Human Functional Anatomy HOMEWORK

NAME : Liana Ika Suwandy

Student No. : G1A220011
Date : 12/1/2020

Multiple choice questions.

1. The deltoid muscle is

A. an elevator of the scapula.

B. a developmentally dorsal muscle.
C. the prime mover for flexion of the glenohumeral joint.
D. the main adductor of the shoulder joint.
E. one of the rotator cuff muscles.

2. The muscles of the rotator cuff of the shoulder joint :

A. are all lateral rotators.

B. are supplied by the lateral cord of the brachial plexus.
C. include the supraspinatus.
D. include the pectoralis major.
E. are attached to the surgical neck of the humerus.

3. The lateral cord of the brachial plexus

A. gives rise to the ulnar nerve.

B. is formed by the ventral division of the lower trunk.
C. supplies the lateral rotators of the humerus.
D. gives rise to the musculocutaneous nerve.
E. supplies the triceps brachii muscle.

4. Regarding the biceps brachii muscle :

A. It acts on both shoulder and elbow joints.

B. Its long head passes through the shoulder joint.
C. It receives nerve supply from the musculocutaneous nerve.
D. A and C are correct.
E. A, B and C are correct.

5. The radial nerve

A. is a branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus.

B. supplies the dorsal interosseous muscles of the hand.
C. supplies the flexor carpi radialis muscle.
D. winds around the surgical neck of the humerus.
E. A, B and C are correct.
6. Regarding extension of the elbow joint, all of the following are true EXCEPT :

A. The movement is limited by the olecranon process fitting into the olecranon fossa.
B. The superior radio-ulnar joint participates in the movement.
C. When aided by gravity, it is controlled by the biceps brachii.
D. The prime mover for the movement is attached to the ulna.
E. The tendon of the brachialis is a limiting factor.

7. The median nerve :

A. arises from both medial and lateral cords of the brachial plexus.
B. gives branches to the brachialis muscle.
C. is easily damaged by a fracture of the medial epicondyle of the humerus.
D. supplies all the muscles of the anterior compartment of the forearm.
E. supplies the palmar interosseous muscles in the hand.

8. The ulnar nerve :

A. gives branches to the flexor compartment muscles in the arm.

B. runs in the spiral groove of the humerus.
C. supplies the extensor carpi ulnaris muscle.
D. passes through the carpal tunnel.
E. supplies all the interosseous muscles of the hand.

9. With reference to supination of the forearm :

A. The supinator muscle is a developmentally dorsal muscle.

B. The biceps can supinate only when the elbow is semiflexed.
C. The supinator can act even if the elbow is extended.
D. When both muscles act, the biceps is more powerful than the supinator.
E. All of the above.

10. The brachioradialis muscle :

A. is a flexor of the elbow joint.

B. develops as a dorsal muscle.
C. is supplied by the radial nerve.
D. B and C are correct.
E. A, B and C are correct.

11. The musculocutaneous nerve

A. is developmentally comparable to the femoral nerve in the lower limb.

B. arises from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus.
C. winds around the surgical neck of the humerus.
D. supplies the triceps brachii muscle.
E. is the only nerve in the limbs to supply both muscles and skin.

12. The flexor digitorum profundus muscle can flex the

A. wrist joint
B. metacarpophalangeal joints of the fingers
C. distal interphalangeal joints
D. joints of the thumb
 E : A, B and C are correct

13. Regarding the movements of the wrist joint :

A. It can be flexed by the brachioradialis muscle.

B. The range of adduction is greater than abduction.
C. All its movements occur only at the radiocarpal joint.
D. The movement of pronation takes place at this joint.
E. Its flexion is essential in forming a tight grip by the hand.

14. If the radial nerve is damaged by a fracture in the spiral groove :

A. There is total loss of supination.

B. The deltoid muscle is paralysed.
C. Extensors of the wrist are paralysed.
D. Abduction of the thumb is impossible.
E. B and C are correct.

15. Regarding dorsal interosseous muscles of the hand :

A. They are adductors of the fingers.

B. They are smaller than the lumbrical muscles.
C. They are developmentally dorsal muscles.
D. The middle finger has two dorsal interossei.
E. None of the above is correct.

