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MATCHING HEADING IELTS READING (CƠ BẢN) BÀI TẬP 1
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1. Bài tập 1
LAST MAN STANDING
Some 50,000 years ago, Homo sapiens beat other hominids to become the
only surviving species. Kate Ravilious reveals how we did it.
A. Today, there are over seven billion people living on Earth. No other species
has exerted as much influence over the planet as us. But turn the clock back
80,000 years and we were one of a number of species roaming the Earth. Our
own species, Homo sapiens (Latin for ’wise man'), was most successful in
Africa. In western Eurasia, the Neanderthals dominated, while Homo erectus
may have lived in Indonesia. Meanwhile, an unusual finger bone and tooth,
discovered in Denisova cave in Siberia in 2008, have led scientists to believe
that yet another human population - the Denisovans - may also have been
widespread across Asia. Somewhere along the line, these other human species
died out, leaving Homo sapiens as the sole survivor. So what made us the
winners in the battle for survival?
B. Some 74.000 years ago, the Toba ‘supervolcano' on the Indonesian island
of Sumatra erupted. The scale of the event was so great that ash from the
eruption was flung as far as eastern India, more than 2,000 kilometres away.
Oxford archaeologist Mike Petraglia and his team have uncovered thousands
of stone tools buried underneath the Toba ash. The mix of hand axes and spear
tips have led Petraglia to speculate that Homo sapiens and Homo erectus were
both living in eastern India prior to the Toba eruption. Based on careful
examination of the tools and dating of the sediment layers where they were
found. Petraglia and his team suggest that Homo sapiens arrived in eastern
India around 78.000 years ago, migrating out of Africa and across Arabia during
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a favourable climate period. After their arrival, the simple tools belonging to
Homo erectus seemed to lessen in number and eventually disappear
completely. 'We think that Homo sapiens had a more efficient hunting
technology, which could have given them the edge', says Petraglia, 'Whether
the eruption of Toba also played a role in the extinction of the Homo erectus-
like species is unclear to us.'
C. Some 45,000 years later, another fight for survival took place. This time, the
location was Europe and the protagonists were another species, the
Neanderthals. They were a highly successful species that dominated the
European landscape for 300.000 years. Yet within just a few thousand years of
the arrival of Homo sapiens, their numbers plummeted. They eventually
disappeared from the landscape around 30.000 years ago, with their last known
refuge being southern Iberia, including Gibraltar. Initially, Homo sapiens and
Neanderthals lived alongside each other and had no reason to compete. But
then Europe’s climate swung into a cold, inhospitable, dry phase. ‘Neanderthal
and Homo sapiens populations had to retreat to refugia (pockets of habitable
land). This heightened competition between the two groups,’ explains Chris
Stringer, an anthropologist at the Natural History Museum in London.
D. Both species were strong and stockier than the average human today, but
Neanderthals were particularly robust, ‘Their skeletons show that they had
broad shoulders and thick necks,' says Stringer. ‘Homo sapiens, on the other
hand, had longer forearms, which undoubtedly enabled them to throw a spear
from some distance, with less danger and using relatively little energy,’ explains
Stringer. This long-range ability may have given Homo sapiens an advantage
in hunting. When it came to keeping warm. Homo sapiens had another skill:
weaving and sewing. Archaeologists have uncovered simple needles fashioned
from ivory and bone alongside Homo sapiens, dating as far back as 35,000
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years ago. ‘Using this technology, we could use animal skins to make ourselves
tents, warm clothes and fur boots,’ says Stringer. In contrast, Neanderthals
never seemed to master sewing skills, instead relying on pinning skins together
with thorns.
E. A thirst for exploration provided Homo sapiens with another significant

advantage over Neanderthals. Objects such as shell beads and flint tools,
discovered many miles from their source, show that our ancestors travelled over
large distances, in order to barter and exchange useful materials, and share
ideas and knowledge. By contrast, Neanderthals tended to keep themselves to
themselves, living in small groups. They misdirected their energies by only
gathering resources from their immediate surroundings and perhaps failing to
discover new technologies outside their territory.
F. Some of these differences in behaviour may have emerged because the two
species thought in different ways. By comparing skull shapes, archaeologists
have shown that Homo sapiens had a more developed temporal lobe - the
regions at the side of the brain, associated with listening, language and long-
term memory. 'We think that Homo sapiens had a significantly more complex
language than Neanderthals and were able to comprehend and discuss
concepts such as the distant past and future', says Stringer. Penny Spikins, an
archaeologist at the University of York, has recently suggested that Homo
sapiens may also have had a greater diversity of brain types than Neanderthals.
‘Our research indicates that high-precision tools, new hunting technologies and
the development of symbolic communication may all have come about because
they were willing to include people with "different" minds and specialised roles
in their society,’ she explains. 'We see similar kinds of injuries on male and
female Neanderthal skeletons, implying there was no such division of labour,'
says Spikins.
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G. Thus by around 30,000 years ago, many talents and traits were well
established in Homo sapiens societies but still absent from Neanderthal
communities. Stringer thinks that the Neanderthals were just living in the wrong
place at the wrong time. 'They had to compete with Homo sapiens during a
phase of very unstable climate across Europe. During each rapid climate
fluctuation, they may have suffered greater losses of people than Homo
sapiens, and thus were slowly worn down,’ he says. ‘If the climate had remained
stable throughout, they might still be here.’
Adapted from Focus Magazine
The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-G. Which paragraph contains
the following information?
NB. You may use any letter more than once.
1. a comparison of a range of physical features of Neanderthals and Homo

sapiens
2. reference to items that were once used for trade
3. mention of evidence for the existence of a previously unknown human species
4. mention of the part played by ill fortune in the downfall of Neanderthal society
5. reference to the final geographical location of Neanderthals
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2. Bài tập 2
OUT OF AFRICA: SOLAR ENERGY FROM THE SAHARA
Vivienne Wait reports on how the Sahara Desert could offer a truly green
solution to Europe’s energy problems.
A. For years, the Sahara has been regarded by many Europeans as a terra
incognita* of little economic value or importance. But this idea may soon change
completely. Politicians and scientists on both sides of the Mediterranean are
beginning to focus on the Sahara’s potential to provide power for Europe in the
future. They believe the desert’s true value comes from the fact that it is dry and
empty. Some areas of the Sahara reach 45 degrees centigrade on many
afternoons. It is, in other words, a gigantic natural storehouse of solar energy.
B. A few years ago, scientists began to calculate just how much energy the
Sahara holds. They were astonished at the answer. In theory, a 90,600 square
kilometre chunk of the Sahara - smaller than Portugal and a little over 1% of its
total area - could yield the same amount of electricity as all the world’s power
plants combined. A smaller square of 15,500 square kilometres - about the size
of Connecticut - could provide electricity for Europe’s 500 million people. 'I admit
I was sceptical until 1 did the calculations myself,’ says Michael Pawlyn, director
of Exploration Architecture, one of three British environmental companies
comprising the Sahara Forest Project, which is testing solar plants in Oman and
the United Arab Emirates. Pawlyn calls the Sahara’s potential ’staggering’.
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C. At the moment, no one is proposing the creation of a solar power station the
size of a small country. But a relatively well-developed technology exists, which
proponents say could turn the Sahara’s heat and sunlight into a major source
of electricity - Concentrating Solar Power (CSP). Unlike solar panels, which
convert sunlight directly into electricity, CSP utilises mirrors which focus light on
water pipes or boilers to produce very hot steam to operate the turbines of
generators. Small CSP plants have produced power in California’s Mojave
Desert since the 1980s. The Sahara Forest Project proposes building CSP
plants in areas below sea level (the Sahara has several such depressions) so
that sea water can flow into them. This water would then be purified and used
for powering turbines and washing dust off the mirrors. Waste water would then
supply irrigation to areas around the stations, creating lush oases - hence the
’forest’ in the group’s name.
D. But producing Significant quantities of electricity means building huge arrays

of mirrors and pipes across hundreds of miles of remote desert, which is
expensive. Gerry Wolff, an engineer who heads DESERTEC, an international
consortium of solar-power scientists, says they have estimated it will cost about
$59 billion to begin transmitting power from the Sahara by 2020.
E. Building plants is just part of the challenge. One of the drawbacks to CSP
technology is that it works at maximum efficiency only in sunny, hot climates -
and deserts tend to be distant from population centres. To supply Europe with
20% of its electricity needs, more than 19,300 kilometres of cables would need
to be laid under the Mediterranean, says Gunnar Asplund, head of HVDC
research at ABB Power Technologies in Ludvika, Sweden. Indeed, to use
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renewable sources of power, including solar, wind and tidal, Europe will need
to build completely new electrical grids. That’s because existing infrastructures,
built largely for the coal-fired plants that supply 80% of Europe’s power, would
not be suitable for carrying the amount of electricity generated by the Sahara.
Germany’s government-run Aerospace Centre, which researches energy,
estimates that replacing those lines could raise the cost of building solar plants
in the Sahara and sending significant amounts of power to Europe to about
$485 billion over the next 40 years. Generous government subsidies will be
needed. ‘Of course it costs a lot of money,’ says Asplund. ‘It’s a lot cheaper to
burn coal than to make solar power in the Sahara.’
F. Meanwhile, some companies are getting started. Seville engineering

company Abengoa is building one solar - thermal plant in Algeria and another
in Morocco, while a third is being built in Egypt by a Spanish-Japanese joint
venture. The next step will be to get cables in place. Although the European
Parliament has passed a law that aids investors who help the continent reach
its goal of getting 20% of its power from renewable energy by 2020, it could
take years to create the necessary infrastructure.
G. Nicholas Dunlop, secretary-general of the London-based NGO e-

Parliament, thinks companies should begin transmitting small amounts of solar
power as soon as the North African plants begin operating, by linking a few
cable lines under the Med. 'I call it the Lego method,’ he says. ‘Build it piece by
piece.’ If It can be shown that power from the Sahara can be produced
profitably, he says, companies and governments will soon jump in. If they do,
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perhaps airplane passengers flying across the Sahara will one day count the
mirrors and patches of green instead of staring at sand.
adapted from Time Magazine
*terra incognita - Latin, meaning ‘an unknown land'
The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-G.

Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-
G.
NB You may use any letter more than once.
1. a mention of systems which could not be used

2. estimates of the quantity of power the Sahara could produce
3. a suggestion for how to convince organisations about the Sahara’s potential
4. a short description of the Sahara at present
5. a comparison of the costs of two different energy sources
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3. Bài tập 3
THE BURDEN OF THIRST
By Tina Rosenberg
Millions of women carry water long distances. If they had a tap by their door,
whole societies would be transformed.
A. Aylito Binayo’s feet know the mountain. Even at four in the morning, she can
run down the rocks to the river by starlight alone and climb the steep mountain
back up to her village with a container of water on her back. She has made this
journey three times a day since she was a small child.
So has every other woman in her village of Foro, in the Konso district of south-
western Ethiopia in Africa. Binayo left school when she was eight years old, in
part because she had to help her mother fetch water from the Toiro River. The
water is unsafe to drink; every year that the drought continues, the river carries
less water, and its flow is reduced. But it is the only water Foro has ever had.
B. In developed parts of the world, people turn on a tap and out pours abundant,
clean water. Yet nearly 900 million people in the world have no access to clean
water. Furthermore, 2.5 billion people have no safe way to get rid of human
waste. Polluted water and lack of proper hygiene cause disease and kill 3.3
million people around the world annually, most of them children. In southern
Ethiopia and in northern Kenya, a lack of rain over the past few years has made
even dirty water hard to find. But soon, for the first time, things are going to
change.
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C. Bringing clean water close to villagers’ homes is the key to the problem.
Communities where clean water becomes accessible and plentiful are
transformed. All the hours previously spent hauling water can be used to
cultivate more crops, raise more animals or even start a business. Families
spend less time sick or caring for family members who are unwell. Most
important, not having to collect water means girls can go to school and get jobs.
The need to fetch water for the family, or to take care of younger siblings while
their mother goes, usually prevents them ever having this experience.
D. But the challenges of bringing water to remote villages like those in Konso
are overwhelming. Locating water underground and then reaching it by means
of deep wells requires geological expertise and expensive, heavy machines.
Abandoned wells and water projects litter the villages of Konso. In similar
villages around the developing world, the biggest problem with water schemes
is that about half of them break down soon after the groups that built them move
on. Sometimes technology is used that can’t be repaired locally, or spare parts
are available only in the capital.
E. Today, a UK-based international non-profit organization called WaterAid is

tackling the job of bringing water to the most remote villages of Konso. Their
approach combines technologies proven to last - such as building a sand dam
to capture and filter rainwater that would otherwise drain away. But the real
innovation is that WaterAid believes technology is only part of the solution. Just
as important is involving the local community in designing, building and
maintaining new water projects. Before beginning any project, WaterAid asks
the community to create a WASH (water, sanitation, hygiene) committee of
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seven people. The committee works with WaterAid to plan projects and involve
the village in construction. Then it maintains and runs the project.
F. The people of Konso, who grow their crops on terraces they have dug into
the sides of mountains, are famous for hard work. In the village of Orbesho,
resident even constructed a road themselves so that drilling machinery could
come in. Last summer, their pump, installed by the river, was being motorised
to push its water to a newly built reservoir on top of a nearby mountain. From
there, gravity will carry it down in pipes to villages on the other side of the
mountain. Residents of those villages have each given some money to help
fund the project. They have made concrete and collected stones for the
structures. Now they are digging trenches to lay pipes. If all goes well, Aylito
Binayo will have a tap with safe water just a three-minute walk from her front
door.
Adapted from National Geographic magazine
Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Which TWO of these activities were performed by the villagers of Orbesho?
A. building a transport route

B. digging a reservoir
C. gathering building materials
D. making pipes
E. fitting taps
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4. Bài tập 4
LEARNING COLOR WORDS
Young children struggle with color concepts, and the reason for this may have
something to do with how we use the words that describe them.
A. In the course of the first few years of their lives, children who are brought up
in English- speaking homes successfully master the use of hundreds of words.
Words for objects, actions, emotions, and many other aspects of the physical
world quickly become part of their infant repertoire. For some reason, however,
when it comes to learning color words, the same children perform very badly.
At the age of four months, babies can distinguish between basic color
categories. Yet it turns out they do this in much the same way as blind children.
"Blue" and "yellow" appear in older children's expressive language in answer to
questions such as "What color is this?", but their mapping of objects to individual
colors is haphazard and interchangeable. If shown a blue cup and asked about
its color, typical two-year-olds seem as likely to come up with "red" as "blue."
Even after hundreds of training trials, children as old as four may still end up
being unable to accurately sort objects by color.
B. In an effort to work out why this is, cognitive scientists at Stanford University
in California hypothesized that children's incompetence at color-word learning
may be directly linked to the way these words are used in English. While word
order for color adjectives varies, they are used overwhelmingly in pre-nominal
position (e.g. "blue cup"); in other words, the adjective comes before the noun
it is describing. This is in contrast to post-nominal position (e.g. "The cup is
blue") where the adjective comes after the noun. It seems that the difficulty
children have may not be caused by any unique property of color, or indeed, of
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the world. Rather, it may simply come down to the challenge of having to make
predictions from color words to the objects they refer to, instead of being able
to make predictions from the world of objects to the color words.
To illustrate, the word "chair" has a meaning that applies to the somewhat varied
set of entities in the world that people use for sitting on. Chairs have features,
such as arms and legs and backs, that are combined to some degree in a
systematic way; they turn up in a range of chairs of different shapes, sizes, and
ages. It could be said that children learn to narrow down the set of cues that
make up a chair and in this way they learn the concept associated with that
word. On the other hand, color words tend to be unique and not bound to other
specific co-occurring features; there is nothing systematic about color words to
help cue their meaning. In the speech that adults direct at children, color
adjectives occur pre-nominally ("blue cup") around 70 percent of the time. This
suggests that most of what children hear from adults will, in fact, be unhelpful
in learning what color words refer to.
C. To explore this idea further, the research team recruited 41 English children
aged between 23 and 29 months and carried out a three-phase experiment. It
consisted of a pre-test, followed by training in the use of color words, and finally
a post-test that was identical to the pre-test. The pre- and post-test materials
comprised six objects that were novel to the children. There were three
examples of each object in each of three colors—red, yellow, and blue. The
objects were presented on trays, and in both tests, the children were asked to
pick out objects in response to requests in which the color word was either a
pre nominal ("Which is the red one?") or a post-nominal ("Which one is red?").
In the training, the children were introduced to a "magic bucket" containing five
sets of items familiar to 26-month-olds (balls, cups, crayons, glasses, and toy
bears) in each of the three colors. The training was set up so that half the
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children were presented with the items one by one and heard them labelled with
color words used pre-nominally ("This is a red crayon"), while the other half
were introduced to the same items described with a post-nominal color word
("This crayon is red"). After the training, the children repeated the selection task
on the unknown items in the post-test. To assess the quality of children's
understanding of the color words, and the effect of each type of training, correct
choices on items that were consistent across the pre- and post-tests were used
to measure children's color knowledge.
D. Individual analysis of pre- and post-test data, which confirmed parental

vocabulary reports, showed the children had at least some knowledge of the
three colour words: they averaged two out of three correct choices in response
to both pre- and post-nominal question types, which, it has been pointed out, is
better than chance. When children's responses to the question types were
assessed independently, performance was at its most consistent when children
were both trained and tested on post-nominal adjectives, and worst when
trained on pre-nominal adjectives and tested on post-nominal adjectives. Only
children who had been trained with post- nominal color-word presentation and
then tested with post-nominal question types were significantly more accurate
than chance. Comparing the pre- and post-test scores across each condition
revealed a significant decline in performance when children were both pre- and
post-tested with questions that placed the color words pre-nominally.
As predicted, when children are exposed to color adjectives in post-nominal
position, they learn them rapidly (after just five training trials per color); when
they are presented with them pre-nominally, as English overwhelmingly tends
to do, children show no signs of learning.
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Questions 10-11
Which TWO of the following statements about the experiment are true?
A. The children were unfamiliar with the objects used in the pre- and post-test.
B. The children had to place the pre- and post-test objects onto coloured trays.
C. The training was conducted by dividing the children into two groups.
D. Pre-nominal questions were used less frequently than post-nominal
questions in the training.
E. The researchers were looking for inconsistencies in children's knowledge of
word order.
Questions 12-13
Which TWO of the following outcomes are reported in the passage?

