Final Internship Report

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
First of all, I would like to thank my God, helping me starting from the beginning to the end
of my internship period.
I have extend my supreme gratitude to Arba Minch University institute of technology for
providing such kind of opportunity for students to broaden their perception on how the real
world in the field of civil engineering looks like as well organizing the whole internship
program and its effort to make sure that the whole internship program to achieve its desired
goals.
I would also like to express my special thanks to Berhanu Alemayehu, general manager of the
site, giving me a chance to spend my practice in his company and helping me in my day to
day activities during the intern time.
I extend my grateful thanks to workers in the site those help me in moral and material needs
as well as sharing me their knowledge to improve my theoretical knowledge to the real
works.
Finally, I would like to express my special thanks to my families and friends helping me in all
aspects and appreciate me to spend my all time in the work place during my internship time.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
In this report I have tried to list the overall aspects of the internship experience. I have
summarized what is expected in the next chapters of this report. This report consists of four
chapters.
In the first unit of the report, it provides information about the hosting company. It starts from
the brief history of the company and continues to listing of the projects the company has
undertaken from the time it has been established. Also in this unit we will find the missions,
visions and objective of the company. I have tried to establish the organizational structure of
the head office.
In second unit of the report it describes mainly about the internship experience. It starts by
describing the sections I had been working on and continues to tell the different types of tasks
that I had accomplished.
In third unit of the report it describes assessment of the internship and the overall benefits that
I have gained from this internship experience. It further divides the overall benefits into
details and tries to explain them.
The last unit of this report contains challenges that I had faced during the internship
experience and also the conclusion drawn from the observation and suggested
recommendations.
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List of figure
Figure 1- Organizational structure............................................................................................. 4
Figure 2-Dewatering .................................................................................................................. 8
Figure 3-Isolated footing ......................................................................................................... 10
Figure 4-Combined footing ..................................................................................................... 10
Figure 5-Isolated and combined footings respectively ............................................................ 11
Figure 6-Soil backfill and compaction .................................................................................... 12
Figure 7-Masonery wall .......................................................................................................... 13
Figure 8-Gread beam ............................................................................................................... 14
Figure 9-Hard core .................................................................................................................. 15
Figure 10-Mesh ....................................................................................................................... 15
Figure 11-Spacer ..................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 12-Slab reinforcement placement ................................................................................ 26
Figure 13-Binding material ..................................................................................................... 27
Figure 14-Arrangement of slab bars ........................................................................................ 28
Figure 15-Unfinished staircase ................................................................................................ 29
List of table
Table 1-Concrete class ............................................................................................................ 16
Table 2-period removal of form work for column, gread beam and pad ................................ 22
Table 3-Removal period of form work for slab and beam ...................................................... 28
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Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT…………………………………………………………………. ii
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY………………………………………………………………... iii
List of figure……………………………………………………………………………….. iv
List of table………………………………………………………………………………… iv
1. INTRODUCTION………………………………………………………………………. 2
1.1. General introduction ........................................................................................................ 2
1.2. Background of the company ............................................................................................ 2
1.2.1. Brief history of the Company .......................................................................................2
1.2.2. Main products or services of the company...................................................................3
1.2.3. Its main customers or the end user of its products .......................................................3
1.2.4. Vision ............................................................................................................................3
1.2.5. Mission..........................................................................................................................3
1.2.6. Objective of the company.............................................................................................4
1.2.7. Over all organization and work flow............................................................................4
2. OVERALL EXPERIENCE……………………………………………………………... 6
2.1. How I get in to the company ........................................................................................... 6
2.2. Section of the company I have been working in ............................................................. 6
2.3. The workflow in the section ............................................................................................ 6
2.4. Site work .......................................................................................................................... 7
2.4.1. Substructure works .......................................................................................................7
2.4.2. Superstructure works ................................................................................................. 22
Construction machinery used in the site.............................................................................. 29
3. ASSESSMENT OF THE INTERNSHIP………………………………………………... 31
3.1. Objectives of the engineering task that I performed ..................................................... 31
3.2. Methods and procedures of the internship..................................................................... 31
3.3. Products that I participate .............................................................................................. 31
3.4. Over all benefits gained from the internship ................................................................. 31
3.4.1. Improving practical skill............................................................................................ 32
3.4.2. Upgrading theoretical Knowledge............................................................................. 32
3.4.3. Improve leadership Skills .......................................................................................... 33
3.4.4. Improve interpersonal Communication Skills .......................................................... 34
3.4.5. Improving team Playing Skills .................................................................................. 34
3.4.6. Understanding about work ethics and related issues................................................. 35
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3.5. Contributions ................................................................................................................. 37
4.CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION……………………………………………38
4.1. Challenges faced during the internship and measurement taken for solution ............... 38
4.2. CONCLUSION ............................................................................................................. 39
4.3. RECOMMENDATION ................................................................................................. 40
6. GLOSSARY……………………………………………………………………………...42
7. APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………………... 43
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ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Pagevi
FINAL INTERNSHIP REPORT
vi
ARBA MINCH UNIVERSITY INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Page2
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1. General introduction
An internship program offered 4th year engineering students is planned by Arba Minch
university institute of technology, which forms the foundation for the development of
capacity building and competitiveness of industries in the field of Engineering and
technology. Moreover it can give students to develop their three and half year‟s theoretical
background to practical one. This program takes one semester long time, starting from
beginning of March to end of June.
On this regard I was able to at look this internship program after I had successfully
completing my three and half years academic study and holistic exam. After this I had
applied for my hosting company (Berhanu Alemayehu building contractor), which is found in
Addis Abeba, and I had accepted as they promised by the confirmation paper. The project
was building of ground plus three (G+3) residential building.
1.2. Background of the company
1.2.1. Brief history of the Company
As a full service general contractor Berhanu Alemayehu, building construction has grown
dramatically since its establishment in 2006E.C. The company is established with purpose of
providing various construction services like construction of buildings, foundations, and
various types of civil engineering structures contributing to the development of the
construction industry.
Berhanu Alemayehu building construction is not fully equipped with machineries and tools in
accordance with the applicable regulation of the federal ministry of works and urban
development and has been participating in different region of Ethiopia. Rendering service of
high quality, timelines and coast effective management schemes are principal concern.
BY FREHIWOT TEMESGEN G4C-C OCTOBER, 12, 2015

