their secretions.
15. Classify synovial joints with appropriate examples.
16. Explain how CSF circulation takes place.
17. Mention the composition of gastric juice, cell responsible for the production of the
juice and function of the gastric juice.
18. Mention the parts of duodenum, location of major duodenal papilla and importance
of sphincter of oddi.
19. Mention the hepatic lobule and portal fraid.
20. Explain spermatogenesis.
21. Explain menstrual cycle and endomentrial changes that occur during the different
phases of menstrual cycle.
22. Describe morphology of skin. Describe briefly its appendages and their functions.
(4+4)
23. Briefly describe the Haversian system of a bone. Mention the functions of bone.
Briefly mention the function of parathyroid gland on bone modeling. (3+3+2)

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24. Mention the parts & layers of uterus. Mention hormonal relations and endometrial
changes of menstrual cycle. (4+4)
25. Classify nervous system. Describe the structure of brain. (2+4)
26. List the names of cranial nerves with their types & site of orgin. Show the important
functional cortical areas of brain and their function with diagram. (3+3)
27. Describe a typical spinal nerve. Draw the cross-section of spinal cord at mid-
thoracic level. (3+3)
28. Enumerate the functions of hypothalamus. Describe the blood supply of brain. (3+3)
29. Write down the types of gland with examples.
30. Describe histological features of skeletal muscle.
31. Give an account of structural differences between small & large intestine
32. Explain the conducting system of heart.
33. Mention differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic NS.
34. Write about the hormones involved in regulation of menstruation.
35. Mention blood supply of liver. Draw a well-labeled diagram of liver lobule and list
the tributaries of portal vein.
36. List the mixed cranial nerves & mention the pathway through which CSF flows.
37. Mention briefly the gross and microscopic features of kidney.
38. List the pathway serially through which spermatozoa travels to come out of urethra
and mention the components of spermatic cord.
39. Write short notes on:
a) Para-nasal Sinuses f) Lacrimal apparatus
b) Superficial Veins g) Meninges
c) Diaphragm h)Functions of liver
d) Conducting system of heart i) CSF circulation
e) Nephron

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Bachelor Level – B.Sc. MIT / First Year/ IOM Time:- 3hrs.
Human Physiology- Basic Health Science II FM :80

Year: - 2068 <Basic Science II Human Physiology>

1. Classify different types of muscles and mention their important characteristics.(4+4)
2. Describe the composition and volumes of different body fluid compartment in the
adult human body. Explain internal environment. ( 6+2)
3. Describe erythropoiesis and explain the role of different factors that control this
process. (4+4)
4. Describe the mechanism of blood coagulation. Explain Universal donor and
Universal recipient. (4+4)
5. Define cardiac output, stroke volume & mean arterial pressure, and give their
average values.Highlight the function of baroreceptor(4+4)
6. Name the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary and explain dwarfism and
acromegaly. (4+4)
7. Describe the mechanism of inspiration and expiration at rest. Explain the nervous
control of breathing. (4+4)
8. Write short notes on: any six (4*6)
a) Names of sensory and motor pathways
b) Signs of upper motor neuron lesion
c) Gastric juice
d) Hormones of adrenal cortex
e) Renin-angiotensin mechanism
f) Male and female sex hormones
g) Presbyopia and astigmatism
h) Conduction deafness

Year: - 2068 <Basic Science II Human Physiology>

1. Define anemia. What are the formed elements of blood and mention their functions.
(2+2+4)
2. Define jaundice. What is the physiological basis of cyanosis? (2+6)
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 3. Define fever. What are lung volume and capacities? (2+3+3)
4. Define peristalsis. List the functions of liver. (4+4)
5. Define lymphatic system. (8)
6. Define arterial pulse. Explain the mechanism of short term and long term regulation
of blood pressure. (2+3+3)
7. Define receptor. What are types of receptors? Explain briefly the role of α and γ
motor neurons in regulation of muscle tone. (2+3+3)
8. Define cell. List and describe the function of cell membrane. (2+2+4)
9. Define micturition reflex. Describe the secretion of gastric juice in different phases
of secretion. (2+6)
10. Define tetanus. Describe the functions of the hypothalamus. (2+6)

