11 Sejarah Geologi Bumi

Geologi Fisik
#11 Sejarah Geologi Bumi
A. M. Imran
Laboratorium Sedimentologi
Dept T. Geologi - Unhas
Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University
Imran-am@eng.unhas.ac.id
SEJARAH GEOLOGI BUMI
Aim: How do we determine the

chronology of earth’s events?

Earth’s History
• Planet Earth is approximately
4.5 X 109 years old
–Rocks of the crust provide clues
to Earth’s past
• By analyzing these clues we can
infer events from the past
Uniformitarianism
• Processes going on today also took place in the past
– Ex. - Weathering, erosion, deposition, earthquakes, volcanoes
• The processes layering sedimentary rocks today also occurred in
the past
• Principle of Uniformitarianism
– Major assumption in geology

Geologic Time
• Plate motions
and mountain
building events
can be placed
on the geologic
time scale
Geologic Time
Geologists have
divided Earth’s
history into time
units based on the
fossil record

Geologic Time
A study of the fossil record shows
– A great variety of plants, animals, and
simpler life forms have lived on Earth
in the past
– That life forms have evolved through
time
– Most life forms of the geologic past
have become extinct

There are two types of Geologic Dating
• Absolute
–Determines how many years old
something is
• Relative
–Used to determine if one thing is
younger or older than another

Tools used to determine
Absolute Age Relative Age
• Using radiometric • Law of superposition
dating • Use of index fossils
• Correlation of rock
layers

Law of Superposition
• Sediments are laid down

underwater in horizontal layers
and form sedimentary rocks

Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University 10
Law of Superposition
• In a series of sedimentary rocks the bottom
layer is the oldest and the top layer is the
youngest
– Lower layers must be in place before younger
rocks can be deposited on top of them
– Exception: when something occurs to overturn
layers

Engineering Faculty, Hasanuddin University 11
Relative Age of Layers
• Original Horizontality
– sediments are
deposited in parallel,
horizontal layers.
• Superposition-
undisturbed layers will
have the oldest on the
bottom and youngest
on top

Vocabulary
• Uniformitarianism • Correlation
• Relative Time • Unconformity
• Original Horizontality • Index fossils
• Superposition
• Intrusions
• Extrusions
• Inclusions

How can the older layers end up on top?
• Faulting
• Folding
• Crustal Uplift

Intrusions
• Magma forcing its way into cracks and
solidifying into igneous rock
• The surrounding rock is older than he
intrusion.

What is the sequence of events?
1. Formation of sedimentary rock layers
2. Movement / uplift along the fault
3. Intrusion of igneous magma into the sedimentary rock
4. Contact metamorphism where magma meets
sedimentary rock layers

Extrusions
• Magma that surfaces and solidifies

• The rock layers below the extrusion are
older than the extrusion.
• Another layer of deposition can lay more
sedimentary rock above the extrusions…
which would then be younger than the
extrusion

Order of events:

Urutkan dari tertua ke termuda

Sediments and cracks
• Sediments have been weathered,
eroded and deposited before they
became part of a larger rock.
• The sediments must

be older than the rock.
• Cracks, joints and veins

form after the rock

Inclusions
If a sediment falls into lava, it may become included if it
does not melt. The inclusion is older than the lava.

Correlation
• Matching rocks in one
area with rocks in another
area helps determine
history of events on Earth.
– Comparison of rocks –
walking the outcrop
– Matching up layers of rock
separated over time

Correlation
• Index fossils
– Similar fossils that existed for a brief period of time
but appear in layers of rock (strata) all over the
world .

Matching
up index
fossils
helps
correlate
layers of
rock and
age them.
Correlation
Volcanic Ash or
Meteorite Debris
• A thin layer of fine
sediment spread
over the Earth
that settles and is
trapped between
layers of rock
Volcanic Ash layer

Layer of Meteorite Debris

Unconformities
• something is missing
• Layers of exposed rock get eroded and
leave gaps in the geologic record
• Four steps to unconformity:
– Uplift
– Erosion
– Subsidence (submergence)
– Deposition

Four steps to unconformity

Missing info in the rock layer

Types of unconformities
• Angular – tilted or folded layers that
have been eroded and recovered
• Parallel – also called disconformities,
parallel layers separated by an
erosional surface
• Nonconformities – sedimentary layers
deposited on top of eroded igneous
layers

Urutkan perkembangan batuan dari tertua ke yang
termuda
Do Now:

time measurements from biggest
to smallest:
• Year
• Second
• Epoch
• Era
• Minute
• Hour
• Month
• Eon
• Period
• Century
• Decade
• Day

11 Sejarah Geologi Bumi

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Geologi Fisik

#11 Sejarah Geologi Bumi

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

Aim: How do we determine the

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

• Sediments are laid down

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

• Magma that surfaces and solidifies

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

• The sediments must

• Cracks, joints and veins

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

Laboratory of Sedimentology, Geology Department

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