Mbserr`cc` s`stbklhcb bk ilkbrée

Jerrbre mb Lkdbklbrée mb ilkes.

–MBZEXX@CC@ Z@Z]BKLHCB ILKBX@’

Eut`r?
Ecverem` Hubk`, Nrekjlsj` Ertur`

  Mb Ce Jruz Iecje, Mevlm O`senåt

Esbs`r?
Zecezer Xl`s, O`rdb Culs

Jeoeierje ‚ Qbrÿ
815<

ÉKMLJB
5
 

  Mbserr`cc` s`stbklhcb bk ilkbrée

EDXEMBJLILKB]@
@HOB]L^@Z

 @hobtlv`s dbkbrecbs?
 @hobtlv`s bspbjénlj`s?
XBZRIBK
NRKMEIBK]@ ]BÚXLJ@.

 Zbdÿk mbnbks`rée mbc pubhc`

J@KNCLJ]@ ILKBX@ J@I@ BOBIQC@ NBXXBÕENB

JEÕEXLEJ@ J@QQBX QBXR Z.E.

 Lkn`riejlúk dbkbrec
 J`kncljt`(s) rbcejl`kem`(s)
 J`iuklmembs enbjtemes
 Ejt`rbs lkv`cujrem`s
 Rhljejlúk ‚ met`s mb pr`ybjt` mbspuìs mbc j`kncljt`

QX@\BJ]@ ILKBX@ JEÕEXLEJ@

 LKLJL@ MBC QX@HCBIE MB CE ILKBXÉE BK]XB Q@HCEJLÚK?

 MBNBKZ@XÉE MBC QRBHC@ XBL]BXE KBJBZLMEM MB J@K]LKREX QX@JBZ@ MB
MLÅC@D@ QEXE Z@CRJL@KEX J@KNCLJ]@ ILKBX@ BK JEÕEXÉZ ‚ 815:
 QCEKBEILBK]@ BZ]XE]ÌDLJ@ QEXE BC MBZEXX@CC@ QX@\BJ]@ Z@JLEC MB CE
QX@^LKJLE MB NBXXBÕENB

BOBZ MB MBZEXX@C
MBZEXX@CC@?
C@?

CLKBEILBK]@Z
CLKBEILBK]@Z BZ]XE]ÌDLJ@Z
BZ]XE]ÌDLJ@Z??

5. Mbserr`cc` Z`jlec?

8. Mbserr`cc` Bj`kúilj`?
:. Mbserr`cc` ]brrlt`rlec ‚ Eihlbktec?
=. Mbserr`cc` Lkstltujl`kec ‚ @rdeklzejl`kec?
EKÅCLZLZ BZ]XE]ÌDLJ@

@HOB]L^@Z BZ]XE]ÌDLJ@Z?

J@KJCRZL@KBZ

XBNBXBKJLEZ HLHCL@DXÅN
HLHCL@DXÅNLJEZ
LJEZ

EKBV@Z

8
 

  Mbserr`cc` s`stbklhcb bk ilkbrée

EDXEMBJLILKB]@
Edrembzj` e Ml`s j`i` il dulem`r qulbk julme mb ié bk t`m` i`ibkt` y
jeme jeilk` t`iem`, ec lkdbklbr` y m`jbktb O`rdb Culs Zecezer Xl`s7 p`r ce

bxpbrlbkjle
treheo`s y `p`rtuklmem qub k`s hrlkme pere rbeclzer j`k ìxlt` kubstr`s
y pr`ybjt`s.
Zlk keme iås qub ej`ter ce lkn`riejlúk e j`ktlkuejlúk.

:
 

  Mbserr`cc` s`stbklhcb bk ilkbrée

J@KNCLJ]@Z Z@JLE
BK]XB J@IRKLMEM

\QX@\BJ]@
ILKBXLE ‚ 
JEÕEXLEJ@-
NBXXBÕENB

=
 

  Mbserr`cc` s`stbklhcb bk ilkbrée

@HOB]L^@Z

  @hobtlv`s dbkbrecbs?

 Lmbktlnljejlúk mbc pr`hcbie prlkjlpec.

  @hobtlv`s bspbjénlj`s?

 Jrber uke lmbe p`sltlve bk c`s fehltektbs mb ce z`ke.

 Xbjupbrer ce j`knlekze pbrmlme mb ce j`iuklmem.

 J`kvbkjbrr qub ce ilkbrée k` bstå mbstruybkm` ces tlbrres.

J`kvbkjb

 Qerer c`s j`kncljt`s ilkbr`s bktrb ce j`iuklmem.

 Lmbktlnljer bc iìt`m` bk qub eihes pertbs sb hbkbnljlbk.

2
 

  Mbserr`cc` s`stbklhcb bk ilkbrée

Xbsuibk
Bc tbrilk` j`kncljt` ilkbr` bs ye iås j`iÿk bs bst`s tlbip`s mbc sldc` xx e
reéz qub ilkbrées ektldues fek dbkbrem` uk lipejt` iuy hrusj` bk ces
tlbrres p`r bkmb pbrs`kes mb ces j`iuklmembs enbjtemes ` j`k pr`ybjt`s
ilkbr`s sb cbvektek bk uke s`ce v`z.

Z`k jrbbkj
jrbbkjles
les b lmb
lmbes
es fbrbme
fbrbmemes
mes mb ekjbst
ekjbstr`s
r`s,, mb flst`r
flst`rles
les qub nubr`k
nubr`k
j`ktemes, ilt`s ` cbybkmes ejbrje bc lipejt` ibml` eihlbktec qub uke
ilkbre `jesl`ke.

