MEKANIKA BATUAN (MGG-6204)

Minggu-4
Dr. Ir. Imam Setiaji Ronoatmojo, MT
Program Studi Teknik Geologi
Fakultas Teknologi Kebumian dan Energi
Universitas Trisakti
The rocks of the Earth's crust are subdivided into 3 classes (volume
data from Okrusch and Matthes, 2005, after Ronov and Yaroshevsky,
1969). The Earth's crust is made of 64.7% igneous, 7.9% sedimentary
and 27.4% metamorphic rocks.

• Igneous Rocks - rocks that originate from magma and that

accordingly are also called magmatic rocks. Either they cool and
solidify slowly inside the Earth's crust, then they are called
intrusive igneous rocks or plutonic rocks. Or they cool quickly at
or near to the surface, then they are called extrusive igneous
rocks or, more commonly, volcanic rocks. It is estimated that
igneous rocks make up 64.7% of the volume of the Earth's crust.

• Sedimentary Rocks - rocks that are formed from deposited

material. Most of the Earth's crust is covered by sedimentary
rocks and unsolidified sediments like sand, but the contribution
to its overall volume is low: just 7.9% of the Earth's crust is made
of sedimentary rocks.

• Metamorphic Rocks - rocks which are derived from both

sedimentary and igneous rocks by exposure to temperatures
and/or pressures that are different from the conditions of their
initial formation. This is a very diverse class of rocks with a wide
range of mineral compositions. Metamorphic rocks are
estimated to contribute 27.4% to the volume of the Earth's
crust.
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
FAILURE
BRITTLE VS DUCTILE
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
 STRESS-STRAIN CURVE

Complete stress-
strain curve for
limestone-medium
stiffness,
medium strength,
medium brittleness

Complete stress-strain
curve for basalt-high
stiffness, high strength,
very brittle.
ELASTIC PROPERTIES
ELASTIC MODULUS
ROCK MECHANICS
BENDING - BREAKING
 ROCK MECHANICS
• The mechanisms and character of the deformation of rocks and Earth
materials can be investigated through laboratory experiments,
development of theoretical models based on the properties of materials,
and study of deformed rocks and structures in the field.
• In the laboratory, one can simulate—either directly or by appropriate
scaling of experimental parameters—several conditions. Two types of
pressure may be simulated: confining (hydrostatic), due to burial under
rock overburden, and internal (pore), due to pressure exerted by pore
fluids contained in void space in the rock.
• Directed applied stress, such as compression, tension, and shear, is
studied, as are the effects of increased temperature introduced with
depth in the Earth’s crust. The effects of the duration of time and the rate
of applying stress (i.e., loading) as a function of time are examined. Also,
the role of fluids, particularly if they are chemically active, is investigated.
THE INFLUENCE OF GEOLOGICAL FACTORS
ON ROCKS AND ROCK MASSES
• Intact rock
• Discontinuities and rock structure
• In situ pre-existing rock stress
• Pore fluid and water flow
• Influence of time
ROCK MECHANICS & ENGINEERING
ROCK MECHANICS
 WHY STUDY STRESS IN ROCK MECHANICS?

• There is a pre-existing stress state in the ground and

we need to understand it, both directly and as the
stress state applies to analysis and design.
• When engineering occurs, the stress state can be
changed dramatically. This is because rock, which
previously contained stresses, has been removed and
the loads have to be taken up elsewhere.
• Stress is not familiar: it is a tensor quantity and
tensors are not encountered in everyday life.
GEOLOGICAL DISCONTINUITIES
DISCONTINUITIES
DISCONTINUITIES
FAILURE
BRITTLE VS DUCTILE
STRESS-STRAIN CURVE
 STRESS-STRAIN CURVE

Complete stress-
strain curve for
limestone-medium
stiffness,
medium strength,
medium brittleness

Complete stress-strain
curve for basalt-high
stiffness, high strength,
very brittle.
ROCK STRENGTH
SHEAR STRESS DIAGRAM
MOHR ENVELOPE
TECTONIC REGIME
BASEMENT CONFIGURATION
MESOZOIC & CENOZOIC TECTONIC EVOLUTION
(HAMILTON, 1979)
TUGAS 4