The CACAO: a Sweet History

Title: Mungo Man and Mungo woman

The text is as follows:

The latest research tips Australia's Adam and Eve are not as old as we thought - and lived
much richer lives than we suspected. Deborah Smith reports.

Gifty thousand years ago, a lush landscape greeted the first Australians making their way

towards the south-east of the continent. Temperatures were cooler than now. Megafauna -

giant prehistoric animals such as marsupial lions, goannas and the rhinoceros-sized

diprotodon - are abundant And the freshwater lakes of the Willandra district in western NSW

were brimming with fish. But change was coming. By the time the people living at Lake

Mungo ceremoniously buried two of their dead, 40,000 years ago, water levels had begun to

drop.
A study of the sediments and graves at Lake Mungo, published this week in Nature,

uncovers the muddy layers deposited as the lake began to dry up. Twenty thousand years

ago Lake Mungo had become the dry dusty hole we know today, but 20,000 years before

That it had been a refuge from the encroaching desert, the study shows. Families clustered

around the lake left artefacts, 775 of which descriptor used to determine that the number of

people living there peaked between 43,000 and

44.000 years ago, with the first wanderers arriving between 46,000 and 50,000 years ago.

This treasure-trove of history was found by the University of Melbourne geologist Professor

Jim Bowler in 1969. He was searching for ancient lakes and came across the charred remains

of Mungo Lady, who had been cremated. In 1974, he found a second complete skeleton. ,

Mungo Man, buried 300 metres away.

The comprehensive study of 25 different sediment layers at Mungo - a collaboration

between four universities, the CSIRO, and NSW National Parks and Wildlife and led by

Bowler - concludes that both graves are 40,000 years old.

This is much younger than the 62,000 years Mungo Man was attributed with in 1999 by a

team led by Professor Alan Thorne, of the Australian National University. Because Thorne is

the country's leading opponent of the Out of Africa theory - that modern humans evolved in

Africa About 100,000 years ago and then spread around the globe - the revision of Mungo

Man's age has refocused attention on academic disputes about mankind's origins.

Dr Tim Flannery, a proponent of the controversial theory that Australia's megafauna was

wiped out 46.000 years ago in a"blitzkrieg" of hunting by the arriving people, also claims the

new Mungo dates support this view.

For Bowler, however, these debates are irritating speculative distractions from the study's

main findings. At 40,000 years old, Mungo Man and Mungo Sheeps Australia’s oldest

human burials and the earliest evidence on Earth of cultural sophistication, he says. Modern

humans had not even Reached.

North America by this time. In Europe, they were just starting to live alongside the

Neanderthals.
"At Lake Mungo we have a cameo of people reacting to environmental change. It is one of

the great stories of the peoples of the world."

THE modern day story of the science of Mungo also has its fair share of rivalry. In its 1999

study, Thorne's team used three techniques to date Mungo Man at 62,000 years old, and it

stands by its figure. It dated bone, teeth enamel and Some sand.

Bowler has strongly challenged the results ever since. Dating human bones is "notoriously

unreliable", he says. As well, the sand sample Thorne's group dated was taken hundreds of

meters from the burial site."You don't have to be a gravedigger ... to realise the age of the

sand is not the same as the age of the grave," says Bowler. He says his team's results are

based on careful geological field work that was crosschecked between four laboratories,

while Thorne's team was "locked In a laboratory in Canberra and virtually misinterpreted the

field evidence".

Thorne counters that Bowler's team used one dating technique, while his used three. Best

practice is to have at least two methods produce the same result. A Thorne team member,

Professor Rainer Grun, says the fact that the latest results were consistent between

laboratories doesn 't mean they are absolutely correct. "We now have two data sets that are

contradictory. I do not have a plausible explanation."

Two years ago Thorne made world headlines with a study of Mungo Man's DNA that he

claimed supported his idea that modern humans evolved from archaic humans in several
places around the world, rather than striding out Africa a relatively short time ago.

Homo sapiens would have had to move pretty fast to get from Africa to NSW by 62,000

years ago.

Now, however, Thorne says the age of Mungo Man is irrelevant to this origins debate.

Recent fossils finds show modern humans were in China 110,000 years ago. "So he has got a

long time to turn up in Australia. It doesn't matter If he is 40,000 or 60,000 years old."

In 2001 a member of Bowler's team, Dr Richard Roberts of Wollongong University, along

with Flannery, director of the South Australian Museum, published research on their
blitzkreig theory. They dated 28 sites across the continent, arguing their analysis showing the

megafauna died in 46,600 years ago.

The conclusion has been challenged by other scientists, including Dr Judith Field of the

University of Sydney and Dr Richard Fullager of the Australian Museum, who point to the

presence of megafauna fossils at the 36,000-year-old Cuddie Springs site in NSW.

Flannery praises the Bowler team's research on Mungo Man as"the most thorough and

rigorous dating"of ancient human remains. He says the finding that humans arrived at Lake

Mungo between.

46,000 and 50,000 years ago supports the idea that 47,000 years ago was a critical time in

Australia's history. There is no evidence of a dramatic climatic change then, he says. "It's my

view that humans arrived and extinction took place in almost the same geological Instant."

Bowler, however, is sceptical of Flannery's theory and says the Mungo study provides no

definitive new evidence to support it. He argues that climate change at 40,000 years ago was

more intense than had been previously realised and could have played a role in the

megafauna's demise. "To blame the earliest Australians for their complete extinction is

drawing a long bow."

Personal name matching questions:

1-8

B Alan

E Richard 8l Tim

C Tim

D Rain

B Alan

F Judith Si Richard

A Jim
A Jim

True judgment questions:

9-13True/Not Given/False/True/True

Passage Two

Title: commercial ice in nineteenth century

Question type: subheading 7, choice 2, sentence information fill in blank 4

Theme of the article:

It mainly talks about the development and application of commercial ice in the nineteenth

century.

14-20 Title Matching

14 iv eye-catching display

15 vii

16 iii basic requirement

17 ii doubt

18 vi

19 ix W' s insignificance

20 v new use of ice

21-22 Selection: C, E

23-26 Fill in the blanks

23 : unstable

24 : India

25 : Norway

26: To be added
Passage Three

Topic: Termites

Question type: short answer question 4, sentence information question 4, flow chart 5

Theme of the article:

It mainly talks about the construction principle of termite nests.

Short answer questions:

27 What are the termite nests compared to? - chisel blades

28 magnetic termites

29 to be added

30

Sentence information to fill in the blank:

31 insulate

32 hollow buttresses

33 gaseous exchange

34 chimneys flues

35 to be added

Flow chart:

36-40 antennae/fluid/cement/moist mud/head

 The Triune1 Brain
The first of our three brains to evolve is what scientists call the reptilian cortex. This brain

sustains the elementary activities of animal survival such as respiration, adequate rest

and a beating heart. We are not required to consciously “think” about these activities.

The reptilian cortex also houses the “startle centre”, a mechanism that facilitates swift

reactions to unexpected occurrences in our surroundings. That panicked lurch you

experience when a door slams shut somewhere in the house, or the heightened

awareness you feel when a twig cracks in a nearby bush while out on an evening stroll

are both examples of the reptilian cortex at work. When it comes to our interaction with

others, the reptilian brain offers up only the most basic impulses: aggression, mating,

and territorial defence. There is no great difference, in this sense, between a crocodile

defending its spot along the river and a turf war between two urban gangs.

