DIRE DAWA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ARCHTECTURE

CIVIL ENGINEERING CHAIR
DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND
MANAGEMENT

HOSTING COMPANY: Birhanu Ambaye General Contractor

Internship Final Report

PREPARED BY: YORDANOS BISRAT

ID NO: 1201629
SUBMIT TO: INS. MOHAMMEDNUR. H
SUBMISSION DATE:
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DECLARATION
The Final Internship Report is the original document prepared considered the real practice
experience, and that use all source of material used for the final internship report has duly
acknowledged.
This practical work is submitted in practical fulfillment of the requirements for internship at the
Dessie Robit Market Progressing and Upgrading.

Name Signature ……………

This internship report has been submitted for the course internship the approval of internship advisor.

Name: INS. Signature: ……………

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Acknowledgement
My special thanks for GOD and Dire Dawa University Institute Of Technology, construction
technology and management department and instructors Mohammednur H. to my mentors, he help
me how to prepare my report and shows me how to behave myself on the site to communicate with
work related peoples.
I also offer my regard and blessing to Birhanu Ambaye General Contractor positively accepts my
request to practice in his company building contractors. Moreover, i appreciate who took their
precious time in encouraging, supervising, commenting and through guidance towards the
completion of this project engineers and also i would like to thanks my colleagues’ friends and all the
daily professionals together with their assistance.

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EX ECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report contains several chapters that show and describe my overall stay at Birhanu Ambaye
General Construction and the benefits i got from it. Each chapter briefly describes and gives an
overall view about the company, the experience i got from the program and the like.
The first chapter of the report contains the historical back ground, vision, mission and main values of
BAGC and Clarifies over all organizational structure and work flow and other explanations about the
company. The second chapter contains overall intern-ship experience, and descriptions about the
projects. It has the details of the tasks i have been involved in and procedures i had followed in order
to execute them. It also has in which i had been practicing and performing my task on for the last 4
months. The third chapter contains overall intern-ship benefits as viewed from different perspectives.
I used inductive way of explaining my overall achievement with the aid of pictures i took from the
site. And i also include some of the defects i found on the site.
The final chapter, chapter four, contains my conclusion and recommendations to the company. I have
tried to put them as clear as possible and made them straight enough.

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Table of Contents
DECLARATION.......................................................................................................................................... i
Acknowledgement...................................................................................................................................... ii
EX ECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... iii
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................ 1
INTRODUCTION...................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Background of hosting company............................................................................................................1
1.2 VISION.................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.3MISSION ................................................................................................................................................ 1
1.4 VALUES ................................................................................................................................................ 1
1.5 MAIN SERVICES OF THE COMPANY.............................................................................................. 2
1.6 END USERS OF ITS PRODUCT OR SERVICES................................................................................ 2
1.7 Overall organization and work flow of the organization........................................................................ 4
CHAPTER TWO ....................................................................................................................................... 6
OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPRIENCE..................................................................................................... 6
2.1 HOW I GET IN TO THE COMPANY................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Work flow of the section......................................................................................................................... 6
2.3 Work task I have been executing and procedure and methods I have used.......................................... 7
2.3.1. OFFICE WORK ............................................................................................................................... 8
2.3.2. SITE WORK .................................................................................................................................... 9
CHAPTER – THREE...............................................................................................................................23
OVERALL BENEFIT FROM THE INTERNSHIP................................................................................... 23
3.1. Improving My Practical Skill...............................................................................................................23
3.2 Upgrading of theoretical knowledge..................................................................................................... 24
3.3. Inter Personal Communication Skill....................................................................................................24
3.4. Improving Of Leadership Skill............................................................................................................ 24
3.5 Team Playing Skills ..............................................................................................................................25

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3.6 Work ethics......................................................................................................................................... 25
3.7 Personal ethics .................................................................................................................................... 26
3.8 Professional Ethics ............................................................................................................................... 26
CHAPTER-FOUR................................................................................................................................... 27
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION..........................................................................................27
4.1. CONCLUSION .................................................................................................................................. 27
4.2. RECOMMENDATION.......................................................................................................................27

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LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 1: Work flow of BAGC .................................................................................................................... 4
Figure 2: Form work for column................................................................................................................. 11
Figure 3: Form work for slab ..................................................................................................................... 12
Figure 4: Beam Form Work ....................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 5: PLACING OF REINFORCEMENTS ........................................................................................ 16
Figure 6: PLACING OF REINFORCEMENTS ........................................................................................ 17
Figure 7: Stirrups ...................................................................................................................................... 17
Figure 8: Concrete ingredients: .................................................................................................................. 18
Figure 9: Batching ..................................................................................................................................... 19
Figure 10: Mixing Concrete ....................................................................................................................... 20
Figure 11: Transporting of concrete ........................................................................................................... 20
Figure 12: Placing of concrete ................................................................................................................... 21
Figure 13: Compaction of concrete ............................................................................................................ 21
Figure 14: Curing work .............................................................................................................................. 22
Figure 15: Spacer ....................................................................................................................................... 22

