Accounting Principles: 11 Edition - US GAAP

Accounting
Principles
11th Edition - US GAAP
Questions & Solutions
Chapter 6
Inventories
Jerry J. Weygandt
Paul D. Kimmel
Donald E. Kieso
BRIEF EXERCISES
BE6-1 Farley Company identifies the following items for possible inclusion in the taking Identify items to be included
of a physical inventory. Indicate whether each item should be included or excluded from in taking a physical inventory.
the inventory taking. (LO 1)
(a) Goods shipped on consignment by Farley to another company.
(b) Goods in transit from a supplier shipped FOB destination.
306 6 Inventories
(c) Goods sold but being held for customer pickup.

(d) Goods held on consignment from another company.
Identify the components of BE6-2 Wilbur Company has the following items: (a) Freight-In, (b) Purchase Returns and
goods available for sale. Allowances, (c) Purchases, (d) Sales Discounts, and (e) Purchase Discounts. Identify which
(LO 2) items are included in goods available for sale.
Compute ending inventory BE6-3 In its first month of operations, Bethke Company made three purchases of mer-
using FIFO and LIFO. chandise in the following sequence: (1) 300 units at $6, (2) 400 units at $7, and (3) 200 units
(LO 2) at $8. Assuming there are 360 units on hand, compute the cost of the ending inventory
under the (a) FIFO method and (b) LIFO method. Bethke uses a periodic inventory system.
Compute the ending inventory BE6-4 Data for Bethke Company are presented in BE6-3. Compute the cost of the ending
using average-cost. inventory under the average-cost method, assuming there are 360 units on hand.
(LO 2) BE6-5 The management of Svetlana Corp. is considering the effects of inventory-costing
Explain the financial statement methods on its financial statements and its income tax expense. Assuming that the price
effect of inventory cost flow the company pays for inventory is increasing, which method will:
assumptions.
(a) Provide the highest net income?
(LO 3) (b) Provide the highest ending inventory?
(c) Result in the lowest income tax expense?
(d) Result in the most stable earnings over a number of years?
Explain the financial BE6-6 In its first month of operation, Franklin Company purchased 120 units of inventory
statement effect of inventory for $6, then 200 units for $7, and finally 140 units for $8. At the end of the month, 180 units
cost flow assumptions. remained. Compute the amount of phantom profit that would result if the company used
(LO 3) FIFO rather than LIFO. Explain why this amount is referred to as phantom profit. The
company uses the periodic method.
Determine the LCM valuation BE6-7 Central Appliance Center accumulates the following cost and market data at
using inventory categories. December 31.
(LO 4)
Inventory Cost Market
Categories Data Data
Cameras $12,000 $12,100
Camcorders 9,500 9,700
DVD players 14,000 12,800
Compute the lower-of-cost-or-market valuation for the company’s total inventory.
Determine correct income BE6-8 Pettit Company reports net income of $90,000 in 2014. However, ending inventory
statement amounts. was understated $7,000. What is the correct net income for 2014? What effect, if any, will
(LO 5) this error have on total assets as reported in the balance sheet at December 31, 2014?
Compute inventory turnover BE6-9 At December 31, 2014, the following information was available for A. Kamble
and days in inventory. Company: ending inventory $40,000, beginning inventory $60,000, cost of goods sold
(LO 6) $270,000, and sales revenue $380,000. Calculate inventory turnover and days in inventory
for A. Kamble Company.
Apply cost flow methods to *BE6-10 Gregory Department Store uses a perpetual inventory system. Data for product
perpetual inventory records. E2-D2 include the following purchases.
(LO 7)
Number of
Date Units Unit Price
May 7 50 $10
July 28 30 13
On June 1, Gregory sold 26 units, and on August 27, 40 more units. Prepare the perpetual
inventory schedule for the above transactions using (a) FIFO, (b) LIFO, and (c) moving-
average cost.
Apply the gross profit method. *BE6-11 At May 31, Suarez Company has net sales of $330,000 and cost of goods available
(LO 8) for sale of $230,000. Compute the estimated cost of the ending inventory, assuming the
gross profit rate is 35%.
Apply the retail inventory *BE6-12 On June 30, Calico Fabrics has the following data pertaining to the retail inven-
method. tory method. Goods available for sale: at cost $38,000; at retail $50,000; net sales $40,000;
(LO 8) and ending inventory at retail $10,000. Compute the estimated cost of the ending inven-
tory using the retail inventory method.
Exercises 307
> DO IT! Review
DO IT! 6-1 Gomez Company just took its physical inventory. The count of inventory items Apply rules of ownership to
on hand at the company’s business locations resulted in a total inventory cost of $300,000. determine inventory cost.
In reviewing the details of the count and related inventory transactions, you have discov- (LO 1)
ered the following.
1. Gomez has sent inventory costing $26,000 on consignment to Kako Company. All of
this inventory was at Kako’s showrooms on December 31.
2. The company did not include in the count inventory (cost, $20,000) that was sold on
December 28, terms FOB shipping point. The goods were in transit on December 31.
3. The company did not include in the count inventory (cost, $17,000) that was purchased
with terms of FOB shipping point. The goods were in transit on December 31.
Compute the correct December 31 inventory.
DO IT! 6-2 The accounting records of Old Towne Electronics show the following data. Compute cost of goods sold
under different cost flow
Beginning inventory 3,000 units at $5
methods.
Purchases 8,000 units at $7
Sales 9,400 units at $10 (LO 2)
Determine cost of goods sold during the period under a periodic inventory system using
(a) the FIFO method, (b) the LIFO method, and (c) the average-cost method. (Round unit
cost to nearest tenth of a cent.)
DO IT! 6-3 (a) Moberg Company sells three different categories of tools (small, medium, Compute inventory value
and large). The cost and market value of its inventory of tools are as follows. under LCM.
(LO 4)
Cost Market Value
Small $ 64,000 $ 73,000
Medium 290,000 260,000
Large 152,000 171,000
Determine the value of the company’s inventory under the lower-of-cost-or-market approach.
(b) Janus Company understated its 2013 ending inventory by $31,000. Determine the
impact this error has on ending inventory, cost of goods sold, and owner’s equity in 2013
and 2014.
DO IT! 6-4 Early in 2014, Chien Company switched to a just-in-time inventory system. Its Compute inventory turnover
sales, cost of goods sold, and inventory amounts for 2013 and 2014 are shown below. and assess inventory level.
(LO 6)
2013 2014
Sales $3,120,000 $3,713,000
Cost of goods sold 1,200,000 1,425,000
Beginning inventory 180,000 220,000
Ending inventory 220,000 100,000
Determine the inventory turnover and days in inventory for 2013 and 2014. Discuss the
changes in the amount of inventory, the inventory turnover and days in inventory, and the
amount of sales across the two years.
EXERCISES
E6-1 Tri-State Bank and Trust is considering giving Josef Company a loan. Before doing Determine the correct
so, management decides that further discussions with Josef’s accountant may be desirable. inventory amount.
One area of particular concern is the inventory account, which has a year-end balance of (LO 1)
$297,000. Discussions with the accountant reveal the following.
1. Josef sold goods costing $38,000 to Sorci Company, FOB shipping point, on December 28.
The goods are not expected to arrive at Sorci until January 12. The goods were not
included in the physical inventory because they were not in the warehouse.
308 6 Inventories
2. The physical count of the inventory did not include goods costing $95,000 that were
shipped to Josef FOB destination on December 27 and were still in transit at year-end.
3. Josef received goods costing $22,000 on January 2. The goods were shipped FOB ship-
ping point on December 26 by Solita Co. The goods were not included in the physical
count.
4. Josef sold goods costing $35,000 to Natali Co., FOB destination, on December 30. The
goods were received at Natali on January 8. They were not included in Josef’s physical
inventory.
5. Josef received goods costing $44,000 on January 2 that were shipped FOB destination on
December 29. The shipment was a rush order that was supposed to arrive December 31.
This purchase was included in the ending inventory of $297,000.
Instructions
Determine the correct inventory amount on December 31.
Determine the correct E6-2 Rachel Warren, an auditor with Laplante CPAs, is performing a review of Schuda
inventory amount. Company’s inventory account. Schuda did not have a good year, and top management is
(LO 1) under pressure to boost reported income. According to its records, the inventory balance
at year-end was $740,000. However, the following information was not considered when
determining that amount.
1. Included in the company’s count were goods with a cost of $250,000 that the company
is holding on consignment. The goods belong to Harmon Corporation.
2. The physical count did not include goods purchased by Schuda with a cost of $40,000
that were shipped FOB destination on December 28 and did not arrive at Schuda ware-
house until January 3.
3. Included in the inventory account was $14,000 of office supplies that were stored in the
warehouse and were to be used by the company’s supervisors and managers during the
coming year.
4. The company received an order on December 29 that was boxed and sitting on the loading
dock awaiting pick-up on December 31. The shipper picked up the goods on January 1 and
delivered them on January 6. The shipping terms were FOB shipping point. The goods
had a selling price of $40,000 and a cost of $28,000. The goods were not included in the
count because they were sitting on the dock.
5. On December 29, Schuda shipped goods with a selling price of $80,000 and a cost of
$60,000 to Reza Sales Corporation FOB shipping point. The goods arrived on January
3. Reza Sales had only ordered goods with a selling price of $10,000 and a cost of
$8,000. However, a sales manager at Schuda had authorized the shipment and said that
if Reza wanted to ship the goods back next week, it could.
6. Included in the count was $40,000 of goods that were parts for a machine that the com-
pany no longer made. Given the high-tech nature of Schuda’s products, it was unlikely
that these obsolete parts had any other use. However, management would prefer to
keep them on the books at cost, “since that is what we paid for them, after all.”
Instructions
Prepare a schedule to determine the correct inventory amount. Provide explanations for
each item above, saying why you did or did not make an adjustment for each item.
Calculate cost of goods sold E6-3 On December 1, Marzion Electronics Ltd. has three DVD players left in stock. All
using specific identification are identical, all are priced to sell at $150. One of the three DVD players left in stock,
and FIFO. with serial #1012, was purchased on June 1 at a cost of $100. Another, with serial #1045,
(LO 2, 3) was purchased on November 1 for $90. The last player, serial #1056, was purchased on
November 30 for $80.
Instructions
(a) Calculate the cost of goods sold using the FIFO periodic inventory method assuming
that two of the three players were sold by the end of December, Marzion Electronics’
year-end.
(b) If Marzion Electronics used the specific identification method instead of the FIFO
method, how might it alter its earnings by “selectively choosing” which particular
players to sell to the two customers? What would Marzion’s cost of goods sold be if the
company wished to minimize earnings? Maximize earnings?
(c) Which of the two inventory methods do you recommend that Marzion use? Explain
why.
Exercises 309
E6-4 Linda’s Boards sells a snowboard, Xpert, that is popular with snowboard enthusi- Compute inventory and cost
asts. Information relating to Linda’s purchases of Xpert snowboards during September is of goods sold using FIFO
shown below. During the same month, 121 Xpert snowboards were sold. Linda’s uses a and LIFO.
periodic inventory system. (LO 2)
Date Explanation Units Unit Cost Total Cost
Sept. 1 Inventory 26 $ 97 $ 2,522
Sept. 12 Purchases 45 102 4,590
Totals 141 $14,442
Instructions
(a) Compute the ending inventory at September 30 and cost of goods sold using the FIFO
and LIFO methods. Prove the amount allocated to cost of goods sold under each
method.
(b) For both FIFO and LIFO, calculate the sum of ending inventory and cost of goods
sold. What do you notice about the answers you found for each method?
E6-5 Xiong Co. uses a periodic inventory system. Its records show the following for the Compute inventory and cost
month of May, in which 65 units were sold. of goods sold using FIFO
and LIFO.
Units Unit Cost Total Cost
(LO 2)
May 1 Inventory 30 $ 8 $240
15 Purchases 25 11 275
24 Purchases 35 12 420
Totals 90 $935
Instructions
Compute the ending inventory at May 31 and cost of goods sold using the FIFO and LIFO
methods. Prove the amount allocated to cost of goods sold under each method.
E6-6 Kaleta Company reports the following for the month of June. Compute inventory and cost
of goods sold using FIFO
Units Unit Cost Total Cost and LIFO.
June 1 Inventory 200 $5 $1,000 (LO 2, 3)
12 Purchase 400 6 2,400
23 Purchase 300 7 2,100
30 Inventory 100
Instructions
(a) Compute the cost of the ending inventory and the cost of goods sold under (1) FIFO
and (2) LIFO.
(b) Which costing method gives the higher ending inventory? Why?
(c) Which method results in the higher cost of goods sold? Why?
E6-7 Lisa Company had 100 units in beginning inventory at a total cost of $10,000. The Compute inventory
company purchased 200 units at a total cost of $26,000. At the end of the year, Lisa had under FIFO, LIFO, and
80 units in ending inventory. average-cost.
(LO 2, 3)
Instructions
(a) Compute the cost of the ending inventory and the cost of goods sold under (1) FIFO,
(2) LIFO, and (3) average-cost.
(b) Which cost flow method would result in the highest net income?
(c) Which cost flow method would result in inventories approximating current cost in the
balance sheet?
(d) Which cost flow method would result in Lisa paying the least taxes in the first year?
E6-8 Inventory data for Kaleta Company are presented in E6-6. Compute inventory and
cost of goods sold using
Instructions average-cost.
(a) Compute the cost of the ending inventory and the cost of goods sold using the average-
(LO 2, 3)
cost method.
(b) Will the results in (a) be higher or lower than the results under (1) FIFO and (2) LIFO?
(c) Why is the average unit cost not $6?
310 6 Inventories
Determine ending inventory E6-9 Optix Camera Shop uses the lower-of-cost-or-market basis for its inventory. The
under LCM. following data are available at December 31.
(LO 4)
Item Units Unit Cost Market
Cameras:
Minolta 5 $170 $156
Canon 6 150 152
Light meters:
Vivitar 12 125 115
Kodak 14 120 135
Instructions
Determine the amount of the ending inventory by applying the lower-of-cost-or-market
basis.
Compute lower-of-cost- E6-10 Serebin Company applied FIFO to its inventory and got the following results for its
or-market. ending inventory.
(LO 4) Cameras 100 units at a cost per unit of $65
DVD players 150 units at a cost per unit of $75
iPods 125 units at a cost per unit of $80
The cost of purchasing units at year-end was cameras $71, DVD players $67, and iPods $78.
Instructions
Determine the amount of ending inventory at lower-of-cost-or-market.
Determine effects of inventory E6-11 Hamid’s Hardware reported cost of goods sold as follows.
errors.
2013 2014
(LO 5)
Beginning inventory $ 20,000 $ 30,000
Cost of goods purchased 150,000 175,000
Cost of goods available for sale 170,000 205,000
Cost of goods sold $140,000 $170,000
Hamid’s made two errors: (1) 2013 ending inventory was overstated $3,000, and (2) 2014
ending inventory was understated $6,000.
Instructions
Compute the correct cost of goods sold for each year.
Prepare correct income E6-12 Rulix Watch Company reported the following income statement data for a 2-year
statements. period.
(LO 5) 2013 2014
Sales revenue $220,000 $250,000
Cost of goods sold
Cost of goods sold 161,000 194,000
Gross profit $ 59,000 $ 56,000
Rulix uses a periodic inventory system. The inventories at January 1, 2013, and December
31, 2014, are correct. However, the ending inventory at December 31, 2013, was overstated
$6,000.
Instructions
(a) Prepare correct income statement data for the 2 years.
(b) What is the cumulative effect of the inventory error on total gross profit for the 2 years?
(c) Explain in a letter to the president of Rulix Watch Company what has hap-
pened, i.e., the nature of the error and its effect on the financial statements.
Exercises 311
E6-13 This information is available for Quick’s Photo Corporation for 2012, 2013, and 2014. Compute inventory turnover,
days in inventory, and gross
2012 2013 2014 profit rate.
Beginning inventory $ 100,000 $ 300,000 $ 400,000 (LO 6)
Ending inventory 300,000 400,000 480,000
Cost of goods sold 900,000 1,120,000 1,300,000
Sales revenue 1,200,000 1,600,000 1,900,000
Instructions
Calculate inventory turnover, days in inventory, and gross profit rate (from Chapter 5) for
Quick’s Photo Corporation for 2012, 2013, and 2014. Comment on any trends.
E6-14 The cost of goods sold computations for Alpha Company and Omega Company are Compute inventory turnover
shown below. and days in inventory.
Alpha Company Omega Company (LO 6)
Beginning inventory $ 45,000 $ 71,000
Cost of goods sold $190,000 $292,000
Instructions
(a) Compute inventory turnover and days in inventory for each company.
(b) Which company moves its inventory more quickly?
*E6-15 Bufford Appliance uses a perpetual inventory system. For its flat-screen television Apply cost flow methods to
sets, the January 1 inventory was 3 sets at $600 each. On January 10, Bufford purchased perpetual records.
6 units at $660 each. The company sold 2 units on January 8 and 4 units on January 15. (LO 7)
Instructions
Compute the ending inventory under (1) FIFO, (2) LIFO, and (3) moving-average cost.
*E6-16 Kaleta Company reports the following for the month of June. Calculate inventory and cost
Date Explanation Units Unit Cost Total Cost of goods sold using three cost
flow methods in a perpetual
June 1 Inventory 200 $5 $1,000 inventory system.
12 Purchase 400 6 2,400
(LO 7)
23 Purchase 300 7 2,100
30 Inventory 100
Instructions
(a) Calculate the cost of the ending inventory and the cost of goods sold for each cost flow
assumption, using a perpetual inventory system. Assume a sale of 440 units occurred
on June 15 for a selling price of $8 and a sale of 360 units on June 27 for $9.
(b) How do the results differ from E6-6 and E6-8?
(c) Why is the average unit cost not $6 [($5 1 $6 1 $7) 4 3 5 $6]?
*E6-17 Information about Linda’s Boards is presented in E6-4. Additional data regarding Apply cost flow methods to
Linda’s sales of Xpert snowboards are provided below. Assume that Linda’s uses a perpetual perpetual records.
inventory system. (LO 7)
Date Units Unit Price Total Revenue
Sept. 5 Sale 12 $199 $ 2,388
Sept. 16 Sale 50 199 9,950
Sept. 29 Sale 59 209 12,331
Totals 121 $24,669
Instructions
(a) Compute ending inventory at September 30 using FIFO, LIFO, and moving-average cost.
(b) Compare ending inventory using a perpetual inventory system to ending inventory
using a periodic inventory system (from E6-4).
(c) Which inventory cost flow method (FIFO, LIFO) gives the same ending inventory
value under both periodic and perpetual? Which method gives different ending inven-
tory values?
312 6 Inventories
Use the gross profit method to *E6-18 Brenda Company reported the following information for November and December
estimate inventory. 2014.
(LO 8)
November December
Cost of goods purchased $536,000 $ 610,000
Inventory, beginning-of-month 130,000 120,000
Inventory, end-of-month 120,000 ?
Sales revenue 840,000 1,000,000
Brenda’s ending inventory at December 31 was destroyed in a fire.
Instructions
(a) Compute the gross profit rate for November.
(b) Using the gross profit rate for November, determine the estimated cost of inventory
lost in the fire.
Determine merchandise lost *E6-19 The inventory of Hauser Company was destroyed by fire on March 1. From an
using the gross profit method examination of the accounting records, the following data for the first 2 months of the year
of estimating inventory. are obtained: Sales Revenue $51,000, Sales Returns and Allowances $1,000, Purchases
(LO 8) $31,200, Freight-In $1,200, and Purchase Returns and Allowances $1,400.
Instructions
Determine the merchandise lost by fire, assuming:
(a) A beginning inventory of $20,000 and a gross profit rate of 40% on net sales.
(b) A beginning inventory of $30,000 and a gross profit rate of 30% on net sales.
Determine ending inventory *E6-20 Gepetto Shoe Store uses the retail inventory method for its two departments,
at cost using retail method. Women’s Shoes and Men’s Shoes. The following information for each department is
(LO 8) obtained.
Women’s Men’s
Item Shoes Shoes
Beginning inventory at cost $ 25,000 $ 45,000
Cost of goods purchased at cost 110,000 136,300
Net sales 178,000 185,000
Beginning inventory at retail 46,000 60,000
Cost of goods purchased at retail 179,000 185,000
Instructions
Compute the estimated cost of the ending inventory for each department under the retail
inventory method.
EXERCISES: SET B AND

