Australian/New Zealand Standard

AS/NZS 3666.
3:2011
AS/NZS 3666.3:2011
Australian/New Zealand Standard™
Air-handling and water systems of

buildings—Microbial control
Part 3: Performance-based
maintenance of cooling water systems
Accessed by Naval Group on 10 Oct 2019 (Document currency not guaranteed when printed)
AS/NZS 3666.3:2011
This Joint Australian/New Zealand Standard was prepared by Joint Technical
Committee ME-062, Ventilation and Airconditioning. It was approved on behalf of
the Council of Standards Australia on 20 July 2011 and on behalf of the Council of
Standards New Zealand on 25 July 2011.
This Standard was published on 14 November 2011.
The following are represented on Committee ME-062:
Air Conditioning and Mechanical Contractors Association

Australasian Fire and Emergency Service Authorities Council
Australian Building Codes Board
Australian Institute of Refrigeration Air Conditioning and Heating
Chartered Institution of Building Services Engineers
Climate Control Companies Association
Consumer Electronics Suppliers Association
Department of Health and Human Services, Tas.
Engineers Australia
Facility Management Association of Australia
Institute of Refrigeration Heating & AirConditioning Engineers of New Zealand
NSW Health Department
Plastics and Chemicals Industries Association
Plumbing Industry Commission
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This Standard was issued in draft form for comment as DR AS/NZS 3666.3.
AS/NZS 3666.3:2011
Australian/New Zealand Standard™

Part 3: Performance-based
maintenance of cooling water systems
Originated as AS/NZS 3666.3(Int):1998.

Previous edition AS/NZS 3666.3:2000.
Third edition 2011.
COPYRIGHT
© Standards Australia Limited/Standards New Zealand
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(Australia) or the Copyright Act 1994 (New Zealand).
Jointly published by SAI Global Limited under licence from Standards Australia Limited,
GPO Box 476, Sydney, NSW 2001 and by Standards New Zealand, Private Bag 2439,
Wellington 6140
ISBN 978 0 7337 9919 8

AS/NZS 3666.3:2011 2
PREFACE
This Standard was prepared by Joint Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand
Committee ME-062, Ventilation and Airconditioning, to supersede AS/NZS 3666.3:2000.
This Standard forms Part 3 of a series of Standards for microbial control of air-handling and
water systems of buildings, as follows:
AS/NZS
3666 Air-handling and water systems of buildings — Microbial control
3666.1 Part 1: Design, installation and commissioning
3666.2 Part 2: Operation and maintenance
3666.3 Part 3: Performance-based maintenance of cooling water systems
3666.4 Part 4: Performance-based maintenance of air-handling systems (ducts and
components)
The terms ‘normative’ and ‘informative’ have been used in this Standard to define the
application of the appendix to which they apply. A ‘normative’ appendix is an integral part
of a Standard, whereas an ‘informative’ appendix is only for information and guidance.
3 AS/NZS 3666.3:2011
CONTENTS
Page
FOREWORD .............................................................................................................................. 4
SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

1.1 SCOPE ......................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 OBJECTIVE ................................................................................................................ 6
1.3 NORMATIVE REFERENCES .................................................................................... 6
1.4 FUNCTIONAL STATEMENT .................................................................................... 7
1.5 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................... 7
1.6 DEFINITIONS............................................................................................................. 7
1.7 TESTING..................................................................................................................... 7
SECTION 2 IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS

2.1 SCOPE OF SECTION ................................................................................................. 8
2.2 RISK FACTORS ......................................................................................................... 8
2.3 RISK ASSESSMENT .................................................................................................. 8
2.4 WATER TREATMENT............................................................................................... 8
SECTION 3 PERFORMANCE MONITORING AND CONTROL

3.1 SCOPE OF SECTION ............................................................................................... 10
3.2 PRESENCE OF LEGIONELLAE ............................................................................... 10
3.3 PRESENCE OF OTHER HETEROTROPHIC MICROORGANISMS ...................... 10
3.4 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT ...................................................................... 10
3.5 WATER TEMPERATURE ........................................................................................ 11
3.6 START UP ................................................................................................................ 13
3.7 RESULTS AND RECORDS ...................................................................................... 13