Berhanu Alemayehu building construction has registered with the construction works sectors
coordinating bureau by virtue of the authority given infrastructure and has been categorized
as building construction 7.It has also got a registration certificate for vat from the federal
Inland Revenue authority. The firm has also opened its head office, stores and workshop
building in Addis Ababa, bole sub city woreda 07.
1.2.2. Main products or services of the company
At this time Brehanu Alemayehu building construction is participating in many governmental

and private projects. As I have mentioned above, some of the products of this company are
school, health center, condominium house, residential building and other type of building
construction.
1.2.3. Its main customers or the end user of its products
As I have mentioned on the history of the company above, school building, health center,
condominium house, residential building and other type of building project are the main
products of this company. But, as I am working on educational purpose construction I will
only describe end user of this building construction and the advantages they have gained from
it. It is known that educational building is public service which is constructed to help peoples
rather than to make profit.
1.2.4. Vision
“To be nationally and internationally recognized as an excellent construction company and

Delivering quality services to the satisfaction of clients.”
1.2.5. Mission
 To improve and create job opportunity for the employers.
 To develop economy of the country.
 Play a significant role in the construction sector.
 Through strong man power and material capacity and organization to expand and
begin to undertake projects at an international level.

In general, the company‟s mission is “to make its presence felt in the development of the
Country‟s economy and the preservation of its social values while remaining target full in the
dynamism of the business world.‟‟
1.2.6. Objective of the company
As I have mentioned above the objective of this project is for providing various construction
services like construction of buildings, roads, especial factory, foundations, bridges, and
various types of civil engineering structures contributing to the development of the
construction industry. Now days the company has strong vision for farther strengthen and
expand out new established position and being the first choice.
1.2.7. Over all organization and work flow
The structural arrangement with its work flow is charted below.
GENERAL MANAGER
SUB
FORMAN CONTRACTOR
Figure 1- Organizational structure
General Manager: - Would be accountable to the company operation and would head the
firm based on his/her authority depicted on memorandum and job description.

Task of general manager
 Manages the whole site work execution
 Makes payment to sub contract workers
 Approves material request
 Analyses the work processes
 Executes sub-contracting agreements
General Forman
 Checks the whole work process
 Quantifies some materials and makes request
 Reports any challenges of work procedures and their execution etc.
Sub-contractors
 Includes carpenter, bar bender or plasterer contractors.

2. OVERALL EXPERIENCE
In this section I tried to list the overall work what I had seen in my company, the process of
getting the company, the section that I perform my task, work flow of the section and the
detail expression of the site work.
2.1. How I get in to the company
After I finished the first semester of the 3rd and half year courses and completed the holistic
exam, I was invited to take the internship program. Before I was employed to I delivered the
letter which was given for me from my compass. And the company accepts my request letter
and they gave their accepted letter for me, then after I submitted the acceptance letter which
was received from the company to my department. After this I submitted the necessary
documents to the company (BERHANU ALEMAYEHU GENERAL CONTRACTOR)
which I received from my university.
My supervisor gave me an orientation about the whole activities which will be done during
my intern time. In addition to this he told more about the organizational structure of the
construction company, the management level of the organization and the raw materials used
or their resource and other related information‟s in the first week of the internship time.
Moreover, he advised me what I have to see and what shall I do in four months internship
period. Then I was investigating the construction site and saw what types of works were done
in the site. When I was investigating the site, my supervisor told me new terms used by
workers in the site.
2.2. Section of the company I have been working in
On the company there were two working sections, office and site. But I was able to work at
the site section, because there are a lot of activities in the site which are related with our
classroom theoretical knowledge and it have no sustainable situation to see office work.
2.3. The workflow in the section
In the project engineer work section there are three main working sectors and other assistance
working sectors that play a great role in the success of the project. This is because in any
construction project one section of work is highly dependent on another working section.

To have a good quality in any kinds of construction each member of the working section
must cooperate and work together.
The workflow is:
General Manager
General for man
Subcontractor
2.4. Site work
In this section of my report, I will try to describe activities and practices that were done in my
hosting company during my internship time. During my internship time I was able to see the
practical works starting from excavation to some superstructure working. I used observation
method as well as participate in all activities that have done in the site to achieve my task and
to find out the practical knowledge. I will try to describe the activities in my intern time in to
two parts:
 Substructure working and
 Superstructure working
2.4.1. Substructure works
Sub structure is a part of the building located below the ground level. By the time I arrived at
the site, the setting out had already been completed. Different parts carried out, these and
other works include in this sub topic.
 Preparation of the project site
This is the first stage in construction work. At this stage the site is prepared as follows:
 Clearing the site,

 Dewatering if any water exist etc.

Figure 2-Dewatering
 Earth work
Any work related with excavation, backfill, cart way of surplus material and the others
which carried out in the site where the building/civil engineering project/ will be constructed
is known as earth work. It‟s better to classify earth work in to the following major classes to
deal with more:-
A) Excavation:-removal of soil from the construction site to specified depth to provide space
for the intended work. Some of the main excavation types are listed below:-
1. Bulk excavation
It refers to removal of huge amount of soil from the site to fulfill the structural requirements.
Excavation to get reduced levels of every structural element below the ground level is called
bulk excavation. Bulk excavation is required:-
 To reduce the ground level to the specified depth for the foundation
 When the topography needs a cut for the ongoing work
 To achieve the required soil type which satisfies the specified bearing capacity
2. Pit excavation
This excavation work for the purpose of footing is expressed as pit. In pit excavation the
depth is decided by considering the depth that the sub structure, footing will be situated and
its dimensions are based on the member dimensions and the working areas. Excavated
materials may be reused for back fill or cart away to an appropriate tip. Pit excavation are in
order when the soil stability is good, especially when there is no or low wall slide. If not,
excavation of the whole area, bulk excavation, is recommended. In our site the soil is so
stable that pit excavation was incorporated.