A. Average results contradicted parental assessment of children’s knowledge.
B. Children who were post-tested using post-nominal adjectives performed well,
regardless of the type of training.
C. Greatest levels of improvement were achieved by children who were trained
and post-tested using post-nominal adjectives.
D. Some children performed less well in the post-test than in the pre-test.
E. Some children were unable to accurately name any of the colours in the pre
and post-tests.
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5. Bài tập 5
ORGANIC FOOD: WHY?
By Rob Lyons and Jan Bowman
Today, many governments are promoting organic or natural farming methods

that avoid the use of pesticides and other artificial products. The aim is to show
that they care about the environment and about people's health. But is this the
right approach?
A. Europe is now the biggest market for organic food in the world, expanding
by 25 percent a year over the past 10 years. So what is the attraction of organic
food for some people? The really important thing is that organic sounds more
‘natural’. Eating organic is a way of defining oneself as natural, good, caring,
different from the junk-food-scoffing masses. As one journalist puts it: It feels
closer to the source, the beginning, the start of things.' The real desire is to be
somehow close to the soil, to Mother Nature.
B. Unlike conventional farming, the organic approach means farming with

natural, rather than man-made, fertilisers and pesticides. Techniques such as
crop rotation improve soil quality and help organic farmers compensate for the
absence of man-made chemicals. As a method of food production, organic is,
however, inefficient in its use of labour and land; there are severe limits to
how much food can be produced. Also, the environmental benefits of not
using artificial fertiliser are tiny compared with the amount of carbon dioxide
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emitted by transporting food (a great deal of Britain’s organic produce is

shipped in from other countries and transported from shop to home by car).
C. Organic farming is often claimed to be safer than conventional farming - for

the environment and for consumers. Yet studies into organic farming worldwide
continue to reject this claim. An extensive review by the UK Food Standards
Agency found that there was no statistically significant difference between
organic and conventional crops. Even where results indicated there was
evidence of a difference, the reviewers found no sign that these differences
would have any noticeable effect on health.
D. The simplistic claim that organic food is more nutritious than conventional
food was always likely to be misleading. Food is a natural product, and the
health value of different foods will vary for a number of reasons, including
freshness, the way the food is cooked, the type of soil it is grown in, the amount
of sunlight and rain crops have received, and so on. Likewise, the flavour of a
carrot has less to do with whether it was fertilised with manure or something out
of a plastic sack than with the variety of carrot and how long ago it was dug up.
The differences created by these things are likely to be greater than any
differences brought about by using an organic or non-organic system of
production. Indeed, even some ‘organic’ farms are quite different from one
another.
E. The notion that organic food is safer than ‘normal’ food is also contradicted
by the fact that many of our most common foods are full of natural toxins.
Parsnips cause blisters on the skin of agricultural workers. Toasting bread
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creates carcinogens. As one research expert says: ‘People think that the more
natural something is, the better it is for them. That is simply not the case. In fact,
it is the opposite that is true: the closer a plant is to its natural state, the more
likely it is that it will poison you. Naturally, many plants do not want to be eaten,
so we have spent 10,000 years developing agriculture and breeding out harmful
traits from crops.'
F. Yet educated Europeans are more scared of eating traces of a few, strictly
regulated, man-made chemicals than they are of eating the ones that nature
created directly. Surrounded by plentiful food, it’s not nature they worry about,
but technology. Our obsessions with the ethics and safety of what we eat -
concerns about antibiotics in animals, additives in food, GM crops and so on -
are symptomatic of a highly technological society that has little faith in its ability
to use this technology wisely. In this context, the less something is touched by
the human hand, the healthier people assume it must be.
G. Ultimately, the organic farming movement is an expensive luxury for

shoppers in well-manicured Europe. For developing parts of the world, it is
irrelevant. To European environmentalists, the fact that organic methods
require more labour and land than conventional ones to get the same yields is
a good thing; to a farmer in rural Africa, it is a disaster. Here, land tends to be
so starved and crop yields so low that there simply is not enough organic matter
to put back into the soil. Perhaps the focus should be on helping these countries
to gain access to the most advanced farming techniques, rather than going back
to basics.
Adapted from articles in Spiked
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Question 8-9
Which TWO of the following points does the writer mention in connection
with organic farming?
A. the occasional use of pesticides
B. using the same field for different crops
C. testing soil quality
D. reducing the number of farm workers
E. the production of greenhouse gases
Questions 10-11
According to the writer, which TWO factors affect the nutritional content
of food?
A. who prepares the food
B. the weather conditions during growth
C. where the food has been stored
D. when the plants were removed from the earth
E. the type of farm the food was grown on
Questions 12-13
Which TWO negative aspects of organic farming does the writer mention?
A. Consumers complain about the extra cost.
B. Organic food may make people ill.
C. Farm workers have to be specially trained.
D. It requires too much technological expertise.
E. It is not possible in some countries.
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6. Bài tập 6
HUMPBACK WHALE BREAKS MIGRATION RECORD

A whale surprises researchers with her journey.
A lone humpback whale travelled more than 9,800 kilometres from breeding
areas in Brazil to those in Madagascar, setting a record for the longest mammal
migration ever documented.
Humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are known to have some of the
longest migration distances of all mammals, and this huge journey is about 400
kilometres farther than the previous humpback record. The finding was made
by Peter Stevick, a biologist at the College of the Atlantic in Bar Harbor, Maine.
The whale’s journey was unusual not only for its length, but also because it
travelled across almost 90 degrees of longitude from west to east. Typically,
humpbacks move in a north-south direction between cold feeding areas and
warm breeding grounds - and the longest journeys which have been recorded
until now have been between breeding and feeding sites.
The whale, a female, was first spotted off the coast of Brazil, where researchers
photographed its tail fluke and took skin samples for chromosome testing to
determine the animal's sex. Two years later, a tourist on a whale-watching boat
snapped a photo of the humpback near Madagascar.
To match the two sightings, Stevick’s team used an extensive international
catalogue of photographs of the undersides of tail flukes, which have distinctive
markings. Researchers routinely compare the markings in each new
photograph to those in the archive.
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The scientists then estimated the animal’s shortest possible route: an arc
skirting the southern tip of South Africa and heading north-east towards
Madagascar. The minimum distance is 9,800 kilometres, says Stevick, but this
is likely to be an underestimate, because the whale probably took a detour to
feed on krill in the Southern Ocean near Antarctica before reaching its
destination.
Most humpback-whale researchers focus their efforts on the Northern
Hemisphere because the Southern Ocean near the Antarctic is a hostile
environment and it is hard to get to, explains Rochelle Constantine, who studies
the ecology of humpback whales at the University of Auckland in New Zealand.
But, for whales, oceans in the Southern Hemisphere are wider and easier to
travel across, says Constantine. Scientists will probably observe more long-
distance migrations in the Southern Hemisphere as satellite tracking becomes
increasingly common, she adds.
Daniel Palacios, an oceanographer at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, says
that the record-breaking journey could indicate that migration patterns are
shifting as populations begin to recover from near-extinction and the population
increases. But the reasons why the whale did not follow the usual migration
routes remain a mystery. She could have been exploring new habitats, or simply
have lost her way. 'We generally think of humpback whales as very well studied,
but then they surprise us with things like this,’ Palacios says. ‘Undoubtedly there
are a lot of things we still don’t know about whale migration.’
By Janelle Weaver, published online in Nature
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Question 1-7
1. What TWO aspects of the whale’s journey surprised researchers?

A. the destination
B. the direction
C. the distance
D. the reason
E. the season
2. The passage mentions reasons why whales generally migrate.

What TWO reasons are given?
A. to avoid humans
B. to be safe
C. to eat
D. to keep warm
E. to produce young
3. What TWO methods did researchers use to record the identity of the
whale near Brazil?
A. They analysed part of the whale’s body.
B. They marked its tail.
C. They made notes of its behaviour.
D. They recorded the sounds it made.
E. They took a picture.
4. The passage mentions places the whale may have passed close to on
its journey. Which TWO places may the whale have passed?
A. Antarctica
B. Hawaii
C. Maine
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D. New Zealand
E. South Africa
5. The passage says that more research is done in the Northern

Hemisphere. Which TWO reasons are given for this?
A. It contains more whales.
B. It has friendlier surroundings.
C. There are more samples available.
D. It is easier to reach.
E. It contains smaller whales.
6. The passage suggests why the whale made a different journey from
usual. Which TWO reasons does it suggest?
A. She did not know where she was going.
B. She did not want to breed.
C. She wanted to escape a danger.
D. She was looking for a new place to live.
E. She was recovering from an illness.
7. Which TWO methods of finding out where whales migrate are

mentioned in the passage?
A. attaching radio transmitters
B. comparing pictures taken in different place
C. following them in boats
D. placing cameras in key positions
E. following their movements from space.
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7. Bài tập 7
THE TRUTH ABOUT LYING
By Dan Roberts
Over the years Richard Wiseman has tried to unravel the truth about
deception - investigating the signs that give away a liar.
A. In the 1970s, as part of a large-scale research programme exploring the area

of Interspecies communication, Dr Francine Patterson from Stanford University
attempted to teach two lowland gorillas called Michael and Koko a simplified
version of Sign Language. According to Patterson, the great apes were capable
of holding meaningful conversations, and could even reflect upon profound
topics, such as love and death. During the project, their trainers believe they
uncovered instances where the two gorillas' linguistic skills seemed to provide
reliable evidence of intentional deceit. In one example, Koko broke a toy cat,
and then signed to indicate that the breakage had been caused by one of her
trainers. In another episode, Michael ripped a jacket belonging to a trainer and,
when asked who was responsible for the incident, signed ‘Koko’. When the
trainer expressed some scepticism, Michael appeared to change his mind, and
indicated that Dr Patterson was actually responsible, before finally confessing.
B. Other researchers have explored the development of deception in children.