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LIST OF TABLE
Table 1: Work Experience Birhanu Ambaye General Contractor.................................................... 3
Table 2 : The number and position of the workforce/employees of the company ......................... 4
Table 3: Equipment and machinery of the company ...................................................................... 5

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ABBREVIATIONS
BC= Building Contractor
BOQ - Bill of Quantity
GC – General contractor
ISO – International organization for Standardization
Kg - Kilogram
 M - Meter
 PM - Project Manager
RC - Reinforced concrete
RCS – Reinforced concrete structure

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CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background of hosting company
BIRHANU AMBAYE GENERAL CONTRACTOR, here in after referred as BAGC, is a High-sized
general contractors registered by the Ethiopian federal ministry of works and urban development as a
category iii (grade 3) firm with registration no. Con/12662. The company is also registered with the
Wollo Dessie City administration trade, industry and investment office under trade license
registration no. AM/DES/MENA/1/0000767/2009. And business license no.
AM/DES/MENA/03/137/6328893/2009. Its tax-paying identification number (tin 0030547400) and
value added tax registered (vat 11399230831).
The company has been in the fields of construction of buildings, special the super structures of the
building.
The company is established to become a strong development partner by way of providing quality
construction services, these include, among others, construction of buildings, super structure and
similar structures, water retaining structures, maintenance and finishing works.
1.2 VISION
To become a trusted, innovative and strong construction firm that provides value and quality to
society.
1.3MISSION
BAGC is committed to provide quality construction service with due concern to meet and abide by
applicable regulatory requirements .we offer our clients best quality, in time deliverable through our
qualified and competent staff and management skills.
1.4 VALUES
We value
The concept of trust and integrity by way of untiring commitment to ‘always do what is right’

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Our employees respect the diversity of their ideas and cultures and recognize the critical
contribution that employees of a privately owned company play in supporting the economy and other
needs of our country.
Treasure our clients and deliver excellent service and customer care by way of keeping
schedules and quality standards of construction.
Are committed to continuous improvement through training and shared best practice.
Environmental stewardship by way of striving to construct projects with due concern for the
preservation, protection, conservation and restoration of our resources

1.5 MAIN SERVICES OF THE COMPANY

BAGC is a one stop shop for taking clients’ vision from imagination to reality and an expert in
offering customized services to meet the specific needs of the clients. BAGC has grown manifold
and has successfully completed projects such as;
Gravel road
Fence work
 Multi-Purpose building
Drainage side ditch
Manufacturing shade

1.6 END USERS OF ITS PRODUCT OR SERVICES

Since its establishment, BAGC has played an enormous role in the nations endeavor to bring a
change in the construction sector by delivering various construction projects such as construction of
G+4 dormitory building for Wollo Universtiy Dessie Campus. It is currently working on a B+g+6
Commercial building for Dessie robit marketing progress and upgrading.
The company’s client includes government and non-government organization like:
Dessie City Housing Development Construction Office
Wollo University
Dessie City Administration Education Bureau

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Saynet Ereda Education Bureau
Saynet Wereda Agricultural Development Bureau
ANRS Cultural and Tourism Buewau
Table 1: Work Experience of Birhanu Ambaye General Contractor
No Name Of Project /Kind Of Work Value Of Work Percentage Client and place
Of Work
Completed
1 Construction of gunda diversion weir dam 755,041.18 100.00% Sayent wereda agricultural
development bureau
2 Wollo bahel amba hall maintenance work 671,177.72 100.00% ANRS cultural and tourism
bureau
3 Ewa secondary school laboratory and library 4,165,669.27 100.00% Saynet werda education bureau
construction project
4 Construction of animal laboratory project 1,011,187.57 100.00% Wollo university
5 Construction of student toilet and shower 2,806,023.86 100.00% Wollo university
maintenance work
6 Construction of glazing work at dessie campus 516,423.00 100.00% Wollo university
7 Construction of skill amba primary school G+1 5,800,000.66 100.00% Dessie City administration
class room project education bureau
8 Construction of Old cliniv partition work 111,320.00 100.00% Wollo university
9 Construction of miscellaneous work at dessie 6,534,281.18 100.00% Wollo university
campus
10 Construction of site and landscaping work 29,986,229.61 98.00% Wollo university
11 Construction of fence around dining hall,fence 6,035,910.96 100.00% Wollo university
around generator house,animal feed store
competition work,temporary
12 Student dormitory block doors renovation and 19,001,317.06 100.00% Wollo university
windows maintenance
13 Animal welfare and health training center work 10,065,886.40 98.00% Wollo university
14 G+4 dormitory building 95,548,015 88% Wollo university
15 Dessie robit marketing progress and upgrading 105,800,137.10 58% Dessie City housing
development construction office
156 Seminar blocks,student dining hall 50,794,440.58 100.00% Wollo university
blocks,kitchen blocks,maintenance,female
student toilet and shower