Z`k iuy j`k`jlm`s c`s pr`hcbies ` j`kncljt`s ilkbr`s y s`jlecbs. Bk ce

ejtueclmem sbdÿk ce mbnbks`rée mbc pubhc` bk su ÿctli` rbp`rtb mb j`kncljt`s
s`jlecbs K± 56>7 sb rbdlstrek 58: jes`s qub s`k p`r tbies s`jl`-eihlbktecbs
y 4< jes`s mb j`kncljt` s`jlecbs bk bc Qbrÿ s`k p`r ejtlvlmembs ilkbres,
drejles e XQQ K@]LJLEZ p`r ce lkn`riejlúk.
Zlbkm` bstb bc >=% mb j`kncljt`s s`jl`-eihlbktecbs j`k rbspbjt` ec sbjt`r 
ilkbr`.

Bxlstbk p`r `tr` cem` ilkbrées ` pr`ybjt`s ilkbr`s, c`s juecbs fek sehlm`
treheoer mb ce iek` oukt` j`k ce j`iuklmem mekm` bipcb`s, eyumekm` e ce
z`ke, mekm` bmujjlúk, bj`kúiljeibktb y feste bk ecduk`s jes`s fek tbklm`
mb j`iprer tbrrbk` ` trescemer y rbuhljer e ces pbrs`kes.

Bstb
ejehepr`hcbie bs dbkbrem`
bc edue, j`kteilke bc eedue,
reéz mb qub ces
iec`dre tu pbrs`kes
juctlv` y mljbk qub ceilt`s
bktrb `tr`s ilkbrée
ces
juecbs dbkbrek pr`tbste7 bst` sb mbhb e qub c`s p`hcem`rbs mb ce z`ke k`
tlbkbk uke hubke lkn`riejlúk.

F`y p`
F`y p`rr f`y
f`y bs nåjl
nåjlcc bkj`
bkj`kt
ktre
rers
rsbb e ib
ibku
kum`
m` j`
j`kk ml
mlnb
nbrb
rbkt
ktbs
bs jr
jrlt
ltbr
brl`
l`ss y
 pbrspbjtlves pere
pere mbnlklr uk j`kncljt` i
ilkbr`.
lkbr`.

Iey`ribktb bst`s j`kncljt`s bk bc klvbc kejl`kec s`k ccbvem`s ec bxtrbi` p`r 

c`s i`rem`rbs. \e sbek p`r jlbrrb mb jerrbtbres y p`r 
vl`cbkjle/bknrbkteilbkt` jeipec. Eiìrlje cetlke bs uke mb ces prlkjlpecbs
z`kess bk bc iukm
z`ke iukm`` m`kmb s`k iås j`iukbs
j`iukbs bst
bst`s
`s pr`hcbies
pr`hcbies mb j`kncljt`
j`kncljt`
s`jlec ibml`eihlbktec j`k bc sbjt`r ilkbr`.

>
 

  Mbserr`cc` s`stbklhcb bk ilkbrée

L. Nukmeibkt` tbúrlj`.
Bc j`kn
j`kncl
cljt
jt`` s`
s`jl
jl`` eihl
eihlbk
bkte
tecc bs db
dbkb
kbre
rem`
m` p`
p`rr uk
ukee jl
jlbr
brte
te je
jekt
ktlm
lmem
em mb
ieklnbstektbs ektl ilkbr`s j`k lmbes kbdetlves rbspbjt` e ce ilkbrée, lmbes
j`i`?
Ce ilkbrée
ilkbrée j`ktei
j`kteilke
lke ces edues
edues,, c`s ekliecb
ekliecbss sb bknbriek
bknbriek y iubrbk
iubrbk,, ce
vbdbtejlúk mbseperbjb, bktrb `tres.
 
5. Zbd
Zbdÿk
ÿk mb
mbnbk
nbks`r
s`rée
ée m
mbc
bc pubhc
pubhc``
Bk ce ejtue
ejtueclm
clmem,
em, mbnbk
mbnbks`r
s`rée
ée mb
mbcc pu
pubhc
bhc`` sbdÿk
sbdÿk su ÿctli`
ÿctli`
rbp`rtb bsteméstlj` K± 56>, mljb qub bc >=% mb j`kncljt`s s`k
 p`r ejtlvlmembs ilkbres, ye qub s`k 4< jes`s mb j`kncljt`s
s`jl` eihlbktecbs bk bc sbjt`r ilkbr`.

MBNBKZ@XLE MBC QRBHC@

Emou
Emoukt
ktée
ée pere
pere ce pr
prbv
bvbk
bkjl
jlúk
úk mb c`s
c`s J`kn
J`kncl
cljt
jt`s
`s
Z`jlecbs y ce D`hbrkehlclmem
XBQ@X]
XBQ @X]B B MB J@KNCL
J@KNCLJ]@J]@Z Z Z@JLE
Z@JLECBZ
CBZ K±
565
Ierz` 815<

Bk bstb rbp`rtb sb rbdlstrer`k jlkj` j`kncljt`s s`jlecbs, k`

rbs`cvlìkm`sb klkduk` feste bse nbjfe, c`s cuderbs mb iey`r 
j`kncljt`s nubr`k uhljem`s bk c`s mbperteibkt`s mb Ekjesf
(82 jes`s), Quk` (54 jes`s) y Jusj` (54 jes`s) k` sb rbdlstrú
fbrlm`s kl neccbjlm`s y 46 jes`s bståk bk pr`jbs` mb mlec`d`.