CHALLENGE EXERCISES
Visit the book’s companion website, at www.wiley.com/college/weygandt, and choose

the Student Companion site to access Exercise Set B and Challenge Exercises.
PROBLEMS: SET A
Determine items and P6-1A Austin Limited is trying to determine the value of its ending inventory as of February
amounts to be recorded in 28, 2014, the company’s year-end. The following transactions occurred, and the accountant
inventory. asked your help in determining whether they should be recorded or not.
(LO 1) (a) On February 26, Austin shipped goods costing $800 to a customer and charged the
customer $1,000. The goods were shipped with terms FOB shipping point and the
receiving report indicates that the customer received the goods on March 2.
(b) On February 26, Louis Inc. shipped goods to Austin under terms FOB shipping point.
The invoice price was $450 plus $30 for freight. The receiving report indicates that the
goods were received by Austin on March 2.
(c) Austin had $650 of inventory isolated in the warehouse. The inventory is designated
for a customer who has requested that the goods be shipped on March 10.
Problems: Set A 313
(d) Also included in Austin’s warehouse is $700 of inventory that Ryhn Producers shipped
to Austin on consignment.
(e) On February 26, Austin issued a purchase order to acquire goods costing $900. The
goods were shipped with terms FOB destination on February 27. Austin received the
goods on March 2.
(f) On February 26, Austin shipped goods to a customer under terms FOB destination.
The invoice price was $350; the cost of the items was $200. The receiving report indi-
cates that the goods were received by the customer on March 2.
Instructions
For each of the above transactions, specify whether the item in question should be included
in ending inventory, and if so, at what amount.
P6-2A Express Distribution markets CDs of the performing artist Fishe. At the beginning Determine cost of goods sold
of October, Express had in beginning inventory 2,000 of Fishe’s CDs with a unit cost of $7. and ending inventory using
During October, Express made the following purchases of Fishe’s CDs. FIFO, LIFO, and average-cost
with analysis.
Oct. 3 2,500 @ $8 Oct. 19 3,000 @ $10
Oct. 9 3,500 @ $9 Oct. 25 4,000 @ $11 (LO 2, 3)
During October, 10,900 units were sold. Express uses a periodic inventory system.
Instructions
(a) Determine the cost of goods available for sale.
(b) Determine (1) the ending inventory and (2) the cost of goods sold under each of the (b)(2) Cost of goods sold:
assumed cost flow methods (FIFO, LIFO, and average-cost). Prove the accuracy of the FIFO $ 94,500
cost of goods sold under the FIFO and LIFO methods. LIFO $108,700
(c) Which cost flow method results in (1) the highest inventory amount for the balance Average $101,370
sheet and (2) the highest cost of goods sold for the income statement?
P6-3A Ziad Company had a beginning inventory on January 1 of 150 units of Product Determine cost of goods sold
4-18-15 at a cost of $20 per unit. During the year, the following purchases were made. and ending inventory, using
FIFO, LIFO, and average-cost
Mar. 15 400 units at $23 Sept. 4 350 units at $26
with analysis.
July 20 250 units at $24 Dec. 2 100 units at $29
(LO 2, 3)
1,000 units were sold. Ziad Company uses a periodic inventory system.
Instructions
(b) Determine (1) the ending inventory, and (2) the cost of goods sold under each of the (b)(2) Cost of goods sold:
assumed cost flow methods (FIFO, LIFO, and average-cost). Prove the accuracy of the FIFO $23,400
sheet, and (2) the highest cost of goods sold for the income statement?
P6-4A The management of Felipe Inc. is reevaluating the appropriateness of using its Compute ending inventory,
present inventory cost flow method, which is average-cost. The company requests your prepare income statements,
help in determining the results of operations for 2014 if either the FIFO or the LIFO and answer questions using
method had been used. For 2014, the accounting records show these data: FIFO and LIFO.
Inventories Purchases and Sales (LO 2, 3)
Beginning (7,000 units) $14,000 Total net sales (180,000 units) $747,000
Ending (17,000 units) Total cost of goods purchased
(190,000 units) 466,000
Purchases were made quarterly as follows.
Quarter Units Unit Cost Total Cost
1 50,000 $2.20 $110,000
2 40,000 2.35 94,000
3 40,000 2.50 100,000
4 60,000 2.70 162,000
190,000 $466,000
Operating expenses were $130,000, and the company’s income tax rate is 40%.
Instructions (a) Gross profit:
(a) Prepare comparative condensed income statements for 2014 under FIFO and LIFO. FIFO $312,900
(Show computations of ending inventory.) LIFO $303,000
314 6 Inventories
(b) Answer the following questions for management.

(1) Which cost flow method (FIFO or LIFO) produces the more meaningful inventory
amount for the balance sheet? Why?
(2) Which cost flow method (FIFO or LIFO) produces the more meaningful net
income? Why?
(3) Which cost flow method (FIFO or LIFO) is more likely to approximate the actual
physical flow of goods? Why?
(4) How much more cash will be available for management under LIFO than under
FIFO? Why?
(5) Will gross profit under the average-cost method be higher or lower than FIFO?
Than LIFO? (Note: It is not necessary to quantify your answer.)
Calculate ending inventory, P6-5A You are provided with the following information for Najera Inc. for the month
cost of goods sold, gross ended June 30, 2014. Najera uses the periodic method for inventory.
profit, and gross profit rate
under periodic method; Unit Cost or
compare results. Date Description Quantity Selling Price
(LO 2, 3)
June 1 Beginning inventory 40 $40
June 4 Purchase 135 44
June 10 Sale 110 70
June 11 Sale return 15 70
June 18 Purchase return 10 46
June 25 Sale 65 75
Instructions
(a) (iii) Gross profit: (a) Calculate (i) ending inventory, (ii) cost of goods sold, (iii) gross profit, and (iv) gross
LIFO $4,215 profit rate under each of the following methods.
FIFO $4,645 (1) LIFO. (2) FIFO. (3) Average-cost.
Average $4,414.60 (b) Compare results for the three cost flow assumptions.
Compare specific identifica- P6-6A You are provided with the following information for Barton Inc. Barton Inc. uses
tion, FIFO, and LIFO under the periodic method of accounting for its inventory transactions.
periodic method; use cost
flow assumption to justify March 1 Beginning inventory 2,000 liters at a cost of 60¢ per liter.
price increase. March 3 Purchased 2,500 liters at a cost of 65¢ per liter.
(LO 2, 3) March 5 Sold 2,300 liters for $1.05 per liter.
March 10 Purchased 4,000 liters at a cost of 72¢ per liter.
March 20 Purchased 2,500 liters at a cost of 80¢ per liter.
March 30 Sold 5,200 liters for $1.25 per liter.
Instructions
(a) Prepare partial income statements through gross profit, and calculate the value of
ending inventory that would be reported on the balance sheet, under each of the fol-
lowing cost flow assumptions. (Round ending inventory and cost of goods sold to the
nearest dollar.)
(a) Gross profit: (1) Specific identification method assuming:
(1) Specific identification (i) The March 5 sale consisted of 1,000 liters from the March 1 beginning inven-
$3,715 tory and 1,300 liters from the March 3 purchase; and
(ii) The March 30 sale consisted of the following number of units sold from
beginning inventory and each purchase: 450 liters from March 1; 550
liters from March 3; 2,900 liters from March 10; 1,300 liters from
March 20.
(2) FIFO $3,930 (2) FIFO.
(3) LIFO $3,385 (3) LIFO.
(b) How can companies use a cost flow method to justify price increases? Which cost flow
Compute ending inventory, method would best support an argument to increase prices?
prepare income statements,
and answer questions using P6-7A The management of Sherlynn Co. asks your help in determining the comparative
FIFO and LIFO. effects of the FIFO and LIFO inventory cost flow methods. For 2014, the accounting
(LO 2, 3) records provide the following data.
Problems: Set A 315
Inventory, January 1 (10,000 units) $ 45,000