Although the lizard may stake a claim to its habitat, it exerts total indifference toward the

well-being of its young. Listen to the anguished squeal of a dolphin separated from its

pod or witness the sight of elephants mourning their dead, however, and it is clear that a

new development is at play. Scientists have identified this as the limbic cortex. Unique to

mammals, the limbic cortex impels creatures to nurture their offspring by delivering

feelings of tenderness and warmth to the parent when children are nearby. These same

sensations also cause mammals to develop various types of social relations and kinship

networks. When we are with others of “our kind” – be it at soccer practice, church,

school or a nightclub – we experience positive sensations of togetherness, solidarity and

comfort. If we spend too long away from these networks, then loneliness sets in and

encourages us to seek companionship.

Only human capabilities extend far beyond the scope of these two cortexes. Humans

eat, sleep and play, but we also speak, plot, rationalise and debate finer points of

morality. Our unique abilities are the result of an expansive third brain – the neocortex –

1 Triune = three-in-one

which engages with logic, reason and ideas. The power of the neocortex comes from its

ability to think beyond the present, concrete moment. While other mammals are mainly

restricted to impulsive actions (although some, such as apes, can learn and remember

simple lessons), humans can think about the “big picture”. We can string together simple

lessons (for example, an apple drops downwards from a tree; hurting others causes

unhappiness) to develop complex theories of physical or social phenomena (such as the

laws of gravity and a concern for human rights).

The neocortex is also responsible for the process by which we decide on and commit to

particular courses of action. Strung together over time, these choices can accumulate

into feats of progress unknown to other animals. Anticipating a better grade on the

following morning’s exam, a student can ignore the limbic urge to socialise and go to

sleep early instead. Over three years, this ongoing sacrifice translates into a first class

degree and a scholarship to graduate school; over a lifetime, it can mean groundbreaking

contributions to human knowledge and development. The ability to sacrifice our

drive for immediate satisfaction in order to benefit later is a product of the neocortex.

Understanding the triune brain can help us appreciate the different natures of brain
damage and psychological disorders. The most devastating form of brain damage, for

example, is a condition in which someone is understood to be brain dead. In this state a

person appears merely unconscious – sleeping, perhaps – but this is illusory. Here, the

reptilian brain is functioning on autopilot despite the permanent loss of other cortexes.

Disturbances to the limbic cortex are registered in a different manner. Pups with limbic

damage can move around and feed themselves well enough but do not register the

presence of their littermates. Scientists have observed how, after a limbic lobotomy2,

“one impaired monkey stepped on his outraged peers as if treading on a log or a rock”.

In our own species, limbic damage is closely related to sociopathic behaviour.

Sociopaths in possession of fully-functioning neocortexes are often shrewd and

emotionally intelligent people but lack any ability to relate to, empathize with or express

concern for others.

One of the neurological wonders of history occurred when a railway worker named

Phineas Gage survived an incident during which a metal rod skewered his skull, taking a

considerable amount of his neocortex with it. Though Gage continued to live and work

as before, his fellow employees observed a shift in the equilibrium of his personality.

Gage’s animal propensities were now sharply pronounced while his intellectual abilities

suffered; garrulous or obscene jokes replaced his once quick wit. New findings suggest,

however, that Gage managed to soften these abrupt changes over time and rediscover

an appropriate social manner. This would indicate that reparative therapy has the

potential to help patients with advanced brain trauma to gain an improved quality of life.

2 Lobotomy = surgical cutting of brain nerves

9
Questions 14–22

Classify the following as typical of

A the reptilian cortex

B the limbic cortex

C the neocortex

Write the correct letter, A, B or C, in boxes 14–22 on your answer sheet.

14 giving up short-term happiness for future gains C

15 maintaining the bodily functions necessary for life A

16 experiencing the pain of losing another B

17 forming communities and social groups B

18 making a decision and carrying it out C

19 guarding areas of land A

20 developing explanations for things C

21 looking after one’s young B

22 responding quickly to sudden movement and noise A

10

Questions 23–26

Complete the sentences below.

Write NO MORE THAN TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.

Write your answers in boxes 23–26 on your answer sheet.

23 A person with only a functioning reptilian cortex is known as ………………….

24 ………………… in humans is associated with limbic disruption.

25 An industrial accident caused Phineas Gage to lose part of his ………………….

26 After his accident, co-workers noticed an imbalance between Gage’s

………………… and higher-order thinking.

Section 2

14. C

15. A

16. B

17. B

18. C

19. A

20. C

21. B

22. A

23. brain dead

24. sociopathic behaviour

25. neocortex

26. animal propensities

 Passage 1

Topic Nautical time measurement invention

Content Review

P1 The reality was that in the 18th century no one had ever made a clock that could suffer the great

rolling and pithing of a ship and the large changes in temperature whilst still keeping time accurately

enough to be of any use. Navigators had been unable to determine their position at sea with accuracy

and they faced the huge attendant risks of shipwreck or running out of supplies before reaching their

destination. Indeed, most of the scientific community thought such clock impossibility.

P2 Longitude is a geographic coordinate that specifies the east-west position of a point on the

Earth's surface. Until the mid-1750s, accurate navigation at sea out of sight of land was an unsolved

problem due to the difficulty in calculating longitude. Navigators could determine their latitude by

measuring the sun's angle at noon. To find their longitude, however, they needed a time standard that

would work aboard a ship.

P3 In order to determine longitude, sailors had to measure the angle between Moon centre and a

given star — lunar distance — together with height of both planets using the naval sextant. The sailors

also had to calculate the Moon’s position if seen form the centre of Earth. The key to knowing how far

around world you are from home is to know, at that very moment, what time it is back home. A

comparison with your local time (easily found by checking the position of the Sun) will then tell you the

time difference between you and home, and thus how far round the Earth you are from home.

 
P4 After 1714 when the British government offered the huge sum of ￡20,000 for a solution to the

problem, with the prize to be administered by the splendidly titled Board of Longitude. If the solution was

to be by timekeeper (and there were other methods since the prize was offered for any solution to the

problem), then the timekeeping required to achieve this goal would have to be within 2.8 seconds a day,

a performance considered impossible for any clock at sea and unthinkable for a watch, even under the

very best conditions.

 
 P5 John Harrison was born in Foulby, near Wakefield in the West Riding of Yorkshire, the first of

five children in his family. His father worked as a carpenter at the nearby Nostell Priory estate. Following

his father's trade as a carpenter, Harrison built and repaired clocks in his spare time. During the latter

part of this early career, he worked with his Younger brother James. Their first major project was a

revolutionary turret clock for the stables at Brocklesby Park, seat of the Pelham family. The clock was

revolutionary because it required no oil.

P6 In 1730, Harrison designed a marine clock to compete for the Longitude Prize and travelled to

London, seeking financial assistance. He presented his ideas to Edmond Halley, the Astronomer Royal,

who in turn referred him to George Graham, the country's foremost clockmaker. Graham provided him

money to assist his earlier work on sea clocks. This support was important to Harrison, as he was

supposed to have found it difficult to communicate his ideas in a coherent manner.

P7 After several attempts to design a betterment of H1, Harrison believed that the solution to the

longitude problem lay in an entirely different design. H4 is completely different from the other three

timekeepers. It looks like a very large pocket watch. Harrison’s son William set sail for the West Indies,

with H4, aboard the ship Deptford on 18 November 1761. It was a remarkable achievement but it would

be some time before the Board of Longitude was sufficiently satisfied to award Harrison the prize.