Some of the most interesting experiments have involved asking youngsters not
to take a peek at their favourite toys. During these studies, a child is led into a
laboratory and asked to face one of the walls. The experimenter then explains
that he is going to set up an elaborate toy a few feet behind them. After setting
up the toy, the experimenter says that he has to leave the laboratory, and asks
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the child not to turn around and peek at the toy. The child is secretly filmed by
hidden cameras for a few minutes, and then the experimenter returns and asks
them whether they peeked. Almost all three-year-olds do, and then half of them
lie about it to the experimenter. By the time the children have reached the age
of five, all of them peek and all of them lie. The results provide compelling
evidence that lying starts to emerge the moment we learn to speak.
C. So what are the tell-tale signs that give away a lie? In 1994, the psychologist
Richard Wiseman devised a large-scale experiment on a TV programme
called Tomorrow's World. As part of the experiment, viewers watched two
interviews in which Wiseman asked a presenter in front of the cameras to
describe his favourite film. In one interview, the presenter picked Some Like It
Hot and he told the truth; in the other interview, he picked Gone with the
Wind and lied. The viewers were then invited to make a choice - to telephone
in to say which film he was lying about. More than 30,000 calls were received,
but viewers were unable to tell the difference and the vote was a 50/50 split. In
similar experiments, the results have been remarkably consistent - when it
comes to lie detection, people might as well simply toss a coin. It doesn’t matter
if you are male or female, young or old; very few people are able to detect
deception.
D. Why is this? Professor Charles Bond from the Texas Christian University has
conducted surveys into the sorts of behaviour people associate with lying. He
has interviewed thousands of people from more than 60 countries, asking them
to describe how they set about telling whether someone is lying. People’s
answers are remarkably consistent. Almost everyone thinks liars tend to avert
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their gaze, nervously wave their hands around and shift about in their seats.
There is, however, one small problem. Researchers have spent hour upon hour
carefully comparing films of liars and truth-tellers. The results are clear. Liars
do not necessarily look away from you; they do not appear nervous and move
their hands around or shift about in their seats. People fail to detect lies because
they are basing their opinions on behaviours that are not actually associated
with deception.
E. So what are we missing? It is obvious that the more information you give
away, the greater the chances of some of it coming back to haunt you. As a
result, liars tend to say less and provide fewer details than truth-tellers. Looking
back at the transcripts of the interviews with the presenter, his lie about Gone
with the Wind contained about 40 words, whereas the truth about Some Like It
Hot was nearly twice as long. People who lie also try psychologically to keep a
distance from their falsehoods, and so tend to include fewer references to
themselves in their stories. In his entire interview about Gone with the Wind, the
presenter only once mentioned how the film made him feel, compared with the
several references to his feelings when he talked about Some Like It Hot.
F. The simple fact is that the real clues to deceit are in the words that people
use, not the body language. So do people become better lie detectors when
they listen to a liar, or even just read a transcript of their comments? The
interviews with the presenter were also broadcast on radio and published in a
newspaper, and although the lie-detecting abilities of the television viewers
were no better than chance, the newspaper readers were correct 64% of the
time, and the radio listeners scored an impressive 73% accuracy rate.
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The reading passage has six paragraphs, A-F. Choose the correct heading for
each paragraph from the list of headings below.
List of headings
i. Some of the things liars really do
ii. When do we begin to lie?
iii. How wrong is it to lie?
iv. Exposing some false beliefs
v. Which form of communication best exposes a lie?
vi. Do only humans lie?
vii. Dealing with known liars
viii. A public test of our ability to spot a lie
1. Paragraph A
2. Paragraph B
3. Paragraph C
4. Paragraph D
5. Paragraph E
6. Paragraph F
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8. Bài tập 8
THE BURDEN OF THIRST
Millions of women carry water long distances. If they had a tap by their door,
whole societies would be transformed.
By Tina Rosenberg
A. Aylito Binayo’s feet know the mountain. Even at four in the morning, she can
run down the rocks to the river by starlight alone and climb the steep mountain
back up to her village with a container of water on her back. She has made this
journey three times a day since she was a small child.
So has every other woman in her village of Foro, in the Konso district of south-
western Ethiopia in Africa. Binayo left school when she was eight years old, in
part because she had to help her mother fetch water from the Toiro River. The
water is unsafe to drink; every year that the drought continues, the river carries
less water, and its flow is reduced. But it is the only water Foro has ever had.
B. In developed parts of the world, people turn on a tap and out pours abundant,
clean water. Yet nearly 900 million people in the world have no access to clean
water. Furthermore, 2.5 billion people have no safe way to get rid of human
waste. Polluted water and lack of proper hygiene cause disease and kill 3.3
million people around the world annually, most of them children. In southern
Ethiopia and in northern Kenya, a lack of rain over the past few years has made
even dirty water hard to find. But soon, for the first time, things are going to
change.
C. Bringing clean water close to villagers’ homes is the key to the problem.
Communities where clean water becomes accessible and plentiful are
transformed. All the hours previously spent hauling water can be used to
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cultivate more crops, raise more animals or even start a business. Families
spend less time sick or caring for family members who are unwell. Most
important, not having to collect water means girls can go to school and get jobs.
The need to fetch water for the family, or to take care of younger siblings while
their mother goes, usually prevents them ever having this experience.
D. But the challenges of bringing water to remote villages like those in Konso
are overwhelming. Locating water underground and then reaching it by means
of deep wells requires geological expertise and expensive, heavy machines.
Abandoned wells and water projects litter the villages of Konso. In similar
villages around the developing world, the biggest problem with water schemes
is that about half of them break down soon after the groups that built them move
on. Sometimes technology is used that can’t be repaired locally, or spare parts
are available only in the capital.
E. Today, a UK-based international non-profit organization called WaterAid is