3.8 EVIDENCE OF COMPLIANCE ............................................................................... 13
APPENDICES
A COOLING WATER SAMPLING PROCEDURE ...................................................... 16
B ON-LINE DISINFECTION PROCEDURE FOR COOLING WATER SYSTEMS ... 18
C DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES FOR COOLING WATER SYSTEMS ...... 19
D GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
DURING INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF COOLING WATER
SYSTEMS ................................................................................................................. 21
BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................................................................................................................... 22
AS/NZS 3666.3:2011 4
FOREWORD
AS/NZS 3666.2, Air-Handling and water systems of buildings—Microbial control, Part 2:
Operation and maintenance, requires shutdown of cooling water systems for periodic
cleaning. This is impracticable for many systems, such as the large industrial types serving
power stations, co-generation plants, oil refineries and chemical manufacturing plants.
However, microbiological control at these plants is usually effective and no reported
outbreaks of Legionnaires’ disease have been attributed to such sources. The continuous
engineering attention they receive means they are generally well maintained. However, it
became apparent that the AS/NZS 3666 series should provide for a performance-based
alternative to the prescriptive maintenance requirements set out in Clause 2.5 of
AS/NZS 3666.2. This performance-based alternative can be applied to any cooling water
system for which the specific requirements of this Standard can be met.
This Standard provides such an alternative option. It follows risk management principles
including—
(a) context;
(b) risk identification;
(c) assessment;
(d) control; and
(e) monitoring and corrective actions.
These principles are applied to the key causal factors, understood to lead to a risk of
multiplication of legionellae within a system, as set out in the Foreword to AS/NZS 3666.1.
A central issue in the management of health risk arising from microorganisms is the degree
of scientific certainty about the underlying causes of growth, dissemination and infection.
Control strategies adopted may need to change as new knowledge becomes available.
Sampling for legionellae is not required by AS/NZS 3666.2 but is considered to be a
relevant monitoring activity in a performance-based approach. Although the sample taken
may not accurately represent the microbial distribution and variety within the system, it is
presently the most direct means of assessing the effectiveness of maintenance regimes on
the multiplication of legionellae. Such specific tests need to be complemented with other
assessments such as total bacterial count (also called heterotrophic colony count) and
system water quality characteristics to provide reassurance that the system is well
maintained and operating in a hygienic condition.
The concentration level of legionellae required to cause infection has not been established
at this time. The risk of disease depends substantially on the susceptibility of the person
exposed. However, it is reasonable to assume that increased risk is associated with exposure
to increased concentrations of microorganisms. Available data suggest that most outbreaks
are associated with a concentration of 1000 cfu/mL or greater, although lower levels may
well be associated with sporadic cases of disease. It is the intention of this Standard that
cooling water systems operate with non-detectable concentrations of legionellae. This
Standard requires corrective actions to be carried out whenever a ‘detectable’ concentration
of legionellae is found (10 cfu/mL or greater) in order to provide confidence that the system
is hostile to these microorganisms. More demanding and prompt actions are required when
a higher concentration is detected.
The primary aim is to avoid conditions that may allow microorganisms, including
legionellae to multiply in the cooling water system thus creating a health risk.
5 AS/NZS 3666.3:2011
An important strategy in minimizing health risks associated with cooling water systems
involves the management of system water quality. Water treatment is designed to preserve
the cooling tower and the cooling water system of which it is a part, maintain heat transfer
efficiency and help ensure an acceptable standard of occupational and public health. These
factors interact so that properly implemented microbial control, for reasons of disease
prevention, should also assist in system longevity and efficiency. The water treatment
program for microbial control needs to be well managed, and be more comprehensive than a
program for those systems that are routinely cleaned in accordance with AS/NZS 3666.2.
Water treatment program management approaches may differ in detail from site to site and,
therefore, need to be documented in a specific plan for each site.
This Standard addresses only the maintenance of cooling water systems and is to be read in
conjunction with Part 1 and the relevant clauses of Part 2. Aspects such as maintenance
manuals, records, log books, safety procedures and the like, are as important for the
application of this Standard, as they are for a prescriptive approach to maintaining a clean
system.
Further explanatory information regarding the subject of microbial control of cooling water
systems can be found in the Standards Australia/Standards New Zealand Handbook
HB 32:1995, Control of microbial growth in air-handling and water systems of buildings,
and the National Environmental Health Forum Monograph, Guidance for the control of
Legionella, published by the South Australian Health Commission (1996) on behalf of the
Commonwealth Department of Health and Aged Care, and the Application Manual
No. DA18, Water Treatment, which is published by the Australian Institute of Refrigeration
Air-conditioning and Heating (AIRAH).
AS/NZS 3666.3:2011 6
STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND
Australian/New Zealand Standard