P8 John Hadley, an English mathematician, developed sextant, who was a competitor of Harrison at

that time for the luring prize. A sextant is an instrument used for measuring angles, for example between

the sun and the horizon, so that the position of a ship or aeroplane can be calculated, Making this

measurement is known as sighting the object, shooting the object, or taking a sight and it is an essential

part of celestial navigation. The angle, and the time when it was measured, can be used to calculate a

position line on a nautical or aeronautical chart. A sextant can also be used to measure the Lunar

distance between the moon and another celestial object (eg. stars, planet) in order to determine

Greenwich time which is important because it can then be used to determine the longitude.

P9 The majority within this next generation of chronometer pioneers were English, but the story is

by no means wholly that of English achievement. One French name, Pierre Le Roy of Paris, stands out
as a major presence in the early history of the chronometer. Another great name in the story is that of

the Lancastrian, Thomas Earnshaw, a slightly younger contemporary of John Amold’s. It was Earnshaw

who created the final form of chronometer escapement, the spring detent escapement, and finalized the

format and the production system for the marine chronometer, making it truly an article of commerce,

and a practical means of safer navigation at sea over the next century and half.

Questions & Answers

Questions 1-7 Matching

1. description of Harrison’s background   E 

2. problems caused by poor ocean navigation   A

3. the person who gave financial support   F

4. analysis of long-term importance of clock invention   I

5. definition of longitude   B

6. description of requirements of competition entries   D

7. examples of questions faced by timekeeping technology at sea   C

Questions 8-13 Sentence completion

8. Sailors was able to use the position of sun to calculate local time.

9. Any clock to win the competition, the invention can lose no more than 2.8 seconds.

10. John and James Harrison’s clock worked accurately without oil.

11. Harrison’s main competitor’s invention was known as sextant.

12. Hadley’s clock can use the position of sun to calculate.  

13. The modern version of Harrison’s invention is called marine chronometer.

Passage 2

Topic Desertification

Content Review

How deserts are formed

A A desert is a barren area of landscape where little precipitation occurs and consequently living

conditions are hostile for plant and animal life. Deserts have been defined and classified in a number of
ways, generally combining total precipitation, number of days on which this falls, temperature, and
humidity, and sometimes additional factors. (16 题) In some areas, the deserts are separated by rivers,

mountains or other landforms and in other areas, the borders of deserts cannot be determined. (21
题，T)

B The raising of livestock is a major economic activity in semiarid lands, where grasses are

generally the dominant type of natural vegetation. The consequences of an excessive number of

livestock grazing in an area are the reduction of the vegetation cover and the trampling and pulverization
of the soil. This is usually followed by the drying of the soil and accelerated erosion. (22 题，T)

C Sand and dust storms are natural events that occur in arid regions where the land is not protected

by a covering of vegetation. Dust storms usually start in desert margins rather than the deserts

themselves where the finer materials have already been blown away. As a steady wind begins to blow,

fine particles lying on the exposed ground begin to vibrate. At greater wind speeds, some particles are

lifted into the air stream. When they land, they strike other particles which may be jerked into the air in

their turn, starting a chain reaction. Once ejected, these particles move in one of three possible ways,
depending on their size, shape and density. (14 题)

D The cultivation of crops has expanded into progressively drier regions as population densities

have grown. These regions are especially likely to have periods of severe dryness, so that crop failures

are common. Since the raising of most crops necessitates the prior removal of the natural vegetation,

crop failures leave extensive tracts of land devoid of a plant cover and susceptible to wind and water
erosion. (20 题)

E In a state of America in 20th century, a large area of farmland had become desert. And measures
have been taken to prevent the reoccurring of desertification. (15 题)

F People have struggled to live in deserts and the surrounding semi-arid lands for millennia.

Nomads have moved their flocks and herds to wherever grazing is available and oases have provided

opportunities for a more settled way of life. The cultivation of semi-arid regions encourages erosion of
soil and is one of the causes of increased desertification. Some nomads take the desert wherever they
go. (18 题)

 
G It is a misconception that the lack of rainfall causes the desertification. (23 题，F) Even in some

arid areas, the land will recover as soon as rain comes. More desertification is caused by human

activities. In the West Africa, a serious desertification causes a large number of people to lose their lives.
(24 题，NG)

 
H Although there is tremendous publicity on the severity of desertification, (25 题 ， F) the

researchers have never reached a consensus on the reasons and process of desertification. (19 题)

 
I Nowadays, new technologies are being applied to help solve desertification problems. (17 题 )

Satellites have been put into use to study the impact of people and livestock on earth. (26
题 ， F)However, other types of technology about the problems and process of desertification are still

needed.

Questions & Answers

Questions 14-20 Matching

Which paragraph contains the following information?

14. the reference of irregular movement of particles   C

15. an account that a productive-land turned into a desert in 20th century   E

16. the types of deserts   A

17. the method of tackling the problems of deserts   I

18. the effect of migration on desertification   F

19. the lack of agreement among the scientists about the causes of desertification   H

20. the example of the fatal effects of faming practice   D

Questions 21-26

21. It is difficult to ascertain where the deserts begin in some areas.   T  
(A 段说 in other areas, the borders of deserts cannot be determined.)
 22. Farming animals will increase soil erosion.   T

(Section B mentions livestock will be issued erosion)

23. The most common cause of desertification is the lack of rainfall.   F

(G 段提到 It is a misconception that the lack of rainfall causes the desertification.)

24. The problems in West Africa are yet to be solved.   NG

(Segment G mentions the issue of West Africa, but does not mention whether it has been resolved)

25. Media is uninterested in the problems of desertification.   F

(H 段提到 there is tremendous publicity on the severity of desertification.)

26. Technology studying the relationship of people, livestock and desertification is yet to be

invented.   F
(I 段提到 Satellites have been put into use to study the impact of people and livestock on earth.)

Passage 3

Topic Comparison of two sleep modes

Content Review

The Science of Sleep

---Emma Bailey takes you to the curious world of deep sleep (or REM) and light sleep (or NREM).

P1 Sleeping is vital to humans as it repairs our body, and a person’s life has about 25-year time

spent on sleeping in average, it is an activity that different from other behaviors.

 
P2 (过渡段) Animals also sleep in different length of time or depth of sleep according to their needs

in life.

P3 Examples and details of sleeping behaviors of certain animals. They have similarities and

differences compared with the sleep of humans. For example, baby animals generally spend more time

on sleeping.

P4 Proposal of light sleep (REM) and deep sleep (NREM), and their different roles played on health

of humans and different animals. 4 stages of sleep, and the transfer from REM to NREM.

 
 P5 Current researches on the REM and NREM relevant to physiological change, brain activities,

and body repair. People used to consider that the brain stops working when people are asleep.

P6 Doubt of the results obtained from the previous researches on REM and NREM, and some

scientists claim that, human’s brain is still working during sleep but it runs less active during NREM.

P7 What brain activities are related to REM and NREM, such as the process of memorization,

learning, and dreaming carried out in REM stage, in which the brain still works actively.

P8 The possible future research field on the sleep behaviors and the requirement of the

improvement of relevant technologies, it is estimated that sleeping plays an irreplaceable role for

humans.