4
 

  Mbserr`cc` s`stbklhcb bk ilkbrée

MBNBKZ@XLE MBC QRBHC@ ‚ Emouktée pere ce Qrbvbkjlúk mb J`kncljt`s

Z`jlecbs y ce D`hbrkehlclmem
D`hbrkehlclmem..
QBXR?? J@KN
QBXR J@KNCL
CLJ]
J]@Z
@Z Z@
Z@JLJLEC
ECBZBZ XBDL
XBDLZ]
Z]XE
XEM@
M@Z
Z Q@
Q@X
X IBZ,
IBZ,
IEX_@ 8156-5< (kÿibr` mb jes`s)
815 - - - - - - - - 815 815 - 815
6 6 < <
Ie Eh Ie Ou Ou Ed Zb @j K` Mlj Bkb Nb Ie
r r y k c ` p t v 565 561 h r
566 5< 5<6 5< 5< 5< 81 5< 5< 54 56:
> 6 6 > 8 < = <

8156 815
 Klvbc mb d`hlbrk` K± jes`s %
]@]EC 56: 511.11%
D`hlbrk` kejl`kec 554 >:.<1%
D`hlbrk` rbdl`kec :> 5<.41%
D`hlbrk` c`jec 5< 51.=1%
Q`mbr oumljlec 2 8.41%
@rd. J`kst. Eutúk`ie 2 8.41%
Q`mbr cbdlscetlv` 5 1.21%

6
 

  Mbserr`cc` s`stbklhcb bk ilkbrée

MBNBKZ@XLE MBC QRBHC@ ‚ Emouktée pere ce Qrbvbkjlúk mb J`kncljt`s
Z`jlecbs y ce D`hbrkehlclmem
D`hbrkehlclmem..
QBXR?? J@KN
QBXR J@KNCL
CLJ]
J]@Z
@Z Z@
Z@JL
JLEC
ECBZ
BZ XBDL
XBDLZ] Z]XE
XEM@M@Z Z Q@Q@XX IBZ,
IBZ,
ZBQ]LBIHXB 815< ‚ rbp`rtb mb j`kncljt`s s`jlecbs K.± 564
815 - -
8156 815 - - - - - - - 815<
6 <
Zbp @jt K`v Mlj Bkb Nbh Ier Ehr Iey Ouk Ouc Ed` Zbp
818 5<< 5<= 565 561 54< 56: 56= 54> 546 56= 56> 56=

8156 815
 Klvbc mb d`hlbrk` K± jes`s %
]@]EC 56= 511.11%
D`hlbrk` kejl`kec 55< >=.41%
D`hlbrk` rbdl`kec :< 85.81%
D`hlbrk` c`jec 56 <.61%

Q`mbr oumljlec 2 8.41%

@rd. J`kst. Eutúk`ie 8 5.51%
Q`mbr cbdlscetlv` 5 1.21%

K± jes`s

<.61%7 2% 8.41%7 5% 5.51%7 5% 1.21%7 1%

85.81%7 55%
]@]EC
Dlhlbrk` kejl`kec
D`hlbrk` rbdl`kec
D`hlbrk` c`jec
511.11%7 21% Q`mbr oumljlec
@rd. J`kst. Eut`k`ie
>=.41%7 :8% Q`mbr cbdlscev`

<
 

  Mbserr`cc` s`stbklhcb bk ilkbrée

5. J@KNCLJ]@
J@KNCLJ]@ ILKBX@
ILKBX@ J
J@I@
@I@ BOBIQ
BOBIQC@
C@
NBXXBÕENB
Ejtuecibktb s`k mlvbrs`s c`s j`kncljt`s, y mbktr` mb bst`s bxlstbk
suh-j`kncljt`s7 bst`s sb rbdlstrek sbdÿk su jetbd`rée.

Bc j`kn
j`kncl
cljt
jt`` mb ie
iey`
y`rr bk
bkvb
vbrd
rdem
emur
uree bs bc mb j`j`kn
kncl
cljt
jt`` s`jl
s`jl``
eihlbktec, ye qub mbktr` mb bstb bståk c`s pr`hcbies ilkbr`s `
j`kncljt`s bktrb uke j`iuklmem y bc sbjt`r ilkbr`.

e. JEÕ
JEÕEXL
EXLEJ@
EJ@ J@Q
J@QQBX
QBX QBX
QBXR
R Z.E.
Z.E.

bs uk pr`ybjt` ilkbr` qub tuv` pr`hcbies e lkljl`s mbc eõ` 8158 pere
bxpc
bxpc`t
`ter
er.. Bs
Bstå
tå uhlj
uhljem
em`` bk ce pr
pr`v
`vlk
lkjl
jlee mb Nb
Nbrr
rrbõ
bõen
enbb mb ce rb
rbdl
dlúk
úk

51
 

  Mbserr`cc` s`stbklhcb bk ilkbrée

Ceiheybqub, ilkbrec e bxtrebr? J@HXB, @X@ y QCE]E. Bstb pr`ybjt`
sb mbk`ilkú j`i` bc lkljl` mb ce ilkbrée e drek bsjece.
Fehltektbs mb ce z`ke y ecrbmbm`rbs k` qulbrbk qub bc pr`ybjt` ilkbr`
Jeõerlej` sb mì.

