Question: A psychological test is used to measure self-esteem to three different groups of

individuals based on birth order. The scores range from 0 to 50, 50 being the most
confident. At 5% level of significance, is there a difference in the scores? Which child is
the most and least confident? If the test is done by pairs (i.e., oldest child vs. youngest
child), which pair has significant difference on scores? Show your Minitab output and
step-by-step results in pdf.

Step 1: State the Null and Alternative Hypothesis

 Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the scores ( H0)
 Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant difference in the scores.( H1)

Step 2: Set the Level of Significance or Alpha level (α)

 a= 5% or 0.05

Step 3: Determine the Test Distribution to use

 Dependent Variable – Score
 Independent Variable – Birth Order ( Youngest Child, Middle Child, Oldest Child)

Since we are comparing random independent samples, we will use a nonparametric test
called Kruskal Wallis Test.

Step 4: Calculate the test statistics or p-value

Test of Normality

Since the P-Value is 0.005, which is less than the alpha value of 0.05, the distribution is not
normal.
Using p-value approach: If p-value ≤ α, reject 𝐻0, otherwise failed to reject 𝐻0
Test
Null hypothesis H₀: All medians are equal
Alternative hypothesis H₁: At least one median is different

Method DF H-Value P-Value

Not adjusted for ties 2 0.92 0.632
Adjusted for ties 2 0.92 0.632
Descriptive Statistics

Birth Order N Median Mean Rank Z-Value

Middle Child 44 25.5 63.9 0.82
Oldest Child 32 20.0 56.2 -0.82
Youngest Child 44 24.0 60.2 -0.07
Overall 120   60.5  

Failed to Reject H0
 The test results shows a p-value of 0.632 which is greater than the alpha level of 0.05
which means we failed to reject the null hypothesis
Step 5: Make Statistical Decision
• If p-value ≤ α, reject 𝐻0, otherwise failed to reject 𝐻0.
 Null Hypothesis: There is no significant difference in the scores ( H0)
 Alternative Hypothesis: There is a significant difference in the scores.( H1)

Test
Null hypothesis H₀: All medians are equal
Alternative hypothesis H₁: At least one median is different

Method DF H-Value P-Value

Not adjusted for ties 2 0.92 0.632
Adjusted for ties 2 0.92 0.632

 We will accept the null hypothesis since the p-value of 0.632 is greater than the
significance level or alpha of 0.05.

Step 6: Draw Conclusion

 There is enough evidence to support that there is no significant difference with the scores.
At 5% level of significance, is there a difference in the scores?
  Yes, there is a significant difference with the scores.
Which child is the most and least confident?
 The most confident child is the middle born child, while the least confident is the oldest
child.
If the test is done by pairs (i.e., oldest child vs. youngest child), which pair has significant
difference on scores?
 If ever the test is done by pairs, the middle child and the oldest child has the significant
difference since they got the most and least confident respectively.