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1.7 Overall organization and work flow of the organization

General
Manager

Research and
Development Secrtary
Center

Finance and
Construction
administive Logistic Division
Division
Division

Site Human
Procurment and
(Construction) Resource and Central Store
Supply
Engineer Site Personnel

Figure 1.Work Flow of BAGC

Table 2: The Number and Position of the Workforce/employees of The Company

No Position Qty
1 General Manager 1
2 Secretary 1
3 Finance and Admin.Division Head 1
4 Construction Division Head 1
5 Logistic Division Head 1
6 Office Engineer 2
7 Project Engineer 3
8 Fore person 2
9 Data Collector and Timekeeper 2
10 Office Girl and Cleaner 1
11 Guard 10
12 Semi-Skilled labors 20
13 Daily labors 50
Total 95
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 Table 3: Equipment and Machinery of the Company

No Item Of Equipment Description,Make,and Condition Owned/Leased

Age (Year) (New,Good,poor)and
Number Available
1 Concrete Mixer 750 Lit,2012 New , 1 Available Owned
2 Concrete Mixer 360Lit,3 Years Of Age Good , 1 Available Owned
3 Vibrator 3 Years Of Age Good , 1 Available Owned
4 Plate Compactor 3 Years Of Age Good, 1 Available Owned
5 Metal Cutting machine 6 Month Of Age New, 1 Available Owned
6 Grinding Machine 1 Year Of Age New, 1 Available Owned
7 Welding Machine 1 Year Of Age Good, 1 Available Owned
8 Drilling Machine 1 year Of Age Good, 1 Available Owned
9 Damp Truck 16m3 Loading Campacity Good, 1 Available Owned
,Year Of Make 2005
10 Damp Truck 5m3 Loading Capacity, Good, 1 Available Owned
Year Of make 2004
11 Damp Truck 4m3 Loading Good, 1Available Owned
Campacity,Year Of Make
1995
12 Pick up 1m3 Loading Good, 1 Available Owned
Capacity,Year Of Make
2002
13 Hollow Block Machine 20cm,15cm, And 10 Cm New, 1 Available Owned
With Electric Motor Size Block,Year Of make
2013
14 Stone Aggregate 10 Tone 2012 New, 1 Available Owned
Crusher

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CHAPTER 2
OVERALL INTERNSHIP EXPRIENCE
2.1 HOW I GET IN TO THE COMPANY
The intern-ship program gave the students a chance of finding a hosting company on our own for
the intern-ship program. And for those who didn’t find, the university industry linkage assigned
students to an organization for their intern-ship, after we were given the chance to select the
company, the company and the university industry linkage gave us the chance to work at Birhanu
Ambaye General construction located in Dessie, Menafesha. As we all know Birhanu Ambaye
GC is the most popular and known construction industry in Dessie,
As an intern i am practicing in the Dessie Robit Marketing Progress and Upgrading project
Multi-Purpose building section most of the time i engaged on the site works and sometimes in
office work. The project was started in Jan 30, 2022 G.C.
Dessie Robit Marketing Progress and Upgrading project is a Multi-Purpose building constructed
for many purpose such as shopping mall, café, meeting halls, offices, parking lots and etc. The
building contains (B+G+6) floors and it has the size of 1650 m2. So I was grateful to work in this
construction site.
2.2 Work flow of the section
The workflow of the construction section was very organized as it should be in any company at
this level for the sake of the success of projects. The workflow of the section clearly states tasks,
responsibilities, and authorities along with the timed schedule for each member of the workforce
for effective utilization of human and material resources.
The daily laborers take their task from the foreman or the site engineer and the foreman do what
is requested of him from the site engineer, the office engineers oversee the site engineer’s
performance and finally, the project manager decides major and important decisions. Under this
section, there are different personnel like Project manager, office engineer, site engineer,
foreman, semi-skilled labors, and daily labors. That being said without further ado, let's discuss
the main role of some of personnel in the workflow.
2.2.1 Project manager
The project manager is responsible for planning, organizing, and supervising the project. The
project manager is the key to the project's success and failure. After all, the project manager has
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the authority to collect and mobilize the necessary resources to complete the project. The project
manager must have quality leadership that can influence individuals to comply with the plan.
2.2.2 Office engineer
The main responsibility office engineer is design of structural part of building and prepares
working drawing of the project for the site engineer. The office engineers work do not stop there,
they also prepare material lists for the project and ensuring deployment, keeping contract
documents, drawing and other documents in corresponding order.
2.2.3 Site engineer
The site engineer's main role in the construction department as well as in any other civil
engineering project is to ensure that the project is built according to design. During the course of
construction, the foreman and site engineer will make decisions about work to be undertaken at
particular times of the day based upon the availability of the necessary resource of laborers,
materials, and equipment..
2.2.4 Foreman
A foreman is responsible for ensuring that everything goes smoothly at a construction site. They
are responsible for being the point of contact between the construction workers and supervisors.
The principal task of the foreman is to manage and supervise the manual laborers on the site.
2.2.5 Skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labour
There is a skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled worker in this section and at any other construction
site. Unskilled labors possess a very little or no physical skillset and formal education. These
classes of labors are used mostly for their physical strength in the project. Some example of
unskilled labors includes daily laborers and janitors. Semi-skilled labors are a step above
unskilled labor with the jobs requiring partial skills, but not enough to necessitate advanced
training or certification. Under this class there are also timekeeper, store keeper, secretary, data
collector and guards at the project site.
2.3 Work task I have been executing and procedure and methods I have used
I was observing the site works especially on the construction processes and system as i was data
collecting. The company is well-organized with a lot of educated as well as skilled manpower set
to achieve similar goal. Generally, section of the company that i participated is categorized into
site and office work.