Year: - 2067 <Basic Science II Human Physiology>

1. Classify WBC. Describe the functions of each of them. (2+4)
2. What is cardiac output? Explain how cardiac output can be changed physiologically?
(2+4)
3. What are the hormones from anterior pituitary gland? Describe the effects of excess
secretion of growth hormone in childhood & adulthood. (2+4)
4. Describe the structure of nephron with the help of a well labeled diagram. What are
the steps in the formation of urine? (3+3)
5. Describe how CO2 is transported from the tissues to the lungs and excreted in the
expired air. (6)
6. What are the principal features of cerebellum? Describe the clinical features of
cerebellar disorders. (3+3)
7. What are the effects of parasympathetic stimulation in respiratory system, GI system,
heart and eyes? (6)
8. What do you mean by homeostatis? Describe the effects in haemophilia and its
clinical features. (2+4)
9. Describe the differences between the types of muscles. (6)
10.What is reflex action? Describe spinal reflex with the help of a well-labeled diagram.
(2+4)
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11. Write short notes on any five: (4*5)
a) Functions of placenta
b)Structure of a neuron
c) Functions of CSF
d)Osmosis
e) Blood groups
f) Deglutition apnea
g)Refractive errors of vision.

Year: - 2066 <Basic Science II Human Physiology>

1. Define neuron. Describe the mechanism of formation of urine. (2+8)
2. Define oedema. Describe the physiology of heart valves in the mechanism of
production of heart sounds in body. (2+8)
3. Define jaundice. Describe the functions of liver. (2+8)
4. Define goiter. Describe the pathophysiology of goiter. Why goiter is very common
in hills of Nepal? (2+8)
5. Define diarrhea. List the functions of skin. (2+8)
6. Define Blood Brain Barrier. List the functions of CSF. (2+8)
7. Define dysponea. Explain the physiological changes in respiratory passage and
lungs to cigarette smoking. (2+8)
8. Define twitch.Expln the mechanism of skeletal muscle contractn(2+8)

Year: - 2065 <Basic Science II Human Physiology>

**Any 8 questions.
1. Define arterial blood pressure. Mention its physiological variation. Discuss the
regulation of arterial blood baro-receptor and capillary fluid shift mechanism after
blood loss. (2+2+3+3)
2. Define reflex salivation. Describe the regulation of secretion of gastric juice in
different phases of secretion. (2+8)

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3. Define micturition reflex. Describe the role of collecting duct, loop of Henle and vasa
recta in establishing and maintaining medullary interstitial hypertonicity.
(2+2+2+2+2)
4. Define respiratory dead space. Explain the factors governing gas exchange at lungs.
(2+8)
5. Define physiology. Describe the scope of physiology in BSc.MIT. (2+8)
6. Define pain. Explain the ionic basis of resting membrane potential of a nerve fiber.
(2+8)
7. Define motor unit. Explain the functional properties of skeletal muscle and smooth
muscle. (2+8)
8. Write short notes on: (2*5)
a) Dark adaptation
b) Tetany
c) Acromegaly
d) Muscle tone
e) Referred pain
9. Define cell. Write the function of cell membrane. (2+8)

Some imp. Questions

1. Define diffusion. Describe the mechanism of oxygen diffusion across the respiratory
membrane and mention the factors that regulate it. (1+3)
2. Describe cardiac output. Describe the changes in the left ventricle during cardiac
cycle. (1+3)
3. Define isotonic contraction. Describe the mechanism of contraction of skeletal
muscle. (1+3)
4. Define ovulation and fertilization. Describe the actions of male and female sex
hormones. (1+3)
5. Explain gaseous exchange and transport of gases in blood. (8)
6. Draw table and show the distribution of sodium and Potassium in body(7)
7. Draw a figure of length relationship for cardiac muscle. (5)
8. Write the basis of the various pregnancy tests. (5)
9. Define dead space. List the factors affecting oxygen transfer.

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10. Define enteroinsular axis. List the actions of insulin.
11. Define hormone. List the hormone secreted by major endocrine glands.
12. Define cardiac output. List the properties of cardiac muscle. Explain the factors
influencing cardiac output.
13. Define tidal volume. List the non-respiratory functions of respiratory tract.
14. Write briefly about the process of digestion and absorption of food in Small
intestine.
15. Explain briefly the mechanism of urine formation.
16. Mention the components of alveocapillary membrane. Explain how the exchange of
gases takes place between the alveoli and the capillary blood.
17. Define shock & write the stages of shock.
18. Write short notes on : (3 marks each)
a) Isotonic solution i) ECG
b) Osmosis j) Diffusion
c) Blood pressure k) Pulse
d) Menstrual cycle l) Contraception
e) Fetal hemoglobin m) Functions of blood
f)7 functions of kidney n) Cardiac output and factors affecting cardiac output
g) Alveolar ventilation o) Lung volumes
h) Action potential p) Bohr’s effect

