The evolution

Human evolution, also known as hominization, deals with the stages in which human beings have
evolved from their ancestors the australopithecus to the present day homo sapiens. Based on a
number of bones, fossil teeth, found in different continents such as Asia, Africa and Europe,

These theories affirm that living beings originate from simple creatures that have evolved over time.
One of these theorists is Charles Darwin who was the first to relate the kinship of our species with
the "monkeys" the anthropoids, the evidence they show is the kinship of our species with monkeys
like the chimpanzee, this evolution is said to have started 6 million years ago, previously a
population of primates in northwest Africa was divided and thus evolved independently, for that
reason the African continent is called (cradle of mankind).

These had some stages of evolution, the first species called hominids had a separation that
originated the australopithecus and the human genus, the first stage were the australopithecus, this
species was the first to master fire which allowed them to move through different territories, this
species was found in Cameroon, Tanzania and Ethiopia where they found a skeleton of an
Australopithecus apheresis, to investigate and observe this skeleton allowed to know the first
characteristics of the species which were: Teeth more human, the jaw began to have the human
parabolic shape and the brain was on the way to what we are today, were equally found some traces
such as, campfires, campsites and burials. There were also Australopithecus africanus and
paranthropus buisei, it is believed that these species had coexisted and competed with each other,
because all species were extinct, but one of them would have been the ancestor of the genus homo,
the genus homo has several species, these species were emerging as they evolved. these were those
who developed the nervous system and intelligence, the homos used their hands to catch fruits and
with stones to scare away any kind of animal dangerous to the species.

The first homo sapiens were between 200,000 and 300,000 years ago, since the species homo
erectus evolved to become homo sapiens, although these belong to the same genus they do not
present any kinship with the current man, it is said that the first appearance of homo sapiens was
more than 90,000 years ago, There is some disagreement among scientists about whether the
sequence of hominid fossils reveals a continuous evolutionary development from the first
appearance of Homo sapiens to modern man. This disagreement centers primarily on the place of
Neanderthal remains, often classified within the chain of hominization as Homo sapiens
neanderthalensis,. Neanderthal men (named after the Neander Valley in Germany, where one of the
first skulls was found) occupied parts of Europe and the Near East from about 100,000 years ago.

Near East from about 100,000 years ago until 35,000 to 40,000 years ago, when they disappeared
from the fossil record. Elsewhere in the Old World other fossils of different varieties of early Homo
sapiens have also been found.

In addition to the fossil remains found in southern Africa, the theories are guaranteed by
comparisons that were made of "mitochondrial" DNA which is subsequently inherited from mothers,
in these studies give the possibility that humans come from an African generation, this theory has
been called the Eve hypothesis, on the contrary, many anthropologists do not accept it and claim
that the human species existed much longer ago.

Among the different ancient races we find the Cro-Magnon man Cro-Magnon is the local name of a
French cave in which fossils were found from which the group was typified. It is dated at 40,000 and
10,000 years old and is taken as the milestone that marks the beginning of the Upper Paleolithic
from the anthropological point of view, while the modern limit is marked not by the appearance of
any physical modification, but by the environmental and cultural one: the end of the last glaciation
and the beginning of the present interglacial period.

The name of the hominid is very similar to the present name for the subspecies of homo sapiens
sapiens, who lived in western and southern Europe during the last glaciation. These creatures had
different outstanding physical features such as;

The elongated skull, high forehead and higher vault than the Neanderthals, well marked supraorbital
protuberances, but not in burlete or entorus, wide face, narrow nose, appreciable prognathism, low
and rectangular orbits,

robust jaw with prominent chin. The tibiae were very flattened transversely, they were very
intelligent and clearly had the ability to manufacture tools with stone, bone and ivory, they also used
animal teeth and horns. Their handling of different materials and their thinking ability allowed them
to make sharp blades, fishing rods, bows, and arrows. Cro-Magnon men wore close-fitting clothing
and decorated their bodies with jewelry and ornaments of shell and bone. Various cave paintings on
the walls of some caves provide further evidence of their elaborate culture. It is believed that the
Cro-Magnon were the remote ancestors of the peoples inhabiting southern and western Europe. The
name Cro-Magnon comes from a rock shelter of the same name in the Dordogne department in
southwestern France, where skeletal remains were discovered in 1868. They lived in caves and
temporarily in open-air camps. Without being considered sedentary, they probably maintained a
preferred place of residence, which they occasionally abandoned to move to another. Their way of
life was hunter-gatherer. They hunted in groups; large animals, with traps; and small animals, with
stones. The tools of the Cro-Magnons allowed them to dominate their environments. It is thought
that the superiority of this hominid was a factor that started the process of extinction of the
Neanderthal.

Marleni Collado