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2.3.1. OFFICE WORK
I was assigned mainly on the field to learn and practice how to supervise, coordinate, practice
and learn the work done on the construction site thus I have few experience on office work yet I
had learned plenty by going through documents of the project stored in the office. Fortunately
with the help of my site mentor a got access to the drawing and bar schedules.
2.3.1 .1 Preparing bar schedule
Bar schedule is a format used to calculate the quantity of reinforcement bars. In this format the
quantity of bar of each diameter will be calculated. Preparing bar schedule is the process of
analyzing number, diameter, length, location and shape of placement of the bar from the
structural drawing of the given project and putting in the bar schedule in their respective place
provided. The final result of the analysis should be converted to mass unit, kilogram (Kg).
Preparing bar schedule require a very steady study and understanding of the detail drawing and
that’s what exactly what I did. After that I have organized the reinforcement bars based on their
location and diameter. Then the number of bars and the length of bars was known which will be
multiplied by the number items to get the final length of bars required for the construction. The
total length found to be required is converted to weight. Then presented in a standard bar
schedule table showing all the necessary information about the location, shape, number, length
and weight of reinforcing bars required
2.3.1.2 Reading working drawings
The ability to read and understand blueprints is an essential skill for those working as a COTM
engineer and as soon to be an engineer I am expected to read the drawings. The builders on the
site I have been working are well experienced and can understand the working drawings except
for minor mistakes happening from time to time. And I have been working to avoiding those
mistakes because even the smallest mistakes may cost the greatest loss on the project.
In the office I also tried to read detail drawings of the building being constructed. It has a
paramount important in improving the skill of understanding the 3D of the structure and helped
me to know what is to be constructed. This drawing includes architectural, structural, sanitary
and electrical drawings. Every construction activity is undertaken by referring to those drawings
and the engineer executes and controls the whole work based on them.

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2.3.1.3 Takeoff sheet preparation
Quantity takeoff or estimating sheet is the general form of listing and taking off types, sizes and
quantities of material required in a bidding process of any construction work. This quantity
takeoff sheet also includes ductwork, piping, labor, risk cost and summation of all the estimated
expenditure.
2.3.1.4. Bill of quantity preparation (BOQ)
It is a construction agreement between the contractor and client and it contains the specification
and work to be executed for the construction of a building with unit and total price of work and a
material needed for performing that work. A unit price interred in the Bill of quantity contains: -
direct unit cost of a material, labor, and equipment utilized to execute the particular activity
which is described in the BOQ.
2.3.2. SITE WORK
This contains supervision of the site and writing the daily work progress.
 Checking whether the work is done based on the drawing or not

 To inform the happening problem for the responsible person.

 List the daily, weekly and monthly report

When i arrive at the site of construction of the Dessie Robit Marketing progress and Upgrading
project they were at first floor and they were bar reinforcing and laying blocks for the floor and
bar reinforcing the beam part.
I gathered information and observe regarding to what was being done on the site. And also how
Construction work is executed based on drawing. I have tried to gain adequate knowledge
regarding the site work and details of those tasks will be dealt briefly below.
Those are:-
 Form-work