Lkn`riejlúk dbkbrec

K`ihrb J`iuklmem mb Jeõerls

Rklmem J`iuklmem
@jupejlúk EDXLJRC]RXE
Qeés Qbrÿ
Rhljejlúk/Xbdlúk Xbdlúk mb Ceiheybqub
@rldbk LKMLDBKE

J`kncljt`(s) rbcejl`kem`(s)
K`ihrb Cuder
Q`hc
Q`hcem
em`r
`rbs
bs mb Jeõe
Jeõerl
rlss K@ qu
qulb
lbrb
rbkk Mlstrlt` Jeõerls, pr`vlkjle mb Nbrrbõenb,
 pr`ybjt` ilkbr` Jeõerlej`
Jeõerlej` rbdlúk mb Ceiheybqub

Rhljejlúk Mlst
Mlstrl
rlt`
t` Jeõe
Jeõerl
rls,
s, pr
pr`v
`vlk
lkjl
jlee mb Nb
Nbrr
rrbõ
bõen
enb,
b, rb
rbdl
dlúk
úk mb
Ceiheybqub
Qeés(bs) Qbrÿ
Lkljl` mbc meõ` 5<<=
Lkljl` mbc j`kncljt` 8158

J`iuklmembs enbjtemes
K`ihrb @jupejlúk
J`iuklmem mb Jeõerls EDXLJRC]RXE

Ejt`rbs lkv`cujrem`s
K`ihrb @jupejlúk
Mbnbks`rée mbc pubhc` mb Ceiheybqub EMILKLZ]XEJL@K-QX@MRJ]L^E
Nrbktb mb mbnbkse mb Jeõerls J@KZBX^EJL@K MB XBJRXZ@Z
Jekmbktb J`ppbr J`rp. ILKBXLE
Jeõerlej` J`ppbr Qbrÿ Z.E. ILKBXLE

55
 

  Mbserr`cc` s`stbklhcb bk ilkbrée

K`ihrb Jekmbktb J`ppbr J`rp.
Rklmem Biprbse
@jupejlúk ILKBXLE
Qeés Jekemå
Mlrbjjlúk Zultb5>21-=11 Hurrerm Ztrbbt ^ekj`uvbr,
H.J. Jekemå ^>J :E>
Zltl` fttp?//www.jekmbktbj`ppbr.j`i 
fttp?//www.jekmbktbj`ppbr.j`i 
Bielc lkn`Ajekmbktbj`ppbr.j`i
Nex (>1=) >62-5<=>
]bcìn`k` (>1=) >6<-5<24

Rhljejlúk ‚ met`s mb pr`ybjt` mbspuìs mbc j`kncljt`

 K`ihrb Jeõerlej` K`rtb
Qeés Qbrÿ
]lp` mb pr`ybjt` ILKBXLE
Lkljl` mbc pr`ybjt` 8152
Nlkec mbc pr`ybjt` 81:2
Bstuml` mb Lipejt` Eihlbktec BLE Epr`hem`
Btepe Bxpc`rejlúk
Db`rrbnbrbkjlejlúk (Cet./C`kd) ->.5= / -4<.8<
Ectltum :.111
Årbe 521

QX@\BJ]@ ILKBX@ JEÕEXLEJ@

Bstb pr`ybjt` bs uk` mb c`s iey`rbs yejlilbkt`s mb j`hrb bk bc k`rtb mbc

Qbrÿ, mbktr` mbc årbe j`rrbsp`kmlbktb e ce j`iuklmem jeipbs
jeipbslke
lke Zek Ouek mb
Jeõerls.

58
 

  Mbserr`cc` s`stbklhcb bk ilkbrée

Heo` prl
Heo` prlkj
kjlpl
lpl`` mb julme
julmerr bc bqu
bqulcl
lclhrl
hrl`` bk
bktrb
trb ce j`kvlv
j`kvlvbkj
bkjle
le j`iukl
j`iuklmem
mem--
biprbse, bs qub sb eipclú hbkbnljl`s pere ce p`hcejlúk mb Jeõerls.

Ep`y`` bk bs
Ep`y bstu
tuml
ml`s
`s pr`n
pr`nbs
bsl`
l`ke
kecb
cbss te
tecb
cbss j`
j`i`
i`?? bk
bknbnbri
ribr
brée
ée,, lk
lkdb
dbkl
klbr
brée
ée
edrúk`
edrúk`ie
ie,, lkdbk
lkdbklbr
lbrée
ée ed
edréj
réj`ce
`ce,, lkd
lkdbkl
bklbré
bréee z``tbj
z``tbjkle
kle,, ibmljl
ibmljlke
ke fuiek
fuieke,
e,
ibmljlke vbtbrlkerle y pslj`c`dée.

LKLJL@
LKLJL@ MBC QX@HC
X@HCBI
BIE
E MB CE ILKB
LKBXÉE
XÉE BK]XB
K]XB
Q@HCEJLÚK?
Bc pr`hcbie sb ml` e lkljl`s mbc 8158 bk ierz`, ce p`hcejlúk sb cbvektú y
tuvlbr`k ilbm` qub sus tlbrres sbek enbjtemes.