tackling the job of bringing water to the most remote villages of Konso. Their
approach combines technologies proven to last - such as building a sand dam
to capture and filter rainwater that would otherwise drain away. But the real
innovation is that WaterAid believes technology is only part of the solution. Just
as important is involving the local community in designing, building and
maintaining new water projects. Before beginning any project, WaterAid asks
the community to create a WASH (water, sanitation, hygiene) committee of
seven people. The committee works with WaterAid to plan projects and involve
the village in construction. Then it maintains and runs the project.
F. The people of Konso, who grow their crops on terraces they have dug into
the sides of mountains, are famous for hard work. In the village of Orbesho,
resident even constructed a road themselves so that drilling machinery could
come in. Last summer, their pump, installed by the river, was being motorised
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to push its water to a newly built reservoir on top of a nearby mountain. From
there, gravity will carry it down in pipes to villages on the other side of the
mountain. Residents of those villages have each given some money to help
fund the project. They have made concrete and collected stones for the
structures. Now they are digging trenches to lay pipes. If all goes well, Aylito
Binayo will have a tap with safe water just a three-minute walk from her front
door.
Adapted from National Geographic magazine
Questions 1-6
The reading passage has six paragraphs, A-F.
Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.
List of Headings
i. Why some plans have failed
ii. A rural and urban problem
iii. A possible success
iv. Explaining a new management style
v. Some relevant statistics
vi. A regular trip for some people
vii. Treating people for disease
viii. How water can change people’s lives
1. Paragraph A
2. Paragraph B
3. Paragraph C
4. Paragraph D
5. Paragraph E
6. Paragraph F
30
The Cancer-Prone Personality
A
One of the reasons scientists think that there is a link between stress and cancer is the idea that there may be a cancer-
prone personality. The cancer-prone personality consists of a set of personality traits that are found more frequently in
people who have cancer than in those who do not.
B
What personality traits make up the cancer-prone personality? Most often, people who are polite, unaggressive, and
agreeable are said to have this type of personality. They seem to have trouble showing. When they are angry. Even in
situations in which they should be angry, they appear to be calm and happy.
C
When faced with a stressful event, people with the cancer-prone personality do not show stress outwardly. Instead, they
keep their emotions bottled inside. They repress, or hide, their emotions, even from themselves.
D
The cancer-prone personality is linked to the likelihood of getting cancer, and the same personality traits seem to help
affect a cancer victim's recovery. For example, some studies have looked at cancer patients who accept cancer without
getting angry. These patients get sick faster and they die sooner than people who became angry at their cancer and fight
the disease.
E
However, it is important to keep in mind that some scientists interpret these research findings differently. First of all, not
everyone who has a cancer-prone personality gets cancer. And not everyone who has cancer has a cancer-prone
personality. Even more important, there is no proof that having a cancer-prone personality causes cancer. In fact, it may
be the other way around: getting cancer may cause people to develop a cancer-prone personality.
Questions 1-5
The reading passage The Cancer-Prone Personality has 5 paragraphs A-E. Choose the most suitable heading for each
paragraph from the list of headings below. Write the appropriate numbers (I-VII). There are more headings than you can
use.
I. Get angry, live longer
II. Nothing to see on the surface
III. Try to overcome anger
IV. Which on causes which?
V. Who is likely to get cancer?
VI. Why join stress and cancer?
VII. Scientists agree
1. Paragraph A
2. Paragraph B
3. Paragraph C
4. Paragraph D
5. Paragraph E
Pedestrians only
How traffic-free shopping streets developed
A
The concept of traffic-free shopping areas goes back a long time. During the Middle Ages, traffic-free shopping areas
known as souks were built in Middle Eastern countries to allow people to shop in comfort and, more importantly, safety.
As far back as 2,000 years ago, road traffic was banned from central Rome during the day to allow for the free movement
of pedestrians, and was only allowed in at night when shops and markets had closed for the day. In most other cities,
however, pedestrians were forced to share the streets with horses, coaches and, later, with cars and other motorised
vehicles.
B
The modern, traffic-free shopping street was born in Europe in the 1960s, when both city populations and car ownership
increased rapidly. Dirty exhaust fumes from cars and the risks involved in crossing the road were beginning to make
shopping an unpleasant and dangerous experience. Many believed the time was right for experimenting with car-free
streets, and shopping areas seemed the best place to start.
C
At first, there was resistance from shopkeepers. They believed that such a move would be bad for business. They argued
that people would avoid streets if they were unable to get to them in their cars. When the first streets in Europe were
closed to traffic, there were even noisy demonstrations, as many shopkeepers predicted they would lose customers.
D
However, research carried out afterwards in several European cities revealed some unexpected statistics. In Munich,
Cologne and Hamburg, visitors to shopping areas increased by 50 per cent. On Copenhagen's main shopping street,
shopkeepers reported sales increases of 25-40 per cent. Shopkeepers in Minneapolis, USA, were so impressed when they
learnt this that they even offered to pay for the construction and maintenance costs of their own traffic-free streets.
E
With the arrival of the traffic-free shopping street, many shops, especially those selling things like clothes, food and
smaller luxury items, prospered. Unfortunately, it wasn't good news for everyone, as shops selling furniture and larger
electrical appliances actually saw their sales drop. Many of these were forced to move elsewhere, away from the city
centre. Today they are a common feature on the outskirts of towns and cities, often situated in out-of-town retail zones
with their own car parks and other local facilities.
Questions 1-7
Reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Write the correct number, I - VII, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Facing local opposition
ii Some reasons for success
iii Winners and losers
iv A need for change
v An experiment that went wrong
vi An idea from ancient history
vii North America learns from Europe
1. Paragraph A
2. Paragraph B
3. Paragraph C
4. Paragraph D
5. Paragraph E
PUBLIC LIBRARIES
A
The word public comes from a Latin word, publicus, meaning people. A public library is for all the people in a
community to use. It charges no fee for its services. The public library will have available, within the limits of its budget,
a wide variety of books and other materials. These books or other materials may be borrowed, or taken out for a specific
time, by anyone in the community. The library loans its materials.
B
Public libraries are usually tax-supported. There are a few that are instead supported from money that has been donated.
And there are some that receive port of their money from taxes and part from gifts.
C
Few public libraries are exactly alike. Not only are the shapes and sizes of the building different, but also are the number
of books and other materials in each. Your nearest library may be like the Los Angeles Public Library, which has over
4,538,458 books and bound periodicals (magazines and journals( in its collection. Or it may be like the Cherokee County
Public Library, which has only about 3,800 books in its collection.
D
Libraries vary in other ways, too, for instance, in the number of hours (or days) they are open or in the number of people
who work there. Most public libraries, however, arrange their books and other materials in similar ways. They divide their
collection into two basic age groups, children and adult. Adult books are in one place; children’s books are in another.
The books are further separated by the kind of books. Storybooks – works of fiction – are separated from information, or
fact books – nonfiction.
E
People often want to refer to, that is, look something up in a certain basic information book. Thus reference books, which
are rarely read cover to cover, are put in a special place in the library, a reference section of perhaps a reference room.
Reference books are never to be taken out from the library building.
F
Each library decides for itself how it should further arrange its books and other materials. In a large city library, certain
nonfiction materials may be put into a special area pr separate room. For instance, there may be a separate room just for
all the materials a library has on music. In another large city, the music materials might not be kept so separate. It would
depend on what the people in that city had indicated they found useful.
G
A library’s holdings are everything the library has in its collection. These holdings almost always reflect the community’s
special interest. Suppose, for example, there was a town where Morgan horses were widely raised and trained. That
town’s library would most likely have a great deal of material about Morgan horses. Since the people who were interested
in Morgan horses would probably be less interested in other breeds of horses, the library might have only a small amount
of material on Mustangs or Appaloosas.
Questions 1-7
Reading Passage has seven paragraphs, A-G.
Write the correct number, i - ix, in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet.
List of Headings
i Financial suport
ii Local decisions
iii Influence of people's interests
iv Materials about Morgan horses
v History of public libraries
vi Certain books stay in the libraries
vii Free services for everyone
viii A wide variety
ix Similar ways to arrange books
1. Paragraph A
2. Paragraph B
3. Paragraph C
4. Paragraph D
5. Paragraph E
6. Paragraph F
7. Paragraph G
When you visit a supermarket you probably think you know exactly what you are going to buy, but the truth is you are
very easily persuaded. Over half the decisions you make are made suddenly, on impulse, while you are inside the store, so
it is important that a product is displayed in an eye-catching position if it is to have any chance of success.
Today's supermarkets invest millions of pounds in powerful computers which tell them what product sells best and where.
"Spece management" is the name given to a highly complicated way of influencing that way we shop to make sure that
stores make the maximum profit.
You walk into a supermarket. You pull out a trolley and stare up and down row after row of packed shelves. You step out
into the aisles. You are faced with possibly the widest choice of good and drink in the world. But over the next hour or so,
you will shop in a completely predictable way. This is what the space management teams who work for supermarkets
have found out. They believe that everything depends on the following rules about our behaviour in supermarkets:
The modern supermarket offers too many images for our brains to absorb so we switch off and notice only parts of the
goods on display. A product will be more noticeable in some parts of the store than others, so manufacturers and retailers
must work hard to attract our attention.
In general, products sell best when they are placed at eye level.
Products placed at the beginnings of aisles don't sell well. In tests, secret fixed cameras have filmed shoppers' movements
around a store over a seven-day period. When the film is speeded up, it clearly shows that we walk straight past these
areas on our way to the centre of the aisle. These early shelves are known as "the graveyard".
When we finally stop to consider in the centre of an aisle, we look along the length of it. And because we read from left to
right, we look from left to right too. So, we see products displayed on the left side of the aisle first. As a result, more
products are taken from those shelves.
Any spot where the supermarket can be sure we are going to and stand still and concentrate for more than a few seconds is
good for sakles. That is why the shelves at the check-out have long been a favourite for manufacturers of sweets, perhaps
the most popular "impulse" buy of all.
Questions 1-6
Look at the following statements (Questions 1-6) and the list of places in supermarkets
Classify the following shelves to the correct places based on the information provided in the passage
Write the correct letter, A-C, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
NB: you may use any letter more than once.
A. for places where products tend to sell well

B. for places which tend to be neglected by the customers
C. for places not mentioned in the passage
1. shelves which are at the same level as your eyes

2. shelves along the left wall of the supermarket
3. shelves at the beginning of an aisle
4. left-side shelves in the middle of an aisle
5. shelves by the cashiers
6. shelves along the middle aisle
GETTING STARTED WITH E-MAIL!

Electronic mail (e-mail) was started in the late 1960s by the U.S military. Military officials were looking for a way that
communications could be carried out in the event of a large-scale nuclear war. They neede a system that would be very
decentralised, reliable, and fast in case central institutions were destroyed. They came up with e-mail.
Through the early 1970s, e-mail was limited to the U.S military, defense contractors, and universities doing defense
research. By the 9170s, it had begun to spread more broadly within university communities. By the 1980s, academics in a
number of fields were using e-mail for professional collaboration. The early 1990s saw an explosion of the use of e-mail
and other computer networking tools for a wide range of professional, academic, and personal purposes. A few thousand
people were using e-mail in 1980, but it is estimated that more than 25 million people throughout the world were using it
in the mid-1990s.
Questions 1-6
Look at the following events (Questions 1-6) and the list of time
Classify each event to the correct time when it happened.
Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
A. if it happened in the 1960s;

B. if it happened in the 1970s;
C. if it happened in the 1980s;
D. if it happened in the 1990s;
1. E-mail had a very limited usage in military-related areas.

2. People tried to figure out a way of communication if central institutions were ruined.
3. E-mail was widely used for personal information exchanges.
4. University professors used e-mail for professional cooperation in certain areas.
5. Officials in army forces were seeking for a way to communicate in war-time.
6. Millions of people in the world were using e-mail.
MORE CAVITIES NEEDED

Bluebirds live in cavities, but they can't make their own cavities. Like woodpeckers, bluebirds prefer trees in open areas.
The best habitat for bluebirds is an open area with scattered trees such as an old garden. By clearing sections of forest to
create more fields, early settlers happened to improve bluebird habitat. Bluebirds feed on insects on the ground, and
insects were abundant in the fields.
In the early 1900s, eastern bluebirds were one of the most common songbirds, but by 1969 fewer than 100 bluebirds
nested in Minnesota. Other states also reported severe declines in the populations of all three bluebirds species.
Why did the population decline? One factor may have been the widespread use of insecticides, but the most important
factor was probably the loss of habitat. Af first, fences were built with wooden posts, and wooden posts develop cavities.
While bluebirds life fence posts with cavities, farmers do not. Cavities make the fence posts weak, and cattle escape
through weak fences. After World War II, most farmers replaced wooden posts with new posts made of steel.
With less suitable habitat, the bluebirds were forced to compete with other birds for the few remaining nesting sides. More
aggressive birds such as the tree swallow and the house wren often drive the bluebirds from their nests. Starlings and
house sparrows - both introduced to this country from Europe - also compete with the bluebirds for nesting sites.
All three bluebird populations - eastern, western, and mountain - declined nearly 90 per cent between 1935 - 1985. The
North American Bluebird Society and others are working to increase the number of bluebirds. The most successful
method is to improve the habitat by providing the bluebirds with boxes as living places. Thousands of boxes are placed
and being managed by individuals interested in helping the little bird.
If placed in the right environment, the boxes do attract bluebirds. Bluebirds prefer boxes placed next to open areas. If
placed near a brushy area, the boxes are more likely to attract house wrens. Tree swallows would compete for isolated
sites in open areas. Competition from tree swallows will decrease if the boxes are placed in pairs, less than three feet
apart. Boxes for mountain and western bluebirds must have slightly larger holes than those for eastern bluebirds, but if the
holes are too large, starlings will take the boxes.
Another cavity programme helped the wood duck population. When seeking for houses, the female wood duck looks for a
cavity in a tree that is in or near the water. Often she chooses a cavity with a hol;e too small for a racoon to enter. Human
activities - logging matute trees and hunting - threaten the wood duck population. In 1918, the United States and Canadian
governments banned the hunting of this species. Groups of citizens and conservation organisations built living boxes and
placed them on poles or in trees that are in or near the water. Today the wood duck population is greater than one million,
and hunting is once again permitted.
Questions 1-6
Look at the following list of nesting sites for birds (Questions 1-6) and the list of their uses
Classify the following nesting sites to the correct use based on the information given in the passage
Write the correct letter, A-D, in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.
A. if they are likely to attract bluebirds;