 beam,

 Column &

 Slab

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2.3.2.1 Formwork
Formwork is a temporary container constructed for the purpose of carrying fresh concrete to get
the desired shape during the casting process. It used to support both the self-weight of concrete
and live load during construction until it is removed, formwork is generally removed once the
concrete has become hard and has gained sufficient strength. Timber and steel are the materials
most commonly used for formwork even though a wide range of other materials can be used. On
the site I have worked the company used both timber formwork (for column and beam) and steel
formworks (staircase and slab construction) during the construction period of the building.
Vertical (column) formwork: - Immediately after its placement in the formwork until the
achievement of its inherent stability, the concrete mix, under the effect of its own load and of
compaction by vibration, exerts lateral pressure on the formwork, Tie rods are used to take up the
lateral pressure of the concrete mix. And to support the timber sheet to stand straight and still,
braces are attached at a sloped angle to the ground.
Horizontal (slab and beam):- Horizontal formwork is subjects to vertical loads which are to be
carried off to the subsoil through formwork bearers or by auxiliary structures, such as braces or
rigid connection to existing structural components. On horizontal formworks braces are
constructed straight up or 90 degree to the steel sheet.
During my internship program I see placing of formwork for different component of building
like:
 Form work for column

 Form work for slab

 Form work for beam

 Form Work for Column

Column formwork is a type of concrete formwork. Concrete formwork is a mold made of steel,
aluminum, timber, plastic, or other materials in which wet concrete is poured to achieve a desired
shape and size for construction. Once the concrete sets, formwork is often removed, although
permanent formwork that remains a part of construction exists as well. Column formwork is a
vertical mold in the shape of a column, as its name implies. Column formwork may either be
box-shaped or round.

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Column formwork is shaped and sized to the needs of a project. In order to help facilitate quality
control during the pouring stage of using column formwork, clamps, which are horizontal and
made of either steel or timber are often used in conjunction with column molds. Column
formwork’s head is frequently employed to support beam formwork, or column formwork is cast
to the bottom side of beams.

Figure 2: Form work for column

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  Form work for slab

Slab formwork systems are construction aids into which liquid concrete is poured. They enable
the construction of horizontal surfaces of reinforced concrete. The right choice of slab formwork
has a decisive influence on the execution and progress of the respective construction project.
Conventional slab formwork consists of wooden beams in combination with a loose facing and
props. Modular slab formwork consists of panels or frames with an integrated facing. BAGC
offers both options for slab formwork applications.
In our construction site the slab is constructed by typical solid two way slab method. Which is
the thickness of slab is commonly greater than conventional slab and around 180mm. The
construction of solid slab involves form-work installation, placement of reinforcement placement
of steel mesh, and finally pouring of concrete. And the form-work of play-wood (horizontally)
and crest vertically.
The slab is construction to provide flat surface usually horizontal in building floor and other
types of structures.
Slab support live load and dead loads, slab is simply supported on walls and beams which in turn
supported on columns.

Figure 3: Form work for slab

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  Form Work for beam
The beam form work sides have to retain in the wet concrete in the required shape and be able to
with stand the initial hydrostatic pressure of wet concrete whereas the form soft apart from the
retaining the concrete has to support the initial load of the wet concrete until it has gained
sufficient strength to be self-supporting.
The construction procedure is:
1. Props positioned as per the required spacing and leveled through.
2. Soffit placed leveled and positioned check.
3. Side forms placed their position checked before being fixed.
4. Strutting positioned and fixed.
5. Final check before casting cover position and structural member

Figure 4: Beam Form Work

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COLUMN CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Basic construction process of RCC (reinforced cement concrete) column involves the following
four steps of works –
 Column layout work

 Column reinforcement work

 Column form-work, and

 Pouring concrete into the column

COLUMN LAYOUT WORK:

In the first step, the locations of columns are determined practically in the field. It is done by
laying rope according to grids shown in the drawing and then marking the location of columns
related to the rope.
in the drawing, column locations are shown related to grid-line with dimension. In the field,
ropes are our grid-line. So we place columns related to rope-line by measuring the dimension
shown in the drawing.
COLUMN CONSTRUCTION PROCESS
Basic construction process of RCC (reinforced cement concrete) column involves the following
four steps of works –
 Column layout work

 Column reinforcement work

 Column form-work, and

 Pouring concrete into the column

COLUMN LAYOUT WORK:

In the first step, the locations of columns are determined practically in the field. It is done by
laying rope according to grids shown in the drawing and then marking the location of columns
related to the rope. in the drawing, column locations are shown related to grid-line with
dimension. In the field, ropes are our grid-line. So we place columns related to rope-line by
measuring the dimension shown in the drawing.

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COLUMN REINFORCEMENT WORK:
After marking the column locations, we then start to place reinforcement as instructed in the
structural drawing
COLUMN FORM-WORK:
Column form-work are placed to help the columns stand up straight vertical and horizontal
bracing are included also spacer.
Process of form-work constructing in our site
A good form-work should satisfy the following requirements:-
 Strong enough to withstand all types of dead and live loads –

 Rigidly constructed and efficiently propped and braced both horizontally and vertically,
so as to retain its shape –

 the joints in the form-work should be tight against leakage of cement grout –

 Construction of form-work should permit removal of various parts in desired sequences

without damage to the concrete –

 Material of the form-work should be cheap, easily available and should be suitable for
reuse.

