Principle of Communication Lab Manual EEE351

Lab 7: Frequency Modulation

Objective:

The main objective of this lab is frequency modulation implementation in LabVIEW.

Introduction:

Frequency Modulation (FM) is a form of modulation in which changes in the frequency of the carrier wave
correspond directly with changes in the baseband signal. This is considered an analog form of modulation,
because the baseband signal is typically an analog waveform without discrete, digital values. This demo
is designed to illustrate the theory behind frequency modulation, and introduce practical aspects of its
implementation.

FM is most commonly used for radio and television broadcasting. In fact, FM radio, which operates from
88 Mhz to 108 MHz, uses FM modulation to transmit audio signals. Each radio station utilizes a 38 kHz
frequency band to broadcast audio. Analog television implements FM modulation as well. In fact,
television channels 0 through 72 utilize various bandwidths between 54 MHz and 825 MHz. This
bandwidth is used for a variety of technologies, also including FM radio.

The basic principle behind FM modulation is that the amplitude of an analog baseband signal can be
represented by a slightly different frequency of the carrier. Mathematically, we will represent this by
describing the steps required to modulate the frequency of a sinusoidal carrier.

The actual mathematical process to modulate a baseband signal, m(t), onto the carrier requires a two-
step process. First, the message signal must be integrated with respect to time to get an equation for
phase with respect to time, Ө(t). This enables the modulation process because phase modulation is fairly
straightforward. With typical IQ modulator circuitry. A block diagram description of a FM transmitter is
shown below:

Figure 1: Frequency Modulation

As the block diagram above illustrates, the integration of a message signal results in an equation for
phase with respect to time. This equation is defined by the following equation:

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 (t ) = 2f ct + 2k f 0 m( )d ]

t

We can simplify this equation to the following:

f
 (t ) = 2f ct + sin( 2f mt )
fm

In the equation above, ∆ƒ is the frequency deviation and it represents the maximum frequency difference
between the instantaneous frequency and the carrier frequency. In fact, the ration of ∆ƒ to the carrier
frequency is the modulation index. This index, β, is thus defined by the equation:

f
=
fm

Thus, the integrated message signal can be represented as:

𝜃(𝑡) = 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)

As a result, we can substitute this new representation of Ө(t) into our original formula to represent the
final modulated FM signal as the following equation:

𝑠(𝑡) = 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛[ 2𝜋𝑓𝑐 𝑡 + 𝛽 𝑠𝑖𝑛( 2𝜋𝑓𝑚 𝑡)]

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Programming:

Front panel:

Figure 2: Front Panel FM

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Block Diagram: a= sin(𝜔𝑚 𝑡)

b= sin(𝜔𝑐 𝑡)

c= cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡)

i1= 𝛽.∗ 𝑎

i1= 𝛽 sin(𝜔𝑚 𝑡)

i2= cos(𝑖1)

i2= cos(𝛽 sin(𝜔𝑚 𝑡))

i3= b.*i2

i3=
sin(𝜔𝑐 𝑡).* cos(𝛽 sin(𝜔𝑚 𝑡))

i4= sin(𝑖1)

i4= sin(𝛽 sin(𝜔𝑚 𝑡))

i5= c.*i4

i5=
Figure 3: Block Diagram FM cos(𝜔𝑐 𝑡).* sin(𝛽 sin(𝜔𝑚 𝑡))

Conclusion:
Frequency Modulation (FM) is an important modulation scheme both because of its widespread
commercial use, and because of its simplicity. As we have seen in this document, frequency modulation
can be simplified to phase modulation with a simple integrator.

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 Principle of Communication Lab Manual EEE351

Lab Tasks

In-Lab Task 1:

Implement the task implemented in lab as in-lab task 1.

Post-Lab Task 1:

Implement single tone FM in Mathscript by selecting both message signal and carrier signal a sine wave.
Derive the final expression and also observe the effect of varying modulation index β.

Objective:

Overview:

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Result and Discussions:

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