Part 3: Performance-based maintenance of cooling water systems
S E C T I O N 1 S C O P E A N D G E N E R A L
1.1 SCOPE
This Standard outlines a performance-based approach to the maintenance of cooling water
systems with respect to the control of microorganisms, including legionellae, within such
systems. This approach combines automatically regulated water treatment with monitoring,
assessment and control strategies to help create a low risk environment within the cooling
water system.
The provisions of this Standard are an alternative to the prescriptive requirements of
AS/NZS 3666.2 for the maintenance of cooling water systems.
NOTE: This Standard addresses only the performance of maintenance programs for cooling water
systems and is to be read in conjunction with AS/NZS 3666.1 and the relevant clauses of
AS/NZS 3666.2. Aspects such as maintenance manuals, records, log books, safety procedures,
and the like, are as important for the application of this Standard as they are for a prescriptive
approach to maintaining a clean system.
1.2 OBJECTIVE
The objective of this Standard is to provide a performance-based approach to cooling water
system maintenance to assist users in the control of microorganisms, including legionellae,
within such systems.
1.3 NORMATIVE REFERENCES

The following are the normative documents referenced in this Standard:
NOTE: Documents referenced for informative purposes are listed in the Bibliography.
AS/NZS
2031 Selection of containers and preservation of water samples for microbiological
analysis
3666 Air-handling and water systems of buildings—Microbial control
3666.1 Part 1: Design, installation and commissioning
3666.2 Part 2: Operation and maintenance
3896 Waters—Examination for Legionella spp. including Legionella pneumophila
4276 Water microbiology
4276.3.1 Method 3.1: Heterotrophic colony count methods—Pour plate method using
yeast extract agar
4276.3.2 Method 3.2: Heterotrophic colony count methods—Plate count of water
containing biocides
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1.4 FUNCTIONAL STATEMENT

Cooling water systems shall be maintained and monitored to minimize the growth and
dissemination of microorganisms, and in particular, legionellae in and by such systems.
1.5 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

The monitoring, assessment and control strategies for key performance indicators shall be
in accordance with Section 3.
NOTE: Following these performance requirements is deemed to comply with the prescriptive
requirements of Clause 2.5 of AS/NZS 3666.2.
1.6 DEFINITIONS
For the purposes of this Standard the definitions given in AS/NZS 3666.1, AS/NZS 3666.2
and those below apply.
1.6.1 Cycles of concentration
The degree of concentration of the dissolved solids of the cooling system make-up water as
a result of the evaporation that takes place in the cooling tower.
NOTE: The degree of concentration of the dissolved solids is typically determined from the ratio
between the chlorides in the cooling water and the chlorides in the make-up water.
1.6.2 Key performance indicator
A risk factor that is identified as testable, assessable and controllable for the performance,
monitoring and verification of the system.
1.6.3 Total dissolved solids (TDS)
The total weight of dissolved solids in water, which would remain if all the water were
evaporated.
1.7 TESTING
Microbiological tests required to be carried out by this Standard shall be carried out by a
microbiology laboratory accredited to examine water samples for legionellae and other
heterotrophic bacteria.
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AS/NZS 3666.3:2011 8
S E C T I O N 2 I D E N T I F I C A T I O N A N D
A S S E S S M E N T O F R I S K F A C T OR S
2.1 SCOPE OF SECTION

This Section lists risk factors that contribute to the growth and dissemination of
microorganisms within cooling water systems.
2.2 RISK FACTORS

The risk factors given in Table 2.1 shall be assessed and documented for each site in
accordance with Clause 2.3. Key performance indicators identified in Table 2.1 shall be
monitored and controlled in accordance with Section 3.
NOTES:
1 Many of these factors will be controlled by compliance with AS/NZS 3666.1 and
AS/NZS 3666.2.
2 Other factors that may lead to the risk of acquiring a disease caused by microorganisms
include transport of microorganisms, virulence of microorganisms and host susceptibility.
These factors are not within the scope of this Standard.
2.3 RISK ASSESSMENT

A risk assessment shall be undertaken as part of the implementation of this Standard and
shall identify, evaluate and report on all factors given in Table 2.1. The risk assessment
shall be undertaken and documented by a person competent to evaluate the condition of the
cooling water system. Relevant control measures shall be implemented.
The risk assessment shall be revised if there are any reasons to believe that the findings are
no longer valid, if monitoring reveals the need for preventative or corrective action, if
significant change in local environment, work practices or equipment occur or if five years
have elapsed since the last assessment or revision. The risk assessment report shall form
part of the operating and maintenance manual.
NOTE: Both AS 5059 and A Guide to Developing Risk Management Plans for Cooling Tower
Systems (Victoria DHS) provide information on how to conduct a risk assessment (risk
management plan).
2.4 WATER TREATMENT