Bc rbprbsbktektb mb ce mbnbks`rée mbc pubhc` bk bc eõ` 8158 j`knlri` –bs

lip`
lip`rt
rtek
ektb
tb bc mlmlec
ec`d
`d`` pe
pere
re bs
bsju
jujf
jfer
er ce
cess mb
mbie
iekm
kmes
es n`
n`ri
riucucem
emes
es p`
p`rr ce
j`iukl
j`i uklmem
mem,, ej
ejcer
cerer
er c`s pr`jb
pr`jbmli
mlilbk
lbkt`s
t`s sbsbdul
dulm`s
m`s,, bvecue
bvecuerr ces ils
ilsies
ies y
mbtbrilker ce etbkjlúk qub j`rrbsp`kme’

Qere bc jes` mb Jekmbktb J`ppbr J`rp`retlúk-Jeõerlej` ce lktbkjlúk bs

bxpc`ter uke ilkbrée e teo` ehlbrt` pere bxtrebr ilkbrecbs j`i` bc `r`, j`hrb
y pcete, sbdÿk c` lkmlje bk su sltl` wbh.

Zbdÿk bc lkdbklbr` eihlbktec Ildubc Derjée Quìiepb bc teo` ehlbrt` t`tec mb

Jeõerlej` pr`ybjtem` e trblkte eõ`s tbkmrå 51 Gi8. y sbrå iuy perbjlm` ec
ejtuec teo` mb ce biprbse \ekej`jfe
\ekej`jfe bk Jeoeierje.

Embiås, emvlbrtb, ce biprbse prbtbkmb bxpc`ter epr`xliemeibktb 5: ilc

fbjtårbes mb h`squbs uhljem`s bk ce slbrre mb Ceiheybqub, slbkm` bstes
jehbjbres mb jubkje y nubktbs mb edue ÿkljes bk ce rbdlúk.

5:
 

  Mbserr`cc` s`stbklhcb bk ilkbrée

Jeõerés sb jerejtbrlze p`r tbkbr mlnbrbktbs pls`s bj`cúdlj`s bk c`s qub sb
juctlve mbsmb jenì y nrutes, feste pepe y qulkue. Embiås, jubkte j`k h`squbs
mb kbhclke, juye nukjlúk bs rbtbkbr bc edue mb ces ccuvles pere qub mbspuìs
mlsjurrek bk rlejfubc`s.
]eihlìk p`sbb uke rlje mlvbrslmem hl`cúdlje y fey iås mb vblktb bspbjlbs mb
evbs, m`jb bspbjlbs mb ieiénbr`s y mbjbkes mb bspbjlbs mb årh`cbs j`i` ce
qulke, bc ecderr`h`, bc r`hcb,
r `hcb, bc jfejfej`i`, esé j`i` nc`rbs y `rquémbes.
Ce ilkbrée bk bstb sbjt`r trebrée j`i` j`ksbjubkjle lipejt`s lrrbibmlehcbs
bk ce rbdlúk tekt` eihlbktecbs j`i` jucturecbs, j`i` ce j`kteilkejlúk mbc
edue, nubktb mb vlme mb c`s p`hcem`rbs.
Bspbjlec prb`jupejlúk bs ce p`slhcb j`kteilkejlúk mbc Xé` Ce Cbjfb qub j`k
c`s bnbjt`s mbc jeihl` jcliåtlj` sb j`kvbrtlrå bk uke t`rrbktbre mb c`m` jeme
vbz qub ccubve bk Jeõerés y ecrbmbm`rbs, e jeuse mb ce lkj`ktr`cehcb br`slúk
fémrlje, sbdÿk lkvbstldejl`kbs mb Ildubc Derjée Quìiepb.

]eihlìk sb v`cvbréek lknìrtlcbs ces tlbrres y sb feréek liprejtljehcbs ces

ejtl
ej tlvl
vlme
memb
mbss ek
ekjb
jbst
stre
recb
cbss mb ce
cess j`
j`iu
iuklklme
memb
mbss j`
j`i`
i` ce ed edrl
rlju
juct
ctur
uree y ce
dekemb
dek embrée
rée,, em
embiå
biåss mb enb
enbjte
jtersb
rsb mrå
mråstl
stlje
jeibk
ibktbtb ces prå
pråjtl
jtljes
jes juc
juctur
turecb
ecbss y
j`stuihrbs j`i` bc lktbrjeihl` mb sus j`sbjfes, nrut`s y pr`mujt`s.
Ekt`kl` Qbõe Ouipe, bspbjleclste bk s`jl`c`dée y mbrbjf`, edrbde qub bk bc
espbjt` s`jlec ce ilkbrée treksn`rierå ces pråjtljes jucturecbs bk uk kubv`
j`ktbxt` mb ejtlvlmembs bxtrejtlves m`kmb eperbjbréek kubves tbjk`c`dées y
jlbrtes j`i`mlmembs i`mbrkes, pbr` teihlìk ce vlme k`jturke, ces mlsj`tbjes,
bc ecj`f`c, ces mr`des y ce pr`stltujlúk.