Cost of 100,000 units purchased 532,000
Selling price of 80,000 units sold 700,000
Operating expenses 140,000
Units purchased consisted of 35,000 units at $5.10 on May 10; 35,000 units at $5.30 on
August 15; and 30,000 units at $5.60 on November 20. Income taxes are 30%.
Instructions
(a) Prepare comparative condensed income statements for 2014 under FIFO and LIFO. (a) Net income
(Show computations of ending inventory.) FIFO $105,700
(b) Answer the following questions for management. LIFO $91,000
(1) Which inventory cost flow method produces the most meaningful inventory
(2) Which inventory cost flow method produces the most meaningful net income?
Why?
(3) Which inventory cost flow method is most likely to approximate actual physical
flow of the goods? Why?
(4) How much additional cash will be available for management under LIFO than
under FIFO? Why?
(5) How much of the gross profit under FIFO is illusory in comparison with the gross
profit under LIFO?
*P6-8A Mercer Inc. is a retailer operating in British Columbia. Mercer uses the perpetual Calculate cost of goods sold
inventory method. All sales returns from customers result in the goods being returned to and ending inventory under
inventory; the inventory is not damaged. Assume that there are no credit transactions; all LIFO, FIFO, and moving-
amounts are settled in cash. You are provided with the following information for Mercer average cost under the
perpetual system; compare
Inc. for the month of January 2014.
gross profit under each
assumption.
Unit Cost or
Date Description Quantity Selling Price (LO 7)
January 1 Beginning inventory 100 $15
January 5 Purchase 140 18
January 8 Sale 110 28
January 10 Sale return 10 28
January 16 Purchase return 5 20
Instructions
(a) For each of the following cost flow assumptions, calculate (i) cost of goods sold, (a)(iii) Gross profit:
(ii) ending inventory, and (iii) gross profit. LIFO $2,160
(1) LIFO. (2) FIFO. (3) Moving-average cost. FIFO $2,560
(b) Compare results for the three cost flow assumptions. Average $2,421
*P6-9A Terando Co. began operations on July 1. It uses a perpetual inventory system. Determine ending inventory
During July, the company had the following purchases and sales. under a perpetual inventory
system.
Purchases (LO 7)
Date Units Unit Cost Sales Units
July 1 5 $120
July 6 4
July 11 7 $136
July 14 3
July 21 8 $147
July 27 6
Instructions (a) Ending inventory

(a) Determine the ending inventory under a perpetual inventory system using (1) FIFO, FIFO $1,029
(2) moving-average cost, and (3) LIFO. Avg. $994
(b) Which costing method produces the highest ending inventory valuation? LIFO $958
316 6 Inventories
Compute gross profit rate and *P6-10A Suzuki Company lost all of its inventory in a fire on December 26, 2014. The
inventory loss using gross accounting records showed the following gross profit data for November and December.
profit method.
(LO 8) December
November (to 12/26)
Net sales $600,000 $700,000
Purchases 389,000 420,000
Purchase returns and allowances 13,300 14,900
Purchase discounts 8,500 9,500
Freight-in 8,800 9,900
Ending inventory 36,000 ?
Suzuki is fully insured for fire losses but must prepare a report for the insurance company.
Instructions
(a) Gross profit rate 38% (a) Compute the gross profit rate for November.
(b) Using the gross profit rate for November, determine the estimated cost of the inventory
lost in the fire.
Compute ending inventory *P6-11A Dixon Books uses the retail inventory method to estimate its monthly ending
using retail method. inventories. The following information is available for two of its departments at October 31,
(LO 8) 2014.
Hardcovers Paperbacks
Cost Retail Cost Retail
Beginning inventory $ 420,000 $ 700,000 $ 280,000 $ 360,000
Purchases 2,135,000 3,200,000 1,155,000 1,540,000
Freight-in 24,000 12,000
Purchase discounts 44,000 22,000
Net sales 3,100,000 1,570,000
At December 31, Dixon Books takes a physical inventory at retail. The actual retail values
of the inventories in each department are Hardcovers $790,000 and Paperbacks $335,000.
Instructions
(a) Hardcovers: End. Inv. (a) Determine the estimated cost of the ending inventory for each department at October 31,
$520,000 2014, using the retail inventory method.
(b) Compute the ending inventory at cost for each department at December 31, assuming
the cost-to-retail ratios for the year are 65% for Hardcovers and 75% for Paperbacks.
PROBLEMS: SET B
Determine items and P6-1B Weber Limited is trying to determine the value of its ending inventory at February 28,
amounts to be recorded in 2014, the company’s year-end. The accountant counted everything that was in the ware-
inventory. house as of February 28, which resulted in an ending inventory valuation of $48,000.
(LO 1) However, she didn’t know how to treat the following transactions so she didn’t record
them.
(a) On February 26, Weber shipped to a customer goods costing $800. The goods were
shipped FOB shipping point, and the receiving report indicates that the customer
received the goods on March 2.
(b) On February 26, Gretel Inc. shipped goods to Weber FOB destination. The invoice
price was $350. The receiving report indicates that the goods were received by Weber
on March 2.
(c) Weber had $500 of inventory at a customer’s warehouse “on approval.” The customer
was going to let Weber know whether it wanted the merchandise by the end of the
week, March 4.
(d) Weber also had $400 of inventory on consignment at a Roslyn craft shop.
(e) On February 26, Weber ordered goods costing $750. The goods were shipped FOB
shipping point on February 27. Weber received the goods on March 1.
Problems: Set B 317
(f) On February 28, Weber packaged goods and had them ready for shipping to a customer
FOB destination. The invoice price was $350; the cost of the items was $250. The
receiving report indicates that the goods were received by the customer on March 2.
(g) Weber had damaged goods set aside in the warehouse because they are no longer
saleable. These goods cost $400 and Weber originally expected to sell these items for
$600.
Instructions
For each of the above transactions, specify whether the item in question should be included
in ending inventory and, if so, at what amount. For each item that is not included in
ending inventory, indicate who owns it and in what account, if any, it should have been
recorded.
P6-2B Xinxin Distribution markets CDs of the performing artist Carly. At the beginning of Determine cost of goods sold
March, Xinxin had in beginning inventory 1,500 Carly CDs with a unit cost of $7. During and ending inventory using
March Xinxin made the following purchases of Carly CDs. FIFO, LIFO, and average-cost
with analysis.
March 5 3,000 @ $8 March 21 4,000 @ $10 (LO 2, 3)
March 13 4,500 @ $9 March 26 2,500 @ $11
During March, 12,000 units were sold. Xinxin uses a periodic inventory system.
Instructions
(b) Determine (1) the ending inventory and (2) the cost of goods sold under each of the (b)(2) Cost of goods sold:
sheet and (2) the highest cost of goods sold for the income statement?
P6-3B Walz Company had a beginning inventory of 400 units of Product Ribo at a cost of Determine cost of goods sold
$8 per unit. During the year, purchases were: and ending inventory using
FIFO, LIFO, and average-cost
Feb. 20 600 units at $9 Aug. 12 300 units at $11 with analysis.
May 5 500 units at $10 Dec. 8 200 units at $12 (LO 2, 3)
Walz Company uses a periodic inventory system. Sales totaled 1,500 units.
Instructions
(b) Determine (1) the ending inventory and (2) the cost of goods sold under each of the (b) Cost of goods sold:
(c) Which cost flow method results in (1) the lowest inventory amount for the balance Average $14,475
sheet, and (2) the lowest cost of goods sold for the income statement?
P6-4B The management of Patel Co. is reevaluating the appropriateness of using its pres- Compute ending inventory,
ent inventory cost flow method, which is average-cost. They request your help in deter- prepare income statements,
mining the results of operations for 2014 if either the FIFO method or the LIFO method and answer questions using
had been used. For 2014, the accounting records show the following data. FIFO and LIFO.
(LO 2, 3)
Inventories Purchases and Sales
Beginning (15,000 units) $32,000 Total net sales (217,000 units) $865,000
Ending (28,000 units) Total cost of goods purchased
(230,000 units) 600,000
Purchases were made quarterly as follows.
Quarter Units Unit Cost Total Cost
1 60,000 $2.40 $144,000
2 50,000 2.50 125,000
3 50,000 2.70 135,000
4 70,000 2.80 196,000
230,000 $600,000
Operating expenses were $147,000, and the company’s income tax rate is 34%.
318 6 Inventories
Instructions
(a) Net income (a) Prepare comparative condensed income statements for 2014 under FIFO and LIFO.
FIFO $108,504 (Show computations of ending inventory.)
LIFO $98,472 (b) Answer the following questions for management.
(1) Which cost flow method (FIFO or LIFO) produces the more meaningful inventory
(2) Which cost flow method (FIFO or LIFO) produces the more meaningful net
income? Why?
(3) Which cost flow method (FIFO or LIFO) is more likely to approximate actual
physical flow of the goods? Why?
(b)(4) $5,168 (4) How much additional cash will be available for management under LIFO than
under FIFO? Why?
(5) Will gross profit under the average-cost method be higher or lower than (i) FIFO
and (ii) LIFO? (Note: It is not necessary to quantify your answer.)
Calculate ending inventory, P6-5B You are provided with the following information for Perkins Inc. for the month
cost of goods sold, gross ended October 31, 2014. Perkins uses a periodic method for inventory.
profit, and gross profit rate
under periodic method; Unit Cost or
compare results. Date Description Units Selling Price
(LO 2, 3) October 1 Beginning inventory 60 $25
October 9 Purchase 120 26
October 11 Sale 100 35
Instructions
(a)(iii) Gross profit: (a) Calculate (i) ending inventory, (ii) cost of goods sold, (iii) gross profit, and (iv) gross
LIFO $3,050 profit rate under each of the following methods.
FIFO $3,230 (1) LIFO.
Average $3,141 (2) FIFO.
(3) Average-cost.
(b) Compare results for the three cost flow assumptions.
Compare specific identifica- P6-6B You have the following information for Princess Diamonds. Princess Diamonds
tion, FIFO and LIFO under uses the periodic method of accounting for its inventory transactions. Princess only carries
periodic method; use cost one brand and size of diamonds—all are identical. Each batch of diamonds purchased is
flow assumption to influence carefully coded and marked with its purchase cost.
earnings.
March 1 Beginning inventory 150 diamonds at a cost of $300 per diamond.
(LO 2, 3)
March 3 Purchased 200 diamonds at a cost of $360 each.
March 5 Sold 180 diamonds for $600 each.
March 10 Purchased 350 diamonds at a cost of $380 each.
March 25 Sold 400 diamonds for $650 each.
Instructions
(a) Gross profit: (a) Assume that Princess Diamonds uses the specific identification cost flow method.
(1) Maximum $163,600 (1) Demonstrate how Princess Diamonds could maximize its gross profit for the
month by specifically selecting which diamonds to sell on March 5 and March 25.
(2) Minimum $154,000 (2) Demonstrate how Princess Diamonds could minimize its gross profit for the
month by selecting which diamonds to sell on March 5 and March 25.
(b) Assume that Princess Diamonds uses the FIFO cost flow assumption. Calculate cost of
goods sold. How much gross profit would Princess Diamonds report under this cost
flow assumption?
(c) Assume that Princess Diamonds uses the LIFO cost flow assumption. Calculate cost of
goods sold. How much gross profit would the company report under this cost flow
Compute ending inventory,
assumption?
prepare income statements, (d) Which cost flow method should Princess Diamonds select? Explain.
and answer questions using P6-7B The management of Chelsea Inc. asks your help in determining the comparative
FIFO and LIFO. effects of the FIFO and LIFO inventory cost flow methods. For 2014, the accounting
(LO 2, 3) records provide the following data.
Problems: Set B 319
Inventory, January 1 (10,000 units) $ 35,000

