11/25/2020 EXAM2020_NOTEBOOK

Surnmame and Initials

Student Number

Exam MKM321 Full marks [45] out of total [45] marks

The University of Pretoria commits itself to produce academic work of integrity. I affirm that I am aware of and have
read the Rules and Policies of the University, more specifically the Disciplinary Procedure and the Tests and
Examinations Rules, which prohibit any unethical, dishonest or improper conduct during tests, assignments,
examinations and/or any other forms of assessment. I am aware that no student or any other person may assist or
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during tests, assessments, assignments, examinations and/or any other forms of assessment.
Rename the Notebook to (your student number).ipynb.

Add your name and student number at the top of the notebook as indicated.

Allowed Access: You must have access to Anaconda Python 3.7 or later with Jupyter Notebook support - make sure you can run all the tutorial
memoranda. Prescribed Textbook and all ClickUP material.

Test Duration: 90 minutes

Time to Upload the Notebook to the Assignment and Fill-in the ClickUP Test: 30 minutes

Total Duration: 120 minutes. Make sure you upload first then complete the ClikcUP Test.

The exam is time limited and will be available from 8AM on 25 November. You have 2 hours to complete the two-hour exam, ie test closes
10AM on 25 November.

The University of Pretoria commits itself to produce academic work of integrity. I affirm that I am aware of and have
read the Rules and Policies of the University, more specifically the Disciplinary Procedure and the Tests and
Examinations Rules, which prohibit any unethical, dishonest or improper conduct during tests, assignments,
examinations and/or any other forms of assessment. I am aware that no student or any other person may assist or
attempt to assist another student, or obtain help, or attempt to obtain help from another student or any other person
during tests, assessments, assignments, examinations and/or any other forms of assessment.

Question 1 [15] - Multiple choice to be answered on multiple choice sheet form

1.1 One of the eigenvalues of the stiffness matrix (N/m) is 10000. What is the associated strain energy (J), when assuming units (m) for the
eigenvector entries. [3]

a) 20000

b) 10000

c) 5000

d) 2500

e) None of the above

In [ ]:

1.2 How many degrees of freedom does a 3D 6-noded pentahedron have? [3]

a) 3

b) 6

c) 12

d) 18

e) None of the above

In [ ]:

1.3 Consider a plane stress Q4 element integrated with full integration. The element has a Young's modulus of E = 210 GPa and Poisson's ratio
of ν = 0.4999999. When shear is applied to the element, which element defect is expected to be observed?: [3]

a) Volumetric locking

b) Shear locking

c) Communicable modes

d) Singular stiffness matrix

e) None of the above

In [ ]:

1.4 Consider the element stiffness matrix Kelem. The element is rectangular in the global reference frame with unit thickness and uniform
material properties. Which integration rule was used to integrate the element? [3]

a) 2x2

b) 3x3

c) 4x4

d) 5x5

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e) None of the above
In [29]: import numpy as np