Mbspuìs mbc jlbrrb mb ce ilke qubmeréek rbslmu`s j`kteilkem`s mb c`s

 pr`jbs`s ibtecÿrdlj`s
ibtecÿrdlj`s mb nc`tejlúk y clxlvlejlúk ibmlektb
ibmlektb bc us` mb quéilj`s
mb ect` rlbsd` mb j`kteilkejlúk mbp`sltem`s j`i` mbsi`ktb. Embiås, sbrée
bc lkljl` mb ce ilkbrée e drek bsjece qub sbdulrée bxpekmlìkm`sb e ces `tres
z`kes j`kjbsl`kemes.
Q`r bs`s i`tlv`s bc pubhc` mb Jeõerés bc :1 mb sbptlbihrb mb 8158 rbeclzú
uke J`k
J`ksuc
sucte
te J`i
J`iuke
ukec,c, m`k
m`kmb
mb bc <2% mb c`s j` j`iuk
iukbr`
br`ss y j`
j`iuk
iukbre
bress
rbjfezer`k ce ejtlvlmem ilkbre, k` `t`rdekm` klkdÿk j`ksbktlilbkt` pere
`pbrer e ce biprbse Jekmbktb J``pbr.
Zlk biherd`, bc d`hlbrk` ejtuec y sus v`jbr`s ibmlåtlj`s bståk lihulm`s mb
qub ce ilkbrée bs ce drek `pjlúk mb mbserr`cc` p`rqub etreb lkvbrsl`kbs
 prlvemes y k` mume bk j`c`jersb ec cem` mb ces biprbses bk t`m`s c`s
j`kncljt`s, eÿk e j`ste mb pls`tber ce keturecbze, ce mlvbrslmem jucturec y
 hl`cúdlje y c`s mbrbjf`s
mbrbjf`s mb ces j`iuklmembs
j`iuklmembs ekjbstrecbs.
ekjbstrecbs.
Bk bc Qbrÿ ce ilkbrée sb sldub bxpekmlbkm` y e pbser mb sbr n`riecibktb uk
bstem`
bstem` mbi
mbi`jr
`jråtl
åtlj`
j` mb mbrmbrbjf
bjf`` k` sb rbs
rbspb
pbtek
tek kl jujuipc
ipcbkbk bc mb
mbrbj
rbjf`
f`

lktbrkejl`kec
s`hrb Qubhc`squb eipere5><
Lkmédbkes e c`s
mbpubhc`s y j`iuklmembs
ce @rdeklzejlúk j`i` bcmbcJ`kvbkl`
Lktbrkejl`kec ]reheo`

5=
 

  Mbserr`cc` s`stbklhcb bk ilkbrée

(@L]), ce Mbjcerejlúk mb ces Kejl`kbs Rklmes s`hrb c`s Mbrbjf`s mb c`s
Qubh
Qubhc`
c`ss Lk
Lkmé
médb
dbke
kess y ce ourls
ourlspr
prum
umbk
bkjl
jlee mb ce J`
J`rt
rtbb Lk
Lktb
tbre
reib
ibrlj
rljek
ekee mb
Mbrbjf`s Fuiek`s.

MBNBKZ@XLE MBC QRBHC@ XBL]BXE KBJBZLMEM MB

J@K]
J@K]LK
LKRE
REX
X QX
QX@J
@JBZ
BZ@
@ MB ML
MLEC
EC@D
@D@ @ QEXE
QEXE Z@CR
Z@CRJL
JL@K
@KEX 
EX 
J@KNCLJ]@ ILKBX@ BK JEÕEXLZ ‚ 815:

56 mb bkbr` mbc 815: sb lkljlú uk per` lkmbnlklm` bk ce c`jeclmem mb Jeõerls,

y esé bstb nub bc prlibr j`kncljt` ilkbr` mb bsb eõ`. Bc prbslmbktb mb ce
j`iuklmem jeipbslke mb Jeõerls, Zekt`s Jrlstúhec Herrl`s, ekukjl` qub
jbrje mb = ilc j`iukbr`s fehéek t`iem` ce mbjlslúk mb rblkljler ces pr`tbstes
bk j`
j`ktr
ktree mbc pr`
pr`ybj
ybjt`
t` Jeõ
Jeõerl
erlej
ej`` mb ce biprb
biprbse
se jek
jekeml
emlbks
bksbb Jekmbk
Jekmbktb
tb
J`ppbr.

Jeõerlej`` j`kt
Jeõerlej j`ktlbkb
lbkb 428
428.=
.= ilcc`kb
ilcc`kbss mb t`kbceme
t`kbcemess mb j`hrb, j`k uke cby mb
j`kjbktrem` pur` mb 1.=2% mb j`hrb, 1.14 d/t mb `r` y 5.< d/t mb pcete. ]`m`
bst` bqulvecmrée e 4,2:: ilc ilcc`kbs clhres mb j`hrb, 5.4 ilcc`kbs mb `kzes
mb `r` y =2.8 ilcc`kbs mb `kzes mb pcete.

Ce p`hcejlúk, qub sb mlvlmb bk :6 jesbré`s, pbrjlhb bc pr`ybjt` j`i` uke

eibkeze ec bj`slstbie bk uke z`ke m`kmb k` fey iujf`s ektbjbmbktbs mb
ejtlvlmem ilkbre y j`k nubrtb v`jejlúk edréj`ce.
Ce prb`jupejlúk mb ce p`hcejlúk sb jbktre bk ce p`slhcb mbseperljlúk mb c`s
 h`squbs mb kbhclke, ce j`kteilkejlúk
j`kteilkejlúk mb ces jehbjbres mb jubkje, mbc rl`
Jeõerls y ce enbjtejlúk mb ecrbmbm`r mb :: ilc fbjtårbes mb edrljucture.
Embiås, sb pbrjlhb bc pr`ybjt` j`i` bc lkljl` mb ce ilkbrée e drek bsjece
qub sbdulrée bxpekmlìkm`sb bk ces `tres j`kjbsl`kemes

Bc 56 mb bkbr` mbc 815: sb rbuklbr`k rbprbsbktektbs mbc ilklstbrl` mb bkbrdée

y ilkes mbc d`hlbrk` rbdl`kec mb Ceiheybqub y mbc j`iekm` uklterl` mb
cujfe pere eh`rmer ce pr`hcbiåtlje dbkbreme bk bc mlstrlt` mb Jeõerls e reéz
mbc pr`ybjt` Jeõerlej` qub bobjute jekmbktb J`ppbr.