Year: - 2072 <Internal Assessment Human Physiology>

1. What is action potential? Illustrate action potential with an illustrated diagram. (1+2)
2. What are the functions of middle ear? Mention 2 hearing tests done using tuning fork
3. What is reflex? Write down the pathways involved in deep tendon knee jerk. (1+2)
4. What is peristalsis? Write in short about the steps of fat digestion. (1+2)
5. What is electrocardiogram? Write in short about electrical conductivity system of
heart. (1+2)
6. What are the hormones involved in 3F response? Mention function of thyroid gland.
7. What is hypoxia? Mention the types of hypoxia in short. (1+2)

※※※
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Bachelor Level – B.Sc. MIT / First Year/ IOM Time:- 3hrs.
Basic Radiation Physics III FM :80

Year: - 2073 <Basic Radiation Physics>

1. a) Describe the phenomenon of electromagnetic induction. How the induced emf is
related with magnetic flux? Explain Lenz’s law. (4+4+4)
b) An iron-core coil of 1H and 50Ω resistance is placed in series with a 450Ω
resistor. A 100V and 50Hz AC supply is connected across the arrangement. Draw
circuit diagram and find the current flowing in the circuit. (4)
2. a) Describe the construction of P and N type semiconductor. Describe N-P-N
transistor and its output characteristics under common emitter configuration with
necessary circuit diagram. (4+2+6)
b) In an photoelectric effect experiment, the stopping potential is (-0.5)V. Calculate
maximum kinetic energy and speed of photoelectrons(h=6.6x10-34 JS ; m=9.1x10-31
kg. (4)
3. a) Starting from the assumption made by Bohr to describe hydrogen atom, calculate
the total energy of electron in it. (2+10)
b) A monochromatic x ray (λ= 0.154 mm) is incident on a crystal plane at an angle
34.5° to observe 1st order diffraction maxima. Calculate the interplanar spacing.
Also check whether higher order diffraction from the same crystal is possible or not.
(4)
4. a) Describe different process of absorption and scattering which takes place
when an x-ray or γ-ray passes through a medium. (12)
b) Calculate the mass in gram of a radioactive sample Pb214 having an activity of
microcurie and a half-life 26.8 minutes. (4)
5. Write short-notes on (any four) (4*4)
a) describe the construction and working of an auto transformer
b) Compare the properties of particles and radiation coming out of a radioactive element
c) Write down the properties and uses of x-rays.
d) Write down the differences between AC and DC.
e) Lead equivalence and its application

Page | 14
Year: - 2072 <Basic Radiation Physics>
1. a) State Fleming’s right hand rule. Calculate the induced emf produced when a rod is
moved in a strong magnetic field. (4+8)
b) A self quenched GM counter operates at 1kV and has a wire of diameter 0.2mm.
The radius of the cathode is 2cm and the tube has a guaranteed life time of 109
counts. What is the max. radial field and how long will the counter last if it is used
on an average of 30hrs per week at 3000 counts/min (consider 50weeks in a year)
(4)
2. a) Describe PN junction diode and its biasing. How bridge rectifier is constructed
using PN junction diode to yield full wave rectified output. (6+6)
b) Given,
e=1.6x10-19C, m=9.1x10-31Kg, h=6.6x10-34Js, Eo=8.85x10-12F/m, C=3x108 m/s
Calculate the diameter of first Bohr’s orbit in a hydrogen atom. (4)
3. a) Describe different types of phenomena that occurs when radiation passes through
different types of media. (12)
b) How long does it take for 60% of a sample of Radon to decay? (T1/2 = 3.8days)
(4)
4. a) Describe the basic principle of radiation measurement. Write down drawbacks of a
free air ionization chamber. Describe the construction and working of
Thimble(2+2+8)
b) Define 1 atomic mass unit ,amu. Show that 1 amu is equivalent to 931 MeV
energy. (4)
5. Explain in brief (any four) (4*4)
a) Ultrasound and its application
b) Properties of gamma radiation
c) Exponential law and mass absorption coefficient
d) Half value thickness and lead equivalent
e) Conversion of a galvanometer to an ammeter and voltmeter

Page | 15
 Year: - 2071 <Basic Radiation Physics>
1. a) Derive the relation for impedance of a series LR circuit and hence calculate the
total power loss during one complete cycle. (4+8)
b) A step up transformer possessing 85% efficiency has turns ratio of 50:1 for
primary current and voltage 2.5A rms and 220V rms respectively. Calculate
secondary voltage and secondary current. (4)
2. a) Describe the construction and working of a photomultiplies. Describe its
application. (4+8)
b) Calculate the circumference of 1st Bohr’s orbit from following given data: (4)
e=1.6x10-19C, m=9.1x10-31Kg, h=6.6x10-34Js, Eo=8.85x10-12F/m, C=3x108 m/s
3. a) Explain the basic principle of measurement of radiation. Describe the
construction and working of a condenser chamber. (4+8)
b) Consider an x-ray tube which produces an exposure of 20 roentgen in 60sec at a
point 0.5m from the focus of the tube when working with applied voltage of 100
kVp and tube current 15mA. How long would it take to produce an exposure of 100
roentgen at a point 0.4m from the focus when the tube is working at 80kVp and 5
mA? (4)
4. a) Explain the different types of processes occurring when radiation passes through
a medium. (12)
b) From the following data for isotopic masses:
7 6 1
3Li = 7.016004μ 3Li = 6.015125μ 0n =1.008665μ
Calculate the binding energy of a neutron in joules (4)
5. Write in brief (any four): (4*4)
a) Differences between AC & DC
b) Bragg’s Law
c) Biasing of a junction diode
d) Radio-isotopes and its applications
e) Processes of generation and reception of Ultrasound.