Cost of 120,000 units purchased 504,500
Selling price of 100,000 units sold 665,000
Operating expenses 130,000
Units purchased consisted of 35,000 units at $4.00 on May 10; 60,000 units at $4.20 on
August 15; and 25,000 units at $4.50 on November 20. Income taxes are 28%.
Instructions
(a) Prepare comparative condensed income statements for 2014 under FIFO and LIFO. (a) Gross profit:
(Show computations of ending inventory.) FIFO $259,000
(b) Answer the following questions for management in the form of a business letter. LIFO $240,500
(1) Which inventory cost flow method produces the most meaningful inventory
(2) Which inventory cost flow method produces the most meaningful net income? Why?
(3) Which inventory cost flow method is most likely to approximate the actual physical
flow of the goods? Why?
(4) How much more cash will be available for management under LIFO than under
FIFO? Why?
(5) How much of the gross profit under FIFO is illusionary in comparison with the
gross profit under LIFO?
*P6-8B Minsoo Ltd. is a retailer operating in Edmonton, Alberta. Minsoo uses the perpet- Calculate cost of goods sold
ual inventory method. All sales returns from customers result in the goods being returned and ending inventory for
to inventory; the inventory is not damaged. Assume that there are no credit transactions; FIFO, moving-average cost,
all amounts are settled in cash. You are provided with the following information for Minsoo and LIFO under the perpetual
system; compare gross profit
Ltd. for the month of January 2014.
under each assumption.
Unit Cost or
(LO 7)
Date Description Quantity Selling Price
December 31 Ending inventory 160 $17
January 9 Sale return 10 40
January 10 Purchase return 10 24
Instructions
(a) For each of the following cost flow assumptions, calculate (i) cost of goods sold, (ii) (a)(iii) Gross profit:
ending inventory, and (iii) gross profit. LIFO $6,540
(1) LIFO. (2) FIFO. (3) Moving-average cost. FIFO $7,780
(b) Compare results for the three cost flow assumptions. Average $7,354
*P6-9B Buffet Appliance Mart began operations on May 1. It uses a perpetual inventory Determine ending inventory
system. During May, the company had the following purchases and sales for its Model 25 under a perpetual inventory
Sureshot camera. system.
(LO 7)
Purchases
Date Units Unit Cost Sales Units
May 1 7 $150
4 4
8 8 $170
12 5
15 6 $185
20 3
25 4
Instructions
(a) Determine the ending inventory under a perpetual inventory system using (1) FIFO, (a) FIFO $925
(2) moving-average cost, and (3) LIFO. Average $874
(b) Which costing method produces (1) the highest ending inventory valuation and (2) the LIFO $790
lowest ending inventory valuation?
320 6 Inventories
Estimate inventory loss using *P6-10B Liis Company lost 70% of its inventory in a fire on March 25, 2014. The account-
gross profit method. ing records showed the following gross profit data for February and March.
(LO 8)
March
February (to 3/25)
Net sales $300,000 $250,000
Net purchases 176,800 139,000
Freight-in 3,900 3,000
Ending inventory 20,200 ?
Liis Company is fully insured for fire losses but must prepare a report for the insurance
company.
Instructions
(a) Gross profit rate 45% (a) Compute the gross profit rate for the month of February.
(b) Using the gross profit rate for February, determine both the estimated total inventory
and inventory lost in the fire in March.
Compute ending inventory *P6-11B Belden Department Store uses the retail inventory method to estimate its monthly
using retail method. ending inventories. The following information is available for two of its departments at
(LO 8) August 31, 2014.
Sporting Goods Jewelry and Cosmetics

Net sales $1,000,000 $1,160,000
Purchases $675,000 1,066,000 $741,000 1,158,000
Purchase returns (26,000) (40,000) (12,000) (20,000)
Purchase discounts (12,360) — (2,440) —
Freight-in 9,000 — 14,000 —
Beginning inventory 47,360 74,000 39,440 62,000
At December 31, Belden Department Store takes a physical inventory at retail. The actual
retail values of the inventories in each department are Sporting Goods $95,000 and Jewelry
and Cosmetics $44,000.
Instructions
(b) Sporting Goods: End. Inv. (a) Determine the estimated cost of the ending inventory for each department on August 31,
$63,000 2014, using the retail inventory method.
(b) Compute the ending inventory at cost for each department at December 31, assum-
ing the cost-to-retail ratios are 60% for Sporting Goods and 64% for Jewelry and
Cosmetics.
SOLUTIONS TO BRIEF EXERCISES
BRIEF EXERCISE 6-1
(a) Ownership of the goods belongs to Farley. Thus, these goods should
be included in Farley’s inventory.
(b) The goods in transit should not be included in the inventory count
because ownership by Farley does not occur until the goods reach
the buyer.
(c) The goods being held belong to the customer. They should not be
included in Farley’s inventory.
(d) Ownership of these goods rests with the other company. Thus, these
goods should not be included in the physical inventory.
BRIEF EXERCISE 6-2
The items that should be included in goods available for sale are:
(a) Freight-In
(b) Purchase Returns and Allowances
(c) Purchases
(e) Purchase Discounts
BRIEF EXERCISE 6-3
(a) The ending inventory under FIFO consists of 200 units at $8 + 160 units
at $7 for a total allocation of $2,720 or ($1,600 + $1,120).
(b) The ending inventory under LIFO consists of 300 units at $6 + 60 units
at $7 for a total allocation of $2,220 or ($1,800 + $420).
6-10 Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Weygandt, Accounting Principles, 11/e, Solutions Manual (For Instructor Use Only)
BRIEF EXERCISE 6-4
Average unit cost is $6.89 computed as follows:
300 X $6 = $1,800
400 X $7 = 2,800
200 X $8 = 1,600
900 $6,200
$6,200 ÷ 900 = $6.89 (rounded).
The cost of the ending inventory is $2,480 or (360 X $6.89).
BRIEF EXERCISE 6-5
(a) FIFO would result in the highest net income.

(b) FIFO would result in the highest ending inventory.
(c) LIFO would result in the lowest income tax expense (because it would
result in the lowest net income).
(d) Average-cost would result in the most stable income over a number of
years because it averages out any big changes in the cost of inventory.
BRIEF EXERCISE 6-6
Cost of good sold under:

LIFO FIFO
Purchases $6 X 120 $6 X 120
$7 X 200 $7 X 200
$8 X 140 $8 X 140
Cost of goods available for sale $ 3,240 $ 3,240
Less: Ending inventory 1,140 1,400
Cost of goods sold $ 2,100 $ 1,840
Since the cost of goods sold is $260 less under FIFO ($2,100 – $1,840) that
is the amount of the phantom profit. It is referred to as “phantom profit”
because FIFO matches current selling prices with old inventory costs. To
replace the units sold, the company will have to pay the current price of
$8 per unit, rather than the $6 per unit which some of the units were priced
at under FIFO. Therefore, profit under LIFO is more representative of what
the company can expect to earn in future periods.
Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Weygandt, Accounting Principles, 11/e, Solutions Manual (For Instructor Use Only) 6-11
BRIEF EXERCISE 6-7
Inventory Categories Cost Market LCM

Cameras $12,000 $12,100 $12,000
Camcorders 9,500 9,700 9,500
DVD players 14,000 12,800 12,800
Total valuation $34,300
BRIEF EXERCISE 6-8
The understatement of ending inventory caused cost of goods sold to be

overstated $7,000 and net income to be understated $7,000. The correct net
income for 2014 is $97,000 or ($90,000 + $7,000).
Total assets in the balance sheet will be understated by the amount that
ending inventory is understated, $7,000.
BRIEF EXERCISE 6-9
$270,000 $270,000
Inventory turnover: = = 5.4
($60,000 + $40,000 ) ÷ 2 $50,000
365
Days in inventory: = 67.6 days
5.4
*BRIEF EXERCISE 6-10
(a) FIFO Method

Product E2-D2
Cost of
Date Purchases Goods Sold Balance
May 7 (50 @ $10) $500 (50 @ $10) $500
June 1 (26 @ $10) $260 (24 @ $10) $240
July 28 (30 @ $13) $390 (24 @ $10)
(30 @ $13) } $630
Aug. 27 (24 @ $10)
(16 @ $13) } $448 (14 @ $13) $182
*BRIEF EXERCISE 6-10 (Continued)
(b) LIFO Method
Product E2-D2
Cost of
May 7 (50 @ $10) $500 (50 @ $10) $500
June 1 (26 @ $10) $260 (24 @ $10) $240
July 28 (30 @ $13) $390 (24 @ $10)
(30 @ $13) } $630
Aug. 27 (30 @ $13)
(10 @ $10) } $490 (14 @ $10) $140
(c) Average-Cost
Product E2-D2
Cost of
May 7 (50 @ $10) $500 (50 @ $10) $500
June 1 (26 @ $10) $260 (24 @ $10) $240
July 28 (30 @ $13) $390 (54 @ $11.67)*$630
Aug. 27 (40 @ $11.67) $467 (14 @ $11.67) $163
*($240 + $390) ÷ 54
(1) Net sales .............................................................................. $330,000

Less: Estimated gross profit (35% X $330,000) .............. 115,500
Estimated cost of goods sold ............................................ $214,500
(2) Cost of goods available for sale ........................................ $230,000

Less: Estimated cost of goods sold ................................ 214,500
Estimated cost of ending inventory .................................. $ 15,500

At Cost At Retail
Goods available for sale $38,000 $50,000
Net sales 40,000
Ending inventory at retail $10,000
Cost-to-retail ratio = ($38,000 ÷ $50,000) = 76%
Estimated cost of ending inventory = ($10,000 X 76%) = $7,600
SOLUTIONS FOR DO IT! REVIEW EXERCISES
DO IT! 6-1
Inventory per physical count .................................................... $300,000

Inventory out on consignment ................................................. 26,000
Inventory sold, in transit at year-end ....................................... –0–
Inventory purchased, in transit at year-end ............................ 17,000
Correct December 31 inventory................................................ $343,000
DO IT! 6-2
Cost of goods available for sale = (3,000 X $5) + (8,000 X $7) = $71,000
Ending inventory = 3,000 + 8,000 – 9,400 = 1,600 units
(a) FIFO: $71,000 – (1,600 X $7) = $59,800

(b) LIFO: $71,000 – (1,600 X $5) = $63,000
(c) Average-cost: $71,000/11,000 = $6.455 per unit
9,400 X $6.455 = $60,677
DO IT! 6-3
(a) The lowest value for each inventory type is: Small $64,000, Medium
$260,000, and Large $152,000. The total inventory value is the sum of
these figures, $476,000.
(b) 2013 2014

Ending inventory $31,000 understated No effect
Cost of goods sold $31,000 overstated $31,000 understated
Owner’s equity $31,000 understated No effect
DO IT! 6-4
2013 2014
$1,200,000 $1,425,000
Inventory turnover = 6 = 8.9
($180,000 + $220,000)/2 ($220,000 + $100,000)/2
Days in inventory 365 ÷ 6 = 60.8 days 365 ÷ 8.9 = 41 days
The company experienced a very significant decline in its ending inventory

as a result of the just-in-time inventory. This decline improved its inventory
turnover and its days in inventory. It is possible that this increase is the
result of a more focused inventory policy. It appears that this change is a
win-win situation for Chien Company.
SOLUTIONS TO EXERCISES
EXERCISE 6-1
Ending inventory—physical count ................................................. $297,000

1. No effect—title passes to purchaser upon shipment
when terms are FOB shipping point ................................... 0
2. No effect—title does not transfer to Josef until
goods are received ............................................................... 0
3. Add to inventory: Title passed to Josef when goods
were shipped ......................................................................... 22,000
4. Add to inventory: Title remains with Josef until
purchaser receives goods ................................................... 35,000
5. The goods did not arrive prior to year-end. The goods,
therefore, cannot be included in the inventory .................. (44,000)
Correct inventory ............................................................................. $310,000
EXERCISE 6-2
Ending inventory—as reported ...................................................... $740,000

1. Subtract from inventory: The goods belong to
Harmon Corporation. Schuda is merely holding
them as a consignee ............................................................ (250,000)
2. No effect—title does not pass to Schuda until
goods are received (Jan. 3) ................................................. 0
3. Subtract from inventory: Office supplies should
be carried in a separate account. They are not
considered inventory held for resale.................................. (14,000)
4. Add to inventory: The goods belong to Schuda
until they are shipped (Jan. 1) ............................................. 28,000
5. Add to inventory: Reza Sales ordered goods
with a cost of $8,000. Schuda should record the
corresponding sales revenue of $10,000. Schuda’s
decision to ship extra “unordered” goods does not
constitute a sale. The manager’s statement that Reza
could ship the goods back indicates that Schuda knows
this over-shipment is not a legitimate sale. The manager
acted unethically in an attempt to improve Schuda’s
reported income by over-shipping ..................................... 52,000
EXERCISE 6-2 (Continued)
6.
Subtract from inventory: GAAP require that inventory
be valued at the lower of cost or market. Obsolete parts
should be adjusted from cost to zero if they have no
other use. ............................................................................... (40,000)
Correct inventory.............................................................................. $516,000
EXERCISE 6-3
(a) FIFO Cost of Goods Sold
(#1012) $100 + (#1045) $90 = $190
(b) It could choose to sell specific units purchased at specific costs if it