The procedure to excavate pit excavation
 Get the center of column from profile board
 Offset the point from center of column to the edge of excavation point and assume
working space each side
 Get excavation point from rope by using plum bob
 The depth, width and length of pit excavation excavated based on specification
 After excavation the coordinate points are carefully transferred to edge of footing
formwork using plum bob and set pad formwork
 Foundation: is the lowest part of the structure which transmits the weight of the structure,
together with the effect of live loads and pressure, to the material on which the structure rest,
soil strata, in such manner that the underlying material is not stressed beyond its safe bearing
capacity . Generally, the foundation is placed below the ground level to increase the stability
of a structure or building. Thus the objective of providing foundations may be outlined as
follows:
 To distribute and transmit the total load coming on the structure or building to a large
area of underlying support.
 To prevent excessive settlement and differential settlement of the structure
 To provide stability to the structures against many disturbing dynamic forces, i.e.,
wind, rain, earth quake, etc.
The type of structure and the nature of the underlying soil are two main governing factors in
selection of the material and type of foundation. In our site the foundation type consist both
combined and isolated footings, and the material used for construction of this foundation is
reinforced concrete of quality C-25.
 Isolated footing: - is provided under columns to transfer the concentric load that is imposed
by the columns safely to the soil bed. Since all columns carry heavy load, isolated footings
were provided with bottom reinforcement in both direction directly over spacers.

Figure 3-Isolated footing
 Combined footing: - is meant to support two or more columns and they are in ordered when
the external column is situated near the boundary line and some structural configuration
necessitates its use. The combined footing situated on our site is at the position where the
middle foundations are very narrow to one another because of that part is corridor as we
know theoretically, combined footing is provided with both bottom and top reinforcement
unlike isolated footing. The combination of concentrate column loads on the combined
footing produce positive moment and thus negative bars are provided, top reinforcements.
Figure 4-Combined footing

Steps for construction of foundations are;
 Linearity and alignments of foundation were kept by stretching line like thin rope
 Area are excavated to required depth and cross sectional area of footing pad area, plus
50mm spacer thickness used for preferable working space for mason and carpenters to
move freely during activity carried out.
 Then footing formwork is placed and footing area was casted with C-5(lean concrete)
of mix ratio 1:4:6 for the purpose of resist the corrosion may occur between steel and
soil.
 After the curing of lean concrete is complete, interlocked frame reinforcement bar
was placed with gap (space under footing) left to be casted with standard concrete mix
ratio 1:2:3
 Then foundation column reinforcement tied by chain like stirrup was fixed with the
footing reinforcement.
 After the center of each column found and marked the engineer under take the process
of going half the column width minus cover depth on both sides before tying the
string.
 The crossover of this strings from box like shape indicating the position of where
reinforcement will placed. Vertical stability and alignment of the column for work
checked by plump bomb „tumbi‟
 Then concrete cast wills proceeded .Vibrator was used while casting to improve
strength by avoiding segregation may occur.
 Column and side formworks removed in 16hr and cured for a week or depending on
environmental condition. And will prepare for next step.
Figure 5-Isolated and combined footings respectively

B) Back fill soil filling

After the formwork of the foundation column has been removed, the space around the
footing was filled by selected soil that was bringing from outside of the site up to the depth
where foundation wall is to be constructed. This filling was done by hand compaction at an
average depth of 20 cm. All external backfilling around foundation was done with select
material imported from another place, which is capable of being compacted, and form a
stable filling.
Organic material such as pieces of wood, roots, bushes and black cotton soil were removed
from backfill materials. In each layer must be well rammed and consolidated with the
required compaction.
Compaction: - is the process by which the soil particles are artificially rearranged and
packed together into a state of closer contact by mechanical means in order to decrease its
porosity and thereby increase its dry density. This is usually achieved by expulsion of air.
Eventually the compacted soil will have a greater load bearing capacity and tolerable
differential settlement. It will compact at an average depth of 20cm.
Figure 6-Soil backfill and compaction

3. Trench excavation
Trench excavation is excavated from footing pad to footing pad. It is used to put foundation wall. The
depth, width and length of trench excavation were excavated based on drawing. In our site I saw
trench excavation for the grade beams on the periphery of the building.
3.1. Foundation wall (masonry) works
During foundation wall working the following points were checked.
 The trench to be clean from grass, bushes and piece of woods
 The stone has to be hard, sound, free from crack and not weathered
 The stone is freshly quarried from approved quarry
Method of construction
 Fill and compact selected soil on the excavated soil, then place a lean concrete on the
compacted soil.
 Separate each course divided by the total height of foundation wall to the height of
each course and assumes mortar thickness (joint) of 2cm. Mortar is a mixture of sand,
cement and water. The mortar used for this joint has proportion of 1:4- cement: sand,
which means one bag cement and four box of sand.
 Lay each course of foundation wall constructed by keeping the vertical and horizontal
alignment and mortar thickness.
Figure 7-Masonery wall

Grade beam
Grade beam is a beam that rests on the foundation wall and compacted soil (for external and
partition beam respectively). In case of partition grade beam, lean concrete is placed on the
compacted soil before the bar reinforcement is placed. The grade beam carries and transfers
the supper structure and external load to the foundation columns. The difference of grade
beam to that of structural beam is that grade beam does not suspend as structural beam,
instead it rests on masonry wall or lean concrete. In our site they use 6 Ф16 reinforcement
bars.
Figure 8-Gread beam
Hard core filling
Hard core is the layer of stone crushed and leveled under ground floor slab to give uniform
support for the floor. After back fill and selected soil filling is completed, the next step was
hard core filing. It was done in vertical direction to resist axial load. The thickness of the hard
core is 25cm. The upper surface of the hard core is covered by small size crushed stone to
minimize the voids as much as possible. The stone used for hard core was hard, sound, and
free from cracks. In addition to this small size crushed stone (blinded), lean concrete was also
provided at surface.

Figure 9-Hard core
The advantage of lean concrete during casting on hard core
 To resist the water that up lift to the ground floor.
 To separate the reinforcement bar from hardcore for resist corrosion that may come
from contact with the hardcore.
 To blinded the hardcore and have uniform layer.
Reinforcement bar working (mesh)
Reinforcement bar is placed on the lean concrete in the two axis (x and y) having uniform
spacing and forms square area when the x and y axis are crossed each other. The bars are tied
by black weir. The diameter of bar used for this purpose was ɸ8 bar.
Figure 10-Mesh

Concrete casting
The final activity in substructure was casting of concrete on the reinforcement bar. The
horizontal alignment of the floor is first checked by rope. After checking the alignment
concrete was casted to thickness of 10 cm.
Concrete work
For all the structural works (columns, footings, beams, slab…) an ordinary Portland cement
was used at all sites. Concrete is made up of four ingredients: cement, sand, coarse aggregate
and water. Concrete work includes batching, mixing of concrete materials, transporting of
concrete, placing, compaction and curing.
 Batching: Prior to the mixing of ingredients it is essential to measure the materials accurately
to ensure the right proportions. The concrete may be batched either by weight or by volume.
Volume batching was been used at our construction site. But cement is always measured by
weight; one bag of cement is 50kg and it is taken as 35lit for relative proportioning.
Table 1-Concrete class
Ratios of constituents Boxes dimensions(cm)

Concrete mix standard
1:2:3 16*40*50
C-30
1:2:3 18*40*50
C-25
1:4:6 18*40*50
C-5
 Mixing of concrete
The method of mixing used in the site:
 Hand (manual) mixing
This should be done on a clean watertight platform at convenient distance from the place of
construction. Hand mixing is used for small work most of the time for masonry wall
preparation and lean concrete mix in our site.