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 Year: - 2070 <Basic Radiation Physics>
1. a) State and explain Fleming’s right hand rule. Calculate the magnitude of induced emf
generated due to motion of a coil in a magnetic field. (4+8)
b) A condenser ionization chamber is assumed to be made from a cylindrical chamber of
10cm length and 6cm diameter. The cylinder contains air (ρ= 1.293 kgm-3). The capacity
of the condenser is found to be 20nF when measured. It is charged fully to be 200V before
exposure and after exposure of x-ray, voltage measured is found to be 75V. Calculate the
exposure of x-ray in roentgen. (4)
2. a) Describe PN junction diode. How it is used to produce a full wave rectified output with
π filter? (4+8)
b) Light rays of frequencies 5.4x1014Hz and 6.6x1014Hz when shined on a metal surface
produces electrons of maximum KE of 1.2x10-19J and 2.0x10-19J respectively. Calculate the
Plank’s constant. (4)
3. a) Starting from basic assumption of Bohr’s theory, calculate the total energy of electron
in hydrogen atom. (2+10)
b) While constructing a tank circuit of an oscillator inductor of 10mH and capacitor 500pF
are used. Calculate the frequency it produces. (4)
-λ
4. a) Describe the phenomena of radioactive decay. Prove the relation N=N oe t where the
symbols have their usual meaning. Define half life and relate it with decay const. (3+6+3)
b) A monochromatic x-ray of when exposed on a crystal with interplanar spacing 0.136nm
at glancing angle 34.5° produces 1st order diffraction. Calculate the wave length of x-ray 4
5. Write in brief (any four) : (4*4)
a) Technique of measurement of high voltage by potential divider method
b) Thermo luminescence dosimeter (TLD)
c) X-ray spectra
d) Half value thickness and lead equivalent
e) Ultrasound and its application.

Year: - 2069 <Basic Radiation Physics>

1. a) Describe the construction and working of a PN Junction diode together with its
characteristics. (12)
b) Calculate the capacity of a capacitor required to generate frequency of 1MHz
using a tank circuit with inductance 10mH. (4)
Page | 17
2. a) Define the terms quality, intensity and exposure rate of x-rays. Describe the
factors influencing quality and intensity of x-rays. (6+6)
b) A step-up transformer having 85% efficiency contains secondary to primary turns
ratio 21:1. What must be the primary current if secondary current be 85mA? (4)
3. a) Calculate the total energy of an electron present in the hydrogen atom. (12)
b) Calculate the potential differences required to generate the x-ray of wavelength
0.01nm by accelerating electron in an x-ray tube. h=6.6*10-34Js e=1.6*10-19 C (4)
4. a) Explain in brief, different types of processes occurring when high energetic
radiation passes through a medium. (12)
b) The disintegration rate of a certain radioactive sample at any instant is 4750
dis/min. After 5 min, the rate is found to be 2700 dis/min. Calculate the half life. (4)
5. Describe in brief (any four) (4*4)
a) Ultrasound and its applications
b) Condenser chamber dosimeter
c) Capacitor filter
d) Potential divider method to measure high voltage
e) Nuclear fission

Year: - 2068 <Basic Radiation Physics>

1. a) Explain Fleming’s right hand rule. Calculate the emf generated in a coil when it is
rotated in a constant magnetic field B with frequency f. (4+8)
b) A galvanometer is capable to measure 100mV and 10mA for its full scale
deflection. What resistance in series is required to convert it into a voltmeter to
measure 10V dc? (4)
2. a) Describe the basic principle of a transformer. Define the terms turns ratio, voltage
ratio, current ratio and efficiency of a transformer. (4+8)
b) Calculate the wavelength produced in a x-ray tube when electrons are bombarded
on a target by accelerating them using potential difference 20kV. Given h & e (4)
3. a) Describe the construction of a vacuum tube diode. How this diode is used to
construct a half wave rectifier? (6+6)

