Unit-VIII: (Protection Against Over-Voltages)

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Unit-VIII

[Protection against Over-Voltages]
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Outline
¾ Profile
¾ Overvoltage
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¾ Voltage dip
¾ Harmonics
¾ Mitigative tools and solutions
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2010--6-21 Ramchander.N 2
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Transient effects in power system
¾ TRANSIENT EFFECT is defined as the result of a

step change in an influence quantity on the steady
state values of a circuit. [1]
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¾ In power system, transient effects can be roughly

described as undesired voltages that may result in
interruption or even damage not only to system
devices but also to customer equipments.
¾ Typically, they are related to the power quality issues
in term of overvoltage, voltage dip and harmonics.
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Classification of Transients[3]
¾ Impulsive Transient
-Nanosecond 5ns rise
-Microsecond 1µ
1µs rise
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-Millisecond 0.1ms rise

¾ O ill
Oscillatory Transient
T i
- Slow transient <5 kHz
- Medium transient 55--500 kHz
- High transient 0.5
0.5--5 MHz
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Overvoltage
g
¾ Lightning overvoltage is a type of transient
overvoltage
g in which a fast front voltage
g is pproduced
by lightning or fault. Such overvoltage is usually
unidirectional and of very short duration. [2]
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¾ Switching overvoltage is a transient overvoltage in

which a slow front, short-
short-duration, unidirectional or
oscillatory,
ill highly
hi hl damped
d d voltage
l is
i generatedd
(usually by switching or faults).[2]
¾ I mostt off the
In th cases suchh surges may damage
d the
th
Nearby transformer, generators & other equipments.
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Causes of over voltages

Internal causes
¾ Switching surge
surge’’s
¾ Insulation failure
¾ Arcing ground
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¾ Resonance
E t
External
l causes
¾ Direct lightning Strokes
¾ Atmospheric conditions
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surge: The overvoltages produced on the power

Switching surge:
system due to switching are known as switching surge.
surge
failure: The most common case of insulation
Insulation failure:
failure in a ppower system
y is the ggrounding
g of conductors ((i.e.
insulation failure between line and earth ) which may cause
overvoltages in the system.
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A i ground:
Arcing d: The
ground h phenomenon
h off iintermittent
i arc taking
ki
place in line to ground fault of a 3phase system with
consequent
q pproduction of transients is known as arcingg
ground.
Resonance: It occurs in an electrical system when inductive
Resonance:
reactance of the circuit becomes equal to capacitive reactance.
under resonance , the impedance of the circuit is equal to
resistance of the circuit and the pp.f is unity.
y
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2010-6-21 Ramchander.N 8
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What is lightning?
It is an electric discharge between cloud &
earth, between clouds or between the charge
centers of the same cloud
cloud.
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Some Facts about Lightning

A strike can average 100 million volts of
electricity
Current of up to 100,000
100 000 amperes
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Can generate 54,000 oF

Lightning strikes somewhere on the Earth
every second
Kills 100 US residents per year
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Lightning Doesn’t Go Straight

Down
Down
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What Does This Mean?

Lightning can strike ground up to ten
miles from a storm (Lightning
(Lightning out of the
blue
blue))
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There is an average of 2-3 miles between

strikes
So how can we tell how far away lightning

has struck?
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Use The Five Second Rule

Light travels at about 186,291
186 291
miles/second
Sound travels at only 1 088 feet/second
1,088
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You will see the flash of lightning almost

immediately
5280/1088= 4.9
About 5 seconds for sound to travel 1 mile
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Fig.1 Typical Lightning

Overvoltages
O l Wave [2]
Tr 0.1
Tr= 0.1--20µs,
Th<300µs
Tr is the time
time--to
to--crest
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value
Th is the time-
time-to half
value)
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Fig.2 Typical
Switching
S i hi Overvoltages
O l Wave [2]
Tr
Tr=20
Tr=20-
20-5000µs,
Th<20 000µs
Tr is the time
time--to
to--crest
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value
Th is the time-
time-to half
value
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Types of lightning strokes

Direct stroke
I di t stroke
Indirect t k
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Direct stroke
In direct stroke
stroke, the lightning discharge is
directly from the cloud to the subject
equipment From the line
equipment. line, the current
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path may be over the insulator down the

pole to the ground
ground.
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Indirect stroke
Indirect stroke results from the
electrostatically induced charges on the
conductors due to the presence of charge
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clouds.
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Harmful effects of lightning

The travelingg waves produced
p due to lightning
g g will
shatter the insulators.
If the traveling waves hit the windings of a transformer
or generator it may cause considerable damage.
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Causes flashover – fault – sags and interruptions