Kelem = np.array([[ 1.53846154e+05, 7.08333333e+04, 6.53846154e+04,

9.61538462e+02, 7.69230769e+04, 2.91666667e+04,
7.30769231e+04, -9.61538462e+02, -8.46153846e+04,
-3.71794872e+04, -8.46153846e+04, -1.66666667e+04,
-6.92307692e+04, -1.66666667e+04, -1.30769231e+05,
-2.94871795e+04],
[ 7.08333333e+04, 2.78846154e+05, -9.61538462e+02,
9.03846154e+04, 2.91666667e+04, 1.39423077e+05,
9.61538462e+02, 1.60576923e+05, -2.94871795e+04,
1.53846154e+04, -1.66666667e+04, -2.09615385e+05,
-1.66666667e+04, -6.92307692e+04, -3.71794872e+04,
-4.05769231e+05],
[ 6.53846154e+04, -9.61538462e+02, 1.53846154e+05,
-7.08333333e+04, 7.30769231e+04, 9.61538462e+02,
7.69230769e+04, -2.91666667e+04, -8.46153846e+04,
3.71794872e+04, -1.30769231e+05, 2.94871795e+04,
-6.92307692e+04, 1.66666667e+04, -8.46153846e+04,
1.66666667e+04],
[ 9.61538462e+02, 9.03846154e+04, -7.08333333e+04,
2.78846154e+05, -9.61538462e+02, 1.60576923e+05,
-2.91666667e+04, 1.39423077e+05, 2.94871795e+04,
1.53846154e+04, 3.71794872e+04, -4.05769231e+05,
1.66666667e+04, -6.92307692e+04, 1.66666667e+04,
-2.09615385e+05],
[ 7.69230769e+04, 2.91666667e+04, 7.30769231e+04,
-9.61538462e+02, 1.53846154e+05, 7.08333333e+04,
6.53846154e+04, 9.61538462e+02, -6.92307692e+04,
-1.66666667e+04, -1.30769231e+05, -2.94871795e+04,
-8.46153846e+04, -3.71794872e+04, -8.46153846e+04,
-1.66666667e+04],
[ 2.91666667e+04, 1.39423077e+05, 9.61538462e+02,
1.60576923e+05, 7.08333333e+04, 2.78846154e+05,
-9.61538462e+02, 9.03846154e+04, -1.66666667e+04,
-6.92307692e+04, -3.71794872e+04, -4.05769231e+05,
-2.94871795e+04, 1.53846154e+04, -1.66666667e+04,
-2.09615385e+05],
[ 7.30769231e+04, 9.61538462e+02, 7.69230769e+04,
-2.91666667e+04, 6.53846154e+04, -9.61538462e+02,
1.53846154e+05, -7.08333333e+04, -6.92307692e+04,
1.66666667e+04, -8.46153846e+04, 1.66666667e+04,
-8.46153846e+04, 3.71794872e+04, -1.30769231e+05,
2.94871795e+04],
[-9.61538462e+02, 1.60576923e+05, -2.91666667e+04,
1.39423077e+05, 9.61538462e+02, 9.03846154e+04,
-7.08333333e+04, 2.78846154e+05, 1.66666667e+04,
-6.92307692e+04, 1.66666667e+04, -2.09615385e+05,
2.94871795e+04, 1.53846154e+04, 3.71794872e+04,
-4.05769231e+05],
[-8.46153846e+04, -2.94871795e+04, -8.46153846e+04,
2.94871795e+04, -6.92307692e+04, -1.66666667e+04,
-6.92307692e+04, 1.66666667e+04, 2.76923077e+05,
3.63797881e-12, -2.18278728e-11, -6.66666667e+04,
3.07692308e+04, -3.63797881e-12, -7.27595761e-12,
6.66666667e+04],
[-3.71794872e+04, 1.53846154e+04, 3.71794872e+04,
1.53846154e+04, -1.66666667e+04, -6.92307692e+04,
1.66666667e+04, -6.92307692e+04, 1.81898940e-12,
2.76923077e+05, -6.66666667e+04, 0.00000000e+00,
0.00000000e+00, -1.69230769e+05, 6.66666667e+04,
-2.18278728e-11],
[-8.46153846e+04, -1.66666667e+04, -1.30769231e+05,
3.71794872e+04, -1.30769231e+05, -3.71794872e+04,
-8.46153846e+04, 1.66666667e+04, 0.00000000e+00,
-6.66666667e+04, 3.38461538e+05, 1.45519152e-11,
-1.45519152e-11, 6.66666667e+04, 9.23076923e+04,
7.27595761e-12],
[-1.66666667e+04, -2.09615385e+05, 2.94871795e+04,
-4.05769231e+05, -2.94871795e+04, -4.05769231e+05,
1.66666667e+04, -2.09615385e+05, -6.66666667e+04,
0.00000000e+00, 1.45519152e-11, 8.38461538e+05,
6.66666667e+04, 0.00000000e+00, 9.09494702e-12,
3.92307692e+05],
[-6.92307692e+04, -1.66666667e+04, -6.92307692e+04,
1.66666667e+04, -8.46153846e+04, -2.94871795e+04,
-8.46153846e+04, 2.94871795e+04, 3.07692308e+04,
1.81898940e-12, 0.00000000e+00, 6.66666667e+04,
2.76923077e+05, -7.27595761e-12, 7.27595761e-12,
-6.66666667e+04],
[-1.66666667e+04, -6.92307692e+04, 1.66666667e+04,
-6.92307692e+04, -3.71794872e+04, 1.53846154e+04,
3.71794872e+04, 1.53846154e+04, 0.00000000e+00,
-1.69230769e+05, 6.66666667e+04, 0.00000000e+00,
-7.27595761e-12, 2.76923077e+05, -6.66666667e+04,
2.54658516e-11],
[-1.30769231e+05, -3.71794872e+04, -8.46153846e+04,
1.66666667e+04, -8.46153846e+04, -1.66666667e+04,
-1.30769231e+05, 3.71794872e+04, -1.45519152e-11,
6.66666667e+04, 9.23076923e+04, 9.09494702e-12,
2.18278728e-11, -6.66666667e+04, 3.38461538e+05,
-9.09494702e-12],
[-2.94871795e+04, -4.05769231e+05, 1.66666667e+04,
-2.09615385e+05, -1.66666667e+04, -2.09615385e+05,
2.94871795e+04, -4.05769231e+05, 6.66666667e+04,
-2.18278728e-11, 3.63797881e-12, 3.92307692e+05,
-6.66666667e+04, 2.54658516e-11, -9.09494702e-12,
8.38461538e+05]])
# ----------------------------------------------------------