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 b) A 50V and 50Hz AC is connected to a 40Ω resistance and in series with a
solenoid having inductance 0.2H. The potential difference between the ends of the
resistance is found to be 20V. Calculate the resistance of the solenoid. (4)
4. a) Describe the method for the production of controlled x-ray. Write down the
properties and uses of x-ray. (6+6)
b) The initial no. of atoms in radioactive elements are 6.0*1020 and its half life is
10hrs. Calculate the no of atoms decayed in 30 hrs. (4)
5. Describe in brief (any four) (4*4)
a) Ultrasound and its applications
b) Condenser chamber dosimeter
c) Excitation and ionization potential
d) Preparation of P-type semiconductor
e) Artificial Radioactivity
f) Biological changes produced by x-ray.

Year: - 2067 <Basic Radiation Physics>

1. a) Describe series LCR circuit. Calculate the impedance of the circuit and hence
find resonance frequency. (12)
b) A milliammeter is capable to measure 10mA current in its full scale deflection.
If internal resistance of the meter is 10Ω,calculate the magnitude of resistance that
has to be connected in series with this meter to use it to measure 10V dc for its full
scale deflection. (4)
2. a) Describe the construction, working & characteristics of vacuum tube diode. (12)
b) A transformer with turns ratio 103:1 is used to step up the 220V rms AC voltage.
If primary ac current is 5A & efficiency of transformer be 80%. Calculate the
secondary current. (4)
3. a) Write down the major drawback of a free ion ionization chamber. Discuss the
construction & working of Thimble Ionization Chamber. (3+9)
b) A x-ray tube is operated under 20kV. Calculate the frequency of x-ray generated.
Given h=6.6*10-34Js and e=1.6*10-19C (4)

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4. a) Explain the law of radioactive decay and prove that half life of radioactive
element is inversely proportional to decay constant (λ ). (12)
b) Ground state energy of hydrogen is -13.6eV. Calculate the ionization potential(4)
5. Write in brief (any four) (4*4)
a) P-type semi conductor
b) Potential divider to measure high voltage
c) Application of radio-isotope in nuclear medicine
d) Ultrasound and its generation
e) Differences between AC and DC
f) Photoelectric effect and its application as photomultiplier.

Year: - 2066 <Basic Radiation Physics>

1. a)Calculate the current & impedance of a series LCR circuit. OR (12)
State & explain Fleming’s Left Hand rule and calculate the current due to moment of
coil in a magnetic field.
b) What is peak voltage of 240V mains supply? (4)
2. a) Describe the construction and working of a junction diode. Write down the merits
and demerits of this diode over the vacuum tube diode. (12)
b) A transformer delivers 12kV (rms) and 2mA (rms) for the input voltage of 220V
(rms). Calculate the primary current if ηbe 60%. (4)
3. a) Starting from basic postulate of Bohr’s theory for hydrogen atom, calculate the
energy of electron revolving around the nucleus. (12)
b) KE max of photoelectrons emitted from a metal surface is 1.4*10-19J when the
frequency of incident radiation is 7.6*1014Hz. Calculate the maximum wavelength of
a radiation that can just emit electrons from the surface. (h=6.6*10-34Js) (4)
4. a) What do you understand by quality, intensity and exposure rate of x-ray? Describe
the factors influencing the quality and intensity of x-rays. (12)
b) It is found that intensity of x-ray of wavelength 1.54Å is reduced in the ratio of
0.26:1 on passing through an aluminum sheet of 0.1mm thick. Calculate the
absorption coefficient of Al for this wavelength. (4)

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5. a) Describe the construction and working of thimble ionization chamber. Write down
its merit over free air ionization chamber. (12)
b) The mass of 17Cl35 is 34.9800 amu; masses of neutron and proton are 1.008665 &
1.007825 amu respectively. Calculate the BE per nucleons. (4)
OR
Write short notes on any four. (4*4)
a) Radio-isotope and its use in nuclear medicine.
b) Potential divider circuit and its application to measure high voltage.
c) Construction and use of cold cathode gas filled diode
d) Thermoluminiscence dosimeter (TLD)
e) Production of ultrasound
f) Types of x-ray spectrum

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Bachelor Level – B.Sc. MIT / First Year/ IOM Time:- 3hrs.
Radiographic Equipment IV FM :80