Cooling water systems shall be provided with automatically regulated water treatment
systems for effective management of corrosion, scaling, fouling and microbial growth (both
sessile and planktonic).
Water treatment chemicals and processes shall be selected so as to be compatible with the
cooling water system and with each other.
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TABLE 2.1
RISK FACTORS TO BE ASSESSED AND CONTROLLED
Risk area Risk factor
Stagnant water • Presence of water in dead legs
• System not in use due to:
o intermittent operation
o seasonal usage
Nutrient availability/growth • Presence of nutrients
• Presence of biofilm
• Water temperature*
• Direct sunlight (which promotes algal growth)
Poor water quality • Presence of legionellae
• Concentration of legionellae (all species are considered as potential

pathogens)*
• Concentration of other heterotrophic bacteria*
• Presence of protozoa and algae

• Water quality:
o cleanliness*
o pH*
o presence of corrosion products*
o presence of scale and fouling
o conductivity/TDS*
o control limits out of range*
o suspended solids (e.g. from nearby construction work)
o control of water treatment chemicals*

o control of bleed*
• Characteristics of make-up water (physical, chemical, microbiological)
• Microbial control program.
Deficiencies in the cooling • System size (surface area available for biofilm development compared
tower system with water volume)
• Physical condition of system*
• Open system
• Aerosol generation
• Drift elimination
Location and access to cooling • Aerosol dispersion

towers
• System location and environment (distance to other cooling water
systems, air intakes and passers by)
* Risk factor identified as a key performance indicator.
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AS/NZS 3666.3:2011 10
S E C T I O N 3 P E R F O R M A N C E M O N I T O R I N G
AND C ONTR OL
3.1 SCOPE OF SECTION

This Section outlines the requirements for monitoring and control of risk factors identified
as key performance indicators. Where separate monitoring and assessments lead to different
control strategies, the higher requirements shall apply.
3.2 PRESENCE OF LEGIONELLAE

3.2.1 Monitoring
A representative sample of cooling water shall be taken in accordance with Appendix A, at
least once per month when the system is in use, and assessed in accordance with
Clause 3.2.2.
3.2.2 Assessment
An examination for the presence of legionellae shall be carried out in accordance with
AS/NZS 3896. If legionellae are detected (i.e. greater than or equal to 10 cfu/mL), a control
strategy shall be immediately initiated in accordance with Clause 3.2.3.
NOTES:
1 Other equivalent, validated and accredited test methods may be used.
2 The risk assessment may provide for variations to monitoring frequency, e.g. additional
monitoring during summer months and reduced frequency of monitoring during winter, as
appropriate to the site.
3.2.3 Control
The control strategy adopted shall be in accordance with Table 3.1. A flow chart detailing
the assessment and control process is given in Figure 3.1.
3.3 PRESENCE OF OTHER HETEROTROPHIC MICROORGANISMS

3.3.1 Monitoring
A representative sample of cooling water shall be taken in accordance with Appendix A, at
least once per month when the system is in use, and assessed in accordance with
Clause 3.3.2.
3.3.2 Assessment
A heterotrophic colony count (HCC) test shall be carried out in accordance with
AS/NZS 4276.3.1 or AS/NZS 4276.3.2, as applicable. If the test result is greater than or
equal to 100 000 cfu/mL, a control strategy shall be immediately initiated in accordance
with Clause 3.3.3.
NOTE: Other equivalent, validated and accredited test methods may be used.
3.3.3 Control
The control strategy adopted shall be in accordance with Table 3.2. A flow chart detailing
the assessment and control process is given in Figure 3.2.
3.4 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT

3.4.1 Monitoring
The effectiveness of the water quality management system (including water treatment) shall
be assessed, at least monthly when the system is in use, in accordance with Clause 3.4.2.
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3.4.2 Assessment
3.4.2.1 General
Performance criteria and operating control ranges shall be set for the water management
program and the system shall operate within these parameters. Assessment shall include
physical checks of the system and chemical analysis of the water system. Assessment shall
be made against the documented performance criteria and operating control ranges.
3.4.2.2 Chemical analysis
The system water shall be tested for the following:
(a) Conductivity/TDS.
(b) pH.
(c) Other criteria necessary for effective management of corrosion, scaling, fouling and
microbial growth (e.g. concentration of hardness, chloride, biocide, corrosion
inhibitor, dispersant).
3.4.2.3 Other checks
The system shall be subject to the following checks:
(a) Physical condition of the system.
(b) Operation of the bleed control system.
(c) Operation of the make-up water system.
(d) Cycles of concentration.
(e) Corrosion rate.
NOTE: ASTM D2688 or NACE RP0775 provides a suitable corrosion rate monitoring
method.
(f) Adequacy of scale and corrosion inhibition.
(g) Cleanliness of wet surfaces, i.e. visibly free from accumulations of sludge, foam,
slime, rust, scale, dirt and larger mineral or organic deposits.
(h) Changes in the local environment (e.g., local building demolition or construction).
3.4.3 Control
Assessed parameters shall fall within the documented operating control ranges. Where
results fall outside these limits, remedial action including further assessment shall be
carried out to bring the parameters within the specified limits prior to the next monthly
monitoring and assessment.
3.5 WATER TEMPERATURE

3.5.1 Monitoring
The temperature of the operating system shall be measured at the return line to the cooling
tower, at least monthly when in use, and assessed in accordance with Clause 3.5.2.
NOTE: For some systems it may be possible to operate for long periods with a water temperature
outside the optimal temperature range for Legionella growth of 25 to 43°C.
3.5.2 Assessment
The temperature of the operating system shall be assessed against the expected temperature
for the system design and current operating conditions.
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AS/NZS 3666.3:2011 12
3.5.3 Control
If the temperature of the operating system falls within the optimal temperature range for
Legionella growth and this is not normally expected for the system design and current
operating conditions, the operating conditions for the system operating pumps and the
cooling tower fans shall be reviewed.
TABLE 3.1
CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR THE PRESENCE OF LEGIONELLAE
Test result, cfu/mL Required control strategy
(1) Maintain monthly monitoring.
Not detected (<10)
Maintain water treatment program.
(2) Investigate problem.
Review water treatment program.
Take necessary remedial action including immediate on-line
disinfection in accordance with Appendix B and undertake control
strategy (3).
(3) Retest water within 3 to 7 days of plant operation:
(a) If not detected, continue to retest water every 3 to 7 days
Detected as <1000 until two consecutive samples return readings of not
detected and repeat control strategy (1).
(b) If detected at <100 cfu/mL repeat control strategy (2).
(c) If detected at ≥100 cfu/mL investigate problem and review
water treatment program, immediately carry out on-line
decontamination in accordance with Paragraph C2 of
Appendix C and repeat control strategy (3).
(d) If detected at ≥1000 cfu/mL undertake control strategy (4).

decontamination in accordance with Paragraph C2 of Appendix C
and undertake control strategy (5).
(a) If not detected, continue to retest water every 3 to 7 days
until two consecutive samples return readings of not
detected and repeat control strategy (1).
Detected as ≥1000
(b) If detected at <100 cfu/mL, repeat control strategy (2).
(c) If detected at ≥100 <1000 cfu/mL investigate problem and
review water treatment program, immediately carry out on-
line decontamination in accordance with Paragraph C2 of
(d) If detected at ≥1000 cfu/mL investigate problem and
review water treatment program, immediately carry out
system decontamination in accordance with Paragraph C3
of Appendix C and repeat control strategy (5).
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TABLE 3.2
CONTROL STRATEGIES FOR THE PRESENCE OF OTHER HETEROTROPHIC
MICROORGANISMS
Test result, cfu/mL Required control strategy
(1) Maintain monthly monitoring.
<100 000
Maintain water treatment program.
strategy (3).
≥100 000 (3) Retest water within 3 to 7 days of plant operation:
<5 000 000
(a) If test result is <100 000 cfu/mL repeat control strategy (1).
(b) If test result is ≥100 000 cfu/mL but <5 000 000 cfu/mL
undertake control strategy (2).
(c) If test result is ≥5 000 000 cfu/mL undertake control strategy
(4).
strategy (5).
≥5 000 000 (a) If test result is <100 000 cfu/mL repeat control strategy (1).
(b) If test result is ≥100 000 cfu/mL but <5 000 000 cfu/mL
repeat control strategy (4).
(c) If test result is ≥5 000 000 cfu/mL investigate problem and
review water treatment program, carry out immediate on-line

decontamination in accordance with Paragraph C2 of
3.6 START UP
Where a system has not been in operation for a period of more than 30 days an assessment
in accordance with Clauses 3.2 to 3.5 shall be carried out within three to seven days of
system operation.
3.7 RESULTS AND RECORDS