 Machine mixing
This method of mixing is used in our site for casting of pad, beam, column, slab, stair and
etc...It‟s used to concrete produced faster rate at lesser cost and of better quality all type of
concrete mixing except lean concrete mixing and it was done in single mixing i.e. for one
sack of cement. During machine mixing the following procedures should be done.
 Ready the mixer for mixing concrete
 Add some amount of water in to the empty mixer
 Add 2 bags of aggregate and 1 bag of sand simultaneously
 Add 1 sack of cement in to the mixer
 Add water into the mixer, but the water amount should be checked
 Add 1 bag of aggregate and 1 bag of sand simultaneously
 Use the mixed concrete after completely mixed, water can add if necessary
 Transporting, placing ,compacting and curing of concrete
 Transporting of concrete
The method of transporting concrete from the mixer to the working place depends on the size
of the job and height above the ground level at which the concrete is to be placed. The quick
transportation of concrete is essential.
Whatever method of transport is employed, care must be taken to avoid segregation during
transportation and no water is added to the concrete after it has being mixed or is taken out
from the mixer.
 Placing of concrete
It refers to casting of the concrete on its final position and thus ensures proper distribution of
concrete in the structure. Concrete must be placed in position as soon after mixing as possible
and before too stiff to work. The important points to be noted in placing concrete are the
following:
 Inside of form work should be inspected

 Check for the proper positioning of spacers and reinforcement

 There should be no segregation of concrete when it is placed
 It should be thoroughly compacted in position in layers
 Compacting of concrete
The purpose of compacting is to expel voids and air bubbles in the concrete mass entrapped
during mixing concrete will developed its full strength only if it is thoroughly compacted
both in compacting and over compacting are equally dangers as they destroy a very nicely
designed and properly placed concrete strut.
 Machine compacting
Internal or immersion types are most efficiently used vibrator in our site. Vibration by all
means should be stopped when scum (cement past) starts to appear on the upper surface of
the concrete. In other words concrete should neither be over vibrated nor under vibrated.
 Curing of concrete
After placing concrete in position, it should remain protected for sufficient time to become
durable and strong. Where the temperature is excessively high the surface of concrete shall be
covered with absorptive mat, fabric or sand. The watering of concrete shall continue until the
concrete has achieved its designed strength. Proper curing of concrete has a prominent uses
such as:-
 Increase impermeability and durability of concrete

 Reduces shrinkage and thus cracking
 Increase resistance to abrasion
 Gives a hard dense surface and so prevent cracking and dusting
Most type of concrete observable at the site:
 Lean concrete
 Reinforced concrete
 Lean concrete
Is a C-5 quality concrete which is laid under footing pads, grade beams and masonry walls.
Lean concrete is mainly laid for the following purposes:-

 To protect the structural concrete from damage usually caused by dust.

 To form working platform for the over laying structural concrete.
 To balance the difference in levels during earth work and thus to maintain leveled
surface for placing spacers and reinforcement.
 In some cases, to protect the upward seepage of water in masonry wall.
 It acts like a hard stratum.
 It protects all sub structural elements from extra moisture.
 Reinforced concrete
Reinforced concrete is composite material made of concrete and steel. Reinforced concrete
has high strength in both tension and compression. In RC the steel provides the tensile
strength and concrete provides the compressive strength. The tensile stresses developed in the
section are transferred to reinforcing steel by bond between the interfaces of the two
materials. Most of the time C-25 grade of concrete is suitable for all structural elements that
use reinforced concrete with the mix ratio is 1:2:3. All structural elements, such as
Foundation column, Grade beam, Slab, Stair and so on use reinforced concrete.
Spacer
Is a pre-cast concrete with thickness equals to clear cover and is provided between lean
concrete/formwork and the reinforcement bars. It is meant to maintain the required and
uniform thickness of clear cover. Clear cover has the following crucial uses:-
 To ensure good bond between reinforcement and concrete

 To prevent the reinforcement from corrosion that may result from being exposed to
the environment
 To prevent the reinforcement from bursting out so that it will be retained in its
position

The thickness of clear cover provided is based on to which structural component it has to be
applied. Accordingly, the provided clear cover for foundation and grade beam is 50mm, for a
structural members such as columns and beams are 25mm and for shear wall and slab is
15mm.This difference in thickness for different structural members is based on the exposure
conditions of the members to the environment which adversely affects the reinforcement and
thus the strength of member.
Figure 11-Spacer
Stirrups
Practically, stirrups were provided with uniform spacing throughout the beam section in order
to increase the safety of structure.
The uses of stirrups
 To resist shear
 To restrict the growth of diagonal tension cracks
 To tie longitudinal bars

Form work
The form work is temporary construction material used as a mold for structure, in which
concrete is placed and in it harden and matures. When the concrete has reached to the
strength the form work is no longer needed and is removed. The operation of removing form
work is called striping. After stripping the removed formwork is reused for another structural
element. These kinds of form works are mainly called panels. Form work may be steel or
wooden material of any desired shape. We use steel formworks of rectangular and wooden
form work, but wooden has disadvantages, like possibility of warping, swelling and
shrinkage of the timber. In order to prevent this we have provided impermeable coating. Steel
form work is comparatively coasty but it has many advantages.
 it can put to high number of uses

 it provides easy of striping
 it ensure an even and smooth concrete surface
 it possesses great rigidity
 it is not liable to shrinkage or distortion
Requirements of good form work
 The material of form work should be cheap and suitable for reuse.
 It should be water proof so that it does not absorb water from concrete.
 It should be strong enough to withstand all coming loads.
 It should be stiff enough so that deflection becomes low.
 It should be as light as possible.
 The surface of form work should be smooth to afford easy stripping.
Fixing form work
We observed how much they care while fixing form works. It should be properly fixed to
avoid loss of concrete material and unwanted shape on the structure. Proper fixing also
minimizes great chiseling to remove the unwanted shapes. The foreman‟s check that the form
works fixed for elevation columns are vertical enough by using plumbing bobs.
Before the column, beam or slab is cast the foreman checks the necessary thing like:-
 Vertical and horizontal alignment for column