Questions & Answers

Questions 27-32  Name  matching  (AF option for each person name corresponds to a

question)

27. All the body could be repaired by one type of sleep.   C

28. Brain can benefits from one type of sleep in the early stage of life.   F

29. The time humans spend on sleeping is more than that in anything else.   A

30. Function of one type of sleep has altered as across the time.   D

31. The brain activity of a type of sleep is similar to that when humans are awake.   B

32. One type of sleep includes the learning from experience.   E

Questions 33-39 Gap filling (2 words)

Humans

33. Different from breathing and eating, the benefits of sleeping is shown in short term.

Animals

34. Certain animals have longer times when they are babies.

Research

35. It was considered that brain activity stopped when humans are in NREM.

 36. The amount of REM rises with vigorous exercise.

37. Both metabolic rate and temperature of brain will decrease in NREM.

Future Study

38. Research of Sleep will be less mysterious as the development of scanning techniques is

further improved.

39. Sleeping is vital, and it cannot be replaced by the use of new drug so far.

Question 40 Multiple Choice

40. The writer’s purpose in writing this article is:
A. Difference between animals and humans on the two types of sleep.

B. The reason some dreams are easily forgotton.

C. Why some people need more sleep than others.

D. Difference between light sleep (REM) and deep sleep (NREM).

Passage 1

Topic Sahara Desert Human Archaeology

Content Review
Ancient People in Sahara
A  On October 13, 2,000, a small team of palaeontologists led by Paul Sereno of the University of

Chicago clambered out of three battered Land Rovers, filled their water bottles, and scattered on foot

across the toffee-colored sands of the Tenere desert in northern Niger. The Tenere, on the southern

flank of the Sahara, easily ranks among the most desolate landscapes on Earth. The Tuareg, turbaned

nomads who for centuries have ruled this barren realm, refer to it as a “desert within a desert” a

California-size ocean of sand and rock, where a single massive dune might stretch a hundred miles, and

the combination of 120-degreeheat and inexorable winds can wick the water from a human body in less

than a day. The harsh conditions, combined with intermittent conflict between the Tuareg and the Niger

government, have kept the region largely unexplored.

B  Mike Hettwer, a photographer accompanying the team, headed off by himself toward a trio of
small dunes. He crested the first slope and stared in amazement. The dunes were spilling over with

bones. He took a few shots with his digital camera and hurried back to the Land Rovers. ‘I found some

bones' Hettwer said, when the team had regrouped. "But they're not dinosaurs. They're human."

C  In the spring of 2005 Sereno contacted Elena Garcea, an archaeologist at the University of

Cassino, in Italy, inviting her to accompany him on a return to the site. Garcea had spent three decades

working digs along the Nile in Sudan and in the mountains of the Libyan Desert, and was well

acquainted with the ancient peoples of the Sahara. But she had never heard of Paul Sereno. His claim

to have found so many skeletons in one place seemed farfetched, given that no other Neolithic cemetery

contained more than a dozen or so. Some archaeologists would later be skeptical; one sniped that he

was just a “moonlighting paleontologist." But Garcea was too intrigued to dismiss him as an interloper.

She agreed to join him.

D  Garcea explained that the Kiffian were a fishing-based culture and lived during the earliest wet

period, between 8,000 and 10,000 years ago. She held a Kiffian sherd next to a Tenerian one. “What is

so amazing is that the people who made these two pots lived more than a thousand years apart.

E  Over the next three weeks, Sereno and Garcea — along with five American excavators, five

Tuareg guides, and five soldiers from Niger's army, sent to protect the camp from bandits  — made a

detailed map of the site, which they dubbed Gobero, after the Tuareg name for the area. They exhumed
eight burials and collected scores of artifacts from both cultures. In a dry lake bed adjacent to the dunes,

they found dozens of fishhooks and harpoons carved from animal bone. Apparently the Kiffian fishermen

weren't just going after small fry: Scattered near the dunes were the remains of Nile perch, a beast of a

fish that can weigh nearly 300 pounds, as well as crocodile and hippo bones.

F  Sereno flew home with the most important skeletons and artifacts and immediately began

planning for the next field season. In the meantime, he carefully removed some teeth and sent them to a

lab for radiocarbon dating. The results pegged the age of the tightly bundled burial sat

roughly 9,000 years old, the heart of the Kiffian era. The smaller “sleeping” skeletons turned out to be

about 6,000 years old, well within the Tenerian period. At least now the scientists knew who was who.
  

G  In the fall of 2006 they returned to Gobero, accompanied by a larger dig crew and six additional

scientists. Garcea hoped to excavate some 80 burials, and the team began digging. As the skeletons

began to emerge from the dunes, each presented a fresh riddle, especially the Tenerian. A male

skeleton had been buried with a finger in his mouth.

H  Even at the site, Arizona State University bio-archaeologist Chris Stojanowski could begin to

piece together some clues. Judging by the bones, the Kiffian appeared to be a peaceful, hardworking

people. “The lack of head and forearm injuries suggests they weren't doing much fighting,” he told me.

“And these guys were strong.” He pointed to a long, narrow ridge running along a femur. “That’s the

muscle attachment.” he said. “This individual had huge leg muscles, which means he had

a strenuous lifestyle and was eating a lot of protein — both consistent with a fishing way of life.” For

contrast, he showed me the femur of a Tenerian male. The ridge was barely perceptible. “This guy had a

much less strenuous lifestyle,” he said, “which you might expect of a herder."

I  Stojanowski's assessment that the Tenerian were herders fits the prevailing view among scholars

of life in the Sahara 6,000 years ago, when drier conditions favored herding over  hunting. But if the

Tenerian were herders, Sereno pointed out, where were the herds? Among the hundreds of animal

bones that had turned up at the site, none belonged to goats or sheep, and only three cows. “It’s not

unusual for a herding culture not to slaughter their cattle, particularly in a cemetery, M Garcea
responded, noting that even modem pastoralists, such as Niger’s Wodaabe, are loath to butcher even

one animal in their herd. Perhaps, Sereno reasoned, the Tenerian at Gobero were a transitional group

that had not fully adopted herding and still relied heavily on hunting and fishing.

J  Back in Arizona, Stojanowski continues to analyze the Gobero bones for clues to the Green

Saharans’ health and diet. Other scientists are trying to derive DNA from the teeth, which could reveal

the genetic origins of the Kiffian and Tenerian — and possibly link them to descendants living today.

Sereno and Garcea estimate a hundred burials remain to be excavated. But as the harsh Tenere winds

continue to erode the dunes, time is running out. “Every archaeological site has a life cycle,” Garcea

said. “It begins when people begin to use the place, followed by disuse, then nature takes over, and
finally it is gone. Gobero is at the end of its life.”

Questions & Answers

Questions 1-4

1. The pictures of rock engravings found in Green Sahara is similar to other places. Not Given 

2. Archaeologist believe that the people who came to the Sahara settled in one place.  FALSE (the

first paragraph is not in the same area)

3. Hettwer found human remains in the desert by chance. TRUE (I found some bones...)

4. Sereno and Garcea have cooperated in some archaeological activities before.  FALSE (Garcea

studied alone, not two together)

Questions 5-7

Answer the questions below.

Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS AND/OR A NUMBER from the passage for each

answer.