Each month a report shall be prepared detailing the test type, the control range, the test
results, remedial actions taken or recommended and the name of the person or organization
undertaking the assessment.
Operating and maintenance manuals, risk assessment reports, test results and maintenance
records shall be readily available at the site for inspection by authorized personnel upon
request. For the purposes of maintenance management, the maintenance records shall be
retained in a legible form for a minimum period of seven years.
3.8 EVIDENCE OF COMPLIANCE

Records that are required to be retained (see Clause 3.7) shall provide evidence of
compliance with the requirements of this Standard.
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AS/NZS 3666.3:2011
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FIGURE 3.1 PRESENCE OF LEGIONELLAE—MONITORING, ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL FLOW CHART
15
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FIGURE 3.2 PRESENCE OF OTHER HETEROTROPHIC MICROORGANISMS—MONITORING, ASSESSMENT AND CONTROL
FLOW CHART
AS/NZS 3666.3:2011
AS/NZS 3666.3:2011 16
APPENDIX A
COOLING WATER SAMPLING PROCEDURE
(Normative)
A1 SCOPE
This Appendix sets out the procedures for the collection of water samples from cooling
water systems for subsequent microbiological examination.
A2 PERSONNEL CARRYING OUT SAMPLING

Personnel involved in carrying out the sampling procedures shall be appropriately trained in
the work.
NOTE: Training should include practical instruction on basic principles of sampling for
microbiological and chemical tests. At a cooling tower, techniques should be demonstrated by the
trainer and practised by the trainee. Training should also include instruction on relevant codes,
legislation and personal safety procedures.
A3 SAMPLE STORAGE AND TRANSPORT

The sample storage and transport requirements of AS/NZS 2031 shall apply for both
Legionella and HCC testing.
NOTE: The time of sampling and transport arrangements should preferably allow the laboratory
to commence testing within 24 hours of sampling.
A4 PARTICULARS OF SAMPLING CONTAINERS

Sampling containers shall be in accordance with AS/NZS 2031. Prior to taking the sample,
the following shall be recorded in indelible and legible form on the container label:
(a) A unique location identification for each sample.
(b) Name of organization that took the sample.
(c) Date and time of sampling.
(d) The tests required to be carried out.
NOTES:
1 The microbiology laboratory should be consulted as to the required water sample size and
details required for the analysis request.
2 Where continuous halogenation is applied for microbial control, equivalent to at least
0.5 mg/L of free residual chlorine, then sodium thiosulphate can be omitted from the sample
containers so that the sample is directly comparable to the system.
A5 PARTICULARS OF SAMPLING
The following particulars shall be recorded in the maintenance records:
(a) Name of person and organization that sampled the water.
(b) Date and time of sampling.
(c) Date and time (where known) of the latest addition of biocide.
(d) Product name (where known) of biocide.
(e) The unique location identification for each sample.
(f) Whether sample is from the cooling tower or from a defined sampling point.
(g) The tests required to be carried out.
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A6 TECHNIQUE OF SAMPLE COLLECTION

Avoid sampling for at least 72 h after system operation following disinfection,
decontamination or cleaning procedures to allow conditions to stabilize.
Where practicable, prior to sampling, the water shall be circulated throughout the system
for not less than 30 min.
NOTE: Ideally sampling should occur while the system is in operation.
The sample shall be collected from the cooling tower or a defined sampling point, located
on the cooling water return line to the cooling tower. The following procedure shall be
adopted for sample collection:
(a) Take the sample for microbiological examination before any sample required for
chemical analysis, to help prevent contamination of the sampling point.
(b) Remove the sample container cap only when ready to sample. Keep the cap turned
downwards. Do not insert fingers inside the container or the cap. Do not flush the
container or the cap prior to sampling.
NOTE: Flushing is not allowed as these containers are required to be sterile and may contain
a neutralizing agent.
(c) When sampling from a sampling point, allow water to run freely for a minimum of
30 s prior to filling the sample container.
(d) When sampling from a basin, hold the sample container from its base and plunge it,
neck downwards, to about 50 mm below the water surface and clear of any surfaces
of the cooling tower and any associated equipment. Collection of the sample shall not
be taken from the vicinity of the make-up water (inlet) or near the application point of
any water treatment. Turn the container until the neck points slightly upwards. Create
an artificial current by pushing the container horizontally forwards and away from the
hand.
(e) Avoid collection of sludge and slime.