wished to impact earnings selectively. If it wished to minimize earnings
it would choose to sell the units purchased at higher costs—in which
case the Cost of Goods Sold would be $190. If it wished to maximize
earnings it would choose to sell the units purchased at lower costs—in
which case the cost of goods sold would be $170.
(c) I recommend they use the FIFO method because it produces a more
appropriate balance sheet valuation and reduces the opportunity to
manipulate earnings.
(The answer may vary depending on the method the student chooses.)
EXERCISE 6-4
(a) FIFO
Beginning inventory (26 X $97) .................................... $ 2,522
Purchases
Sept. 12 (45 X $102) ................................................ $4,590
Sept. 19 (20 X $104) ................................................ 2,080
Sept. 26 (50 X $105) ................................................ 5,250 11,920
Cost of goods available for sale .................................. 14,442
Less: Ending inventory (20 X $105) ............................ 2,100
Cost of goods sold ........................................................ $12,342
Proof
Date Units Unit Cost Total Cost
9/1 26 $ 97 $ 2,522
9/12 45 102 4,590
9/19 20 104 2,080
9/26 30 105 3,150
121 $12,342
LIFO
Cost of goods available for sale .......................................................... $14,442
Less: Ending inventory (20 X $97) ..................................................... 1,940
Cost of goods sold ............................................................................... $12,502
Proof
9/26 50 $105 $ 5,250
9/19 20 104 2,080
9/12 45 102 4,590
9/1 6 97 582
121 $12,502
(b)
Cost of
FIFO $2,100 (ending inventory) + $12,342 (COGS) = $14,442 goods
LIFO $1,940 (ending inventory) + $12,502 (COGS) = $14,442 } available
for sale
Under both methods, the sum of the ending inventory and cost of goods sold
equals the same amount, $14,442, which is the cost of goods available for sale.
EXERCISE 6-5
FIFO
Beginning inventory (30 X $8) ............................................... $240
Purchases
May 15 (25 X $11) ............................................................ $275
May 24 (35 X $12) ............................................................ 420 695
Cost of goods available for sale ............................................ 935
Less: Ending inventory (25 X $12) ....................................... 300
Cost of goods sold ................................................................. $635
Proof
5/1 30 $ 8 $240
5/15 25 11 275
5/24 10 12 120
65 $635
LIFO
Cost of goods available for sale .......................................................... $935
Less: Ending inventory (25 X $8) ........................................................ 200
Cost of goods sold ................................................................................ $735
Proof
5/24 35 $12 $420
5/15 25 11 275
5/1 5 8 40
65 $735
EXERCISE 6-6
(a) FIFO
Beginning inventory (200 X $5) ............................... $1,000
Purchases
June 12 (400 X $6) ............................................. $2,400
June 23 (300 X $7) ............................................. 2,100 4,500
Cost of goods available for sale .............................. 5,500
Less: Ending inventory (100 X $7) ......................... 700
Cost of goods sold ................................................... $4,800
LIFO
Cost of goods available for sale .............................. $5,500
Less: Ending inventory (100 X $5) ......................... 500
Cost of goods sold ................................................... $5,000
(b) The FIFO method will produce the higher ending inventory because
costs have been rising. Under this method, the earliest costs are
assigned to cost of goods sold and the latest costs remain in ending
inventory. For Kaleta Company, the ending inventory under FIFO is
$700 or (100 X $7) compared to $500 or (100 X $5) under LIFO.
(c) The LIFO method will produce the higher cost of goods sold for Kaleta
Company. Under LIFO the most recent costs are charged to cost of
goods sold and the earliest costs are included in the ending inventory.
The cost of goods sold is $5,000 or [$5,500 – (100 X $5)] compared to
$4,800 or ($5,500 – $700) under FIFO.
EXERCISE 6-7
(a) (1) FIFO
Beginning inventory .......................................... $10,000
Purchases ........................................................... 26,000
Cost of goods available for sale ....................... 36,000
Less: ending inventory (80 X $130) ................. 10,400
Cost of goods sold............................................. $25,600
(2) LIFO
Purchases ........................................................... 26,000
(3) AVERAGE-COST
Purchases ........................................................... 26,000
(b) The use of FIFO would result in the highest net income since the earlier
lower costs are matched with revenues.
(c) The use of FIFO would result in inventories approximating current cost in
the balance sheet, since the more recent units are assumed to be on hand.
(d) The use of LIFO would result in Lisa paying the least taxes in the first
year since income will be lower.
EXERCISE 6-8
(a) Cost of Goods Total Units Weighted Average

Available for Sale ÷ Available for Sale = Unit Cost
$5,500 900 $6.11
Ending inventory (100 X $6.11) $ 611

Cost of goods sold (800 X $6.11) 4,889
(b) Ending inventory is lower than FIFO ($700) and higher than LIFO ($500).
In contrast, cost of goods sold is higher than FIFO ($4,800) and
lower than LIFO ($5,000).
(c) The average-cost method uses a weighted-average unit cost, not a simple
average of unit costs.
EXERCISE 6-9
Lower
-of-Cost
Cost Market -or-Market:
Cameras
Minolta $ 850 $ 780 $ 780
Canon 900 912 900
Total 1,750 1,692
Light meters
Vivitar 1,500 1,380 1,380
Kodak 1,680 1,890 1,680
Total 3,180 3,270
Total inventory $4,930 $4,962 $4,740
EXERCISE 6-10
Lower
-of-Cost-
Cost Market or-Market:
Cameras $ 6,500 $ 7,100 $ 6,500
DVD players 11,250 10,050 10,050
Ipods 10,000 9,750 9,750
Total inventory $27,750 $26,900 $26,300
EXERCISE 6-11
2013 2014
Beginning inventory ............................................ $ 20,000 $ 27,000
Cost of goods purchased ................................... 150,000 175,000
Cost of goods available for sale ......................... 170,000 202,000
a b
Corrected ending inventory ................................ 27,000 41,000
Cost of goods sold .............................................. $143,000 $161,000
a b
$30,000 – $3,000 = $27,000. $35,000 + $6,000 = $41,000.
EXERCISE 6-12
(a) 2013 2014

Sales ................................................................. $220,000 $250,000
Cost of goods sold
Beginning inventory ................................. 32,000 38,000
Cost of goods purchased ........................ 173,000 202,000
Cost of goods available for sale ............. 205,000 240,000
Ending inventory ($44,000 – $6,000) ....... 38,000 52,000
Cost of goods sold ................................... 167,000 188,000
Gross profit ...................................................... $ 53,000 $ 62,000
(b) The cumulative effect on total gross profit for the two years is zero as
shown below:
Incorrect gross profits: $59,000 + $56,000 = $115,000
Correct gross profits: $53,000 + $62,000 = 115,000
Difference $ 0
(c) Dear Mr./Ms. President:
Because your ending inventory of December 31, 2013 was overstated
by $6,000, your net income for 2013 was overstated by $6,000. For 2014
net income was understated by $6,000.
In a periodic system, the cost of goods sold is calculated by deducting
the cost of ending inventory from the total cost of goods you have
available for sale in the period. Therefore, if this ending inventory figure
is overstated, as it was in December 2013, then the cost of goods sold
is understated and therefore net income will be overstated by that
amount. Consequently, this overstated ending inventory figure goes on
to become the next period’s beginning inventory amount and is a part
of the total cost of goods available for sale. Therefore, the mistake
repeats itself in the reverse.
The error also affects the balance sheet at the end of 2013. The inven-
tory reported in the balance sheet is overstated; therefore, total assets
are overstated. The overstatement of the 2013 net income results in the
capital account balance being overstated. The balance sheet at the end
of 2014 is correct because the overstatement of the capital account at
the end of 2013 is offset by the understatement of the 2014 net income
and the inventory at the end of 2014 is correct.
Thank you for allowing me to bring this to your attention. If you have
any questions, please contact me at your convenience.
Sincerely,
EXERCISE 6-13
2012 2013 2014

Inventory $900,000 $1,120,000 $1,300,000
turnover ($100,000 + $300,000) ÷ 2 ($300,000 + $400,000) ÷ 2 ($400,000 + $480,000) ÷ 2
$900,000 $1,120,000 $1,300,000
= 4.5 = 3.2 = 2.95
$200,000 $350,000 $440,000
Days in 365 365 365

= 81.1 days = 114.1 days = 123.7 days
inventory 4.5 3.2 2.95
Gross $1,200,000 – $900,000 $1,600,000 – $1,120,000 $1,900,000 – $1,300,000

profit rate = 25% = 30% = 32%
$1,200,000 $1,600,000 $1,900,000
The inventory turnover decreased by approximately 34% from 2012 to 2014

while the days in inventory increased by almost 53% over the same time
period. Both of these changes would be considered negative since it’s
better to have a higher inventory turnover with a correspondingly lower days
in inventory. However, Quick’s Photo gross profit rate increased by 28%
from 2012 to 2014, which is a positive sign.
EXERCISE 6-14
(a) Alpha Company Omega Company

Inventory Turnover $190,000 $292,000
($45,000 + $55,000)/2 ($71,000 + $69,000)/2
= 3.80 = 4.17
Days in Inventory 365/3.80 = 96 days 365/4.17 = 88 days
(b) Omega Company is moving its inventory more quickly, since its inven-
tory turnover is higher, and its days in inventory is lower.
*EXERCISE 6-15
(1) FIFO
Date Purchases Cost of Goods Sold Balance
Jan. 1 (3 @ $600) $1,800
8 (2 @ $600) $1,200 (1 @ $600) 600
10 (6 @ $660) $3,960 (1 @ $600)
4,560
(6 @ $660)
15 (1 @ $600)
(3 @ $660) $2,580 (3 @ $660) 1,980
(2) LIFO
Jan. 1 (3 @ $600) $1,800
8 (2 @ $600) $1,200 (1 @ $600) 600
10 (6 @ $660) $3,960 (1 @ $600)
4,560
(6 @ $660)
15 (4 @ $660) $2,640 (1 @ $600)
1,920
(2 @ $660)
*EXERCISE 6-15 (Continued)
(3) MOVING-AVERAGE COST
Jan. 1 (3 @ $600) $1,800
8 (2 @ $600) $1,200 (1 @ $600) 600
10 (6 @ $660) $3,960 (7 @ $651.43)* 4,560
15 (4 @ $651.43) $2,606 (3 @ $651.43) 1,954
*Average-cost = ($600 + $3,960) ÷ 7 = $651.43 (rounded)
*EXERCISE 6-16
(a) The cost of goods available for sale is:

June 1 Inventory 200 @ $5 $1,000
June 12 Purchase 400 @ $6 2,400
June 23 Purchase 300 @ $7 2,100
Total cost of goods available for sale $5,500
FIFO
June 1 (200 @ $5) $1,000
June 12 (400 @ $6) $2,400 (200 @ $5)
(400 @ $6)
$3,400 }
June 15 (200 @ $5) $1,000
(240 @ $6) 1,440 (160 @ $6) $ 960
(160 @ $6)
June 23 (300 @ $7) $2,100 (300 @ $7) } $3,060
June 27 (160 @ $6) 960

(200 @ $7) 1,400 (100 @ $7) $ 700
$4,800
Ending inventory: $700. Cost of goods sold: $5,500 – $700 = $4,800.
LIFO
June 1 (200 @ $5) $1,000
June 12 (400 @ $6) $2,400 (200 @ $5)
(400 @ $6)
$3,400 }
June 15 (400 @ $6) $2,400
(40 @ $5) $ 200 (160 @ $5) $ 800
(160 @ $5)
June 23 (300 @ $7) $2,100 (300 @ $7) } $2,900
June 27 (300 @ $7) $2,100

60 @ $5 300 (100 @ $5) $ 500
$5,000
Moving-Average Cost
June 1 (200 @ $5) $1,000
June 12 (400 @ $6) $2,400 (600 @ $5.666) $3,400
June 15 (440 @ $5.666) $2,493 (160 @ $5.666) $ 907
June 23 (300 @ $7) $2,100 (460 @ $6.537) $3,007
June 27 (360 @ $6.537) $2,353 (100 @ $6.537) $ 654
$4,846
(b) FIFO gives the same ending inventory and cost of goods sold values
under both the periodic and perpetual inventory system. LIFO and
average-cost normally give different ending inventory and cost of
goods sold values under the periodic and perpetual inventory systems,
but in this case LIFO gives the same results.
(c) The simple average would be [($5 + $6 + $7) ÷ 3)] or $6. However, the
moving-average cost method uses a weighted-average unit cost that
changes each time a purchase is made rather than a simple average.
*EXERCISE 6-17
(a)
FIFO
Cost of
9/1 (26 @ $ 97) $2,522
9/5 (12 @ $ 97) $1,164 (14 @ $ 97) $1,358
9/12 (45 @ $102) $4,590 (14 @ $ 97)
$5,948
(45 @ $102)
9/16 (14 @ $ 97)
(36 @ $102) $5,030 ( 9 @ $102) $ 918
9/19 (20 @ $104) $2,080 ( 9 @ $102)
(20 @ $104) $2,998
9/26 (50 @ $105) $5,250 ( 9 @ $102)
(20 @ $104) $8,248
(50 @ $105)
9/29 ( 9 @ $102)
(20 @ $104)
(30 @ $105) $6,148 (20 @ $105) $2,100
LIFO
Cost of
9/1 (26 @ $ 97) $2,522
9/5 (12 @ $ 97) $1,164 (14 @ $ 97) $1,358
9/12 (45 @ $102) $4,590 (14 @ $ 97)
$5,948
(45 @ $102)
9/16 (45 @ $102)
( 5 @ $ 97) $5,075 ( 9 @ $ 97) $ 873
9/19 (20 @ $104) $2,080 ( 9 @ $ 97)
$2,953
(20 @ $104)
9/26 (50 @ $105) $5,250 ( 9 @ $ 97)
(20 @ $104) $8,203
(50 @ $105)
9/29 (50 @ $105) ( 9 @ $ 97)
( 9 @ $104) $6,186 (11 @ $104) $2,017
Moving-Average Cost
Cost of
9/1 (26 @ $97) $2,522
9/5 (12 @ $97) $1,164 (14 @ $97) $1,358
9/12 (45 @ $102) $4,590 (59 @ $100.81)a $5,948
9/16 (50 @ $100.81) $5,041* ( 9 @ $100.81) $ 907
9/19 (20 @ $104) $2,080 (29 @ $103.00)b $2,987
9/26 (50 @ $105) $5,250 (79 @ $104.27)c $8,237
9/29 (59 @ $104.27) $6,152* (20 @ $104.27) $2,085
*Rounded
a
$5,948 ÷ 59 = $100.81
b
$2,987 ÷ 29 = $103.00
c
$8,237 ÷ 79 = $104.27
(b)
Periodic Perpetual
Ending Inventory FIFO $2,100 $2,100
Ending Inventory LIFO $1,940 $2,017
(c) FIFO yields the same ending inventory value under both the periodic
and perpetual inventory system.
LIFO usually yields different ending inventory values when using the
periodic versus perpetual inventory system.
*EXERCISE 6-18
(a) Sales ...................................................................... $840,000