5. What did Sereno and Garcea produce in the initial weeks before digging work?

a map  (E segment)

6. What did Sereno send to the laboratory?

teeth (F 段)

7. How old is the bigger tightly bundled burials being identified?

9000 years old (F 段)

Questions 8-13 Summary Complete

Kiffican 

-Seemed to be a peaceful and hardworking people, because we did not find 8. ______ on head and
forearm. (injuries) (H 段)

-Their lifestyle was 9. _______. (strenuous) (H 段)

-Through observation of the huge leg muscles, it can be inferred that their diet had plenty of 10.
_______ (protein) (H 段)

Tenerian
 -Stojanowski presumed that Tenerian preferred to live on herding over 11. _______. (hunting) (I 段)

-but only some animal bones such as 12. _______ were found. (cows) (I 段)

-Sereno supposed that Tenerian at Gobero lived in a 13. _______ group at that

time. (transitional) (I 段)

Passage 2

Topic An Early Study of Inappropriate Behaviour in the Classroom

Content Review

A. Research done in the UK in the 1970s and 1980s were modeled on a 1968 study in the US.

B. These behaviouralist approaches have their characteristics.

C. Observers were trained, they categorised classroom behaviour.

D. Teachers outlined rules for the students in a positive manner.

E. Teachers were to ignore students' misbehaviour.

F. Teachers were to praise students whenever they display good behaviour.

 
G. Measures were taken to ensure the reliability of the test results.

H. The results for mid-first-grade level students were the same as that in the kindergarten context.

I. In summary, recording the results were very important, because they showed that change in

context and consequences really can have an effect. However, the three strategies need to be used in

combination to achieve optimal effect.

Questions & Answers

Q uestions 14-18 paragraph information matching question

 14. I. a statement regarding the usefulness of recording the results

15. C. categorization of classroom behaviors 

16. E. reference of a problem that the teachers encountered in the process

17. D. nature of the rules that the students were presented with

18. B. characteristics of the behaviouralist approach to the study of classroom events

Questions 19-22 Multiple Choice Questions 

19-20. Choose TWO choices that correctly describe features of the classroom study:

D. the situation of the classroom is recorded

E. the context in which the study takes place is controlled

21-22. Choose TWO choices that describes the procedure of the study:

A. the teachers and observers were trained prior to the study

E. the teachers were told to treat all the students in the same way

Questions 23-26 Complete the summary

The Classroom Study, 1968

The study was conducted in three steps. In the first step, the teachers were to outline the rules to

the students in a 23. positive manner. In the second step, the teachers were to ignore any inappropriate

behaviour, unless these are really 24. harmful. In the third step, the teachers were asked to
25. praise the children for displaying good behaviours.

These steps are effective in bringing out good behaviours on the students' part, but they need to be

used in 26. combination. The results wouldn't be as impressive if the measures were used in isolation.

Passage 3

Topic Communication and culture

Content Review

P1 The book mainly discusses the relationship between culture and communication. We may

neglect it when accompanied by close friends, but will realize its importance when facing strangers. How

do we decode other behavior?

  

P2 There are three types of non-verbal actions, including natural biological actions, technical

actions and expressive actions. They are inseparable.

P3 Taking the action of tea-making for example. It is a technical action, but can also express my

emotion.

P4. There are both verbal communication and non-verbal communication like gestures, clothing and

body language.

P5 A lot of people don’t distinguish “symbol”, “signal” and “sign” precisely and if they do they may

use them in quite different occasions.

P6. Certain signs are interpreted long after it is made.

Questions & Answers

Questions 27-30

27. What does the word code refer to in Paragraph one?

A. It refers to non-verbal communication such as gestures

28. Why does the author mention the action of making coffee?

C. The example indicate three kinds of communication cannot be divided

29. What does the author say about the three words: signal, sign and symbol?

B. He will explain it later.

30. What does the author say about expressive actions?

A. Expressive actions can be interpreted later

Questions 31-35 summary

31. gestures

32. language

33. information
 34. listening

35. codes

Questions 36-40 YES/NO/NOT GIVEN

36. The author’s opinion is criticized by a lot of people.   NG

37. YES

38. YES

39. NO

40. NOT GIVEN

Passage 1

Topic Desert formation

Content Review

P1: Because of human activities and natural causes, in America there was a drought leading to dust

storm and this caused one of the American economic recessions making fertile land into the desert.

P2: Desertification was created because human beings used up a lot of resources and in this way a

lot of new deserts were formed.

P3: So the people in those areas had to migrant to other places but most of them were still infertile

areas.

P4: In fact raindrops couldn't help to prevent from the formation of Desertification, the real reason

was the poor soil conservation.

P5: In developing countries human beings activities such as cooking lead to serious problem of soil

degradation.

P6: Another serious negative influence of human activities was the lack of rainfall.

 
 P7:  90% of the people living in the deserted area were from developing countries. 70% dry-lands

were in Africa and the people die every day because of the Desertification.

Questions & Answers

Questions 1-7 T / F / NG

1. "desertification" is used for the first time in the DB (location). NOT GIVEN

2. Desertification areas account for 20% of the Earth's surface. FALSE

3. Desertification has brought people to places that are not suitable for farming. TRUE

4. More rain will make the land fertile. NOT GIVEN

5. Due to the reduced population of desertification. FALSE

6．NOT GIVEN

7. Desertification is more serious in Africa than in other places. TRUE

Questions 8-13

8. The disappearance of grass is caused by animals

9. trees destroyed for erosion

10. more sunlight was back to the atmosphere

11. The amount of evaporation has increased

12.&13. dust and smoke form the Particles

Passage 2

Topic Photography and art

Content Review

P1 Photography has been in debate since it was invented in nineteenth century. The question that

is photography a form of art was raised.

P2 A famous French poet supported this view, saying photography could only be regarded as a

form of naturalistic documentation. He was anxious about the advent of photography would have a

negative impact on authentic art.

 
 P3 Photography was criticized by a number of artists of painting since it was an alternative of

painting

P4 The responses of artists regarding the criticism can be divided into two types. Some artists were

trying their best to make photos which resembled paintings. They organized a variety of elements of the

composition carefully. They tried to make the photos blurred.  They even scratched the photos in order

to make them look like canvas.

P5 While the others did not want their photos to look like monochrome pictures. They tried their best
to keep the appearance of the original photo. In the 1850s ，Some artists showed their interests to use

photography.

P6 Photography enabled the public to appreciate their own pictures. It somehow replaced paintings.

Moreover, light was used by a number of artists to highlight the underlying idea behind the painting.

Nevertheless, photography did not bring portrait’s existence to an end since the aristocrats and

bourgeois still need portraits to manifest their social status. Impressionist started to pay more attention to

sense of movement and light than making it realistic.   

P7 one more benefit that photography gave us was that it enable the viewers to appreciate the

famous masterpiece’s reproduction at home

Questions & Answers

Questions 14-17 which paragraph contains the following information?

14. Fears voiced about photography    B  (French celebrities raised concerns)

15. The skills the photography of artists used   F (the use of light)

16. The attempts of photographers used to imitate paintings    D  (deliberately blurring photos, even

scratching photos)

17. influences of photography on art and painting    G  (making everyone enjoy a copy of the

artwork)

 
 Questions 18-22 summary

Responses to The criticism of photography

The opinion of artists regarding the criticism can be divided into two types. Some artists were trying

their best to make photos which were similar to 18. paintings. They organized all the elements of the

19. composition meticulously. Besides they tried to make the photos 20. blurred. They even

21. scratched the photos in order to make them similar to canvas. While the others did not want their

photos to look like 22. monochrome pictures they tried their best to keep the appearance of the original

photo.