(f) Leave some ullage (air space) in the container.
(g) Replace the cap on the container immediately after collection.
NOTE: When sampling, personal protective equipment should be worn in line with the
recommendations of Appendix D.
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AS/NZS 3666.3:2011 18
APPENDIX B
ON-LINE DISINFECTION PROCEDURE FOR COOLING WATER SYSTEMS
(Normative)
B1 SCOPE
This Appendix sets out the procedures for the on-line disinfection of cooling water systems.
B2 BIODISPERSANT
Prior to on-line disinfection a biodispersant shall be circulated.
NOTE: Some biocides have inherent biodispersant properties and this step may not be required.
B3 DISINFECTION
Dose the cooling water system with a biocide of different chemical composition, or similar
composition but increased concentration, to that of the regular water treatment program.
NOTE: The concentration level should be in strict accordance with the biocide manufacturer's
instructions.
B4 CIRCULATION
Circulate the biocide through the cooling water system for the time specified by the biocide
manufacturer.
B5 OPERATION
Return the system to normal operation.
B6 RECORD KEEPING
Record all actions and observations in the maintenance report
NOTE: During maintenance, personal protective equipment should be worn in line with the
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19 AS/NZS 3666.3:2011
APPENDIX C
DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES FOR COOLING WATER SYSTEMS
(Normative)
C1 SCOPE
This Appendix sets out the procedures for the decontamination of cooling water systems
where required by this Standard.
C2 ON-LINE DECONTAMINATION
On-line decontamination shall be carried out in accordance with the following procedure:
(a) Dose the recirculating water with a biodispersant and a halogen-based compound,
equivalent to at least 5 mg/L of free residual chlorine for at least one hour, whilst
maintaining an appropriate pH and monitor at intervals of 15 minutes.
(b) Review the water treatment program, tower operation and maintenance program.
(c) Correct any faults and implement any necessary changes.
(d) Record all actions and observations in the maintenance report.
(e) Recommission and repassivate the circulating cooling water system, and reinstate the
water treatment program.
C3 SYSTEM DECONTAMINATION
System decontamination shall be carried out in accordance with the following procedure:
(a) Isolate any cooling tower fans to prevent operation.

(b) Dose the recirculating water with a biodispersant and a halogen-based compound,
equivalent to at least 5 mg/L of free residual chlorine for at least one hour, whilst
maintaining an appropriate pH, and monitor at intervals of 15 minutes.
(c) Isolate the cooling tower pumps and drain to the sewer/trade waste in accordance with
the requirements of the appropriate regulatory authority.
(d) Open all system drains temporarily, to flush drain lines with disinfected water.
(e) Clean all wetted surfaces of the cooling tower in accordance with the supplier’s
instructions or by using water spray and mechanical cleaning as necessary. Exercise
care to avoid damage to components.
(f) Refill the cooling water system and restart water circulation pumps.
(g) Dose the recirculating water with a biodispersant and a halogen-based compound,
equivalent to at least 1 to 5 mg/L of free residual chlorine for at least 30 minutes,
whilst maintaining an appropriate pH, and monitor at intervals of 15 minutes.
(h) Record all actions and observations in the maintenance report.
(i) Recommission and repassivate the circulating cooling water system, and reinstate the
water treatment program.
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AS/NZS 3666.3:2011 20
Where cooling water systems cannot be shut down for tower cleaning, system
decontamination shall be carried out as directed or as required by the regulatory authority
with jurisdiction.
NOTE: Specific decontamination instructions may be established by the regulatory authority.
These specific instructions may take the form of—
(a) specific directives in an individual case; or
(b) a general decontamination procedure that is either published or referenced as the method to
be followed in the jurisdictional area of the regulatory authority.
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21 AS/NZS 3666.3:2011
APPENDIX D
GUIDELINES FOR THE USE OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
DURING INSPECTION AND MAINTENANCE OF COOLING WATER
SYSTEMS
(Informative)
D1 GENERAL
This Appendix gives guidance on the selection of appropriate personal protective equipment
for use by personnel during regular maintenance of cooling water systems. Table Al lists
the recommended minimum equipment needed. Respirators should comply with
AS/NZS 1716, and should be used in accordance with AS/NZS 1715.
See AS/NZS 2865 for guidance to precautions that should be observed when working in a
confined space.
D2 ISSUE AND CARE OF PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