Year:-2073 <Radiographic Equipment>

1. Describe the construction and function of anode cathode assembly of a rotating
anode x-ray tube including the peculiarities of target and filament material. (10)
2. Explain the factors affecting production of scatter radiation. Describe the methods
of controlling scatter radiation reaching to the film.
3. What are the exposure timers? How does an electronic timer and an automatic timer
work? (10)
4. Explain the principle of radiation protection. Discuss different method to protect the
patient, personnel and general public during radiography and fluoroscopy. (10)
5. Explain the method of regulation of kVp and the tube current. (10)
6. Why do we do fluoroscopy? Explain the construction and function of an image
intensifier. (10)
7. Explain briefly:
a) Line focus Principle
b) Leakage radiation and off focus radiation
8. Write short notes on :
a) Thermoluminescent Dosimeter (TLD)
b) X-ray tube faults

Year:-2071 <Radiographic Equipment>

1. Draw a labeled diagram of rotating anode x-ray tube and explain line focus principle
& Heel effect.
2. List different types of x-ray timers and explain the functioning of automatic timers
3. Explain the methods of reducing scatter radiation produced. Explain the
construction and function of an x-ray Grid.
4. What are stochastic and determine effects of radiation. Explain TLD personnel
monitoring system.
5. What is fluoroscopy? Explain the construction and function of an IITV system.

Page | 22
6. Explain the following in brief:
a. Space charge effect
b. High frequency Generator
7. What are the important features of mobile x-ray equipment? Explain functioning of
a capacitor discharge type of mobile unit.
8. Write short notes on:
a) Mammography x-ray tube
b) Conventional Tomography

Year:-2070 <Radiographic Equipment>

1. Draw a labeled diagram of rotating anode x-ray tube insert. Describe the anode
assembly of rotating anode x-ray tube including recent advances.
2. Explain the construction of an x-ray grid. Discuss the characteristics of a typical
grid. (12)
3. Describe the principle of tomography. Mention the different movements of
tomography. Write the advantages of tomography. (12)
4. Explain line focus principle and Heel effect in diagnostic radiography with the help
of diagrams. (12)
5. Describe the construction and functioning of an image intensifier. Explain
brightness gain. (12)
6. Discuss stochastic and Deterministic effects of radiation. Explain the principle of
radiation protection. (12)
7. Write short notes on: (any two) (4*2)
a) Electronic Timer
b) High frequency generator
c) Mammography X-ray tube

Year:-2069 <Radiographic Equipment>

1. Explain the construction of anode and cathode assembly of a rotating anode x-ray
tube. (10)
2. Explain the functioning of an automatic timer in an x-ray circuit. What are the
precautions to be taken while taking an automatic timer? (10)
Page | 23
3. Explain the method of line voltage, kV and mA control in an x-ray circuit. (10)
4. What is brightness gain in image intensification? Explain how the light image at the
image intensifier input screen is converted into a video signal? (10)
5. What are the biological effects of radiation? Discuss the principles of radiation
protection in diagnostic radiology. (10)
6. Explain the construction and function of an x-ray grid. Discuss grid characteristics.
7. Explain the following in brief: (5*4)
a) Anode Heel effect
b) Automatic injector
c) Mammography x-ray tube
d) High frequency generator

Year:-2067 <Radiographic Equipment>

1. Draw a labeled diagram of a rotating anode x-ray tube and describe the construction
and functioning of the anode assembly. (7+8)
2. Explain the significance of kV and mA. Describe how they are controlled in an x-
ray circuit. (5+10)
3. Describe the construction and functioning of an image intensifier. (15)
4. Explain the construction and functioning of a Liner focused grid. Discuss grid
characteristics. (6+9)
5. Write short notes on (any four) : (5*4)
a) Anode Heel effect
b) Space charge effect and saturation current
c) Electronic exposure timer
d) Automatic exposure timer
e) Capacitor discharge mobile x-ray unit
f) Conventional Tomography

Page | 24
Bachelor Level – B.Sc. MIT / First Year/ IOM Time:- 3hrs.
Radiographic Photography V FM :80

Year:-2073 <Radiographic Photography>

1. Draw a neat and clean cross-sectional diagram of a double side coated x-ray film
and explain its advantages over single coated x-ray film. (16)
2. Briefly explain the meaning of the following:
a) Basic fog
b) Maximum density
c) Gamma of the film
d) Agitation
3. List and explain the three principle geometrical factors that affects radiographic
quality. (16)
4. Describe an intensifying screen under the following headings. (16)
5. Write short notes on : (4*4)
a) Computed Radiography (CR)
b) Silver recovery
c) Constituents of developer
d) Automatic Processor

Year:-2072 <Radiographic Photography>

1. List different types of imaging films used in radiology department. Explain double
emulsion radiographic film in detail. (10)
2. Explain how latent image is made visible(manifest) image in screen film technology
and direct digital radiography. (10)
3. List the constituents of developer solution and explain their actions in film processin
4. Brief explain with diagram (any two): (5*2)
a) Cross-over effect
b) Anti-halation effect
c) Silver recovery