 The level of the panel for the slabs

 Any defects on the panel
Table 2-period removal of form work for column, gread beam and pad
Formwork type Minimum period of removal
Form work for vertical structures specially 6hr-18hr

for columns
Form work for gread beam 1 day
Form work for pad 1 day
2.4.2. Superstructure works
These are works which are carried out above the ground level. The structural components that
are mainly grouped in to super structure are columns, beams, slabs, stairs and all their
finishing works.
Columns
Are reinforced structures they transmit the axial loads to the foundations. Columns vary in
size and shape. There are different shapes of columns; however, at our project site rectangular
shaped columns were used. Any building structure loads increase as we go down to the
ground and so bottom structural members are properly configured that they carry all super
structural loads above it and transfer safely to the foundation. Hence the sections of columns
in upper story are reduced as they have to carry lesser loads.
Column reinforcement
Column reinforcement was standing on (erect) after three days grade beam concrete casted on
the ground. Before stand on the reinforcement, it has been tied with the stirrups by using
black wire with a given spacing. Stirrup used to keep the position of the column
reinforcement bar with a given spacing and also to prevent structural failures.

The stirrup have small spacing at the bottom and the top of the column up to one meter of the
column height from bottom to top, because at the bottom and the top of the column there is
high amount of interaction of load pressure or maximum moment exist. Therefore, to prevent
structural failures and to increase the resisting capacity of the column (building) the amounts
of stirrups were provided with in high amount with small spacing. In the site they use 8Ф16
reinforcement bar used for each columns.
Form work for column
 Form works are made after the placement of bars.
 They used cratcheries with the wedge at the first step to support the erected panels.
 These cratcheries are made by leaving the space for the panels in addition to width of
the column and length around the reinforcement.
 After the cratcheries are made panels will be erected then this cratcheries will
continued with uniform gaps up to the required level to make the panels firm to resist
forces of vibration for the concrete.
Concrete casting of column
Instructions to construct column
 Erecting the given bars in the given perimeter of the column. The no of bars is given
from structural drawing.
 From the estimated dimension of the column we can produce form work by
considering 2.5 cm for concrete cover (by using spacer) according to EBCS manual &
also form work thickness.
 If there is simultaneous or aligned column of the same elevated column check the
linearity of the columns by using leveling tube (plastic).
 Also check the straightness during form work construction by using tumbi.
 Pour the concrete in the column form work use vibrator for avoiding void &
segregation etc.

 On the next day remove the form work of the column & cure it.
Beam
It is a building member used to carry and transfer loads to the consecutive columns and used
as a confining element for the slab. As that of grade beams, supper structure beams are
subjected to moments and shear loads. Detail provision and reinforcement are provided as
that of grade beams. But the difference is it does not have contact with the ground and thus
the construction needs bottom formwork (soffit) and props for casting. When the slab and
beams are to be made of the same concrete quality they are casted monolithically. On our site
all beams are rectangular dimension and fixed ended.
Beam reinforcement
Beam reinforcement placement was started after the form work of slab and Sponda of beam
were placed and slab reinforcement started. The reinforcement bar size were used in a beam
is diameter of 8 for stirrup, for main bar the diameter of the bar vary based on the plane.
During beam reinforcement placement the bottom bar over lap at the support and the top bar
overlap at the middle of the span, because at the bottom tension force is high and to resist
slippery of bar. All quantity of beam reinforcement bar passes through the supported
reinforcement bar. Because to proper transfer of load without sliding of beam down ward.
When two equal span length cross each other, the top one have high amount of negative
reinforcement bar to increase the capacity of the beam. The location of stirrup on the beam
reinforcement bar changes at each tied. The use of stirrup is to hold the bar in a given spacing
and to keep the position of reinforcement bar and to keep the shape of the beam also prevent
the shear failure on the structure. Stirrups are tied on the beam reinforcement in alternate way
to resist failures.
Form work for beams
The main form works for beam are Sponda and fondo.
Fondo (sofit):-a form work which could be sited on the bottom of the beam.
Sponda:-side form work of the beam.

Concrete casting beams:-
 Both longitudinal bars and stirrups are provided according to their spacing
 Spacers are tied with bars and then formwork is constructed for the member
 Its verticality is checked with plumb bob
 Concrete is poured into formwork and vibrated around rod reinforcement
 Formworks are removed after expiry of their period and the concrete surface is
watered until it sufficiently cures.
Slab
Slab is a structural part of the building having plate shape and used to cover the distance
between beams and possibly columns. Generally slabs are constructed monolithically with
beams and concreted in one operation for the full depth. The top surface of the slab is kept
rough to create a proper bond with any type of floor finish desired. At our project site they
incorporated solid slab. It was constructed from a concrete quality C-25.
A concrete slab or solid slab is a common structural element of modern building. It is a plane
horizontal structural element used to support live loads and dead loads and transfer these
loads to the supporting beams or walls.
Slab reinforcement placement
Before slab reinforcement placements were started the formwork was painted gasoline and
the formwork of the slab and the beam is carried by props. Then after, reinforcements have
been placed completely.
During slab reinforcement was placed, first the bottom (mesh) bar was placed in two (x and
y) direction with in the same spacing. Then the reinforcement bar has been tied by black wire
to keep the position of the bars and the given spacing. The bars have bend at one end and
extended up to one third of the slab for each partition in external side. The top (negative)
reinforcement bar of slab has been placed up to one third of the span length from the beam or
support. Because, around one third of the span length there is high interaction of load and the
load would be transferred to the column from different parts of the structure through this way.

After have been finished bottom and top reinforcement placement of slab, cabbalito and
spacer was placed. Cabbalito was made from wastage bar by bending both sides, which is
placed between bottom and top reinforcement of the slab to prevent the overlap of the bottom
and the top reinforcement during concrete caste and to keep the thickness (space) of bottom
and top reinforcement of slab. Spacer was placed between the formwork and the bottom
reinforcement of the slab to keep the clear cover of the concrete.
Figure 12-Slab reinforcement placement
Solid slab concrete cast
 After the completion of ground floor slab, rising or erecting false column or scaff
hold. The height of false column determined by the clear height of the room.
 Laying the purlin in horizontal direction. The aim of laying the purlin horizontally is
for supporting the panel and also the workers who cast slab.
 Placing the panel most of time it is metal and nail them by hammer.
 Varnishing the panel with black oil for reducing the bond b/n panel & concrete
 Mesh the re-bar in the panel according to their details and spacers are placed between
panels and reinforcement bars.
 Check the level of slab by using leveling mechanism this helps to know the levelness
of the slab.
 All fixtures such as sanitary, electrical and water pipes are positioned and installed
according to their drawings.