Q uestions  23-26

23. Artists in the 1850s were reluctant to use photography. F 

(Segment E has a lot of artists showing interest in photos and starting to use photos)

24. Photographer felt need to learn techniques by attending artistic course. NG

25. The advent of photography brought an end to traditional portrait. F

(Paragraph F says that rich people still need portraits to show their status)

26. Some artists did not pay attention to the appearance of their paintings any longer because of

the influence of photography. T 

(F. in the article fell to the impressionist painter began to pay attention to the "feel" of color, light and

action, can not pursue realistic effects)

Passage 3

Topic Why adverts do not work?

Content Review

It appears that the harder advertisers strive to get your attention, the more you ignore their

information.

A  In a busy consumer society, attention is in short supply. When you are going shopping in the

supermarket or store, surfing on the Internet or watching television, up to 4,500, or one in 15 seconds

that you are exposed to adverts every day. World companies have allocated $400 billion to the

consumer products, according to the World Advertising Research Centre.

  

B  Jamie Ramsay, director in ID magazine, whose research expertise in consumer behavior proves

that nine out of ten new products meet death. This tells us a lesson: traditional adverting ceases to work.

It is obvious that even we look at loads of advertisements and brands around us, few of them get our

attention.

C  Jane Raymond, thinks she know the reason, who is a psychologist in the university of Wales,

Bangor, UK, had a well-known experiment in 1900s. In the procedure, participants monitored a screen

with a visual stream of rapidly presented letters and pictures and they were required to identify the white

letter and letter X. Researchers found that only half a second or so following the multiple stimuli can

participants fall into a time window. It seems that people are easily blind to certain information when they

shift focus from one thing to another, which is called as “attentional blink”.

D  Consumers walking on the street with a bunch of pictures around, they hardly recognize what the

adverts show. But that’s the points advertisers hope us to see. Advertisers realise that people easily get

distraction, but the solution they take is to cram much more information in a short time. Raymond

suggests that, cut it loose and stop shouting out.

E  Advertisers now wonder if they can link emotions with the adverting. They acknowledge that

good emotions involved in the advertising can raise people’s awareness. Research shows that people

who are getting entangled in the intellectually demanding job would immediately turn to negative feeling

if advertising images keep popping out. Just imagine the banner flashes just below the web pages or

product placement while watching movies, which are progressively blatant and intrusive.

F  Consumers wear too much information imposed from outside. If people get full stomach, they

would not want to eat more. The same is true for advertisers to decide how to scheme in the

advertisements.

Questions & Answers

Questions 27-32
 List of headings

i how to make adverts easily accepted

ii the way that looks at the adverts in another direction

iii adverts are everywhere

iv enough is enough

v how little adverts we notice

vi which type of adverts is more effective

vii when the timing outweighs feelings

viii research about attention influences advertising

ix what the technology do to change the adverts

27. iii

28. v

29. viii

30. i

31. vii

32. iv

Questions 33-35 Paragraph Matching

33. figure about high failure rate of new products      B

34. a reference to the expenditure on adverts    A

35. examples of types of advertisement connected to the negative desired feelings            E

Questions 36-40 Summary

Jane Raymond’s experiment (C 段)

In Raymond’s research, volunteers are presented

with a 36. screen displaying a continued sequence of letters and pictures. Researchers direct volunteers

to discern the white letter and letter X, which turn out a tiny gap in attention lasting approximately

37. half a second after the presented 38. stimuli. Results suggest that people are always 39. blind to

targets if two subjects appear in close succession, they compete for 40. attentional blink.
 Passage 1

Topic What is the secret to live a long life?

Content Review

P1 This year, the number of retired pensioners in the UK exceeded the number of under 18 for the

first time in history. That's remarkable in its own right, but the real "population explosion" has been

among the oldest of the old - the centenarians. In fact, this is the fastest-growing demographic in much

of the developed world. In the UK, their numbers have increased by a factor of 60 since the early 20th

century. And their ranks are set to swell even further, thanks to the aging baby-boomer generation: by

2030 there will be about a million worldwide.

P2 These trends raise social, ethical and economic dilemmas. Are medical advances artificially

prolonging life with little regard for the quality of that life? Old age brings an increased risk of chronic

disease, disability and dementia, and if growing numbers of elderly people become dependent on state

or familial support, society faces skyrocketing costs and commitments. This is the dark cloud outside the

silver lining of increasing longevity. Yet researchers who study the oldest old have made a surprising

discovery that presents a less pessimistic vision of the future than many anticipate.

P3 It is becoming clear that people who break through the 90-plus barrier represent a physical elite,

markedly different from the elderly who typically die younger than them. Far from gaining a longer

burden of disability, their extra years are often healthy ones. They have a remarkable ability to live

through, delay or entirely escape a host of diseases that kill off most of their peers. Supercentenarians -

people aged 110 or over - are even better examples of aging gracefully. The average supercentenarian

had freely gone about their daily life until the age of 105 or so, some five to 10 years longer even than

centenarians, who are themselves the physical equivalent of people eight to 10 years their junior.

P4 One of the most comprehensive studies comes from Denmark. In 1998, Kaare Christensen at

the University of Southern Denmark, in Odense, exploited the country's exemplary registries to contact

every single one of the 3600 people born in 1905 who was still alive. Assessing their health over the
subsequent decade, he found that the proportion of people who managed to remain independent

throughout was constantly around one-third of the total: each individual risked becoming more infirm, but

the unhealthiest ones passed away at earlier ages, leaving the strongest behind. In 2005, only 166 of

the people in Christensen's sample were alive, but one-third of those were still entirely self-sufficient.

P5 Christensen's optimistic findings are echoed in studies all over the world. In the US, almost all of

the 700-plus people recruited to the New England Centenarian Study (NECS) since it began in 1994 had

lived independently until the age of 90, and 40 per cent of supercentenarians in the study could still look

after themselves. In the UK, Carol Brayne at the University of Cambridge studied 958 people aged over

90 and found that only one-quarter of them were living in institutions or nursing homes. Likewise,

research in China reveals that before their deaths, centenarians and nonagenarians spend fewer days ill

and bedridden than younger elderly groups, though the end comes quickly when it finally comes. Of

course, people can live independently without being entirely healthy, and it is true that most

centenarians suffer from some sort of ailment. These range from osteoarthritis to simple loneliness.

P6 Not all of the oldest old survive by delaying illness or disability, though – many soldier through it.

Jessica Evert of Ohio State University in Columbus examined the medical histories of over 400

centenarians. She found that those who achieve extreme longevity tend to fall into three categories.

About 40 per cent were "delayers", who avoided chronic diseases until after the age of 80. Another 40

per cent were "survivors", who suffered from chronic diseases before the age of 80 but lived longer to

tell the tale. The final 20 per cent were "escapers", who hit their century with no sign of the most

common chronic diseases, including heart disease, cancer, diabetes, hypertension and stroke.

Intriguingly, one-third of male centenarians were in this category, compared with only 15 per cent of

women.