Raises local ground voltage by several kV
Induces voltages and currents in nearby equipment and
systems
May cause transients in power and communication
systems through conduction (resistive coupling),
inductive coupling, or capacitive coupling
Resistive coupling (conduction) between devices or
buildings due to change in 19ground voltage
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Protection against lightning

Different types of protective devices are:-
are:-
E
Earthing
thi screen
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Overhead ground wires
Lightning arresters
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The Earthing screen

The ppower station & sub-
sub-station can be
protected against direct lightning strokes by
providing earthing screens.
On occurrence of direct stroke on the station
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,screen provides a low resistance path by which

lightning surges are conducted to ground.
Limitation:
It does not provide protection against the
traveling waves which may reach the
equipments in the station.
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Overhead ground wires

It is the most effective way of providing protection to
t
transmission
i i lilines against
i t di
directt lilightning
ht i strokes.
t k
It p
provides damping
p g effect on anyy disturbance travelingg
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along the lines as it acts as a short-

short-circuited secondary.
Limitation:
It requires additional cost.
There is a possibility of its breaking and falling across

the line conductors, thereby causing a short-
short-circuit fault.
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Lightning Arresters (Surge Arrester)

It is a protective device which conducts the high
voltage surge on the power system to ground.
The earthing screen and ground wires fail to
provide protection against traveling waves. The
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lightning arrester provides protection against

surges.
Arrester
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The figure shows the basic form of the

surge arrester.
OPERATION :
i. Under normal operation,

the lightning arrester is off
line.
ii On occurrence
ii. occ ence of o over
e
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voltage the air insulation

breaks down and an arc is
formed. In this way the
excess charge on the line
due to surge is harmlessly
conducted through the
arrester to the ground
instead of being sent back
over the line.
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Lightning arrester
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Grading
2010
resistor
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Types of lightning arrester

Rod
od gap arrester
a este
Horn g
gap
p arrester
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Multigap arrester
Expulsion type lightning arrester
Valve type lightning arrester

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Installation
The arrester should be connected to ground to a
low resistance for effective discharge of the
surge current.
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The arrester should be mounted close to the

equipment to be protected & connected with
shortest possible lead on both the line & ground
side
d to reduce
d the
h inductive
d effects
ff off the
h lleads
d
while discharging large surge current.
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Maintenance
Cleaning the outside of the arrester housing.
The line should be de

de--energized before handling the
arrester.
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The earth connection should be checked periodically.
To record the readings of the surge counter.
Th liline lead
The l d is
i securely
l fastened
f t d to
t the
th line
li conductor
d t
and arrester.
The ground lead is securely fastened to the arrester

terminal and ground.
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Uses
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Unit-VIII: (Protection Against Over-Voltages)

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[Protection against Over-Voltages]

¾ Mitigative tools and solutions

Transient effects in power system

¾ TRANSIENT EFFECT is defined as the result of a

¾ In power system, transient effects can be roughly

-Millisecond 0.1ms rise

¾ Switching overvoltage is a transient overvoltage in

Causes of over voltages

 surge: The overvoltages produced on the power

Some Facts about Lightning

 Can generate 54,000 oF

Lightning Doesn’t Go Straight

What Does This Mean?

 There is an average of 2-3 miles between

 So how can we tell how far away lightning

Use The Five Second Rule

 You will see the flash of lightning almost

Fig.1 Typical Lightning

Types of lightning strokes

path may be over the insulator down the

Harmful effects of lightning

 Causes flashover – fault – sags and interruptions

Protection against lightning

The Earthing screen

,screen provides a low resistance path by which

Overhead ground wires

along the lines as it acts as a short-

 It requires additional cost.

 There is a possibility of its breaking and falling across

Lightning Arresters (Surge Arrester)

lightning arrester provides protection against

The figure shows the basic form of the

i. Under normal operation,

voltage the air insulation

Types of lightning arrester

 Expulsion type lightning arrester

 Valve type lightning arrester

 The arrester should be mounted close to the

 The line should be de

 The earth connection should be checked periodically.

 To record the readings of the surge counter.

 The ground lead is securely fastened to the arrester

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surge: The overvoltages produced on the power

Can generate 54,000 oF

There is an average of 2-3 miles between

So how can we tell how far away lightning

You will see the flash of lightning almost

Causes flashover – fault – sags and interruptions

It requires additional cost.

There is a possibility of its breaking and falling across

Expulsion type lightning arrester

Valve type lightning arrester

The arrester should be mounted close to the

The line should be de

The earth connection should be checked periodically.

To record the readings of the surge counter.

The ground lead is securely fastened to the arrester