 Pour the concrete in RC- mesh and mix with vibrator.

 Removing the form work after 21 day it depends on cement type & setting time of
concrete.
In addition to this water was sprayed on the form work to create smooth surface and to
increase the bond fresh casted concrete. During concrete caste Boaca was sprayed on the
previous day concrete casted of supports to create bond between the existed (casted) concrete
and the recently (fresh) concrete. Boaca is the mixture of cement and water in relatively
liquid form
Figure 13-Binding material
During concrete casting the freshly casted concrete of slab and the beam was compacted with
vibrator. It was done to:
 Create bond between concrete particles.
 Reduce the air void.
 Increase the strength, durability and workability of the concrete mix.
 Decrease the segregation or separation of concrete particles.
Slab formwork removing
The formwork was providing to keep the shape of fresh casted concrete and also it was
removed after the concrete gain the maximum strength. The formwork of the slab was
removed after 21 days of concrete caste.

Removal period of supports or formworks
Supports or form works were removed in different period length when used for different
purposes. The following table shows the length of time for formwork removal for different
activities.
Table 3-Removal period of form work for slab and beam
Form work type Minimum period of removal
Soffit form work to slabs 21 days
Props to cantilever slabs 14 days
Soffit form work to beams 21 days
Props to cantilever beam 14 days
Figure 14-Arrangement of slab bars
Stair case
Stair case is a vertical transportation component on a building. It comprises of landing, rise,

trade, and etc. to construct a stair case the following is the procedure. There are different
types of stair among those I have observed the construction process of one types of stair case.
That is dog led type of stair.
Procedure
 Inclined formwork is prepared
 Inclined bars are laid on the inclined board

 Transverse bars are placed according to the design

 Vertical board is fixed
 Bars for landing and riser is fixed
 After all types of bars (bottom, negative bars) are placed concrete is casted slowly and
vibrated
 The formwork is removed after one day
 Water is poured for seven days
Figure 15-Unfinished staircase
Construction machinery used in the site
 Mixer:-It is a mechanical material used for mixing the concrete ingredients (water,
cement and aggregate). There are different types of mixers, on our site they used small
drum mixer.
 Vibrator:-Having secured the necessary supply, the concrete needs to be placed and
compacted. These two activities are carried out simultaneously. Placing and compaction
of concrete should be done without causing any segregation of its ingredients. For of
compaction the concrete, on our sites they use a poker vibrator. This is a steel tube,
housing a rotating eccentric mass driven by compressed air or an engine.
 The vibrator is immersed into the concrete at regular intervals of half a meter a part.
When the concrete is vibrated, the internal friction between the aggregate particles is
reduced and the concrete becomes more fluid. As a result, it then settles better into the
forms and releases some of the air voids dispersed in the mix. When water wells up to the
surface it is slowly taken out. Vibration should not be longer than 10 seconds in one place
and the vibrator should be kept away from the formwork and reinforcement bars.
Excessive vibration causes the aggregate to segregate.

 Bar cutter: used to cut the reinforcement bar to accelerate the work, also called segeto in
site.
 Meters: is used to take distance measurement.
 Truck: is used to transport materials to different sizes.
 Masons square: used to get right angle, also called squadra in site.
 Plumb bob: is used to check that a surface is level vertically.
 Sprit level: used with straight edge, for getting a horizontal surface. The leveling tube is
filled with alcohol and bubble of air.
 Pan: used to carry mortar, concrete etc. to other place in the construction.

3. ASSESSMENT OF THE INTERNSHIP
As we know that before doing any tasks there must be their own consideration to make the
work possible and easily understandable for others. Those considerations are like objectives,
method and procedure, the products that you participate and the overall benefit of the
internship.
3.1. Objectives of the engineering task that I performed
The objective of this engineering task is as follows;
 To introduce ourselves in professional fields.
 How house projects are effectively and efficiently made practically.
 To enable us an experience sharing.

 To develop our knowledge of the work flow and harmonious communication.
3.2. Methods and procedures of the internship
Before I began the work there was some discussion with my supervisor he had gave a clear
orientation how the work was going on until my intern period is up. He classified the time in
to twelve (12) weeks. In those weeks he ordered me to give a report for each of the weeks.
This method made the communication easy with my supervisor. The time that classified in to
12 weeks are the working procedure of the intern period. The procedure is from excavation to
finishing work but I had seen up to stair case.
3.3. Products that I participate
I haven‟t been doing some maintenance and also manufacturing some items but I have been
doing some works with that of the workers like bending, cutting and tying the bar by using
the drawing. And also depending on the column size I made (prepare) a formwork with that
of the carpenter.
3.4. Over all benefits gained from the internship
During our internship experience at Berhanu Alemayehu general contractor, we have

benefited a lot from the internship experience.

Berhanu Alemayehu general contractor is a perfect platform for a student who wants to have
awareness on building constructions. We benefited greatly from working with the dedicated
professionals in the company. The company has provided us a conductive working
atmosphere when we do our activities.
Within these four months of the program, we have had the opportunity to improve our
practical, interpersonal communication, team playing, leadership skills and our theoretical
knowledge. We also have had the opportunity to understand about the work ethics. We will
try to describe what we have learnt in the different aspects that we have mentioned until now.
3.4.1. Improving practical skill
During these four months, we have got the opportunity to learn different aspects of practical
skills. Most of the time, in the class students focused on theoretical part and it was difficult to
understand about the real work. The construction company is comfortable to me to improve my
practical skill by connecting the theoretical part with the real situation. The benefit that I have
gained during my internship time is not only from my advisor or site engineer, but also from store
keeper, Forman, carpenter, bar bender and even from day workers. Due to this I know;
 Ingredients of concrete itself those are sand, water, cement and aggregate
 The types of excavation like pit, trench and bulk and where they are needed to excavate
 The concrete class of C-5 and C-25
 The ratio of mix proportion
 All about form works
 Mainly about the reinforced bars and their uses
 The need to vibrating the while casting
 How to bend reinforcement bars using drawing given by drawings
3.4.2. Upgrading theoretical Knowledge
We have been able to gain a great deal of knowledge in this internship experience. Among
them are:

 Learning the methodologies used in preparation of whole design of a building.
 Learning and reading different manuals that were used as guidance.
 Observing different construction works and their importance.
 Observing some of the structures. These things have widened our knowledge of the
construction work. We also have been able to differentiate the different parts that are
seen in buildings.
3.4.3. Improve leadership Skills
Leader ship skill is very important for the successful accomplishment of the project. The leaders
are responsible for the work activities. Therefore, leadership skill is vital. This internship allowed
me to see how leadership skill affects project goal. Without the leader, there is no follower,
without follower, there is no doer and without doer, there is no action. I now know leader with
leadership skills plays a significant importance.
Some basic points that I observe about leadership skill are listed as follows.
 The leaders shall tolerate differences and find alternative methods.
 The leaders should have proper plan and schedule for different activities. Otherwise, it is
difficult to achieve the project goal.
 The leaders should have to consult his groups about work tasks, work schedule and
challenges.
 The leaders should develop a powerful vision and build strong team.
 The leader should also know him selves and seek self-improvement, develop a sense of
responsibility in his workers and run for quality of good products.
In general, during my stay in the organization I have got good experience how to manage and
control workers with different class. I have also gained good experience how to attract clients &
how to manage the whole workflow in the company.
At the site I have been able to observe that one should have great skills to be a leader. Among
them are:
 Ability to listen to others.

 Good speaking ability.
 Ability to be decisive.
 Good management skills, etc.
3.4.4. Improve interpersonal Communication Skills
During the site work we had been able to ask different kinds of people from all walks of life.
During these times we have gained confidence on how:
 To ask different questions
 To make discussions
 To answer questions when asked
 To respond to the superior, etc.
Due to the internship experience, we have improved our communication skills well and as a
result, we could talk to any person at the site in confidence and easily as much as possible.
During those four months we have had the chance to make friendship with other intern
students who came from other universities. It has enhanced our interpersonal and speaking
skills.
3.4.5. Improving team Playing Skills
Most of the time in the company workers performs their own activities individually. But they
sometimes come together and work by idea sharing. Team needs consider idea and point of view
from other people with debating and arguing every point. The most essential point in team
playing skill is to reach at common idea. I could understand that team playing skill is the basic
material for good work product and quality of works.
The basic advantage of team playing that I have gained from my company can be summarized as
follows.
 To increase the quality of works
 To share ideas and experience with others.

 To improve creative skill.
 Increase self-confidence.
 Increasing productivity.
 Improving the knowledge of asking and listening.
Generally, I were tried to improve my team work experience, by communicating and participating
with different team members in all work process.
Teamwork involves the Following aspects:
 Respecting the rights of others
 Being participant in a team work
 Being cooperative
 Being assertive
 Displaying a customer service attitude
 Seeking opportunities for continuous learning
 Demonstrating learning behavior
 Respecting confidentiality
3.4.6. Understanding about work ethics and related issues
Work ethics is a cultural norm that advocates being personally accountable and responsible
for the work that one does and is based on a belief that work has intrinsic Value. The term is
often applied to characteristics of people, both at work and at play. In sports, for example,
work ethic is frequently mentioned as a characteristic of good players. Regardless of the
context, work ethic is usually associated with people who work hard and do a good job.

My supervisor was always advising us that we should be an ethical and responsible

professional for the future. He has been showing us how to develop this good behavior during
our stays on the site with him. He also told us lots of practical cases that related to work
ethics that he could see when he was working in different places during his stay with the
construction industry related to ethics.
On my stays on the site, we were very punctual, attentive and responsible to our profession.
So, in the program, we have developed our work ethics.
 Steps towards Better Work Ethics

1. Attendance: - Attendance and punctuality often have a large impact on individual and
team success. Being tired or absenteeism can also profoundly result a negative impact in a job
performance.
How You Can Maintain Good Attendance:
 Make work a high priority
 Know your schedule
 Make use of an ALARM clock
 Get enough sleep
 Arrange your transportation
 Inform your supervisor of an absence
2. Character: - An employer expects employees to work together toward achieving the

objectives of the company. The wise employee who is interested in having a good
relationship with an employer will try to help the employer achieve success. Thus employer
expects employees to develop certain desirable traits that will help them to perform their jobs
well so that the company can succeed. Some of these traits include the following:-
 Loyalty
 Honesty
 Trustworthiness

 Dependability
 Reliability
 Initiative
 Self-discipline
 Self-responsibility
3. Teamwork - It is vital that employees work as a team. It is important not only to their
personal success and advancement, but also to that of their co-workers and to the company.
Sometimes working as a team takes place in a classroom setting. Teamwork doesn‟t
necessarily mean helping your classmate. Teamwork in the classroom might be working
quietly as not to disturb your classmates.
4. Attitude - It is very important to demonstrate a positive attitude, appear self-confident, and

have realistic expectations for self. Developing and maintaining a positive attitude involves
setting Realistic expectations for ourselves at school and at work. These goals should be
challenging, but obtainable.
5. Productivity - In order to be a productive student and employee, a Person must follow

safety procedures, conserve materials, keep the work area neat and clean and follow
directions properly.
6. Organizational skills - Employers consider effective time Management and organizational

skills as good work habits. To begin managing wisely the time you spend at work, to prepare
for assignments at home, and to manage your life at home and work simultaneously, you
need to know and to put into practice some good time management techniques.
7. Communication - Is how we interact with each other. Communication whether it is verbal

or nonverbal must be clear, to the point, empathetic, and one must keep in mind that we must
always treat others as we would like others to treat us.
3.5. Contributions
I have no any contribution in my internship work because I can‟t gets the opportunity to
participate in those works.

4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
This includes the list of challenges faced during the intern period and the measurements
taken, the general conclusion and recommendation of the internship period.
4.1. Challenges faced during the internship and measurement taken for solution
In my intern time, I faced some challenges to perform my task effectively. Some of the
challenges and respective measures I have taken are listed below.
There was luck of office engineers. Therefore I was unable to see how take off sheet and
other related activity is performed. To solve this problem I have tried to see these activities in
other sites in my free time.
There were no enough tests performed in the site for soil property. They know the soil
property easily by experience. This was the other major problem faced in the site.
Due to the disagreement between the client and the company after finishing the ground floor
slab I can‟t continue in this site. So, I had gone to the other site of the company to saw some
super structural works.