Where respirators are issued, personnel should be clean-shaven, individually fitted with
their own masks, and taught correct fitting procedures prior to respirator use
(see AS/NZS 1715). Where disposable masks are issued, new masks should be used after
each break.
Non-disposable respirator masks should be thoroughly scrubbed with detergent and hot
water, and dried after use. The filters should be discarded after completion of each day’s
work.
TABLE A1
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
Job Potential hazard Respirator and clothing

Inspection Aerosol Half face piece, Class P1 or
Class P2 particulate filter, ordinary
work clothing
High pressure spraying Aerosol Respirator as above, waterproof
overalls, gloves, boots, goggles or
face shield
Chemical treatment with sodium Spray mist and very low Half face piece, acid gas and
hypo-chlorite solution ventilated concentration chlorine particulate respirator, goggles or
space face shield, overalls, gloves, and
boots
As above and still air but not Low concentration chlorine Full face piece respirator with a
confined space Type B AUS or B1 filter, overalls,
gloves, and boots
As above and confined space Unknown chlorine concentration, Full face piece air line respirator
high mist, possible lack of oxygen with compressor or compressed air
bottles, overalls, gloves, and boots
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AS/NZS 3666.3:2011 22
BIBLIOGRAPHY
AS
5059 Power station cooling tower water systems—Management of Legionnaires’
disease health risk
AS/NZS
1715 Selection, use and maintenance of respiratory protective devices
1716 Respiratory protective devices
2865 Safe working in a confined space
Victoria DHS
A Guide to Developing Risk Management Plans for Cooling Tower Systems
ASTM
D2688 Test method for corrosivity of water in the absence of heat transfer (Weight loss
method)
NACE
RP0775 Preparation, installation, analysis, and interpretation of corrosion coupons in
oilfield operations
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23
NOTES
AS/NZS 3666.3:2011
AS/NZS 3666.3:2011
24
NOTES
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AS/NZS 3666.

Australian/New Zealand Standard™

Air-handling and water systems of

The following are represented on Committee ME-062:

Air Conditioning and Mechanical Contractors Association

Keeping Standards up-to-date

Australian/New Zealand Standard™

Air-handling and water systems of

Originated as AS/NZS 3666.3(Int):1998.

ISBN 978 0 7337 9919 8

SECTION 1 SCOPE AND GENERAL

SECTION 2 IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF RISK FACTORS

SECTION 3 PERFORMANCE MONITORING AND CONTROL

3.7 RESULTS AND RECORDS ...................................................................................... 13

STANDARDS AUSTRALIA/STANDARDS NEW ZEALAND

Australian/New Zealand Standard

Part 3: Performance-based maintenance of cooling water systems

1.3 NORMATIVE REFERENCES

1.4 FUNCTIONAL STATEMENT

1.5 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

2.1 SCOPE OF SECTION

2.2 RISK FACTORS

2.3 RISK ASSESSMENT

2.4 WATER TREATMENT

• System not in use due to:

Nutrient availability/growth • Presence of nutrients

Poor water quality • Presence of legionellae

• Concentration of legionellae (all species are considered as potential

• Presence of protozoa and algae

o presence of scale and fouling

o suspended solids (e.g. from nearby construction work)

o control of water treatment chemicals*

• Characteristics of make-up water (physical, chemical, microbiological)

• Microbial control program.

Location and access to cooling • Aerosol dispersion

3.1 SCOPE OF SECTION

3.2 PRESENCE OF LEGIONELLAE

the assessment and control process is given in Figure 3.1.

3.3 PRESENCE OF OTHER HETEROTROPHIC MICROORGANISMS

3.4 WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT

3.5 WATER TEMPERATURE

Review water treatment program.

review water treatment program, carry out immediate on-line

3.7 RESULTS AND RECORDS

3.8 EVIDENCE OF COMPLIANCE

A2 PERSONNEL CARRYING OUT SAMPLING

A3 SAMPLE STORAGE AND TRANSPORT

A4 PARTICULARS OF SAMPLING CONTAINERS

A6 TECHNIQUE OF SAMPLE COLLECTION

(e) Avoid collection of sludge and slime.

(a) Isolate any cooling tower fans to prevent operation.

D2 ISSUE AND CARE OF PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT

PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)

Job Potential hazard Respirator and clothing

Standards New Zealand

Australian/New Zealand Standards

Australian/New Zealand Standards are prepared by committees of experts from industry,

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