Real Analysis II: Program Studi: Pendidikan Matematika Continuous Functions: Part 1 (PM 4A Dan 4B)

Continuous Functions
Real Analysis II
Program Studi: Pendidikan Matematika
CONTINUOUS FUNCTIONS : Part 1
(PM 4A dan 4B)
Nur Khasanah
Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi, UIN Walisongo Semarang
February 2021
Nur Khasanah Real Analysis II

Combinations of Continuous Functions
1 Continuous Functions
2 Combinations of Continuous Functions

3 Continuous Functions on Intervals
4 Uniform Continuity
5 Continuity and Gauges
6 Monotone Functions

Definisi 1.1
Let A ⊆ R, let f : A −→ R, and let c ∈ A. We say that f is
continuous at c if, given any number ε > 0, there exists δ > 0
such that if x is any point of A satisfying |x − c| < δ, then
|f (x) − f (c)| < ε.
If f fails to be continuous at c, then we say that f is
discontinuous at c.


Teorema 1.2
A function f : A −→ R is continuous at a point c ∈ A if and only
if given any ε−neighborhood Vε (f (c)) of f (c) there exists a
δ−neighborhood Vδ (c) of c such that if x is any point of
A ∪ Vδ (c) belongs to Vε (f (c)), that is
f (A ∩ Vδ (c)) ⊆ Vε (f (c))

Remark :
1 If c ∈ A is a cluster point of A, then a comparison of the definition and theorem
above show that f is continuous at c if and only if
f (c) = lim f (x).
x→c
Thus, if c is a cluster point of A, then three conditions must hold for f to be
continuous at c :
1 f must be defined at c (so that f (c) makes sense),
2 the limit of f at c must exist in R (so that lim f (x) makes sense), and
x→c
3 these two values must be equal.
2 If c ∈ A is not a cluster point of A, then there exists a neighborhood Vδ (c) of c
such that A ∩ Vδ (c) = {c}. Thus, we conclude that a function f is
automatically continuous at a point c ∈ A that is not a cluster point of A. Such
points are often called ”isolated points” of A. They are of little practical
interest to us, since they have no relation to a limiting process. Since continuity
is automatic for such points, we generally test for continuity only at cluster
points. Thus we regard condition (1) as being characteristic for continuity at c.

2
Examples : Diberikan f (x) = xx−1
+1
. Apakah f kontinu di titik 1?
Jawab : Cek ketiga syarat kontinu, yaitu
1 Apakah f terdefinisi di titik 1
x 2 +1
Titik 1 membuat fungsi f (x) = x−1 tak terdefinisi, sehingga
syarat (1) tidak terpenuhi.
x 2 +1
∴ f (x) = x−1 tidak kontinu dititik 1. •

Examples : Diberikan

x +3 , jika x < −1
f (x) =
−x , jika x ≥ −1
Apakah f kontinu di x = −1?
1 Apakah f terdefinisi di titik x = −1
Untuk f (−1) = 1, maka fungsi tesebut terdefinisi di titik -1.
2 Apakah f mempunyai limit
lim + f (x) = 2
x→−1
lim f (x) = 1
x→−1−
Karena limit kiri6= limit kanan, maka fungsi tersebut tidak
memiliki limit.
∴ f (x) tidak kontinu dititik x = −1. •
Examples : Diberikan
(
x 2 −4
x−2 6 2
, jika x =
f (x) =
2 , jika x = 2
Apakah f kontinu di x = 2?
1 Apakah f terdefinisi di titik x = 2
Untuk f (2) = 2, maka fungsi tesebut terdefinisi di titik 2.
2 Apakah f mempunyai limit
lim f (x) = 4
x→2
Fungsi tersebut memiliki limit.
3 Apakah kedua nilai (1) dan (2) sama
lim f (x) 6= f (2)
x→2
∴ f (x) tidak kontinu dititik x = 2. •
Definisi 1.3 (Sequential Criterion for Continuity)

A function f : A → R is continuous at the point c ∈ A if and only
if for every sequence (xn ) in A that converges to c, the sequence
(f (xn )) converges to f (c).

Definisi 1.4 (Discontinuity Criterion)

Let A ⊆ R, let f : A → R, and let c ∈ A. Then f is discontinuous
at c if and only if there exists a sequence (xn ) in A such that (xn )
converges to c, but the sequence (f (xn )) does not converge to
f (c).

Definisi 1.5
Let A ⊆ R, let f : A −→ R. If B is a subset of A, we say that f is
continuous on the set B if f is continuous at every point of B.

Definisi 1.5
Let A ⊆ R, let f : A −→ R. If B is a subset of A, we say that f is
continuous on the set B if f is continuous at every point of B.
Examples :
1 Given g (x) = x is continuous on R.
1
2 Given h(x) = x is not continuous at x = 0.

Teorema 1.6
Let A ⊆ R, let f and g be functions on A to R, and let b ∈ R.
Suppose that c ∈ A and that f and g are continuous at c.
a). Then f + g , f − g , fg , and bf are continuous at c.
b). If h : A −→ R is continuous at c ∈ A and if h(x) 6= 0 for all
x ∈ A, then the quotient hf is continuous at c.