16. The quadriceps femoris muscle

A. acts on the knee joint only.

B. has a double nerve supply.
C. is developmentally a dorsal muscle.
D. has a hiatus for the passage of the femoral artery.
E. is attached to the fibula.

17. The hamstring group of muscles includes :

A. semimembranosus
B. short head of the biceps femoris
C. semitendinosus
D. A and C are correct
E. A, B and C are correct.

18. Regarding the nerves of the foot :

A. The lateral plantar nerve enters the foot from the lateral side.
B. The medial plantar nerve is comparable to the ulnar nerve in the hand.
C. Both lateral and medial plantar nerves are branches of the tibial nerve.
D. The lateral plantar nerve supplies the peroneal muscles.
C. Both lateral and medial plantar nerves are purely cutaneous nerves.
19. The psoas major muscle

A. is a lateral rotator of the femur IF the femoral neck is fractured.

B. is attached to the greater trochanter.
C. is an extensor of the vertebral column.
D. receives nerve supply from the obturator nerve.
E. None of the above is true.

20. The ankle joint

A. is formed by the tibia, fibula and the talus.

B. has the deltoid ligament on the lateral side.
C. is the joint for the movements of inversion and eversion.
D. is a saddle type of joint.
E. All of the above are true.

21. Preaxial structures in the limbs include :

A. The fibula in the lower limb

B. The radius in the upper limb
C. The basilic vein in the upper limb.
D. The short saphenous vein in the lower limb.
E. All of the above are true.

22. The posterior cruciate ligament of the knee joint

A. prevents the femur from slipping forwards on the tibia.

B. divides the knee joint into two completely separate compartments.
C. is attached to the femur on the posterior side.
D. is a part of the popliteus tendon.
E. is also known as the meniscofemoral ligament.

23. The gluteus maximus muscle

A. has a large part attached to the iliotibial tract.

B. takes origin from the ischial tuberosity.
C. is a medial rotator of the hip joint.
D. is supplied by the femoral nerve.
E. prevents tilting of the pelvis to the opposite side during walking.

24. Muscles of the posterior compartment (calf) of the leg

A. are developmentally dorsal muscles.

B. are supplied by the tibial nerve.
C. dorsiflex the ankle joint.
D. help in clearing the toes from the ground during walking.
E. include the peroneus (fibularis) longus.
 Short-answers : Answer only in the space provided.

Question 1. Dorsal and ventral nerves of upper and lower limbs

Limbs develop with dorsal and ventral aspects and dorsal and ventral nerves that supply

dorsal and ventral muscles that attach to dorsal and ventral bony elements of the limb

girdles.

On the dorsal side of limbs the skin is and .

The flexor muscles are usually found on the (ventral) side of limbs.

The exception to this is for the muscles that cross the joint.

Ventral bony elements of the pelvic girdle include the Hip Bone and

Sacrum , and for the pectoral girdle ventral muscles attach to the ,

clavicle and sternum .

Complete the table below

Nerve Muscle group or compartment Dorsal or ventral

Obturator nerve Adductors / medial thigh Ventral

Femoral nerve Anterior compartment of the thigh dorsal

Cutaneous femoris Hamstrings / posterior thigh Ventral

posterior nerve
Tibialis nerve Calf muscles / posterior leg ventral

Perineal superficial Peroneal muscles dorsal

Nerve
Deep fibular nerve Anterior leg dorsal

Radial nerve Triceps / posterior arm dorsal

Musculocutaneous Upper arm at the shoulder and the elbow Ventral

Median Anterior forearm and some instrinstic hand Ventral

Ulnar Anterior compartment of forearm Ventral

Question 2. The Brachial plexus

Roots

The brachial plexus is formed from the ventral rami of the C5, C6, C7, C8 and T1spinal
nerves.

Trunks

The roots unite to form 3 trunks: the upper trunk forms from C5 and C6 ,

the middle trunk forms from C7 ,

and the lower trunk forms from C8 and T1 roots.

Divisions

Each trunk divides into Anterior and Posterior divisions.

