Faculty of engineering

Chemical engineering department

Lab 3:
Petroleum lab

2017—2018 2nd stage

Name of Experiment: smoke point

Group: B-3

Name:
1. Abdulla xasraw
2. Kozhan ahmed
3. Heshw hawre
4. Lanya rzgar
Table of content:
content page

Aim 1
Introduction 2
Theory 3
Apparatus 4
Procedure 5
Table of calculation 6

Discussion 7
Conclusion 8
Aim of experiment:

The aim of this experiment is to

1. Determination of smoke point of light
petroleum products.

2. To evaluate the sooting tendency of fuels.

3. To know the ability of kerosene sample to

burn at complete combustion and without
smoking.
Introduction:

The smoke point is the maximum flame height in millimeters at

which kerosene will burn without smoking, tested under
standard conditions, this test method provide an indication of
the relative smoke producing properties of kerosene and
aviation turbine fuels in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is
related to the hydrocarbon type composition of such fuels.
Generally the more aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame a
high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing
tendency. As the wick of a yellow-flame type lamp is turned
up, a point is reached where smoking occurs. Therefore, the
degree of illumination possible depends mainly on the high to
the nonsmoking flame obtainable. This height varies according
to the hydrocarbon type composition of the kerosene. The
maximum height of flame obtainable without smoking, termed
the "smoke point." is greatest with paraffin's. Considerably
lower wit naphthenic and much lower still with aromatics. As
the smoke point is high like the paraffinic compounds it will
have low smoking tendency (less able to produce smoke),
inversely, the low smoke point like in aromatic compounds has
high smoking tendency to produce smoke.
Theory

The smoke point is the maximum flame height in millimeters

at which kerosene will burn without smoking, tested under
standard conditions, this test method provides an indication of
the relative smoke producing properties of kerosene and
aviation turbine fuels in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is
related to the hydrocarbon type composition of such fuels,
generally the more aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame. A
high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing
tendency.
As the wick of a yellow flame type lamp is turned up, a point is
reached where smoking occurs, therefore the degree of
illumination possible depends mainly on the height of the
nonsmoking flame obtainable, and this height varies according
to the hydrocarbon type composition of the kerosene, the
maximum height of flame obtainable without smoking termed
the smoke point is greatest will paraffin's.
Procedure:

1. 20ml of prepared kerosene is introduced at room

temperature into the dry candle.

2. Then placed the wick tube in the candle.

3. Place the candle on the screen, and lighted the flame,

and adjust the wick to be 6mm high and let it burn for 5
minutes.

4. Increase the high of the wick slowly till smoke comes

out of the chimney.

5. Lower the flame slowly until the smoke disappeared

and the flame reach correct.

6. At this point you can take the smoke point by looking at

the reflection of the flame on the scale and reading its
height.
Conclusion:

The smoke point is determined as the height of the flame

(in millimeters) produced by this oil in the wick of a stove
or a lamp without forming any smoke. The greater the
smoke point, the better the burning quality. Domestic
kerosene should have a smoke point of 20 mm (minimum).
This is measured in a standard testing apparatus consisting
of a standard lamp with a wick of specified dimension and
mass. In this apparatus, a minor is provided to position the
flame in the center such that the straight height of the
flame can be measured in a graduated scale. Smoke is
produced mainly due to the presence of carbon and heavy
hydrocarbon particles in the flue gas. The presence of
aromatic hydrocarbons contributes carbon atoms when
burnt. In the refinery, aromatic becomes greater or near 20
mm.