P7 Okinawa in Japan is the front runner. At 58 centenarians per 100,000 people (and rising), it has

the world's highest proportion in this age group - more than five times the level of some developed

countries. Like other hotspots, including Sardinia and Iceland, Okinawa is a relatively isolated island

community. Of course, members of isolated communities or families usually share a particular

environment too, but this alone cannot explain clusters of longevity. Gerontologists have found that the
influence of social factors such as wealth fades as we age, while that of genes increases. By comparing

10,000 pairs of Scandinavian twins, Christensen found that genes only start exerting a strong influence

on our lifespan after the age of 60. Before then, both identical and non-identical twins have largely

independent odds of reaching a given age. Beyond 60, however, the odds of one twin reaching a given

age are greatly increased if their co-twin has done so, especially if the twins are identical.

P8 This makes the "centenarian genome" a key resource for identifying "longevity genes", an

invaluable step in understanding the physiological processes underlying long lives. Such genes have

been found in abundance in other organisms – including over 70 in the worms. Unfortunately, it's a

different story in humans. While many candidate genes have been suggested to affect lifespan, very few

have been consistently verified in multiple populations.

Questions & Answers

Questions 1-7 T/F/NG

1. The largest growth of Centenarians all over the world is in the UK. NG
(原文说 greatest growth in developed countries. in UK, increased 60%)

2. Fewer families are taking care of their elderly members. NG

3. People over 90 are now in good health. True

4. The Centenarians’ health conditions are better than supercentenarian. False

(原文 Supercentenarian are better than Centenarians.)

5. None of the oldest old survivors in Christensen’s study could take care of themselves. False
(原文 1/3 could look after themselves.)

6. The Cambridge and China studies conflicted with Christensen’s study. False

(原文 The Christensen’s findings echoed all over the world.)

7. The Centenarians may suffer from stronger loneliness than the generation younger than

them. NG
(原文只说 they do suffer from some ailments, such as osteoarthritis and loneliness.)

Questions 8-13 Short answer questions ONE-WORD ONLY

8. What does Jessica Evert call the people who reached 100 years old without having chronic
diseases? 

escapers

9. Which factor is contributing to men’s longevity?

genetics

10. Which area has the largest proportion of Centenarians?

Okinawa

11. Which factor should not be neglected if people want to have a long life?

exercise

12. Which social element decreases as the age grows? 

wealth

13. Which species, apart from human, have the longevity genes?

worms

Passage 2

Topic Patterns of Settlement in England Countryside

Content Review

A: For many centuries, England has been consisted of a variety of administrative unites, which

containing villages and several farmsteads and a group of helmets.

B: Villages are commonly in the west of England, where is drier and arable, while pastoral farms

and helmet are usually in wetter and hillier places.

C: The characteristics of different patterns are various. The explanation to this is the difference of

farming. The lackage of capital equipment makes cooperation a necessity in villages. Several villages

cooperate in the clearance of woodland.

D: villages are rarer than west when moving east, pastoral farm are becoming popular due to the

cultivation of cows and sheep.

E: Helmet is another pattern, which is harder to account for. Farmers and animals are generally
housed in the same houses, called ‘long houses’, scattering on the lands.

F: The layout of village depending on some factors. Farmers looked for first of all unfailing water.

G: The earliest picture of settlement maps can be dated form late 16 th century. Yet, it is very clear

that very hard to find the original shapes and size of patterns. For the reason that, they have been

changing for centuries.

Questions & Answers

Questions 14-19

List of Headings

i. Why certain locations are chosen for villages

ii. Regional difference among different types of settlement

iii. The layout of village has been changed

iv. Sharing resources and laboring

v. The complexity of patterns in England countryside

vi. The design of farming building

vii. Investigation and lifestyle of settlement

viii. A form of pattern has not been fully explained

ix. The impact of animals on living arrangement

   Paragraph A: v (Sample)

14. Paragraph B: ii

15. Paragraph C: iv

16. Paragraph D: ix

17. Paragraph E: viii

18. Paragraph F: i

19. Paragraph G: iii

Questions 20-26
 Different Types of Settlement

For such a small country, England has been consisted of villages and several

20. farmsteads and a group of helmets. The reason for various types of settlement patterns is the
21. different farming.  (20 题在文章第一段，21 在第三段)

Capital equipment lackage makes the cooperation a necessity. Several villages cooperate in the
22.clearance of woodland and build 23. dikes where the water is a threat. （22 题和 23 题在第三段，）

Moving east, 24. Pastoral farm is a popular pattern, where farmers cultivate cows and sheep,
Farmers and animals are generally housed in the isolated houses, called 25. long houses. （24 题和 25

题在第四段）

Helmet is another pattern. It develops on the 26. division of land’s descendants through

centuries. （26 题在第五段）

Passage 3

Topic What does video games do to our brain?

Content Review

P1 Video games is originally created for children. James Gee conducted research about the

influence of video games on adult. Other researchers are investigating the potential hidden benefits in

video games.

P2 Intensive use of video games results in significant generalized improvements in cognitive

function: pattern recognition, system thinking and patience.

P3 Video games challenge the brain, making it process incoming visual information more efficiently.

P4 In one study, scientists used fMRI (functional MRI) technology to study the brains of subjects.

P5 Fast action games require the player constantly to switch their attention from one part of the
screen to another while also staying vigilant for other events in the environment.

P6 The reject to the cliché that video games is the coordination of eye contact and visual

contact. Prof Daphne Bavelier has compared the visual abilities of gamers and non-gamers.

P7 Science has failed to find a causal link between video games and real-world acts of violence.

P8 Players use adapted controllers that mimic the tools used in surgery - and those who perform

well in the game also do better in tests of their surgical skills.

P9 Video game play is literally the neurological opposite of depression. It has been further

discovered that dopamine, a chemical that the brain produces, is released when we play video games.

Questions & Answers

Questions 27-31 Choose the correct letter, A,B,C,D

27. What is the writer doing in the first paragraph?

B. to introduce the background of James Paul Gee’s research

28. What is the point of the second paragraph? 

C. be helpful in enhancing brain functions

29. ‘the regime of research’ refers to the way people

B. To reach the goals through the challenge of limits

30. The Gress experiment

D. was criticized for giving an advantage for the game players

31. scientists used the machine fMRI (functional MRI) aims to

D. show that subjects maybe unaware of their physical confinement

Questions 32-35 

32. The most popular video games are to some extent of violence. NOT GIVEN

33. Game players develop more social skills. NO

34. Many schools are supposed to adapt video games into their courses. NOT GOVEN
 35. Game players who are addicted to video games produce more dopamine in their brains. YES

Questions 36-40

Use the information in the passage to match the organization (listed A-E) with opinions or

details below.

36. Shawn Green (C)

37. Daphne Bavelier (D)

38. James Paul Gee (B)

39. Steve Johnson (E)

40. The writer’s opinion (A)

Passage One
Title: Rubber
Type: Judgment 6, fill in the blank question 7

Article theme:

The first paragraph: Background Introduction rubber tree growth area

The second paragraph: introduced the initial use of rubber such as waterproof shoes, clothes

The third paragraph: rubber in the extreme temperature instability and hard shortcomings

Fourth, fifth: experts on the improvement of rubber, the first experts invented the recovery

of waste strips technology

T experts have discovered vulcanization, an improved technology that adds a new chemical

synthetic rubber

Sixth paragraph: rubber for further commercial use, such as an expert can be used as a new

type of tire after improvement

Seventh paragraph: Describe the increase in demand for rubber in the United Kingdom, the

discovery of rubber and rubber technology advances and applications

Judgment question 6
1. rubber exists in a certain region F The first sentence of the first paragraph, spread across

the global, and the following grow in different places, denies the dry information.