Proof. Jika c ∈ A bukan merupakan cluster point dari A, maka kesimpulannya sudah
pasti jelas. Namun, asumsi yang kita gunakan adalah c merupakan titik klaster dari A.
(a). Karena f dan g merupakan fungsi yang kontinu pada C , maka
f (c) = lim f dan g (c) = lim g .

x→c x→c
Berdasarkan teorema sebelumnya pada Bab Limit Analisis Real I, :
Teorema Limit : in memoriam

Let A ⊆ R and let f and g be functions defined on A to R, and let c ∈ R be a cluster point of A. Further, let
∈ R.
1 If lim f = L and lim g = M, then :
x→c x→c
lim (f + g ) = L + M,
x→c
lim (f − g ) = L − M,
x→c
lim fg = LM,
x→c
lim (bf ) = bL.
x→c
2 If h : A → R, if h(x) 6= 0 for all x ∈ A, and if lim h = H 6= 0, then

x→c
lim ( f ) L.
= H
x→c h

Proof.
sehingga,
(f + g )(c) = f (c) + g (c) = lim (f + g )

x→c
Oleh sebab itu, f + g kontinu di titik c.

Untuk pembuktian (b) diserahkan kepada pembaca sebagai latihan.

Teorema 1.7
Let A ⊆ R, let f and g be functions on A to R, and let b ∈ R.
1 The functions f + g , f − g , fg , and bf are continuous on A.
2 If h : A −→ R is continuous on A and if h(x) 6= 0 for all
x ∈ A, then the quotient hf is continuous on A.
Example : Fungsi tan, cot, sec, csc merupakan fungsi yang kontinu
dimana mereka didefinisikan. Sebagai contoh, fungsi cotangen
didefisikan dengan
cos x
cot x := sin x
ditunjukkan sin x 6= 0 (dimana, ditunjukkan x 6= nπ, n ∈ Z).

Karena sin dan cos kontinu pada R, akibatnya fungsi cot juga
kontinu pada domainnya. •
Teorema 1.8
Let A ⊆ R, let f := A −→ R and let |f | be defined by
|f |(x) = |f (x)| for x ∈ A.
1 If f is continuous at a point c ∈ A, then |f | is continuous at
|c|.
2 If f is continuous on A, then |f | is continuous on A.

Teorema 1.9
Let √A ⊆ R, let f := A −→ R and√let f (x) ≥p0 for all x ∈ A. We
let f be defined for x ∈ A by ( f )(x) := f (x).
√
1 If f is continuous at a point c ∈ A, then f is continuous at
c.
√
2 If f is continuous on A, then f is continuous on A.

Combinations of Continuous Functions : Composition of

Teorema 1.10
Let A, B, C ⊆ R, let f := A −→ R and g := B −→ R be functions
such that f (A) ⊆ B. If f is continuous at a point c ∈ A and g is
continuous at b = f (c) ∈ B, then the composition g ◦ f : A −→ R
is continuous at c.

Combinations of Continuous Functions : Composition of

Proof. Misalkan W merupakan persekitaran−ε dari g (b). Karena

g merupakan fungsi yang kontinu pada titik b, maka terdapat
persekitaran−δ V dari b = f (c) sedemikian sehingga jika
y ∈ B ∩ V maka g (y ) ∈ W . Karena f merupakan fungsi kontinu
di titik c, maka terdapat persekitaran−γ U dari c sedemikian
sehingga jika x ∈ A ∩ U, maka f (x) ∈ V .
Karena f (A) ⊆ B, akibatnya bahwa jika x ∈ A ∩ U, maka
f (x) ∈ B ∩ V sehingga g ◦ f (x) = g (f (x)) ∈ W . Namun karena
W sembarang persekitaran −ε dari g (b), akibatnya g ◦ f kontinu
pada titik c.


Teorema 1.11
Let A, B, C ⊆ R, and let f := A −→ R be continuous on A, and
g := B −→ R be continuous on B. If f (A) ⊆ B, then the
composite function g ◦ f : A −→ R is continuous on A.

Example : If f (x) = x1 for x 6= 0, then the function f (x) = sin x1 is

continuous at every point c 6= 0. It means that, g cannot be
defined at 0 in order to become continuous at that point. •

Sekian

Real Analysis II: Program Studi: Pendidikan Matematika Continuous Functions: Part 1 (PM 4A Dan 4B)

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Continuous Functions

Fakultas Sains dan Teknologi, UIN Walisongo Semarang

Nur Khasanah Real Analysis II

2 Combinations of Continuous Functions

Nur Khasanah Real Analysis II

Nur Khasanah Real Analysis II

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Definisi 1.3 (Sequential Criterion for Continuity)

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Definisi 1.4 (Discontinuity Criterion)

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Combinations of Continuous Functions

Nur Khasanah Real Analysis II

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f (c) = lim f dan g (c) = lim g .

Berdasarkan teorema sebelumnya pada Bab Limit Analisis Real I, :

Teorema Limit : in memoriam

2 If h : A → R, if h(x) 6= 0 for all x ∈ A, and if lim h = H 6= 0, then

Nur Khasanah Real Analysis II

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(f + g )(c) = f (c) + g (c) = lim (f + g )

Oleh sebab itu, f + g kontinu di titik c.

Nur Khasanah Real Analysis II

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ditunjukkan sin x 6= 0 (dimana, ditunjukkan x 6= nπ, n ∈ Z).

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Nur Khasanah Real Analysis II

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Proof. Misalkan W merupakan persekitaran−ε dari g (b). Karena

Nur Khasanah Real Analysis II

Nur Khasanah Real Analysis II

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Nur Khasanah Real Analysis II

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Example : If f (x) = x1 for x 6= 0, then the function f (x) = sin x1 is

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