Cost of goods sold
Inventory, November 1 ................................ $130,000
Cost of goods purchased ........................... 536,000
Cost of goods available for sale ................ 666,000
Inventory, December 31 .............................. 120,000
Cost of goods sold ............................. 546,000
Gross profit ........................................................... $294,000
Gross profit rate $294,000/$840,000 = 35%
(b) Sales ........................................................................................ $1,000,000

Less: Estimated gross profit (35% X $1,000,000) ............... 350,000
Estimated cost of goods sold ................................................ $ 650,000
Beginning inventory ............................................................... $120,000

Cost of goods purchased ...................................................... 610,000
Cost of goods available for sale ............................................ 730,000
Less: Estimated cost of goods sold .................................... 650,000
Estimated cost of ending inventory ...................................... $ 80,000
*EXERCISE 6-19
(a) Net sales ($51,000 – $1,000) ................................................... $50,000

Less: Estimated gross profit (40% X $50,000) .................... 20,000
Estimated cost of goods sold ................................................ $30,000

Cost of goods purchased ($31,200 – $1,400 + $1,200) ........ 31,000
Estimated cost of merchandise lost ..................................... $21,000
(b) Net sales .................................................................................. $50,000

Less: Estimated gross profit (30% X $50,000) .................... 15,000
Estimated cost of goods sold ................................................ $35,000

Cost of goods purchased ...................................................... 31,000
Estimated cost of merchandise lost ..................................... $26,000
*EXERCISE 6-20
Women’s Shoes Men’s Shoes

Goods purchased 110,000 179,000 136,300 185,000
Goods available for sale $135,000 225,000 $181,300 245,000
Net sales 178,000 185,000
Ending inventory at retail $ 47,000 $ 60,000
$135,000 $181,300
Cost-to-retail ratio = 60% = 74%
$225,000 $245,000
Estimated cost of ending

inventory $47,000 X 60% = $28,200 $60,000 X 74% = $44,400
PROBLEM 6-1A
(a) The sale will be recorded on February 26. The goods (cost, $800) should
be excluded from Austin’s February 28 inventory.
(b) Austin owns the goods once they are shipped on February 26. Include
inventory of $480.
(c) Include $650 in inventory.
(d) Exclude the items from Austin’s inventory. Title remains with the
consignor.
(e) Title of the goods does not transfer to Austin until March 2. Exclude
this amount from the February 28 inventory.
(f) Title to the goods does not transfer to the customer until March 2. The
$200 cost should be included in ending inventory.
PROBLEM 6-2A
(a) COST OF GOODS AVAILABLE FOR SALE

Oct. 1 Beginning Inventory 2,000 $7 $ 14,000
3 Purchase 2,500 8 20,000
9 Purchase 3,500 9 31,500
19 Purchase 3,000 10 30,000
25 Purchase 4,000 11 44,000
Total 15,000 $139,500
(b) FIFO
(1) Ending Inventory (2) Cost of Goods Sold
Unit Total Cost of goods
Date Units Cost Cost available for sale $139,500
Oct. 25 4,000 $11 $44,000 Less: Ending
19 100 10 1,000 inventory 45,000
4,100* $45,000 Cost of goods sold $ 94,500
*15,000 – 10,900 = 4,100
Proof of Cost of Goods Sold

Oct. 1 2,000 $7 $14,000
3 2,500 8 20,000
9 3,500 9 31,500
19 2,900 10 29,000
10,900 $94,500
LIFO
Oct. 1 2,000 $7 $14,000 Less: Ending
3 2,100 8 16,800 inventory 30,800
4,100 $30,800 Cost of goods sold $108,700
PROBLEM 6-2A (Continued)

Unit Total
Date Units Cost Cost
Oct. 25 4,000 $11 $ 44,000
19 3,000 10 30,000
9 3,500 9 31,500
3 400 8 3,200
10,900 $108,700
AVERAGE COST
$139,500 ÷ 15,000 = $9.30 Cost of goods available
for sale $139,500
Units Unit Cost Total Cost Less: Ending inventory 38,130
4,100 $9.30 $38,130 Cost of goods sold $101,370
(c) (1) FIFO results in the highest inventory amount for the balance sheet,
$45,000.
(2) LIFO results in the highest cost of goods sold, $108,700.
PROBLEM 6-3A

1/1 Beginning Inventory 150 $20 $ 3,000
3/15 Purchase 400 23 9,200
7/20 Purchase 250 24 6,000
9/4 Purchase 350 26 9,100
12/2 Purchase 100 29 2,900
Total 1,250 $30,200
(b) FIFO
12/2 100 $29 $2,900 Less: Ending
9/4 150 26 3,900 inventory 6,800
250 $6,800 Cost of goods sold $23,400

Unit Total
1/1 150 $20 $ 3,000
3/15 400 23 9,200
7/20 250 24 6,000
9/4 200 26 5,200
1,000 $23,400
LIFO
1/1 150 $20 $3,000 Less: Ending
3/15 100 23 2,300 inventory 5,300

Unit Total
12/2 100 $29 $ 2,900
9/4 350 26 9,100
7/20 250 24 6,000
3/15 300 23 6,900
1,000 $24,900
AVERAGE COST
$30,200 ÷ 1,250 = $24.16 Cost of goods available
for sale $30,200
Units Unit Cost Total Cost Less: Ending inventory 6,040
250 $24.16 $6,040 Cost of goods sold $24,160

1,000 units X $24.16 = $24,160
(c) (1) FIFO results in the highest inventory amount, $6,800, as shown in
(b) above.
(2) LIFO produces the highest cost of goods sold, $24,900 as shown in
(b) above.
PROBLEM 6-4A
(a) Felipe INC.

Condensed Income Statements
For the Year Ended December 31, 2014
FIFO LIFO
Sales revenue ........................................... $747,000 $747,000
Cost of goods sold
Beginning inventory .......................... 14,000 14,000
Cost of goods purchased ................. 466,000 466,000
Cost of goods available for sale ...... 480,000 480,000
a b
Ending inventory ............................... 45,900 36,000
Cost of goods sold ............................ 434,100 444,000
Gross profit............................................... 312,900 303,000
Operating expenses ................................. 130,000 130,000
Income before income taxes ................... 182,900 173,000
Income tax expense (40%) ...................... 73,160 69,200
Net income ................................................ $109,740 $103,800
a
17,000 X $2.70 = $45,900.
b
$14,000 + (10,000 X $2.20) = $36,000.
(b) (1) The FIFO method produces the most meaningful inventory amount
for the balance sheet because the units are costed at the most
recent purchase prices.
(2) The LIFO method produces the most meaningful net income because
the cost of the most recent purchases are matched against sales.
(3) The FIFO method is most likely to approximate actual physical

flow because the oldest goods are usually sold first to minimize
spoilage and obsolescence.
(4) There will be $3,960 additional cash available under LIFO because
income taxes are $69,200 under LIFO and $73,160 under FIFO.
(5) Gross profit under the average cost method will be: (a) lower than
FIFO and (b) higher than LIFO.
PROBLEM 6-5A
(a) Cost of Goods Available for Sale

June 1 Beginning Inventory 40 $40 $ 1,600
June 4 Purchase 135 44 5,940
June 18 Purchase return (10) 46 (460)
Total 250 $11,110
Ending Inventory in Units: Sales Revenue

Units available for sale 250 Unit
Sales (110 – 15 + 65) 160 Date Units Price Total Sales
Units remaining in ending inventory 90 June 10 110 $70 $ 7,700
11 (15) 70 (1,050)
25 65 75 4,875
160 $11,525
(1) LIFO
(i) Ending Inventory (ii) Cost of Goods Sold

June 1 40 @ $40 $1,600 Cost of goods available
4 50 @ 44 2,200 for sale $11,110
90 $3,800 Less: Ending inventory 3,800
Cost of goods sold $ 7,310
(iii) Gross Profit (iv) Gross Profit Rate

Sales revenue $11,525 Gross profit $ 4,215
= 36.6%
Cost of goods sold 7,310 Net sales $11,525
Gross profit $ 4,215
(2) FIFO

June 28 30 @ $50 $1,500 Cost of goods available
18 45 @ $46 2,070 for sale $11,110
4 15 @ $44 660 Less: Ending inventory 4,230
90 $4,230 Cost of goods sold $ 6,880

= 40.3%
(3) Average-Cost
Cost of goods available for sale
Weighted-average cost per unit:
Units available for sale
$11,110
= $44.44
250

90 units @$44.44 3,999.60 Cost of goods available
for sale $11,110.00
Less: Ending inventory 3,999.60
Cost of goods sold $ 7,110.40

Sales revenue $11,525.00 Gross profit $ 4,414.60
= 38.3%
Cost of goods sold 7,110.40 Net sales $11,525.00
Gross profit $ 4,414.60
(b) In this period of rising prices, LIFO gives the highest cost of goods
sold and the lowest gross profit. FIFO gives the lowest cost of goods
sold and the highest gross profit.
PROBLEM 6-6A
(a) BARTON INC.

Income Statement (partial)
Specific Identification FIFO LIFO

a
Sales revenue $8,915 $8,915 $8,915
Beginning inventory 1,200 1,200 1,200
Purchasesb 6,505 6,505 6,505
Cost of goods available
for sale 7,705 7,705 7,705
Ending inventoryc 2,505 2,720 2,175
Cost of goods sold 5,200 4,985 5,530
Gross profit $3,715 $3,930 $3,385
(a)
(2,300 @ $1.05) + (5,200 @ $1.25)
(b)
(2,500 @ $ .65) + (4,000 @ $.72) + (2,500 @ $.80)
(c)
Specific identification ending inventory consists of:
Beginning inventory (2,000 liters – 1,000 – 450) 550 @ $.60 $ 330.00

March 3 purchase (2,500 liters – 1,300 – 550) 650 @ $.65 422.50
March 10 purchase (4,000 liters – 2,900) 1,100 @ $.72 792.00
March 20 purchase (2,500 liters – 1,300) 1,200 @ $.80 960.00
3,500 liters $2,504.50
FIFO ending inventory consists of:
March 20 purchase 2,500 @ $.80 $2,000

March 10 purchase 1,000 @ $.72 720
3,500 liters $2,720
LIFO ending inventory consists of:
Beginning inventory 2,000 @ $.60 $1,200

March 3 purchase 1,500 @ $.65 975
3,500 liters $2,175
(b) Companies can choose a cost flow method that produces the highest
possible cost of goods sold and lowest gross profit to justify price
increases. In this example, LIFO produces the lowest gross profit and
best support to increase selling prices.
PROBLEM 6-7A
(a) Sherlynn CO.

Condensed Income Statement
FIFO LIFO
Sales revenue ............................................. $700,000 $700,000
Cost of goods sold
Beginning inventory ........................... 45,000 45,000
Cost of goods purchased .................. 532,000 532,000
Cost of goods available for sale ....... 577,000 577,000
a b
Ending inventory ................................ 168,000 147,000
Cost of goods sold ............................. 409,000 430,000
Gross profit................................................. 291,000 270,000
Operating expenses ................................... 140,000 140,000
Income before income taxes ..................... 151,000 130,000
Income tax expense (30%) ........................ 45,300 39,000
Net income .................................................. $105,700 $ 91,000
a
(30,000 @ $5.60) = $168,000.
b
(10,000 @ $4.50) + (20,000 @ $5.10) = $147,000.
(b) Answers to questions:
(1) The FIFO method produces the most meaningful inventory amount
(2) The LIFO method produces the most meaningful net income
because the costs of the most recent purchases are matched
against sales.
(3) The FIFO method is most likely to approximate actual physical flow
because the oldest goods are usually sold first to minimize spoilage
and obsolescence.
(5) The illusionary gross profit is $21,000 or ($291,000 – $270,000).
Under LIFO, Sherlynn Co. has recovered the current replacement
cost of the units ($430,000), whereas under FIFO, it has only
recovered the earlier costs ($409,000). This means that, under
FIFO, the company must reinvest at least $21,000 of the gross profit
to replace the units used.
*PROBLEM 6-8A
(a)
Sales:
January 8 110 units @ $28 $3,080
January 10 (return) (10 units @ $28) (280)
January 20 90 units @ $32 2,880
190 units $5,680
(1) LIFO
January 1 (100 @ $15) $1,500
January 5 (140 @ $18) $2,520 (100 @ $15)
(140 @ $18) } $4,020
January 8 (110 @ $18) $1,980 (100 @ $15)
( 30 @ $18) } $2,040
January 10 (–10 @ $18) ($ 180) (100 @ $15)
( 40 @ $18) } $2,220
January 15 ( 55 @ $20) $1,100 (100 @ $15)
( 40 @ $18)
( 55 @ $20)
} $3,320
January 16 ( –5 @ $20) ($ 100) (100 @ $15)

( 40 @ $18)
( 50 @ $20)
} $3,220
( 50 @ $20)
January 20 ( 40 @ $18) } $1,720 (100 @ $15) $1,500
}
January 25 ( 20 @ $22) $ 440 (100 @ $15)
$3,520 ( 20 @ $22)
} $1,940
(i) Cost of goods sold = $3,520. (ii) Ending inventory = $1,940. (iii) Gross
profit = $5,680 – $3,520 = $2,160.
*PROBLEM 6-8A (Continued)
(2) FIFO
January 1 (100 @ $15) $1,500
(100 @ $15)
January 5 (140 @ $18) $2,520
(140 @ $18) } $4,020
(100 @ $15)
January 8
( 10@ $18) } $1,680 (130 @ $18) $2,340
January 10 (–10 @ $18) ($ 180) (140 @ $18) $2,520