(first step crachery are nailed at the bottom of the ground surrounding the reinforcement bar of
the columns with a space of 2.5cm then spacer will be tied on the bars and the reinforcement bar
will be covered by form-work or ply wood then i-section are nailed to the form-work, to give the
form-work its maximum strength horizontal and vertical bracing will take place, and to check
vertical alignment its checked by plumb bob or by the site name tunbi.
There are other site words used on column section:
 Kerebat
 Sebago

 Staffa(stirrup)
2.3.1.2 PLACING OF REINFORCEMENTS
Placing in reinforced concrete structures steel bars are provided to resist stress due to flexure,
shear and tension. This is because concrete is weak in tension. Steel is jointly constructed with

15
concrete. The reinforcement bar will resist tension stress and the concrete will resist compression
stress. Steel is preferable for its good in tension and compression resistance. However it is
expensive to use steel structures. In contrast, concrete is relatively economical but weak in
tension resistance. Due to this fact, to compromise the economy and strength, steel and concrete
are used as a composite material.

Figure 5: PLACING OF REINFORCEMENTS

Reinforcing bars are placed at a critical place in RCS structures so that it will carry the tension
stress in the RCS member. Based on the position of bars, they are called as negative bars if
placed at the top and positive when they are placed at the bottom. This is in beams, slabs and
stair case structure members. But in columns and other vertical structures, it is very difficult to
classify bars that are positive and negative bars. Because of uncertainty of direction of moments
in columns, the numbers of bars in opposite sides are equal.
Based on the way in which the bar is provided, the reinforcing bars can also be classified as
stirrups or main reinforcements. Longitudinal reinforcements are provided to resist bending or
flexure in most structures but they may also be provided to resist compression in double
reinforced members. On the other side stirrups are used to resist shear stress and for the purpose
of tying main bars.

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Figure 6: PLACING OF REINFORCEMENTS

Reinforcing bars have different strength class and they are available in different diameters here
in our host company. There are steel bars of diameter of 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, &20.
For beam of diameter a diameter of 16 and greater than 20 are used in columns and footing. For
retaining wall 14 diameters. For stirrup they use diameters of 6,8 and 10 bars.
USES OF STIRRUPS
 To resist shear, to hold together, to restrict the growth of diagonal tension cracks, to tie
longitudinal bars, to improve ductility.
 (Vertically).and the beams are also poured during slab pouring time and constructed by
regular method.

Figure 7: Stirrups

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2.3.1.3 Concrete Work
Is stone like material composed of Cement, aggregate (sand and Gravel) and water sometimes as
it is required admixture could be added
Concrete stone like material composed essentially of three materials: Cement, water and
aggregate. Sometimes a fourth material, an admixture (additive for concrete) is added for a
variety of specific purposes, such as acceleration or retardation of setting time or hardening.
Concrete ingredients:
 Cement

 Aggregate

 Water

 Ad mixture

Figure 8: Concrete ingredients:

Processes of Making Concrete

Concrete stone like material composed essentially of three materials: Cement, water and
aggregate. Sometimes a fourth material, an admixture (additive for concrete) is added for a
variety of specific purposes, such as acceleration or retardation of setting time or hardening. The

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paste is composed of cementations materials, water, and entrapped air or purposely entrained air.
The paste constitutes about 25% to 40% of the total volume of concrete. The absolute volume of
cement is usually between 7% and 15% and the water between 14% and 21%. Aggregates make
up about 60% to 75% of the total volume of concrete so their selection is really important.
In properly made concrete, each and every particle of aggregate is completely coated with paste
and all of the spaces between aggregate particles are completely filled with paste.
BATCHING, MIXING, TRANSPORTING AND HANDLING CONCRETE
1. BATCHING
It is the process of measuring concrete mix ingredients by either mass or volume and introducing
them into the mixer. There are two methods of batching: the weight batching and the volume
batching. Weight batching is preferred over volume batching especially on important jobs. This
is because of the fact that the quantity of solid materials in a container very much depends on its
degree of compaction.

Figure 9: Batching

2. MIXING CONCRETE
Concrete is either mixed by hand or by machine (mixer). All concrete should be mixed
thoroughly until it is uniform in appearance, with all ingredients evenly distributed.
Mixers should not be loaded above their rated capacities and should be operated at the mixing
speed recommended by the manufacturer.