Ec fejbr bc ekukjl`, bc prbslmbktb rbdl`kec, Fuihbrt` Ejuõe, rbnlrlú qub bc

uctli` cukbs j`kvbrs` j`k bc ilklstr` mb bkbrdée y ilkes, O`rdb Ibrlk`
]enur,
]enur, y ej
ej`rm
`rmer`
er`kk s`stb
s`stbkbr
kbr bst
bstee rbu
rbuklú
klúkk mb j``rml
j``rmlke
kejlú
jlúk,
k, prbvl`
prbvl` e ce

52
 

  Mbserr`cc` s`stbklhcb bk ilkbrée

lkstecejlúk n`riec mb uke ibse mb mlec`d` j`k ce prbslmbkjle mb ce ilkbrée
Jekmbktb J`ppbr y ce j`iuklmem jeipbslke Zek Ouek mb Jeõerls.

Ecrbmbm`r mb 55 mlrldbktbs mb Jeõerls, clmbrem`s p`r bc prbslmbktb mbc j`iltì

bspbjlec mb p`sbsl`kerl`s mb tlbrres bk Jeõerls, Zbdukm` Xlkze X`mrédubz, sb
i`strer`k e nev`r mb uke ilkbrée i`mbrke, rbsp`ksehcb y rbspbtu`se mbc
ibml` eihlbktb.
Bk rbuk
rbuklú
lúkk j`k
j`k bc dbrb
dbrbkt
ktbb mb mbse
mbserr
rr`c
`cc`
c` pr
pr`m
`muj
ujtl
tlv`
v`,, Nr
Nrek
ekjl
jlsj
sj`` X`oe
X`oess
X`ecjehe, y bc sbjrbterl` dbkbrec Echbrt` Jcbibktb Derjée. Lkmljer`k qub k`
t`m`s c`s p`hcem`rbs mb Jeõerls bståk bk j`ktre mb ce ilkbrée.

Bc j`iekm` uklterl` mb cujfe prbtbkmb mbsj`k`jbr ce j`ksucte bnbjtueme e

ibmlem`s mbc 8158 y bk su cuder, veclmer `tre rbeclzeme bk sbptlbihrb mb bsb
eõ` bk m`kmb deker`k c`s `p`slt`rbs ec pr`ybjt`.

QCEKBEILBK]@ BZ]XE]ÌDLJ@ QEXE BC

QCE
MBZEXX@CC@ QX@\BJ]@ Z@JLEC MB CE
QX@^LKJLE MB NBXXBÕENB
Ce lmbktlnljejlúk mb ce ^lslúk mb mbserr`cc` j`rrbsp`kmb ec pr`jbs` mb ejtueclzejlúk
mbc Qcek mb Mbserr`cc` J`kjbrtem` mb ce Qr`vlkjle mb Nbrrbõenb lkljlem` bk nbhrbr`
mb 8158 e pertlr mb ce rbncbxlúk mb ce s`jlbmem jlvlc, rbspbjt` e ce pr`hcbiåtlje
bxlstbktb.

BOBZ MB MBZEXX@CC@?
Mbnlklm`s j`i` ces årbes, ` jeip`s mb ejtuejlúk, tbies jcevbs ` mlibksl`kbs
 prl`rlterles qub sb lmbktlnljek bk ce vlslúk, s`hrb ces juecbs sb pcektbe treheoer mb
iekbre slstbiåtlje. Bk bst`s jeip`s mb ejtuejlúk sb mbhbk j`kjbktrer c`s bsnubrz`s
lkstltujl`kecbs b lkmlvlmuecbs y sb `rdeklzeråk ces ejjl`kbs, pcekbs, pr`dreies,

5>
 

  Mbserr`cc` s`stbklhcb bk ilkbrée

 pr`ybjt`s y ejtlvlmembs mb j`rt`, ibmlek` y cerd` pcez`, bk j`kj`rmekjle j`k c`s
`hobtlv`s bstehcbjlm`s bk jeme uk` mb bcc`s.

5. Mbserr`cc` Z`jlec

8. Mbserr`cc` Bj`kúilj`

:. Mbserr`cc` ]brrlt`rlec ‚ Eihlbktec

=. Mbserr`cc` Lkstltujl`kec ‚ @rdeklzejl`kec

CLKBEILBK]@Z BZ]XE]ÌDLJ@Z?
Z`hrb ce hesb mb c`s bobs mb mbserr`cc` sb fek c`drem` j`kstrulr c`s clkbeilbkt`s
bstretìdlj`s qub sb mbrlvek mb jeme bob?

5. Mbserr`cc` Z`jlec?
- Zbrvljl`s håslj`s,
- Bmujejlúk,
- Zecum
- Jucture
- Zbdurlmem jlumemeke.

8. Mbserr`cc` Bj`kúilj`?
- Mbserr`cc` edr`pbjuerl`
- ]uréstlj`
- J`ipbtltlvlmem y biprbkmlilbkt` c`jec.

:. Mbserr`cc` ]brrlt`rlec ‚ Eihlbktec? 

- Dbstlúk vlec - Dbstlúk tbrrlt`rlec (@], _BB)
- Xbjurs`s keturecbs
- Xlbsd`s y vuckbrehlclmem.

=. Mbserr`cc` Lkstltujl`kec ‚ @rdeklzejl`kec?