(140 @ $18)
January 15 ( 55 @ $20) $1,100
( 55 @ $20) } $3,620
(140 @ $18)
January 16 ( –5 @ $20)($ 100)
( 50 @ $20) } $3,520
( 50 @ $18)
January 20 (90 @ $18) $1,620
( 50 @ $20) } $1,900
( 50 @ $18)
January 25 ( 20 @ $22) $ 440 ( 50 @ $20)
( 20 @ $22)
} $2,340
$3,120
profit = $5,680 – $3,120 = $2,560.
(3) Moving-Average Cost

January 1 (100 @ $15) $1,500
January 5 (140 @ $18) $2,520 (240 @ $16.75)a $4,020
January 8 (110 @ $16.75) $1,843 (130 @ $16.75) $2,177
January 10 (–10 @ $16.75) ($ 168) (140 @ $16.75) $2,345
January 15 ( 55 @ $20) $1,100 (195 @ $17.667)b $3,445
January 16 ( –5 @ $20) ($ 100) (190 @ $17.605)c $3,345
January 20 (90 @ $17.605) $1,584 (100 @ $17.605) $1,761
January 25 ( 20 @ $22) $ 440 (120 @ $18.342)d $2,201
$3,259
*rounded
a c
$4,020 ÷ 240 = $16.75 $3,345 ÷ 190 = $17.61
b d
$3,445 ÷ 195 = $17.667 $2,201 ÷ 120 = $18.342
profit = $5,680 – $3,259 = $2,421.
*PROBLEM 6-8A (Continued)
(b)
Gross profit: LIFO FIFO Moving-Average Cost
Sales $5,680 $5,680 $5,680
Gross profit $2,160 $2,560 $2,421
Ending inventory $1,940 $2,340 $2,201
In a period of rising costs, the LIFO cost flow assumption results in the
highest cost of goods sold and lowest gross profit. FIFO gives the lowest
cost of goods sold and highest gross profit. The moving-average cost flow
assumption results in amounts between the other two.
On the balance sheet, FIFO gives the highest ending inventory (represent-
ing the most current costs); LIFO gives the lowest ending inventory (repre-
senting the oldest costs); and moving-average cost results in an ending
inventory falling between the other two.
*PROBLEM 6-9A
(a)
(1) FIFO
July 1 (5 @ $120) $ 600 (5 @ $120) $ 600

6 (4 @ $120) $480 (1 @ $120) $ 120
11 (7 @ $136) $ 952 (1 @ $120)
(7 @ $136) } $1,072
(1 @ $120)
14
(2 @ $136) } $392
(5 @ $136) $ 680
(5 @ $136)
21 (8 @ $147) $1,176
(8 @ $147) } $1,856
27 (5 @ $136)
(1 @ $147) } $827 (7 @ $147) $1,029
July 1 (5 @ $120) $ 600 ( 5 @ $120) $ 600

6 (4 @ $120) $480 ( 1 @ $120) $ 120
11 (7 @ $136) $ 952 ( 8 @ $134)* $1,072
14 (3 @ $134) $402 ( 5 @ $134) $ 670
21 (8 @ $147) $1,176 (13 @ $142)** $1,846
27 (6 @ $142) $852 ( 7 @ $142) $ 994
*$1,072 ÷ 8 = $134
**$1,846 ÷ 13 = $142
(3) LIFO
July 1 (5 @ $120) $ 600 (5 @ $120) $ 600

6 (4 @ $120) $480 (1 @ $120) $ 120
11 (7 @ $136) $ 952 (1 @ $120)
(7 @ $136) } $1,072
(1 @ $120)
14 (3 @ $136) $408
(4 @ $136) } $ 664
(1 @ $120)
21 (8 @ $147) $1,176
(4 @ $136)
(8 @ $147)
} $1,840
(1 @ $120)
27 (6 @ $147) $882
(4 @ $136)
(2 @ $147)
} $ 958
(b) The highest ending inventory is $1,029 under the FIFO method.
*PROBLEM 6-10A
(a) November
Net sales ....................................................... $600,000
Cost of goods sold
Beginning inventory ............................ $ 32,000
Purchases............................................. $389,000
Less: Purchase returns and
allowances ................................ 13,300
Purchase discounts ................. 8,500
Add: Freight-in ................................... 8,800
Cost of goods purchased ................... 376,000
Cost of goods available for sale ......... 408,000
Ending inventory ................................. 36,000
Cost of goods sold....................... 372,000
Gross profit .................................................. $228,000
$228,000
Gross profit rate = = 38%
$600,000
(b) Net sales................................................. $700,000

Less: Estimated gross profit
(38% X $700,000) ........................ 266,000
Estimated cost of goods sold ............... $434,000
Beginning inventory .............................. $ 36,000

Purchases............................................... $420,000
Less: Purchase returns and
allowances .................................. $14,900
Purchase discounts ................... 9,500 24,400
Net purchases ........................................ 395,600
Freight-in ................................................ 9,900
Cost of goods purchased ..................... 405,500
Cost of goods available for sale ........... 441,500
Less: Estimated cost of goods
sold .............................................. 434,000
Estimated inventory lost in fire ............ $ 7,500
*PROBLEM 6-11A
(a) Hardcovers Paperbacks

Purchases 2,135,000 3,200,000 1,155,000 1,540,000
Freight-in 24,000 12,000
Purchase discounts (44,000) (22,000)
Goods available for sale $2,535,000 3,900,000 $1,425,000 1,900,000
Net sales 3,100,000 1,570,000
Cost-to-retail ratio:
Hardcovers—$2,535,000 ÷ $3,900,000 = 65%.
Paperbacks—$1,425,000 ÷ $1,900,000 = 75%.
Estimated ending inventory at cost:

$800,000 X 65% = $520,000—Hardcovers.
$330,000 X 75% = $247,500—Paperbacks.
(b) Hardcovers—$790,000 X 65% = $513,500.

Paperbacks—$335,000 X 75% = $251,250.
SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS
PROBLEM 6-1B
(a) The goods should not be included in inventory as they were shipped
FOB shipping point and shipped February 26. Title to the goods
transfers to the customer February 26. Weber should have recorded
the transaction in the Sales and Accounts Receivable accounts.
(b) The amount should not be included in inventory as they were shipped
FOB destination and not received until March 2. The seller still owns
the inventory. No entry is recorded.
(c) Include $500 in inventory.
(d) Include $400 in inventory.
(e) $750 should be included in inventory as the goods were shipped FOB
shipping point.
(f) The sale will be recorded on March 2. The goods should be included
in inventory at the end of February at their cost of $250.
(g) The damaged goods should not be included in inventory. They should
be recorded in a loss account since they are not saleable.
PROBLEM 6-2B

March 1 Beginning Inventory 1,500 $ 7 $ 10,500
5 Purchase 3,000 8 24,000
13 Purchase 4,500 9 40,500
21 Purchase 4,000 10 40,000
26 Purchase 2,500 11 27,500
Total 15,500 $142,500
(b) FIFO
March 26 2,500 $11 $27,500 Less: Ending
21 1,000 10 10,000 inventory 37,500
3,500* $37,500 Cost of goods sold $105,000
*15,500 – 12,000 = 3,500

Unit Total
March 1 1,500 $ 7 $ 10,500
5 3,000 8 24,000
13 4,500 9 40,500
21 3,000 10 30,000
12,000 $105,000
PROBLEM 6-2B (Continued)
LIFO
March 1 1,500 $7 $10,500 Less: Ending
5 2,000 8 16,000 inventory 26,500
3,500 $26,500 Cost of goods sold $116,000

Unit Total
March 26 2,500 $11 $27,500
21 4,000 10 40,000
13 4,500 9 40,500
5 1,000 8 8,000
12,000 $116,000
AVERAGE-COST
$142,500 ÷ 15,500 = $9.194 Cost of goods
available for sale $142,500
Unit Less: Ending
Units Cost Total Cost inventory 32,179
3,500 $9.194 $32,179* Cost of goods sold $110,321
*rounded to nearest dollar
(c) (1) As shown in (b) above, FIFO produces the highest inventory amount,
$37,500.
(2) As shown in (b) above, LIFO produces the highest cost of goods
sold, $116,000.
PROBLEM 6-3B

1/1 Beginning Inventory 400 $ 8 $ 3,200
2/20 Purchase 600 9 5,400
5/5 Purchase 500 10 5,000
8/12 Purchase 300 11 3,300
12/8 Purchase 200 12 2,400
Total 2,000 $19,300
(b) FIFO
12/8 200 $12 $2,400 Less: Ending
8/12 300 11 3,300 inventory 5,700

Unit Total
1/1 400 $ 8 $ 3,200
2/20 600 9 5,400
5/5 500 10 5,000
1,500 $13,600
(b) LIFO
1/1 400 $8 $3,200 Less: Ending
2/20 100 9 900 inventory 4,100

Unit Total
12/8 200 $12 $ 2,400
8/12 300 11 3,300
5/5 500 10 5,000
2/20 500 9 4,500
1,500 $15,200
AVERAGE-COST
$19,300 ÷ 2,000 = $9.65 Cost of goods
available for sale $19,300
Unit Total Less: Ending
Units Cost Cost inventory 4,825
500 $9.65 $4,825 Cost of goods sold $14,475

1,500 units X 9.65 = $14,475
(c) (1) LIFO results in the lowest inventory amount for the balance sheet,
$4,100.
(2) FIFO results in the lowest cost of goods sold, $13,600.
PROBLEM 6-4B
(a) Patel CO.

FIFO LIFO
Sales revenue ............................................. $865,000 $865,000
Cost of goods sold
Cost of goods purchased .................. 600,000 600,000
Cost of goods available for sale ....... 632,000 632,000
a b
Ending inventory ................................ 78,400 63,200
Cost of goods sold ............................. 553,600 568,800
Gross profit ................................................. 311,400 296,200
Operating expenses ................................... 147,000 147,000
Income before income taxes ..................... 164,400 149,200
Net income .................................................. $108,504 $98,472
a b
28,000 X $2.80 = $78,400. $32,000 + (13,000 X $2.40) = $63,200.
(b) (1) The FIFO method produces the most meaningful inventory amount
the costs of the most recent purchases are matched against sales.
(3) The FIFO method is most likely to approximate actual physical flow
because the oldest goods are usually sold first to minimize spoilage
and obsolescence.
(5) Gross profit under the average cost method will be: (a) lower than
FIFO and (b) higher than LIFO.
PROBLEM 6-5B
Cost of Goods Available for Sale

October 1 Beginning Inventory 60 $25 $1,500
9 Purchase 120 26 3,120
17 Purchase 70 27 1,890
25 Purchase 80 28 2,240
Total 330 $8,750
Ending Inventory in Units: Sales Revenue

Units available for sale 330 Unit
Sales (100 + 60 + 110) 270 Date Units Price Total Sales
Units remaining in ending inventory 60 October 11 100 $35 $ 3,500
22 60 40 2,400
29 110 40 4,400
270 $10,300
(a)
(1) LIFO

October 1 60 @ $25 = $1,500 Cost of goods available
for sale $8,750
Less: Ending inventory 1,500
Cost of goods sold $7,250

= 29.6%
(2) FIFO

October 25 60 @ $28 = $1,680 Cost of goods available
for sale $ 8,750
Less: Ending inventory 1,680
Cost of goods sold $ 7,070

= 31.4%
(3) Average-Cost
cost of goods available for sale
Weighted-average cost per unit:
units available for sale
$8,750
= $26.515
330

60 @ $26.515 = $1,591* Cost of goods available
for sale $8,750
*rounded to nearest dollar Less: Ending inventory 1,591

= 30.5%
(b) LIFO produces the lowest ending inventory value, gross profit, and
gross profit rate because its cost of goods sold is higher than FIFO or
average-cost.
PROBLEM 6-6B
(a) (1) To maximize gross profit, Princess Diamonds should sell the
diamonds with the lowest cost.
Sale Date Cost of Goods Sold Sales Revenue

March 5 150 @ $300 $ 45,000 180 @ $600 $108,000
30 @ $360 10,800 400 @ $650 260,000
March 25 170 @ $360 61,200
230 @ $380 87,400
580 $204,400 580 $368,000
Gross profit $368,000 – $204,400 = $163,600.
(2) To minimize gross profit, Princess Diamonds should sell the diamonds
with the highest cost.
Sale Date Cost of Goods Sold Sales Revenue

March 5 180 @ $360 $ 64,800 180 @ $600 $108,000
March 25 350 @ $380 133,000 400 @ $650 260,000
20 @ $360 7,200
30 @ $300 9,000
580 $214,000 580 $368,000
Gross profit $368,000 – $214,000 = $154,000.
(b) FIFO
Cost of goods available for sale
March 1 Beginning inventory 150 @ $300 $ 45,000
3 Purchase 200 @ $360 72,000
10 Purchase 350 @ $380 133,000
700 $250,000
Goods available for sale 700

Units sold 580
Ending inventory 120 @ $380 $45,600
Goods available for sale $250,000

– Ending inventory 45,600
Gross profit: $368,000 – $204,400 = $163,600.
(c) LIFO
Cost of goods available for sale $250,000
(from part b)
– Ending inventory 120 @ $300 36,000
Gross profit: $368,000 – $214,000 = $154,000.
(d) The choice of inventory method depends on the company’s objectives.