Cords and nerves

The posterior cord of the brachial plexus is derived from posterior division of each trunk

. Posterior cord ends by dividing into the axillary nerve

and radial nerves, and it also gives branches that supply the teres
minor m. and deltoid m.

and all of the posterior arm and forearm muscles.

The lateral cord is derived from Anterior division of upper and middle trunk .

The lateral cord ends by dividing into the musculocutaneus nerve and

Lateral root of median nerve, and it gives off a branch that

supplies coracobrachialis, brachialis, biceps brachii . The

medial cord is derived from anterior division of lower trunk .

The medial cord ends by dividing into the ulnar nerve

and

Medial root of median nerve , and it gives off branches that supply

Flexor carpi ulnaris and medial half of flexor digitorum

profundus. And median nerve gives off branches that supply anterior compartement of the
forearm except the flexor carpi ulnaris and part of flexor digitorum profundus .
 Question 3. Scapular Movements and Muscles

Complete the following table to show the actions of the scapular muscles – For each

movement, indicate the main prime movers with two ticks and those muscles that may

assist with a single tick..

Elevate Depress Protract Retract Upward Down

rotate rotate
Levator x x
scapulae
Serratus xx xx xx
anterior
Rhomboids xx xx

Pectoralis minor x

Trapezius Upper x xx xx

Trapezius xx
Middle
Trapezius Lower xx xx

Pectoralis major

Latissimus dorsi

What else could be considered as a prime mover for scapular depression and downward

rotation?

pectoralis minor m. and lower fibre of trapezius

Name the two muscles (above) that also act on the glenohumeral joint :

Latissimus dorsi m. and pectoralis major

Question 4. Hip movements and muscles

Complete the following table to show the actions of muscles crossing the hip joint – For

each movement, indicate the main prime movers with two ticks and those muscles

that may assist with a single tick.

Flexion Extension Adduction Abduction Medial Lateral

rotation rotation

Sartorius x x

Rectus femoris xx

Iliopsoas xx

Pectineus x x x xx

Adductor longus xx

Adductor Brevis xx

Adductor Magnus xx

Gracilis x

Semi-tendinosus xx

Semi- xx
membranosus
Biceps (long) xx

Gluteus maximus xx x x

Gluteus medius x xx xx x

Gluteus Minimus xx xx x

Tensor fascia lata x x x

 Question 5. Ligaments of the knee

The knee is a joint that relies heavily on its ligaments because the bony surfaces

Don’t form a very deep bony socket and the muscles cannot hold the bones in place

because .

Collateral ligaments

The collateral ligaments lie at the sides of the knee joint. Superiorly they attach to the

medial and lateral epicondyle of the femur. Inferiorly the medial collateral

ligament attaches to the tibia and the lateral one attaches

to the fibula . The medial collateral ligament prevents

Valgus and the lateral one prevents varus force .

The test for collateral ligament damage involves varus stress test

Cruciate ligaments lie between the medial and lateral condyles of the knee. They are

concerned with protect the stability of the knee

The anterior cruciate ligament prevents anterior displacement movement of the tibia,

and the posterior one prevents posterior displacement movement of the tibia.

Which ligaments of the knee are concerned with preventing hyperextension?

transverse ligament

The menisci are not strictly ligaments of the knee but play an important role in controlling

Shock absorption and stability of movements of the knee.

Question 6. Ulnar nerve – course, distribution and lesions

Injuries

The ulnar nerve is most commonly damaged where it passes behind the medial

Epicondyle of the humerus. It is also vulnerable where it crosses the

Flexor retinaculum superficially.

Root values

The ulnar nerve is derived from the C8 & T1 spinal nerves.

Distribution

The ulnar nerve supplies most of the small muscles in the Forearm and these are

the basis of any deficiency. These small muscles include:

1. muscular branch

2. palmar cutaneous branch

3. dorsal cutaneous branch

Deficit

The ulnar nerve lesion results in a condition called ulnar claw hand, where the

metacarpal joints are held in extendend and the interphalangeal joints are held in flexed

This is a very debilitating injury c a n c a u s e p a i n

In addition there will be loss of function in the IV & V finger, weakness in

of the thumb, and if the lesion is at the elbow, there will also be a

weakness in forearm muscle and muscle of the wrist.