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 Figure 10: Mixing Concrete

3. PLACING AND FINISHING CONCRETE

Concrete should be deposited continuously as near as possible to its final position without
objectionable segregation. In general, concrete should be placed in walls, thick slabs, or
foundations in horizontal layers of uniform thickness; each layer should be thoroughly
consolidated before the next is placed.

Figure 11: Transporting of concrete

Timely placement and adequate consolidation will prevent flow lines, seams, and planes of
weakness (cold joints) that result from placing freshly mixed concrete on concrete past initial set.
Consolidation is the process of compacting fresh concrete; to mold it within the forms and
around embedded items and reinforcement; and to eliminate stone pockets. It can be
accomplished by hand or by mechanical methods. most of the time it’s done by using vibrators to
elimination of entrapped air and forcing the particles into a closer configuration.

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Figure 12: Placing of concrete
Compaction of concrete;
During casting of concrete, it should be thoroughly compacted so as to form a dense
homogeneous mass properly worked around embedded fixtures, reinforcements and into the
corners of the formwork. Any compaction methods however shouldn’t cause any disturbance or
movement of the formwork or location of the reinforcement.

Figure 13: Compaction of concrete

4. Curing work
It is the process which controls the loss of moisture from concrete either after it has been placed
in position or during the manufacture of concrete products, thereby providing time for the
hydration of the cement to occur.
Curing is done for the following main reasons:
 To provide enough quantity of water for cement to hydrate and set completely.

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  To prevent formation of surface cracks due to rapid loss of water while the concrete is
fresh and to reduce shrinkage.
 To ensure a concrete of good quality when set (strong enough to stresses, hard enough to
abrasion and resistant to chemical attacks and to make durable.

Figure 14: Curing work

Spacer
Spacers are materials (either reinforcement bars or wire imbedded concrete) which provide space
for the concrete to cover the reinforcement bars in footing pad, columns, beams and retaining
wall etc…
The cover to reinforcement is required for the following reasons:
 To protect the steel against corrosion.

 To provide sufficient bond or adhesion between steel and concrete.

 To ensure sufficient protection of the steel in a fire.

Figure 15: Spacer

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CHAPTER – 3
OVERALL BENEFIT FROM THE INTERNSHIP
Intern-ship is one part of making opportunity for the university student’s potentially valuable and
best experienced practically and an opportunity to line up a job before graduation in addition to
securing good work experience.
And some of the benefits from the intern-ship are:-
 Giving clue about what real working environment looks like.

 Upgrade my theoretical knowledge and visualization.

 I learn that when we get in work environment that we must be fit with the job that we do.

 Upgrade my practical skills and theoretical skills

 Upgrade work ethics skills

 Upgrade communication skill

3.1. Improving My Practical Skill

 I gain practical experience of applying my engineering judgement and working
successfully with other among them

 The ability to analyses and interpret diverse, complex data

 Critical thinking and the ability to evaluate design project

 Calculating different quantity

 The ability to work as part of a team

 Working system and procedures.

 Reading and interpretation of architectural and structural drawing.

 Ways of problem solving by giving engineering judgements.

 How form-works prepare and fixed.

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  How concrete for different structural elements castled.

3.2 Upgrading of theoretical knowledge

In addition to the practical skill this program helps me to strengthen my theoretical knowledge
and gain meaningful engineering experience to complement academic studies. The courses
taken, except surveying, focused on theory. Since the practice depends first on theory, it was
easy to work and correlate the activities and enhance my understanding of constructing a
building.. Some examples of this are;
 Relationship between moment and reinforcement (major reinforcement, minor
reinforcement, negative bar, nominal reinforcement and others).

 Location of bar overlaps (i.e., bar overlap is not allowed in the direction of maximum
moment).

 On office works (take off and bill of quantity).

 We also able to know about cost estimation (quantity estimation).

Generally speaking, when the theoretical knowledge is supported more by the practical skills our
understanding capacity also can be developed equally and proportionally.
3.3. Inter Personal Communication Skill
 Since construction work is a team work by its nature you will face different individuals
with different professions and personality come up together and communicates with each
other to solve different problems and run the whole work.

 Through time i believed that good relation and communication skill is the key for getting
the experience and knowledge i require for the intern-ship program .based on this i tried
to change my approach to the people at the work place. As time progresses i was able to
see improvement on myself. I can say that i have got good lesson regarding interpersonal
communication skill.
3.4. Improving Of Leadership Skill
Leadership is the ability of an individual or a group of individuals to influence and guide
followers or other members of an organization.