Since the diamonds are marked and coded, the company could use specific
identification. This could, however, result in “earnings management” by
the company because, as shown, it could carefully choose which diamonds
to sell to result in the maximum or minimum income. Employing a cost
flow assumption, such as LIFO or FIFO, would reduce record-keeping
costs. FIFO would result in higher income, but LIFO would reduce
income taxes and provide better matching of current sales revenue
with current costs.
PROBLEM 6-7B
(a) Chelsea INC.

FIFO LIFO
Sales revenue............................................. $665,000 $665,000
Cost of goods sold
Cost of goods purchased ................... 504,500 504,500
Cost of goods available for sale ........ 539,500 539,500
a b
Ending inventory ................................. 133,500 115,000
Cost of goods sold .............................. 406,000 424,500
Gross profit ................................................ 259,000 240,500
Operating expenses .................................. 130,000 130,000
Income before income taxes .................... 129,000 110,500
Net income ................................................. $ 92,880 $ 79,560
a
(25,000 @ $4.50) + ( 5,000 @ $4.20) = $133,500.
b
(10,000 @ $3.50) + (20,000 @ $4.00) = $115,000.
(b) Answers to questions:
(1) The FIFO method produces the most meaningful inventory amount
the costs of the most recent purchases are matched against
sales.
(3) The FIFO method is most likely to approximate actual physical

flow because the oldest goods are usually sold first to minimize
spoilage and obsolescence.
(5) The illusionary gross profit is $18,500 or ($259,000 – $240,500). Under

LIFO, Chelsea Inc. has recovered the current replacement cost of
the units ($424,500), whereas under FIFO, it has only recovered
the earlier costs ($406,000). This means that under FIFO the
company must reinvest $18,500 of the gross profit to replace the
units used.
Answer in business letter form:
Dear Chelsea Inc.
After preparing the comparative condensed income statements for

2014 under FIFO and LIFO methods, we have found the following:
The FIFO method produces the most meaningful inventory amount

recent purchase prices. This method is most likely to approximate
actual physical flow because the oldest goods are usually sold
first to minimize spoilage and obsolescence.
The LIFO method produces the most meaningful net income because
the costs of the most recent purchases are matched against sales.
There will be $5,180 additional cash available under LIFO because
There exists an illusionary gross profit of $18,500 ($259,000 –

$240,500) under FIFO. Under LIFO, you have recovered the current
replacement cost of the units ($424,500) whereas under FIFO you
have only recovered the earlier costs ($406,000). This means that
under FIFO, the company must reinvest $18,500 of the gross profit
to replace the units sold.
Sincerely,
*PROBLEM 6-8B
(a)
Sales:
Date
January 6 150 units @ $40 $ 6,000
January 9 (return) (10 units @ $40) (400)
January 10 60 units @ $45 2,700
January 30 110 units @ $50 5,500
Total sales $13,800
(1) LIFO
January 1 (160 @ $17) $2,720
(160 @ $17)
January 2 (100 @ $21) $2,100 (100 @ $21)
} $4,820
January 6 (100 @ $21) (110 @ $17) $1,870
( 50 @ $17) } $2,950
January 9 ( 80 @ $24) $1,920 (120 @ $17)

January 9 (–10 @ $17) ($ 170) ( 80 @ $24) } $3,960
January 10 (–10 @ $24) ($ 240) (120 @ $17)
( 70 @ $24) } $3,720
January 10 ( 60 @ $24) $1,440 (120 @ $17)
( 10 @ $24) } $2,280
January 23 (100 @ $28) $2,800 (120 @ $17)
( 10 @ $24)
(100 @ $28)
} $5,080
January 30 (100 @ $28) (120 @ $17) $2,040

( 10 @ $24) } $3,040
$7,260
(i) Cost of goods sold: = $7,260. (ii) Ending inventory = $2,040. (iii) Gross
profit = $13,800 – $7,260 = $6,540
*PROBLEM 6-8B (Continued)
(2) FIFO
January 1 (160 @ $17) $2,720
(160 @ $17)
January 2 (100 @ $21) $2,100 (100 @ $21) } $4,820
January 6 (150 @ $17) $2,550 ( 10 @ $17)

(100 @ $21) } $2,270
January 9 (–10 @ $17) ($ 170) ( 20 @ $17)

January 9 ( 80 @ $24) $1,920 (100 @ $21)
( 80 @ $24)
} $4,360
( 20 @ $17)
January 10 (–10 @ $24) ($ 240)

(100 @ $21)
( 70 @ $24)
} $4,120
January 10 ( 20 @ $17) ( 60 @ $21)

( 40 @ $21) } $1,180 ( 70 @ $24) } $2,940
January 23 (100 @ $28) $2,800 ( 60 @ $21)

( 70 @ $24)
(100 @ $28)
} $5,740
January 30 ( 60 @ $21) ( 20 @ $24)

( 50 @ $24) } $2,460 (100 @ $28) } $3,280
$6,020
profit = $13,800 – $6,020 = $7,780.
(3) Moving-Average
Date Purchases Cost of goods sold Balance
January 1 (160 @ $17) $2,720
January 2 (100 @ $21) $2,100 (260 @ $18.538)a $4,820
January 6 (150 @ $18.538) $2,781 (110 @ $18.538) $2,039
January 9 (–10 @ $18.538) ($ 185) (120 @ $18.538) $2,224
January 9 ( 80 @ $24) $1,920 (200 @ $20.72) b $4,144
January 10 (–10 @ $24) ($ 240) (190 @ $20.547) c $3,904
January 10 ( 60 @ $20.547) $1,233 (130 @ $20.547) $2,671
January 23 (100 @ $28) $2,800 (230 @ $23.787) d $5,471
January 30 (110 @ $23.787) $2,617 (120 @ $23.787) $2,854
$6,446
a c
$4,820 ÷ 260 = $18.538 $3,904 ÷ 190 = $20.547
b d
$4,144 ÷ 200 = $20.72 $5,471 ÷ 230 = $23.787
profit = $13,800 – $6,446 = $7,354.
(b)
Gross profit: LIFO FIFO Moving-Average
Sales $13,800 $13,800 $13,800
Gross profit $ 6,540 $ 7,780 $ 7,354
Ending inventory $ 2,040 $ 3,280 $ 2,854
In a period of rising costs, the LIFO cost flow assumption results in the
highest cost of goods sold and lowest gross profit. FIFO gives the
lowest cost of goods sold and highest gross profit. The moving
average cost flow assumption results in amounts between the other two.
On the balance sheet, FIFO gives the highest ending inventory (represent-
ing the most current costs); LIFO gives the lowest ending inventory
(representing the oldest costs); and the moving average-cost results in
an ending inventory falling between the other two.
*PROBLEM 6-9B
(a) (1) FIFO

Cost of
May 1 (7 @ $150) $1,050 (7 @ $150) $1,050
4 (4 @ $150) $600 (3 @ $150) $ 450
8 (8 @ $170) $1,360 (3 @ $150)
(8 @ $170) } $1,810
(3 @ $150)
12
(2 @ $170) } $790
(6 @ $170) $1,020
(6 @ $170)
15 (6 @ $185) $1,110
(6 @ $185) } $2,130
20 (3 @ $170) $510 (3 @ $170)
(6 @ $185) } $1,620
25 (3 @ $170)
(1 @ $185) } $695 (5 @ $185) $ 925

Cost of
May 1 (7 @ $150) $1,050 ( 7 @ $150) $1,050
4 (4 @ $150) $600 ( 3 @ $150) $ 450
8 (8 @ $170) $1,360 (11 @ $164.55)* $1,810
12 (5 @ $164.55) $823 ( 6 @ $164.55) $ 987
15 (6 @ $185) $1,110 (12 @ $174.75)** $2,097
20 (3 @ $174.75) $524 ( 9 @ $174.75) $1,573
25 (4 @ $174.75) $699 ( 5 @ $174.75) $ 874
*Average-cost = $1,810 ÷ 11 (rounded)

**$2,097 ÷ 12
(3) LIFO
Cost of
May 1 (7 @ $150) $1,050 (7 @ $150) $1,050
4 (4 @ $150) $600 (3 @ $150) $ 450
8 (8 @ $170) $1,360 (3 @ $150)
(8 @ $170) } $1,810
(3 @ $150)
12 (5 @ $170) $850
(3 @ $170) } $ 960
(3 @ $150)
15 (6 @ $185) $1,110
(3 @ $170)
(6 @ $185)
} $2,070
(3 @ $150)
20 (3 @ $185) $555
(3 @ $170)
(3 @ $185)
} $1,515
(3 @ $185) (3 @ $150)
25
(1 @ $170) } $725 (2 @ $170) } $ 790
(b) (1) The highest ending inventory is $925 under the FIFO method.
(2) The lowest ending inventory is $790 under the LIFO method.
*PROBLEM 6-10B
(a) February
Net sales .................................................. $300,000
Cost of goods sold
Beginning inventory ....................... $ 4,500
Net purchases ................................. $176,800
Add: Freight-in ............................... 3,900
Cost of goods purchased .............. 180,700
Cost of goods available for sale .... 185,200
Ending inventory ............................ 20,200
Cost of goods sold .................. 165,000
Gross profit .............................................. $135,000
$135,000
Gross profit rate = = 45%
$300,000
(b) Net sales .............................................................. $250,000

Less: Estimated gross profit
(45% X $250,000) ...................................... 112,500
Estimated cost of goods sold ............................ $137,500
Beginning inventory............................................ $ 20,200

Net purchases ..................................................... $139,000
Add: Freight-in ................................................... 3,000
Cost of goods purchased ................................... 142,000
Cost of goods available for sale ........................ 162,200
Less: Estimated cost of goods sold ................. 137,500
Estimated total cost of ending
inventory .......................................................... 24,700
Less: Inventory not lost
(30% X $24,700) ............................................... 7,410
Estimated inventory lost in fire
(70% X $24,700) .............................................. $ 17,290
*PROBLEM 6-11B
(a) Sporting Jewelry

Goods and Cosmetics
Purchases 675,000 1,066,000 741,000 1,158,000
Purchase returns (26,000) (40,000) (12,000) (20,000)
Purchase discounts (12,360) (2,440)
Freight-in 9,000 14,000
Goods available for sale $693,000 1,100,000 $780,000 1,200,000
Net sales (1,000,000) (1,160,000)
Cost-to-retail ratio:
Sporting Goods—$693,000 ÷ $1,100,000 = 63%.
Jewelry and Cosmetics—$780,000 ÷ $1,200,000 = 65%.
Estimated ending inventory at cost:
$100,000 X 63% = $63,000—Sporting Goods.

$ 40,000 X 65% = $26,000—Jewelry and Cosmetics.
(b) Sporting Goods—$95,000 X 60% = $57,000.

Jewelry and Cosmetics—$44,000 X 64% = $28,160.

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Accounting

(c) Goods sold but being held for customer pickup.

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EXERCISES: SET B AND

Visit the book’s companion website, at www.wiley.com/college/weygandt, and choose

Inventories Purchases and Sales (LO 2, 3)

(b) Answer the following questions for management.

Inventory, January 1 (10,000 units) $ 45,000

Instructions (a) Ending inventory

Inventory, January 1 (10,000 units) $ 35,000

Sporting Goods Jewelry and Cosmetics

BRIEF EXERCISE 6-1

BRIEF EXERCISE 6-2

BRIEF EXERCISE 6-3

Average unit cost is $6.89 computed as follows:

$6,200 ÷ 900 = $6.89 (rounded).

The cost of the ending inventory is $2,480 or (360 X $6.89).

BRIEF EXERCISE 6-5

(a) FIFO would result in the highest net income.

BRIEF EXERCISE 6-6

Cost of good sold under:

Inventory Categories Cost Market LCM

BRIEF EXERCISE 6-8

The understatement of ending inventory caused cost of goods sold to be

BRIEF EXERCISE 6-9

*BRIEF EXERCISE 6-10

(a) FIFO Method

*BRIEF EXERCISE 6-11

(1) Net sales .............................................................................. $330,000

(2) Cost of goods available for sale ........................................ $230,000

*BRIEF EXERCISE 6-12

Inventory per physical count .................................................... $300,000

(a) FIFO: $71,000 – (1,600 X $7) = $59,800

(b) 2013 2014

Days in inventory 365 ÷ 6 = 60.8 days 365 ÷ 8.9 = 41 days

The company experienced a very significant decline in its ending inventory

Ending inventory—physical count ................................................. $297,000

Ending inventory—as reported ...................................................... $740,000

(a) FIFO Cost of Goods Sold

(#1012) $100 + (#1045) $90 = $190

(b) It could choose to sell specific units purchased at specific costs if it

(a) Cost of Goods Total Units Weighted Average

Ending inventory (100 X $6.11) $ 611

(a) 2013 2014

2012 2013 2014

Days in 365 365 365

Gross $1,200,000 – $900,000 $1,600,000 – $1,120,000 $1,900,000 – $1,300,000

The inventory turnover decreased by approximately 34% from 2012 to 2014

(a) Alpha Company Omega Company

Days in Inventory 365/3.80 = 96 days 365/4.17 = 88 days

*Average-cost = ($600 + $3,960) ÷ 7 = $651.43 (rounded)

(a) The cost of goods available for sale is:

June 27 (160 @ $6) 960

Ending inventory: $700. Cost of goods sold: $5,500 – $700 = $4,800.

June 27 (300 @ $7) $2,100

Ending inventory: $500. Cost of goods sold: $5,500 – $500 = $5,000.

Ending inventory: $654. Cost of goods sold: $5,500 – $654 = $4,846.

(a) Sales ...................................................................... $840,000

Gross profit rate $294,000/$840,000 = 35%

(b) Sales ........................................................................................ $1,000,000

Beginning inventory ............................................................... $120,000

(a) Net sales ($51,000 – $1,000) ................................................... $50,000

Beginning inventory ............................................................... $20,000