Page | 25
5. List the advantages of using intensifying screen and compare detective quantum
efficiency (DQE) and conversion efficiency (CE) of Calcium Tungstate and rare
earth phosphors. Explain intensification factor and quantum mottle. (10)
6. Briefly explain: (5*2)
a) Ideal storage condition of x-ray sensitive materials
b) Automatic film processing
7. Explain characteristics curve of radiographic film with a labeled diagram.
8. Write short notes on( Any two) (5*2)
a) Michael theory of latent image formation
b) Factors of radiographic film unsharpness
c) Gamma of radiographic film

Year:-2071 <Radiographic Photography>

1. What is x-ray film? Describe types of x-ray film used in diagnostic radiography. (10
2. Describe intensifying screen with a labeled cross sectional diagram. (10)
3. How the latent image is formed? Explain the Gurney-Motf’s theory of latent image
formation. (10)
4. What is characteristics curve? Describe in detail. (10)
5. What are the advantages of using the following? (2.5*4)
a) T-grain emulsion in x-ray film emulsion
b) Carbon fiber cassette front
c) Super coating in the x-ray film
d) Back of the cassette is made of thin lead sheet.
6. Explain the following in short. (2.5*4)
a) Noise
b) Contrast
c) Unsharpness
d) Resolution in radiographic image
7. Describe the manual processing on the following heading. (2.5*4)
a) Development in manual processing
b) Constituents of developer chemicals
c) Replenishment chemical and process

Page | 26
 d) Developing temperature in manual processing
8. Write the following: (2.5*4)
a) Ideal condition of film storage.
b) Film stock control and film ordering method
c) Exposure selection for different speed x-ray film
d) The layout of a well equipped ideal dark room.

Year:-2070 <Radiographic Photography>

1. Explain the construction and function of an intensifying screen.
2. Explain the differences between screen film mammography and CR mammography
process
3. Explain the construction of single coated and double coated medical film with
diagram and their uses.
4. Describe with suitable diagram three principle geometric factors which can affect
the radiographic image quality.
5. What is latent image? When and how it is formed in screen film radiography and
computed radiography? Explain according to Gurney Mott Theory.
6. When does the wet processing film need to go through fixer tank? Explain its
constituents.
7. Draw a neat and clean H &D (characteristics curve). Explain its different parts and
usefulness in detail.
8. Write short notes on (any two) (2*5)
a) Day light Processing
b) Dry film printer
c) Imaging Plate

Year:-2069 <Radiographic Photography>

1. Explain the cross-sectional construction of a duplitized x-ray film and mention the
different types of x-ray films used in diagnostic radiology. (8+4)
2. Explain in brief the Gurney-Mott theory of latent image formation and its
significance in diagnostic radiography. (8+4)

Page | 27
3. Define the characteristics curve of an x-ray film and describe the features of
characteristics curve, mention its importance in radiography. (2+8+2)
4. Explain the intensifying screen and mention the different types of intensifying
screen and their significance. ( 5+5+2)
5. What is image contrast in diagnostic radiography and explain the factors affecting
the following: 3+(3*3)
a) Contrast
b) Density
c) Sharpness
6. What do you understand by automatic processor? Describe the 90 second cycle
automatic processor. (2+10)
7. Write short notes on (any two)
a) Dry film processing
b) Manual processing
c) X-ray film cassettes

Year:-2068 <Radiographic Photography>

1. What are the advantages of using the following: (2*4)
a. T-grain emulsion in x-ray film emulsion
b. Gelatin in x-ray film
c. Carbon fiber cassette front
d. Thin lead sheet on the back of the cassette
2. Give three uses of characteristic curve of an x-ray film; explain basic fog level and
region of reversal density with neat and clean diagram. (3*2)+(2*2)+6
3. Explain different types of film used in different diagnostic modalities. (8)
4. Explain the role of the following processing chemicals: (2*4)
a. Reducing agents
b. Restrainer
c. Buffer
d. Fixing agents
5. Explain in brief:
a. Detective quantum efficiency (DQE) (3)

Page | 28
 b. Single screen radiography (3)
c. Intensification factors (IF) (3)
d. X-ray film cassettes (5)
e. Checking cassette for light leakage (5)
f. A method of recording patient identification on a radiograph (5)
6. Write the effects of following on the exposure factors: (2*8)
a. Kilovoltage (kV)
b. Milliampere second (mAs)
c. Focal spot size
d. Filtration
e. Focus to film distance
f. Collimation
g. Tabletop attenuation
h. Use of grid