B. if they are likely to attract tree swallows;
C. if they are likely to attract starlings;
D. if they are likely to attract wood ducks;
1. boxes with very large holes

2. boxes on poles by the river
3. fence posts with holes
4. boxes next to an open area
5. trees with cavities in the pond
6. a single box in an open area
CROWDING HUMAN LIFE

In 1950, there were only 2.5 billion people in the world. Now there are 5.3 billion. Human population may reach 8.5
billion by the year 2025. Experts disagree about how serious a problem this very fast growth is and they disagree about
what should be done about it.
It could be said that growth is slowing down. Most industrial countries - Japan, Canada, the United States, and the nations
of Europe - are hardly growing at all. In Asia, Africa, and Latin America, growth is somewhat slower than it was twenty
years ago.
Industrial nations all went through a time of fast growth when their industry was developing. When they reached the point
where most people could live in comfort, population growth slowed. Many experts believe that today's developing nations
will go through a similar change. The best way to control population, they say, is to raise the standard of living.
Industrial nations are beginning to look for ways to produce goods without the pollution that is one of the harmful effects
of overcrowding. Developing countries will also use such methods if they are to take care of their people. Educating
children everywhere is expensive, but the cost is worthwhile because children will contribute to their country's
development when they are grown. Perhaps children now in school will invent ways to help people live at peace with the
Earth.
Question 1 - 4
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A - F, from the box below.
Write the correct letter A - F in the answer box.
NB: There are more endings given than beginning
List of endings
A. ways to solve the problem of population.
B. educate the new generation.
C. effects of fast growth of population.
D. the population was once growing fast.
E. there may be a lot more people in the world.
F. produce better products without pollution.
1. By the year 2025, ...

2. Experts argue about ...
3. In industrial countries, ...
4. It is worth the cost to ...
ALL ABOUT RENTING

SAFETY - It is important to all of us to feel safe and secure in our homes. First of all, your neighbours and the building
manager begin to know about your schedule, and any irregularity would make them question any activity that was out of
pattern. It is better for you to notify your neighbours or the manager that you will be gone for a few days and ask them to
pick up your email or paper.
A building with controlled entry system seems the ultimate in safety, but not when residents carelessly let anyone through
the door as they enter, or let anyone in who rings with a particular reason to enter the building.
Fire protection in the form of alarm systems and many neighbours to warn you if there is a fire in the building is extra
security in an apartment building.
In addition, you should know that apartment owners carry extensive insurance on the apartment building and property
within the building or the rental unit, but not on the property belonging to you. Burglary, damage from fire, smoke,
windstorm, explosion, or other misfortunes must be covered by you. It is recommended that you contact your insurance
agent regarding a Renter's Insurance Policy.
LEASE - A lease or rental agreement becomes your next task and could be your most important consideration. A lease
term could be for month to month, 6 months or one year. You rent may be more per month on a short-term lease, typically
if for under 6 months. Some buildings will require a one-year lease and some will accept or only give a 6-month lease.
When it comes to terminating your lease, you must remember that Minnesota State Law requires that you give the
building owner 30 days notice of your intent to vacate. You should present this notice in writing and deliver it the day
before your rent is due. If the owner needs to evict a resident, he is also required to give 30 days notice in writing and
deliver it the day before the rent is due. However, the owner may require 60 days notice of termination of a lease as stated
in the rental agreement. It is important that you read your lease and understand it before signing. It is for your protection
as well as the owner and here are some of the reasons.
1) It specifies in writing what the building owner's responsibilities are and what yours are.
2) It protects you against rent increases for the term of your lease and against being evicted without any proper reasons.
3) It describes policies and procedures to avoid misunderstanding and problems in the future.
4) It explains procedures for terminating your lease if the necessity arises.
If there is any part of your lease or rental agreement that you do not understand, be sure to answer it before signing. The
management prefers to clear up any confusion at the start than have an unhappy resident at some later date.
Question 1 - 5
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A - H, from the box below.
Write the correct letter A - H in the answer box.
NB: There are more endings given than beginning.
List of endings
A you will be responsible for the loss.
B controlled entry systems.
C inform the neighbours or the manager of your absence.
D a very responsible building owner.
E the insurance carried by the owner will cover the loss for you.
F warn you if there is a fire in the building.
G they let anyone in who claims to have some special reason.
H they do not contact their insurance agent.
1. It is suggested that before you leave you'd better ....

2. It seems to be quite safe to live in the building with ...
3. Residents care careless when ...
4. You neighbours may ...
5. If the property belonging to you in the apartment is stolen, ...
EDUCATING OUR MOBILE CHILDREN

One of the greatest concerns parents have when facing an international move is "What schooling will be available to my
child? Will my child be disadvantaged academically as a result of this move?" Although this fear is certainly strongest in
families moving overseas for the first time, even those who may be more experienced often have concerns about their
children's education.
Dr. Ernest Mannino - Director of the State Department's Office of Overseas Schools, and Dr. Keith Miller - Deputy
Director of the office - spoke candidly about some of the common concerns parents have regarding the education of their
children. Dr. Mannino and Dr. Miller caution parents against making assumptions about their children's education. To
make an educated choice, parents need to think through schooling issues and to research post schools as far in advance of
a move as possible.
Children who are internationally mobile have many choices of schools to attend. In most major cities, there are schools
based on the U.S. French, German, and British systems. Some parents also choose to become their children's teachers
through home education. Which school is appropriate for your child is an individual decision based on many factors.
One of the primary factors that should be considered is what type of college or university your child will attend after high
Some parents want an international education instead of just an education within an American system school and
fortunately, they have the opportunity to go to these types of schools. But what parents must keep in mind is whether this
school will nest prepare your child for education beyond high school.
Parents may be tempted to alternate their children's school system in order to enhance cross-cultural understanding, but
many experts suggest just the opposite. Mannino and Miller warn that differences in the sequencing of curriculum exist in
the high school grades; moving your child from one academic system to another during this time can handicap a child
academically. At the very least, the parents should learn what the differences in curriculum are and try to keep the child in
one system (although this may be in more than one location) for all of the high school years. It is clear that whatever
continuity you can provide these children is important. The nice thing about the American school system or the French,
German or whichever, is that it is the same school system throughout their lives.
Question 1 - 5
Complete each sentence with the correct ending, A - H, from the box below.
Write the correct letter A - H in the answer box.
NB: There are more endings given than beginning
List of endings
A. the type of university their children will attend.
B. where to move internationally.
C. making decisions about their children's education.
D. it is advised to make some researches in advance.
E. it is better to keep the child within one school system.
F. enhance their children's tolerance.
G. certain systems are better than the others.
H. stay in more than one location.
1. Most of the families moving overseas will worry about ...

2. To parents who need to make choices for their children's education ...
3. An important factor which parents should think about is ...
4. Many experts agree that ...
5. To keep the children in one system in high schools, parents may have to ....
The Motor Car
A
There are now over 700 million motor vehicles in the world - and the number is rising by more than 40 million each year.
The average distance driven by car users is growing too - from 8 km a day per person in western Europe in 1965 to 25 km
a day in 1995. This dependence on motor vehicles has given rise to major problems, including environmental pollution,
depletion of oil resources, traffic congestion and safety.
B
While emissions from new cars are far less harmful than they used to be, city streets and motorways are becoming more
crowded than ever, often with older trucks, buses and taxis, which emit excessive levels of smoke and fumes. This
concentration of vehicles makes air quality in urban areas unpleasant and sometimes dangerous to breathe. Even Moscow
has joined the list of capitals afflicted by congestion and traffic fumes. In Mexico City, vehicle pollution is a major healt h
hazard.
C
Until a hundred years ago, most journeys were in the 20 km range, the distance conveniently accessible by horse. Heavy
freight could only be carried by water or rail. The invention of the motor vehicle brought personal mobility to the masses
and made rapid freight delivery possible over a much wider area. Today about 90 per cent of inland freight in the United
Kingdom is carried by road. Clearly the world cannot revert to the horse-drawn wagon. Can it avoid being locked into
congested and polluting ways of transporting people and goods?
D
In Europe most cities are still designed for the old modes of transport. Adaptation to the motor car has involved adding
ring roads, one-way systems and parking lots. In the United States, more land is assigned to car use than to housing.
Urban sprawl means that life without a car is next to impossible. Mass use of motor vehicles has also killed or injured
millions of people. Other social effects have been blamed on the car such as alienation and aggressive human behaviour.
Questions 1-6
Reading Passage 2 has eight paragraphs (A-D). Which paragraphs concentrate on the following information?
1 a comparison of past and present transportation methods
2 the increasing use of motor vehicles
3 the impact of the car on city development
Libraries
A
The earliest libraries that we know about were different from present-day libraries, as their contents were mainly
government records. Archaeological findings from ancient cities of Sumer revealed temple rooms full of records of
commercial transactions, or inventories. Things were much the same in the government records of Ancient Egypt. The
earliest private or personal libraries containing both non-fiction and fiction books appeared in classical Greece.
B
Library materials such as books, articles, and CDs are usually arranged in a certain order, according to a library
classification system, so that you can find particular items quickly. In addition to public areas, some libraries have
additional rooms where reference materials are stored. Often a professional librarian works from a reference desk or other
central location, to help users find what they are looking for.
C
Many visitors to libraries do not know how to use the library effectively. This can be because they are shy and
embarrassed to ask questions, or because they are not used to libraries. These problems were behind the library instruction
movement in the US., which encourages library-user education. In fact, library instruction has been practised in the U.S.
since the 19th century.
D
Managing a library involves tasks such as planning what new books to buy, designing classification systems, preserving
materials (especially rare and fragile manuscripts) and developing library computer systems. Long-term tasks include
planning library extensions and developing community services such as adult literacy programs.
E
In North America, among other countries, libraries in poor communities are relatively expensive to run, but arguably less
important to the community than essential services, such as police, firefighters, school, and health care. At any rate, many
communities are beginning to feel they have no option but to close down, or reduce their library services to balance their
budgets.
Questions 1-4
Which paragraph contain the following information?
1 One of the tasks in running a library is to provide services for members of the public.
2 Places where you can see the library staff to ask for their support
3 A particular type of documents available in public libraries in ancient times
4 One practical cost-cutting solution for a certain type of communities
Reading As Part Of Writing