2. The reason why Mexico chose not to grow the rubber tree in C book is due to the poor

quality of the rubber latex. The last sentence of the first paragraph of the C-tree, which

states that the rubber tree can not grow in Mexico right now, is not to say poor quality.

3. A French mathematician raised the Interests of rubber amongst the Europeans F The

original French name is better positioned in the second paragraph, the replacement error.

The original says he is engineer and a armature botanist.

4. T. Scientists locate the vulcanization of rubber by accident N scientist names and

improved technology vulcanization nomenclature in the original text just mentioned

scientists think that due to the rubber in the extreme temperature uncertainty can be added

to the new composition of synthetic rubber but the whole The paragraph did not say

whether it was accidental discovery.

5. Rubber turns to be rigid when exposing to cold whether T.

6. The import of rubber in the UK experienced a declining tend F The last paragraph of the

import phrase • The original text that there is a confusion under, under six times as much as

the before here is increased to nearly six times the original, not down.

Fill in the blank question 7

T scientists found the rubber 7.waterproof features, but when in extreme climates will

become 8.rigid, rubber, 9. Some experts pointed out that the device can be used after the

waste strips were used in 10.steam engine, D Science plus the use of new technology,

improved after adding new ingredients so that it will ll.stabilize, followed by 12.tyre led to

the car 13mass production.

Passage Two
Title: the rebirth of circus
Questions: paragraph information pairing 4, fill in the blame 5, the name of the characters

match 4
Article theme:

The first paragraph: the circus show in the long history and people love the circus.

The second paragraph: the circadian status analysis, can already be regarded as a discipline.

The third paragraph: a well-born background named S university professor, studied the

circus, became a circus master and analyzed the circus of several key elements: the picture to

the United States, can be funny, but also stimulate take audience breath.

The fourth paragraph: describes the hardships in learning these circus.

Fifth paragraph: Circus is also a subject, in order to successfully graduated not so easy.

Sixth paragraph: from a student's point of view do not think the circus performance is to

learn some of the skills, in fact, students feel pressure will never be able to learn new

technologies waiting for you, while she was in the initial performance of co-acting partner It

took a long time.

Paragraph information matching 4

14 section A: V

15 section B: vii

16 section C: iv

17 section D: iii

Fill in the blank 5

18.S expert was a teacher but also an 18.master in a circus,

19. finest actor positioning the original best

20.s experts think humor is very important

21. viewers like to see beautiful things, it can attract the eye, beauty

22.charaterics

Name matching 4
23 a description of a subject taught in circus B

24 the difficulty in training skills and may cause physical injuries C

25 trusting your partner is important D

26. the student show interests in acrobatic training A

Passage Three
Title: Asian Space: Return of an Asian Invention
Question type: list of heading 6, paragraph fine plot information match 3, determine the title

Article theme:

The first paragraph: the development of aviation technology in Asia Presentation: From

fireworks.

Paragraph 2: Describe the application of space technology: As China, this country faces many

natural disasters, aviation technology can be used to detect tsunamis, droughts and so on.

The third paragraph: satellite wider use of seismic detection technology as an example.

The fourth five: But the cost of the satellite is high, talked about the emergence of mcro

satellite and use.

Seventh paragraph: Japan's aviation technology, the leading attack, and the future

prospects.

Subheading 6

27.D. the varying types of satellite

28.C. application of space technology to detect the earth movement

29.B.a wide range of use of satellites

30.A.the background of space technology in the ancient

31.E.reducing the cost of satellite

32.F.the global development of space technology in Japan pairing details 3

34-36 EBC

Judgment questions 4

37. the rock and powder were first used in past Asia for war F

Is used to do fireworks

The satellite is used in detecting potential earthquake T The original is said that the

geographical movements between two positions

39. the satellite improved the literacy level of Asian N The original text just mentioned could

be used for remote education but not specific to literacy rate has been raised

40.Japan will further develop the international space technology T

2017 Nian 8 Yue 12 Ri

First post: Botany and Americas

Part 2: The Internal Clock

Part III: Vonich manuscript

2017 Nian 8 Yue 19 Ri

First: Otters (9 points to read 3 - T4P1 )

Part 2: Roller Coaster

Part III: Songs of Ourselves (Nine - pointed reading 1 - T4P3 )

2017 Nian 8 Yue 26 Ri

First post: T-rex Hunter or Scavenger? (9-pointer reading 4 - T4P1 )

Second:    Senses

Part III: Panting and Cinema

2017 Nian 9 Yue 9 Ri

The first one: Long Muxiang (9 points to read 2 - T 2 P1 )

Part II:    Corporate executives train themselves or hire

Part III: Various reactions to flower delivery

2017 Nian 9 Yue 16 Ri
The first one: the development and application of robots (9 points to read 2 - T 6 P1 )

Second:    London fog

Part III: Language and Philosophy

2017 Nian 9 Yue 21 Ri

The first one: novice, skilled workers and experts (9 points to read 3 - T 5 P 2 )

Part II:  Fossil Database

Part III: The History of Chocolate

2017 Nian 9 Yue 30 Ri
The first one: the development of refrigeration and refrigerator

Part II:  Purification of aquatic plants

Part III: Mars Exploration

2017 Nian 10 Yue 5 Ri

The first one: children's food advertising (nine points to read 3-T1P1)

Part 2:  waste  production

The third part: filming the natural world with time-wrap pgotography

2017 Nian 7 Yue 20 Ri

First post: Charles Dickens ' early childhood life in London

Part 2: The purpose of facial expression

Part III: Australia Megafauna Controversy

2017 Nian 7 Yue 29 Ri

First: Going Bananas (9-point readers read 2-T1P1 )

Part 2: The Lost City (Nine -Family Reading 2-T4P2 )

Part III: Economies of scale

First article: decision  making and happiness

Part II: Researching and mimicking natural creatures

Part III: Research on the ancient virus of glaciers

June 8, 2017

First post: The history of a certain ethnic group in South Africa

Second: What  is unfair advantage in sport

Part III: The sense of sound, the sense of color

June 19, 2017

First: Coffee History

Part II: Controlling the Australian wild dog (dingo)

Part III: A New Zealand woman writer

June 24, 2017

First: Traditional Maori Fishing  Hooks  

Part II: Tackling Hunger in Msekeni (9-point reader reading 2-T2P2)

Part III: Behavioral Psychology Research

July 8 , 2017

The first one: Thames River and tunnels

Part 2: The older , the wiser 

Part III:  Does class size matter?

July 15 , 2017

First: the  Pearl

The second part: European high temperature (9 points up to people reading 1-T1P2)

Part III: science and knowledge

April 20, 2017

First: New Zealand trees

Part II: Coral reef 

Part III: Travel Writing

April 22, 2017

First: Will.com-Online company

Second: Muscle Loss 

Part III: Arctic Oases 

April 29, 2017

The first one: the change of buttons in Europe;

 Part II: The expansion of a dog-like animal in a US city;

Part 3: What are the shoppers thinking about (how do merchants research and develop market

policies)

May 6, 2017

The first one: the reason for the left and right hands

Second: smell

Part III: Saving small languages