4.2. CONCLUSION
During our internship program we have got a lot of knowledge in terms of improving our
practical skill. The various types of orientation programs, tasks and trainings that we have
been undertaking during this past four months on the site enhanced our knowledge in
building construction. We are very glad to see that what we have learnt in the university can
be a repeated in the working world. We were able to apply our theoretical knowledge of
designing and construction works in the real life situation.
This program played an important role to break the conventional thought that field works can
be only implemented by students who hold a degree or people who have an experience in
building construction. We were able to acquire a high level of confidence to deal with
problems that arise in a building construction.
During these past four months, we have been able to see the different theoretical aspects,
methodologies. We have been fulfilling our curiosity in learning practically building
construction well in this internship program.
Generally, the internship program laid sound foundation for us to start our career. We are
proud to be able to contribute towards nation building during the country's extremely critical
period of the history. We will be definitely sensible to scale this practice up and to replicate it
in other disciplines as well.

4.3. RECOMMENDATION
During the last four months of my intern time I could observe different hard working
activities in the site. However there are some points to be recommended, because those
activities have negative impact on safety, economy or motivation on workers.
In the construction site the design is assigned by taking average bearing capacity of the soil
during excavation. This should be avoided and the bearing capacity of the soil should be
studied in particular area.
I was observed in the construction site the bars used for construction is affected by corrosion
this is danger for construction. So the bars should be cleaned by anti-rust and should be
stored in roofing and concrete casted storage.
Most of workers do not use safety wearing that used to identify easily what workers he/she is
and keep themselves from injuries. I recommended them to use safety wearing like helmet.
During concrete mix they do not use proper water ratio, they simply use the amount of water
by taking a guess and this resulted to difficulties during compaction and hence decrease
strength of concrete. I recommended them to use the specified amount of water properly to
get good reaction between the ingredients and to insure the required proportion is obtained.
During column casting the concrete is added (casted) from the top of the formwork through
long distance when casting is beginning. Therefore this results in segregation i.e. the
ingredients separate each other and hence the concrete lost its property.
During foundation casting there was some water before concrete is placed but the workers
poured the concrete without taken out the water this lead to minimize the bond strength of the
concrete. This mistake is done due to the absence of the Engineer due to some cases. So, the
Engineer must be present when concrete casting takes place.

5. REFERENCE
 Profile of the company
 Ethiopian building code of standard(1995) specially:-EBCS-2
OTHER SOURCES
 Site workers interview

 Oral explanation of project manager

6. GLOSSARY
SCIENTIFIC WORDS LOCAL WORDS
 Sprit level……………………………….............................Wihalik
 Bottom formwork………………………............................Fondo
 Support formwork……………………………………….….Ponte
 General formwork…………………………………………..Panello
 Side formwork……………………………………………....Sponda
 Plum bob(vertical alignment)……………………………….Tumby
 Fondo…………………………………................................Christy(support soffit)
 Balance protective…………………………………………..Gindil
 Oil…………………………………………………………..X-gas
 CuttedJerican……………………………………………….Senkello
 batch box………………………………...............................Box
 Right angle…………………………………………………..Squadra
 Bar bender…………………………………………………...Ferayo
 Staffa ………………………………………………………..Stirrups
BY LUBABA MUNTAZ OCTOBER, 12, 2015

7. APPENDICES
List of symbols
 C-5......................................... Compressive strength of 5MPa for a concrete

 C-25........................................Compressive strength of 25MPa for a concrete
 EBCS………………………. Ethiopian Building Code Standard
 RC…...................................... Reinforced Concrete

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

1.1. General introduction

1.2. Background of the company

1.2.1. Brief history of the Company

BY FREHIWOT TEMESGEN G4C-C OCTOBER, 12, 2015

1.2.2. Main products or services of the company

At this time Brehanu Alemayehu building construction is participating in many governmental

1.2.3. Its main customers or the end user of its products

“To be nationally and internationally recognized as an excellent construction company and

 To improve and create job opportunity for the employers.

 To develop economy of the country.

 Play a significant role in the construction sector.

BY FREHIWOT TEMESGEN G4C-C OCTOBER, 12, 2015

1.2.6. Objective of the company

1.2.7. Over all organization and work flow

The structural arrangement with its work flow is charted below.

Figure 1- Organizational structure

BY FREHIWOT TEMESGEN G4C-C OCTOBER, 12, 2015

Task of general manager

 Manages the whole site work execution

 Makes payment to sub contract workers

 Approves material request

 Analyses the work processes

 Executes sub-contracting agreements

 Checks the whole work process

 Quantifies some materials and makes request

 Reports any challenges of work procedures and their execution etc.

 Includes carpenter, bar bender or plasterer contractors.

BY FREHIWOT TEMESGEN G4C-C OCTOBER, 12, 2015

2.1. How I get in to the company

2.2. Section of the company I have been working in

2.3. The workflow in the section

BY FREHIWOT TEMESGEN G4C-C OCTOBER, 12, 2015

The workflow is:

General for man

2.4. Site work

 Substructure working and

2.4.1. Substructure works

 Preparation of the project site

 Clearing the site,

BY FREHIWOT TEMESGEN G4C-C OCTOBER, 12, 2015

BY FREHIWOT TEMESGEN G4C-C OCTOBER, 12, 2015

The procedure to excavate pit excavation

 Get the center of column from profile board

 Get excavation point from rope by using plum bob

BY FREHIWOT TEMESGEN G4C-C OCTOBER, 12, 2015

Figure 3-Isolated footing

Figure 4-Combined footing

BY FREHIWOT TEMESGEN G4C-C OCTOBER, 12, 2015

Steps for construction of foundations are;

Figure 5-Isolated and combined footings respectively

BY FREHIWOT TEMESGEN G4C-C OCTOBER, 12, 2015

B) Back fill soil filling

Figure 6-Soil backfill and compaction

BY FREHIWOT TEMESGEN G4C-C OCTOBER, 12, 2015

3.1. Foundation wall (masonry) works

During foundation wall working the following points were checked.

 The trench to be clean from grass, bushes and piece of woods

 The stone is freshly quarried from approved quarry

Figure 7-Masonery wall

BY FREHIWOT TEMESGEN G4C-C OCTOBER, 12, 2015

Figure 8-Gread beam

Hard core filling

BY FREHIWOT TEMESGEN G4C-C OCTOBER, 12, 2015