A
One of the techniques of writing successfully in an academic environment is the be able to integrate the important points
of what you have read into your own writing. To do this, you must have a clear picture of what you have read, and this in
itself entails active and focused reading. With academic reading, it is necessary to maintain a constant grip on what the
author is saying. Yet many academic texts are densely written in unfamiliar ways, which make them more difficult to
manage than, for example, a novel or a magazine article.
B
Although sometimes there may be reasons why you need to skim-read an article or book, this is likely to be only to get the
general ideas of what is being said, as a way of deciding whether it is appropriate reading material or not. In general,
skim-reading is not a particularly useful strategy for a student, but you may well be used to doing this in other contexts,
for example, skimming through a newspaper article or surfing the web. Instead of skim-reading, you will be developing
ways of concentrating on large chunks of quite dense text and making sense of them.
C
Even though you may only be reading for short bursts of time, it is likely that you will have to concentrate far more on
academic material than, for example, when reading for pleasure. You don't necessarily have to work in the library, but
you will need to decide what type of location and atmosphere suits you best, and establish conditions that are conducive to
effective study.
D
The initial stumbling block that most students face is choosing their reading. The first thing to do is to consult the reading
list you have been given for books and articles that seem relevant to your particular assignment. Doing a library search,
by key words or subject, is also useful if the references on your reading list are already on loan from the library. Your
tutor should also be able to advise you as to which are the most relevant publications or websites.
Questions 1-3
Which paragraph contains the following information?
1 The main purpose of skimming
2 The factors that you need to consider when you choose a place to read.
3 An explanation for why reading materials in universities or colleges are far harder to understand than texts from
newspapers or journals.
Simplicity reigns at London's biggest design festival.

(A) With upwards of 300 product launches, installations and exhibitions, London's annual nine-day design festival is a
showcase of head-spinning choice. In many ways that's the beauty of the extravaganza, everyone has a different
experience and takes something unique away from it. There were however some intriguing themes and trends in this
year's edition that spoke to larger social or cultural preoccupations.
(B) One was the launch of two consumer electronics products designed to simplify and beautify our technology-addled
lives. Both chose the new London Design Festival venue of Somerset House to show their wares. The first was a mobile
phone launched by Swiss company Punkt and designed by Jasper Morrison that allows users to make calls and texts only
(well, it has an alarm clock and an address book too). Punkt founder Petter Neby doesn't believe it will replace your smart
phone but suggests users fit it with the same SIM card as your main phone and use it in the evenings, weekends and on
holiday.
(C) The other electronics launch came from the unlikely French sibling duo of the Bouroullec brothers. Though tech
companies like Samsung are usually prescriptive about their products the Bouroullecs (who admitted they found most
TVs sad and ugly) seem to have been given free rein. Their new television for the mega Korean brand looks more like an
item of furniture than an ultra-large and ultra-slim piece of tech. More importantly, it comes with simplified on-screen
interaction and a 'curtain mode' that turns your screen into a shimmering pattern during ads or half-time. Again, their
focus was on dialing down digital insanity.
(D) Customizable online furniture was also very much in vogue at this year's festival. But rest assured, weird and
unreliable software or off-the-wall designs sent to a 3D printer somewhere and arriving months later, seem to be a thing of
the past. Customization may finally have come of age. Two examples were Scandi-brand Hem that combinded good
design by the likes of Luca Nichetto, Form Us With Love and Sylvain Willenz with affordable price points. The fact that
the brand opened a pop-up store in Covent Garden during the festival is a recognition of the importance of both physical
and online spaces that work seamlessly together.
(E) Another online configurable brand to make its debut after years in development was Warsaw-based Tylko. Like Hem,
Tylko has spent time and money on very powerful and easy-to-use software, but with only three designs - a table, a shelf
and salt and pepper mills - it has a way to go. Its augmented reality app is simple to use however and its table has been
developed with a nano-coating option that really does appear to keep pesky stains at bay. Craft and 'making' in all its
forms was once again a big hit and nowhere more so than at TENT, the East London design event that gets better every
year.
(F) A definite highlight was the massive space taken over by the Design & Crafts Council of Ireland and filled with
weavers and potters doing their thing and showing their wares. Irish Design had another delectable stand over at the
Rochelle School in East London too. The Souvenir Project was a series of nine non-cliché 'souvenirs' made in Ireland and
included a rainbow plate by Nicholas Mosse Pottery that featured rows of animals, flowers and watering cans and
commemorated the legalization of same-sex marriage in Ireland in May 2015.
(G) If there was one material that could be said to define the festival it might just be Jesmonite, the wonder man-made
building composite. Lighter and more sustainable than concrete, its dramatic capabilities were brought to life by London-
based design studio PINCH and their tour-de-force limited edition Nim table and Swedish artist Hilda Hellström's giant
colorful volcano made for the restaurant in London's Ace Hotel. A show called Matter of Stuff near Covent Garden was in
on the jesmonite act too, but even more intriguingly was presenting vases made out of Propolis, a resinous material
collected by bees and used to seal gaps in hives that, according to their designer Marlene Huissoud, behaves like glass.
(H) Finally, this was the year that Chinese Design finally displayed a well-edited and inspired showcase of products.
Despite the mouthful of a title, Icon Presents: Hi Design Shanghai stand at 100% Design was a meaningful selection of
designers exploring materials and ideas. Young design duo Yuue's offerings were the most representative of a new
conceptual approach to design that seems to be emerging. Their lamps were functional but also thought-provoking and
humorous. What more could one want from the stuff that surrounds us?
Questions 1-8
The text has eight paragraphs A-H. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-H, in
boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.
1. Examples of customization ______________
2. Unusual keepsakes ________________
3. A new approach ________________
4. A simple cell phone _______________
5. Unbelievable material _______________
6. A strange TV ____________________
7. Number of products shown on the festival _____________________
8. Three designs of a software ________________________
Black rats rainforest invasion 'speeded by deforestation'

(A) Cutting down trees in rainforests facilitates the spread of invasive black rats, a study suggests. The rodents normally
avoid mature forests with large trees as they provide little in the way of cover. But researchers, writing in Biotropica, say
that logging makes rainforests more attractive for rats as fallen wood contains more insects which they eat.
(B) Scientists are concerned that the invading black rats will be bad news for native mammals. Sometimes called the ship
rat, these rodents have spread around the world over the past 400 years, often causing the extinctions of native species and
spreading disease.
(C) Much of their notoriety rests on the idea that black rats were the origin of bubonic plague, although recent research
casts doubt on that notion. Black rats have usually avoided older forests as they contain large trees which do not provide
much in the way of ground level protection. They also tend to have leafy forest floors which are noisy for rats to run
through, as they attract predators.
(D) This new study examined the idea that logging of trees in rainforests might facilitate the spread of the rodents. The
researchers looked at the island of Borneo where large tracts of the natural forest have been degraded.
(E) It had been believed that black rats were confined to urban areas in Borneo. To test the idea that they might spread
into deforested regions, the scientists trapped rats from four different species - they then attached small spools of cotton
thread to their backs and and tracked their movements.
(F) Across the animals in the study, the researchers found that the black rats had the strongest preference for the type of
disturbed habitat associated with logging. The increased amount of fallen wood boosted the amount of insects which the
rats eat. The logged forests also have more undergrowth which provides better cover. The researchers believe that black
rats favour these small changes far more than related species.
(G) "Logging creates micro-environments that black rats love, helping them move in," said study co-author Dr Rob Ewers
from Imperial College London. "This could be bad news for native mammals who might not be able to compete with
black rats for food and resources. It's also bad for the forest, as many small mammals are important seed dispersers,
helping rainforest plants to grow, and they are also prey for larger animals."
(H) The researchers say that the widespread destruction of forests throughout the tropics may well be multiplying the
threat from invasive species like black rats. They believe the presence of these rats could pose a significant threat to
nesting birds and other small mammals. The scientists say that the way that logging is done can have a big impact on the
suitability of the land for the black rats. The more dead wood that is left behind the better the black rats like it. If felled
trees were more accurately cleared as well as the vines that connect the trees, the rat's progress might be curbed.
Questions 1-8
1. A valid concern____________
2. The experiment ________________
3. More food for rats________________-
4. Possible threats ___________________
5. Bad news __________________
6. A place of the research _______________
7. The difference between species __________________
8. The reason for bad reputation ____________________
When the flip of a coin wins an election