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I have seen how each worker is controlled and organized to perform its day to day activities.
Human resource management is the most important and difficult one and also I have actually
observed the method of controlling the working time and amount of work done by each worker
so that the work proceeds according to the work plan.
For effective leadership i understood that personal values like
 Confidence,

 Effective communication

 Devotion to both your job and the workers

 Ability to listen to the others

 Good management skill

 Knowing one is working thoroughly

3.5 Team Playing Skills

Construction is a team work of different professionals. Such as; surveyors, lab technicians,
carpenters, Forman’s, engineers, administrations and others. I was trying to work together with
this all of the above groups and I have developed some qualities related with team playing skills.
Such as;
 Good work division ability and effective idea explanation ability

 Punctuality and preparation for work before starting it.

 Creativity and an innovative approach to solving problems.

 Interpersonal sensitivity, persuasiveness and the ability to work as part of a team.

3.6 Work ethics

The work ethics is vital to an organization to achieve its goals. It’s a set of moral principles an
employee uses in his job. His/her integrity, sense of responsibility, discipline and sense of team
work come together to create a strong work ethic

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In order to increase productivity and provide healthy working environment work ethics and
workers who respect it should be present otherwise the company or even the country will be
loser rather than profiteer.
We can see this work ethics in two ways from project perspective;
 Personal ethics

 Professional ethics
3.7 Personal ethics
These are work ethics that should be obeyed by each member of the project. In terms of personal
ethics related issues we gained many benefits from this program. Such as;
 Punctuality: - means keeping the companies work beginning and ending time and to
complete a given task within the given period.

 Office disciplines: - in work place you don’t have to disturb the working atmosphere.
For example abstain from opening loud voice, loud music, songs and things which spoil
other workers working mood.

 Reliability: - the worker should be qualified for the part he is supposed to be performing.
He/she must have appropriate skill and knowledge for the task assigned.

 Honesty: - regarding this value each worker regardless of its status should abstain from
bad behaviors such as cheating, bias, corruption etc…

 Cooperation: - each worker should interact and cooperate with each other while
working. That is because it is through such system problems could be easily solved .

 Accountability; being responsible person & held accountable for what you do.

 Tolerance with the others ;-respecting others ideas & beliefs

3.8 Professional Ethics
Professional ethics refers to the standards or a set of moral principles for regulating behaviors of
a certain defined profession. In order to consider that an activity to be a profession, it should be
carried out by one who has advanced education, knowledge, and skills. Thus, for developing
healthy working environment and increase productivity, ethical work conducts are important
medium.

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CHAPTER-FOUR
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
4.1. CONCLUSION
A building, or edifice, is a structure with a roof and walls standing more or less permanently in
one place, such as a house or factory. Buildings come in a variety of sizes, shapes, and functions,
and have been adapted throughout history for a wide number of factors, from building materials
available, to weather conditions, land prices, ground conditions, specific uses, and aesthetic
reasons. To better understand the term building compares the list of non-building structures.
The internship program has been the best beneficial educational program for me so far. I have
been able to gain knowledge, practical skills and familiarity with the construction industry in a
way that increases my employability and makes me adequate COTM Engineer when I graduate. I
believe the internship program has given me the opportunity to observe the construction industry
in a way I gathered the core basic ideas and the gaps in the industry and to come up with problem
solving entrepreneur ideas creating job opportunity for myself and others. The knowledge I have
gained through experiential learning from internships in construction constitutes significant and
uniquely valuable preparation for the requirements of my future professional practice in that
field; because I believe much of the learning which is gained during these internships cannot be
attained in any other way, especially not in the classroom.
During my internship period I have seen the construction of a G+6 building, I have seen the
procedures, material and equipment uses and techniques or skill sets of the construction process
and workers. The host company Birhanu Ambaye GC was kind enough to accept our request to
join their company and educating and nurturing us throughout the whole internship program. The
host company, the site engineer and other crew members of the project helped us by showing and
explaining the each and every activity on the site. Generally the internship program was very
educating enabling program and I have enjoyed and appreciated each and every moment of it
despite the hardships have passed.
4.2. RECOMMENDATION
Recommendation to the host company
 The university shall give Great deal of attention needs to be given on transforming
theoretical based way of teaching and learning process into practical oriented one

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  Since bars are the main input of structural work, they should great care for the bars to
prevent it from corrosion and minimize wastage.

 The company does not have safety materials for workers & intern student, such as
helmet, safety shoes and etc. Therefore the company should be fulfill and orient workers
to use material of safety.

 Reinforcement bars should be placed and tied as per the specified spacing in design,
especially stirrups.

 Quality of work should be given attention. Example due to vibration problem the workers
create concrete segregation & bar bender.

 The company should give more attention to intern student.

 They should be thinking about getting employees access to first aid

Recommendation to the University

 The university has been helping and preparing us for this internship program but there
should be some improvement for the future to make internship program more effective.
 The most critical issue the university should fix for making this internship better is the
orientation. The university has prepared orientation program and it was useful but not
effective. Other than that the internship program for us students to was the best way to
grasp practical knowledge.

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