Year:-2067 <Radiographic Photography>

1. Briefly explain different types of film used in radiology and imaging
department. (16)
2. Describe sensitometry. Draw a labeled diagram of characteristic curve.(6+5+5)
3. Describe intensifying screen under the following headings: (4*4)
a. Construction
b. Speed and coating weight
c. New phosphor technology
d. Advantages and disadvantages
4. Write an essay on film processing technique in wet chemistry and dry film
processing system. (8+8)
5. Write short notes on any four: (4*4
a. Importance of radiograph identification
b. Efficient method for silver recovery
c. Spectral sensitivity
d. Latent image formation
e. Ideal dark room/ processing area

Page | 29
 Year:-2066 <Radiographic Photography>
1. Describe the components of both side coated radiographic film with neat and clean
diagram. (10)
2. a)Explain the function of an automatic film processor. (8)
b)What is the role of replenishments system in an automatic processor? (6)
3. List radiographic factors that affect film contrast. (5)
4. List radiographic factors that affect film density. (5)
5. Explain suitable method of proper radiograph identification. (8)
6. How do intensifying screen reduce patient dose? (6)
7. What are the four basic components of an intensifying screen? Explain withdiagram.
8. What are the methods which can be used to reduce the possibility of motion? (6)
9. Describe the photostimulable imaging process (Computed Radiography,CR) (10)
10. Discuss the radiological technologist’s role in image production and evaluation. (8)

Year:-2065 <Radiographic Photography>

1. List with diagram the components of double-coated radiographic film. (10)
2. List the different types of film used in radiology and imaging department (5)
3. Discuss in brief the Gurney-Mott theory of latent image formation. (10)
4. Explain a most reliable method of identification of a radiograph. (5)
5. Mention the different steps in automatic film processing. (8)
6. Name and compare two types of fixing agents. (5)
7. How does an electrolytic silver recovery unit operate? (5)
8. List the five important elements of DlogE curve. (7)
9. Explain the speed of intensifying screens and their application. (5)
10.List the difference between calcium tungsten screens and rare earth screens in
terms of their x-ray beam absorption and conversion. (5)
11.Define quantum mottle. (3)
12.Name different items required in ideal processing area. (5)
13.Define radiographic contrast and list factors affecting density. (2+5)

Page | 30
Bachelor Level – B.Sc. MIT / First Year/ IOM Time:- 3hrs.
Radiographic Technique VI FM :80

Year:-2073 <Radiographic Technique>

1. Describe the radiography of hand for trauma and foreign body. (10)
2. Explain the radiography of elbow joint. (2.5*4)
a) AP view
b) Lateral
c) Head of radius view
d) Post operative contracture AP view
3. What is acute abdomen? How do you perform different radiographic positions in
this condition? (10)
4. Explain radiographic position for: (2.5*4)
a) Foot Lateral for Foreign body
b) Mortise view for ankle joint
c) Foot weight bearing view
d) Heel axial for suspected vertical fracture.
5. Explain the following radiographic projections. (2.5*4)
a) Rt. Knee Joint Lateral
b) Skyline view of Rt Patella
c) Both Hips in AP
d) Rt SI joint oblique
6. Explain the following radiographic positions: (2.5*4)
a) PA view of skull.
b) SMV for base of skull
c) Rt Temporo-mandibular joint oblique
d) Paranasal sinuses OM
7. Explain the radiographic view of following: (2.5*4)
a) Craniovertebral Junction lateral
b) PA view of Mandible
c) AP view of 1-2 Cervical Spine
d) Interlobar pleural effusion view of chest
Page | 31
8. Explain the radiographic view of: (2.5*4)
a) Medio-lateral oblique view of mammography
b) Soft tissue neck lateral view
c) Sternum lateral
d) Swimmer’s lateral view for C7/D1

Year:-2072 <Radiographic Technique>

1. Describe the routine view of scapula under the following headings:
a) Indication
b) Patient Positioning
c) Exposure factors and direction of beam
d) Image criteria
2. Describe the radiographic technique of emergency abdomen erect and supine.
3. List different routine and supplementary views of chest radiography. Explain in
detail, one of them, which you consider most informative.
4. Describe the radiographic technique used in operation theatre radiography in hip
pinning operation under the following headings.
a) Strict aseptic practice
b) Patient positioning
c) Radiation protection and exposure factor
5. Describe routine radiographic views in mammography
6. Describe the supplementary radiographic views of cervical spine of a severely
injured patient.
7. Explain oblique views of lumbar spine under the following headings:
a) Indication
b) Positioning of patient
c) Exposure factor
d) Image criteria
8. Give the direction of the x-ray beam and centering point of the following projections:
a) Wrist joint lateral view
b) Sacrum AP view
c) Calcaenum axial view

Page | 32
d) Hip joint AP view
e) Cervical spine (2-7) AP view

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