(A) In the first vote to decide the US's presidential candidates, several results were decided on the toss of a coin. How
common is it for elections to be decided this way? A silver coin balanced on thumb and forefinger is pinged upwards,
falls, then gives its verdict - heads or tails. In sport, it's a common practice to decide who kicks off or opens the batting. In
elections it's rarer, but not as rare as you might suppose. In Iowa's Democratic caucuses - a contest between Hillary
Clinton and Bernie Sanders for the party's presidential nomination - the results in several precincts were decided by
flipping a coin, according to the Des Moines Register.
(B) It was a series of dramatic finishes in a race the party called "the closest in Iowa Democratic caucus history". On
Twitter there were reports that contests were settled in this way in Ames, one Des Moines precinct, another Des Moines
precinct, Newton, West Branch and West Davenport. In some of these cases it was reported that there was a dead heat in
voting. In Ames, it was the vagaries of the voting system and the decision by 60 of those present not to vote that left the
final result unclear. Party officials were contacted on a hotline to advise, and recommended tossing a coin.
(C) Unusually, all six coin tosses were won by Clinton. According to John Moriarty, Reader in Mathematics at Queen
Mary University London, there would have been a one-in-64 or 1.6% chance of Clinton winning all six flips. (That's
nothing, however, compared to the time the England cricket team lost 12 tosses of the coin in a row - a probability of
about 4,000-to-one.) The caucus system used in 10 US states, American Samoa and the Virgin Islands, differs from the
primary system used in most states in that votes are taken in small groups rather than on a statewide basis. This makes ties
more likely.
(D) "It's quite an idiosyncratic process," says Rene Lindstaedt, an expert on US politics at the University of Essex. Unlike
in primaries, which are conducted like ballots, Democratic caucus-goers in Iowa show their support for candidates by
standing or sitting together in "preference groups" before a head count is taken (Iowa Republicans use secret ballots or a
show of hands).
(E) The Iowa Democratic party's caucus guide states that "where two or more preference groups are tied for the loss of a
delegate, a coin shall be tossed to determine who loses the delegate". With the statewide result a virtual tie between
Clinton and Sanders, the flips became one of the night's biggest talking points, and within hours the coin had its own
Twitter profile.
(F) It's not unprecedented for elections to be decided in this manner. The mayor of San Teodoro, a town in the central
Philippines, was ultimately chosen by a coin toss in 2013 after two rival candidates both received 3,236 votes apiece. In
the UK, returning officers are legally obliged to settle elections immediately if recounts fail to establish a winner. This has
never happened in an election to the House of Commons, but it has in local elections.
(G) Worksop North East seat in Bassetlaw District Council was won by Labour on the toss of a coin in 2000 after three
recounts. Christopher Underwood-Frost, a Conservative councillor in Lincolnshire held his seat by the toss of a coin in
2007. And control of Stirling District Council was decided by cutting a deck of cards on two occasions in 1988 and 1992.
There are other uses for coin flips, too. Government contracts in Canada can be awarded this way if tenders are identical.
(H) But there remains unease about the use of making decisions so arbitrarily - even in sport, where the use of coin tosses
is perhaps best established. From 2016, under an England and Wales Cricket Board (ECB) trial, visiting county teams will
be given the option of bowling first, and a coin toss will only take place if they decline. Perhaps the ECB will share its
findings with Iowa's Democratic Party.
Questions 1-8
1. Heat in voting____________
2. A fact about the UK _________________
3. Statement of the caucus guide ________________-
4. The way Democratic caucus-goers in Iowa show their support ___________________
5. A parallel with sport __________________
6. Some examples of winning by the toss of a coin ___________________--
7. An unexpected outcome _________________
8. New rule _______________-
Fluctuation of unemployment rate

During the recent downturn, the unemployment rate in America jumped from 4.4% to 10%. Economic growth has since
pepped up. But unemployment is nowhere near pre-crisis lows: America’s rate, at 6.2%, is still 40% higher than late 2006.
Economists are raising the spectre of “structural” unemployment to explain this puzzle. What is it?
Economists often refer to three types of unemployment: "frictional", “cyclical” and “structural”. Cold-hearted economists
are not too worried about the first two, which refer to people moving between jobs and those temporarily laid-off during a
downturn.
Frictional unemployment exists because both jobs and workers are heterogeneous (in other words, they have different
expectations). And a mismatch can result between the characteristics of supply and demand. Such a mismatch can be
related to skills, payment, worktime, location, attitude, taste, and a multitude of other factors. New entrants (such as
graduating students) and re-entrants (such as former homemakers) can also suffer a spell of frictional unemployment.
Workers as well as employers accept a certain level of imperfection, risk or compromise, but usually not right away; they
will invest some time and effort to find a match. This is in fact beneficial to the economy since it results in a better
allocation of resources. However, if the search takes too long and mismatches are too frequent, the economy suffers, since
some work will not get done. Therefore, governments seek ways to reduce unnecessary frictional unemployment, and
hopefully it’s not hard to do so.
The second type, cyclical unemployment deals with an economy's business cycle. Cyclical unemployment occurs when
there are job losses during downturns and contractions in the business cycle. A lack of demand is one of the main factors
that cause cyclical unemployment. When there is a drop in consumer demand, business revenues usually decline.
Consequently, companies have to lay off workers to cut their costs to maintain their profit margins.
For example, the U.S. economy faced cyclical unemployment during the 2008 financial crisis. As more and more
subprime mortgage lenders filed for bankruptcy, homes were not being constructed. Consequently, many people who
were employed as construction workers and home builders lost their jobs and experienced cyclical unemployment.
The third kind refers to people who are excluded, perhaps permanently, from the labour market. In econo-speak, structural
unemployment refers to the mismatch between the number of people looking for jobs and the number of jobs available. It
is bad news both for those who suffer from it and for the society in which they live. People out of work for long periods
tend to have poorer health than average. The structurally unemployed also squeeze social-security budgets.
Structural unemployment in advanced economies has been rising for decades, as jobs in industries like mining and
manufacturing have withered. In Britain between 1984 and 1992, employment in coal mining fell by 77% and in
steelmaking by 72%. Communities that were built around a single profession were devastated. Many of the people
affected only had experience of a specific, high-skill job. They did not have the skills or attributes needed to be successful
in many service-sector jobs (such as working in a call centre or in a restaurant). Hence they were structurally unemployed.
A different problem may be afflicting advanced economies today. The downturn was truly nasty and has lasted for years.
Many people gave up looking for a job and withdrew from the labour force. In America the number of these “discouraged
workers” jumped from 370,000 in 2007 to 1.2m in 2010. (Today it is twice its 2007 level.)
Most economists would accept that a certain level of unemployment is inevitable: an attempt to achieve full employment
would stoke massive wage inflation. Whatever its causes, governments have to understand structural unemployment.
Economic growth alone will not be enough to get everyone into work. Supply-side reforms, such as job training (known
by wonks as “active labour market policies”) are also needed.
Questions 1-8
Classify the following statements as referring to:
A. frictional unemployment
B. cyclical unemployment
C. structural unemployment
Write the appropriate letters A, B or C in boxes 1-8:

1. Mismatch between the number of people looking for jobs and the number of jobs available results in a long-term
unemployment.
2. In 2008 many Americans who were employed as construction workers lost their jobs.
3. Downturns in the economy’s business cycle results in temporary job losses
4. It is not difficult to reduce this kind of unemployment.
5. As jobs in industries like mining and manufacturing have withered, this type of unemployment has started to rise in
advanced economies.
6. Mismatch between the characteristics of supply and demand on job market results in this type of unemployment.
7. During the economy’s most massive downfalls, many people give up looking for a job and withdraw from the labour
force.
8. To reduce this kind of unemployment, society needs supply-side reforms and job trainings.

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MATCHING HEADING IELTS READING (CƠ BẢN) BÀI TẬP 1

E. A thirst for exploration provided Homo sapiens with another significant

Adapted from Focus Magazine

1. a comparison of a range of physical features of Neanderthals and Homo

OUT OF AFRICA: SOLAR ENERGY FROM THE SAHARA

D. But producing Significant quantities of electricity means building huge arrays

F. Meanwhile, some companies are getting started. Seville engineering

G. Nicholas Dunlop, secretary-general of the London-based NGO e-

adapted from Time Magazine

*terra incognita - Latin, meaning ‘an unknown land'

The reading passage has seven paragraphs, A-G.

1. a mention of systems which could not be used

E. Today, a UK-based international non-profit organization called WaterAid is

Adapted from National Geographic magazine

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

A. building a transport route

D. Individual analysis of pre- and post-test data, which confirmed parental

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

Which TWO of the following outcomes are reported in the passage?

Today, many governments are promoting organic or natural farming methods

B. Unlike conventional farming, the organic approach means farming with

emitted by transporting food (a great deal of Britain’s organic produce is

C. Organic farming is often claimed to be safer than conventional farming - for

G. Ultimately, the organic farming movement is an expensive luxury for

Adapted from articles in Spiked

Choose TWO letters, A-E.

HUMPBACK WHALE BREAKS MIGRATION RECORD

By Janelle Weaver, published online in Nature

1. What TWO aspects of the whale’s journey surprised researchers?

2. The passage mentions reasons why whales generally migrate.

5. The passage says that more research is done in the Northern

7. Which TWO methods of finding out where whales migrate are

A. In the 1970s, as part of a large-scale research programme exploring the area

B. Other researchers have explored the development of deception in children.

E. Today, a UK-based international non-profit organization called WaterAid is

Adapted from National Geographic magazine

A. for places where products tend to sell well

1. shelves which are at the same level as your eyes

GETTING STARTED WITH E-MAIL!

A. if it happened in the 1960s;

1. E-mail had a very limited usage in military-related areas.

MORE CAVITIES NEEDED

A. if they are likely to attract bluebirds;

1. boxes with very large holes

CROWDING HUMAN LIFE

1. By the year 2025, ...

ALL ABOUT RENTING

1. It is suggested that before you leave you'd better ....

EDUCATING OUR MOBILE CHILDREN

1. Most of the families moving overseas will worry about ...

Reading As Part Of Writing

Simplicity reigns at London's biggest design festival.

Black rats rainforest invasion 'speeded by deforestation'

When the flip of a coin wins an election

Fluctuation of unemployment rate

Write the appropriate letters A, B or C in boxes 1-8:

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