1.5 Consider the nodal coordinates X, and element stiffness matrix Kelem for a Q4 element. The lowest non-zero deformation mode is best
described by? [3]

a) Bending

b) Shear

c) Uniform expansion

d) Uniaxial tension

e) None of the above.

In [ ]: X = np.array([[0.0, -1],
[10.0, -1],
[10.0, 1],
[0.0, 1]])

Kelem = np.array([[ 135333.33386222, 52499.99895 , 39666.66730444,

17499.99871667, -67666.66693111, -52499.99895 ,
-107333.33423556, -17499.99871667],
[ 52499.99895 , 471333.32714222, -17499.99871667,
228666.66352444, -52499.99895 , -235666.66357111,

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17499.99871667, -464333.32709556],
[ 39666.66730444, -17499.99871667, 135333.33386222,
-52499.99895 , -107333.33423556, 17499.99871667,
-67666.66693111, 52499.99895 ],
[ 17499.99871667, 228666.66352444, -52499.99895 ,
471333.32714222, -17499.99871667, -464333.32709556,
52499.99895 , -235666.66357111],
[ -67666.66693111, -52499.99895 , -107333.33423556,
-17499.99871667, 135333.33386222, 52499.99895 ,
39666.66730444, 17499.99871667],
[ -52499.99895 , -235666.66357111, 17499.99871667,
-464333.32709556, 52499.99895 , 471333.32714222,
-17499.99871667, 228666.66352444],
[-107333.33423556, 17499.99871667, -67666.66693111,
52499.99895 , 39666.66730444, -17499.99871667,
135333.33386222, -52499.99895 ],
[ -17499.99871667, -464333.32709556, 52499.99895 ,
-235666.66357111, 17499.99871667, 228666.66352444,
-52499.99895 , 471333.32714222]])
# -------------------------------------------------------------

Question 2 [15]
Consider two bars, one of length L 1 = 2.0 m and one of length L 2 = 2.0 m as shown below.

The one bar is made out of Aluminium with material properties

i) E=70GPa (Young's Modulus),

ii) Area of 0.01m ,

2

iii) Density of 2700 kg/m .

3

The one bar is made out of Copper with material properties

i) E=120GPa (Young's Modulus),

ii) Area of 0.01m ,

2

iii) Density of 8960 kg/m .

3

Gravity act downwards as indicated in the figure below.

Each bar is discretized using a three-noded 1D finite element, with the nodes equally spaced along the length of the bar.

The global node numbering is indicated on the Figure below:

element 1: global nodes: 0, 1, 2

element 2: global nodes: 2, 3, 4

In [22]: from IPython.display import Image
Image(filename="q2_problem.png",embed=True)

Out[22]:

The displacement, strain, stress and internal force fields given below are claimed to be the solution of the problem. When interpreting or
disputing the provided magnitudes on the graphs, an expected value MUST be provided with a clear motivation and calculation behind the
estimated expected value. For each question, two of the grades will go towards interpreting the numbers. One grade will be awarded per
motivated interpretation or disputed point.

Negative grades will be awarded for wrong answers and guesseing, while bonus grades will be awarded for additional answers of significance.