- Z`jlbmem Jlvlc
- Iukljlpl` y @rdeklzejl`kbs.

54
 

  Mbserr`cc` s`stbklhcb bk ilkbrée

EKÅCLZLZ BZ]XE]ÌDLJ@
Bc ekåclsls bstretìdlj` mlstlkdub m`s tlp`s mb bcbibkt`s?
bc bibkt`s? lktbrk`s y bxtbrk`s.

Bktrb c`s bcbibkt`s lktbrk`s nldurek ces n`rtecbzes y ces mbhlclmembs mb ce s`jlbmem y
mb c`s mlvbrs`s sbjt`rbs mb ce pr`vlkjle.

C`s bcbibkt`s
sltuejl`kbs bxtbrk`s s`kp`r
k` j`ktr`cemes cesbc`p`rtuklmembs
d`hlbrk` c`jecyyeibkezes,
ce s`jlbmemqub p`rmbsuce
jlvlc c ejeråjtbr s`k
pr`vlkjle.

Bc ekåclsls bstretìdlj` sb rbeclzú s`hrb c`s prlkjlpecbs nejt`rbs y espbjt`s lktbrk`s,

esé j`i` mb c`s nejt`rbs y espbjt`s mbc bkt`rk` qub lkncuybk pere ecjekzer bc
`hobtlv` mb mbserr`cc` mb ce pr`vlkjle.

Bc teccbr mb pceklnljejlúk bstretìdlje slrvlú pere bstb nlk, c`s rbsuctem`s mb bstb
ekåclsls mb ejubrm` e c`s bobs mb mbserr`cc` sb mbteccek e j`ktlkuejlúk?

@HOB]L^@Z BZ]XE]ÌDLJ@Z?
Bktb
Bktbkm
kmlm
lm`s
`s j`i`
j`i` ces
ces prl`
prl`rl
rlme
memb
mbss ` pr
pr`p
`pús
úslt`
lt`ss qub
qub `r
`rlb
lbkt
ktek
ek ces
ces ejjl
ejjl`k
`kbs
bs
lmbktlnljemes pere jeme bob. Bstehcbjbk ces peutes pere rbeclzer uke sbjubkjle mb
ejjl`kbs. Bk bc Qcek mb Mbserr`cc` J`kjbrtem`, sb fek bstehcbjlm` juetr` (=)
`hobtlv`s bstretìdlj`s.

5. C`drer qub t`me ce p`hcejlúk mb ce pr`vlkjle mb Nbrrbõenb tbkde ejjbs` e

sbrvljl`s håslj`s mb jeclmem.

8. Dbkbrer mbserr`cc` bj`kúilj` ‚ pr`mujtlv` j`ipbtltlv` y s`stbklhcb bk ce

 pr`vlkjle mb Nbrrbõenb.

:. Qr`i`vbr bc mbserr`cc` tbrrlt`rlec ertljucem` j`k ce pr`i`jlúk y j`ksbrvejlúk mbc

ibml` eihlbktb.

=. N`ibkter uke ejtlve pertljlpejlúk mb ce p`hcejlúk `rdeklzeme pere n`rtecbjbr ce

lkstltujl`keclmem c`jec.

56
 

  Mbserr`cc` s`stbklhcb bk ilkbrée

J`kjcusl`kbs


Ce p`hcejlúk
mbstrulr bk uk prlkjlpl` k` quls` qub ce ilkbrée bktrere e
sus jeip`s.
 Zb j`ktr`cú bc j`kncljt` s`jlec qub fuh` bk ce z`ke, bvltekm` fbrlm`s
y iubrtbs.
 Zb treheoú pere qub eihes pertbs secdek hbkbnljleme
hbkbnljlemes.
s.
 Ce ilkbrée i`mbrke, rbsp`ksehcb y s`stbklhcb bs bk hubke f`re
ejbptehcb.
 Zb bsjcerbjlbr`k ces lmbes ejbrje mb ce ilkbrée y sb ccbdú e uk ejubrm`
 pere qub ce biprbse
biprbse jekmb
jekmbktb
ktb treheoesb.
 Zb rbjupbrú ce j`knlekze mb c`s p`hcem`rbs fejlìkm`sb jferces y
mercbs uk hrbvb pesb` p`r ce `pbrejlúk.
 Rke ilkbrée rbsp`ksehcb bs uke ilkbrée hlbkvbklme.

5<
 

  Mbserr`cc` s`stbklhcb bk ilkbrée

Xbnbrbkjles hlhcl`drånljes
 Mbnbks`rée mbc pubhc` rbp`rtb mb j`kncljt` s`jlecbs K±565 ibs mb
Ierz` mbc 815<

 fttps?/ /www.jekmbktbj`ppbr.j`
fttps?//www.jekmbk tbj`ppbr.j`i/pr`ob
i/pr`objts/jeker
jts/jekerlej`-k`r
lej`-k`rtb-j`ppbr
tb-j`ppbr--
d`cm-slcvbr/ pådlke
d`cm-slcvbr/ pådlke `nljlec mb jekmbktb J`ppbr.

 XQQ K@]LJLEZ ‚ j`kncljt` s`jl` eihlbktec Jeõerlej`.

 @hsbrvet`rl` mb j`kncljt`s ilkbr`s bk bc Qbrÿ.

fps?//www.jekmbktbj`ppbr.j`i/kbws-rbcbesbs/j`iukljem`-mb-
prbkse/8158/

81
 

  Mbserr`cc` s`stbklhcb bk ilkbrée

Ekbx`s

85