2.1 Highlight three aspects of the displacement result that are consistent and/or inconsistent with the expected FEM solution for the stated
problem. A clear motivation of the similarities or differences between the expected and shown result must be given. [3]

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2.2 Highlight three aspects of the strain result that are consistent and/or inconsistent with the expected FEM solution for the stated problem. A
clear motivation of the similarities or differences between the expected and shown result must be given. Include a hand-calculation in your
motivation. [3]

2.3 Highlight three aspects of the stress result that are consistent and/or inconsistent with the expected FEM solution for the stated problem. A
clear motivation of the similarities or differences between the expected and shown result must be given. Include a hand-calculation in your
motivation. [3]

2.4 Highlight three aspects of the internal force result that are consistent and/or inconsistent with the expected FEM solution for the stated
problem. A clear motivation of the similarities or differences between the expected and shown result must be given. Include a hand-calculation
in your motivation. [3]

2.5 For the global nodal system of equations, i) what is the reaction force due to element 1 at node 2, ii) the reaction force due to element 2 at
node 2, iii) the total reaction force at node 2, and iv) show that global nodal equilibrium is satisfied for the system? [3]
In [1]: from IPython.display import Image
Image(filename="q21.png",embed=True)

Out[1]:

In [2]: from IPython.display import Image

Image(filename="q22.png",embed=True)

Out[2]:

In [3]: from IPython.display import Image

Image(filename="q23.png",embed=True)

Out[3]:

In [4]: from IPython.display import Image

Image(filename="q24.png",embed=True)

Out[4]:

2.1

answer here

2.2

answer here

2.3

answer here

2.4

answer here

2.5

answer here

Question 3 [15]

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3.1 Modify the input file beamq3.inp with mesh (as shown below) to model the given problem. Complete the Input Cards (*KEYWORD) listed
below that would model the stated problem for the given mesh [5]

Consider a beam of length L=2000mm, the rectangular beam cross section has a height of 200mm and width of 20mm.

A plane stress analysis can be assumed to be appropriate.

The bar has a Young's modulus of E = 120 GPa and Poisson's ratio of ν = 0.35 .

A distributed load of q = 250 N/m (in the negative y-direction) is applied on three quarters of the top surface of the structure.

Consider the case a = 500mm and b = 1500mm .

In [15]: # from IPython.display import Image
Image(filename="q31_beam.png",embed=True)

Out[15]:

In [9]: from IPython.display import Image

Image(filename="SV_mesh_with_numbers.png",embed=True)

Out[9]:

*ELTYPE

*BOUNDARY

*EMODULUS

*POISSON

*THICKNESS

*CLOAD

In [ ]:

3.2 Consider the stiffness matrix below of an unknown 2D element. Deduce as much information about the element as you can from the
stiffness matrix? [5]
In [16]: import numpy as np
kelem = np.array([[ 1.16667211e+12, 8.75000583e+11, -1.16666861e+12,
8.74997083e+11, -5.83336056e+11, -8.75000583e+11,
5.83332556e+11, -8.74997083e+11],
[ 8.75000583e+11, 1.16667211e+12, -8.74997083e+11,
5.83332556e+11, -8.75000583e+11, -5.83336056e+11,
8.74997083e+11, -1.16666861e+12],
[-1.16666861e+12, -8.74997083e+11, 1.16667211e+12,
-8.75000583e+11, 5.83332556e+11, 8.74997083e+11,
-5.83336056e+11, 8.75000583e+11],
[ 8.74997083e+11, 5.83332556e+11, -8.75000583e+11,
1.16667211e+12, -8.74997083e+11, -1.16666861e+12,
8.75000583e+11, -5.83336056e+11],
[-5.83336056e+11, -8.75000583e+11, 5.83332556e+11,
-8.74997083e+11, 1.16667211e+12, 8.75000583e+11,
-1.16666861e+12, 8.74997083e+11],
[-8.75000583e+11, -5.83336056e+11, 8.74997083e+11,
-1.16666861e+12, 8.75000583e+11, 1.16667211e+12,
-8.74997083e+11, 5.83332556e+11],
[ 5.83332556e+11, 8.74997083e+11, -5.83336056e+11,
8.75000583e+11, -1.16666861e+12, -8.74997083e+11,
1.16667211e+12, -8.75000583e+11],
[-8.74997083e+11, -1.16666861e+12, 8.75000583e+11,
-5.83336056e+11, 8.74997083e+11, 5.83332556e+11,
-8.75000583e+11, 1.16667211e+12]])

#---Give your answer below-----

3.3 Consider the applied load over the top edge of two Q8 elements of unit thickness. All mid-side nodes are exactly in the middle. The global
node numbers are indicated from 1 - 13.

Give the *CLOAD entries that would model the appplied load. [5]
In [14]: from IPython.display import Image
Image(filename="q33.png",embed=True)

Out[14]:

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*CLOAD

REMOVE THIS AND COMPLETE THE QUESTION

In [ ]:

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