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Data Booklet: Chemistry 12
Data Booklet: Chemistry 12
Booklet
CHEMISTRY 12
Work done in this booklet
will not be marked.
Page Table
7 Acid-base Indicators
REFERENCE
D.R. Lide, CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 80th edition, CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1999.
PERIODIC TABLE OF THE ELEMENTS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1
H 2
Hydrogen He
Helium
1.0
4.0
14 Atomic Number
3 4 Si Symbol 5 6 7 8 9 10
Li Be Silicon Name B C N O F Ne
Lithium Beryllium 28.1 Atomic Mass Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
6.9 9.0 10.8 12.0 14.0 16.0 19.0 20.2
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar
Sodium Magnesium Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulphur Chlorine Argon
23.0 24.3 27.0 28.1 31.0 32.1 35.5 39.9
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
39.1 40.1 45.0 47.9 50.9 52.0 54.9 55.8 58.9 58.7 63.5 65.4 69.7 72.6 74.9 79.0 79.9 83.8
37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
–1–
Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
85.5 87.6 88.9 91.2 92.9 95.9 (98) 101.1 102.9 106.4 107.9 112.4 114.8 118.7 121.8 127.6 126.9 131.3
55 56 57 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86
Cs Ba La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
Cesium Barium Lanthanum Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
132.9 137.3 138.9 178.5 180.9 183.8 186.2 190.2 192.2 195.1 197.0 200.6 204.4 207.2 209.0 (209) (210) (222)
87 88 89 104 105 106 107 108 109
Fr Ra Ac Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt
Francium Radium Actinium Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium
(223) (226) (227) (261) (262) (263) (262) (265) (266)
58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71
Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Based on mass of C12 at 12.00. Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
140.1 140.9 144.2 (145) 150.4 152.0 157.3 158.9 162.5 164.9 167.3 168.9 173.0 175.0
Values in parentheses 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103
are the masses of the most Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
stable or best known isotopes for Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
elements which do not occur naturally. 232.0 231.0 238.0 (237) (244) (243) (247) (247) (251) (252) (257) (258) (259) (262)
ATOMIC MASSES OF THE ELEMENTS
Based on mass of C12 at 12.00.
Values in parentheses are the mass number of the most stable or best
known isotopes for elements that do not occur naturally.
Positive Ions
(Cations)
3+ 4+
Al Aluminum Pb Lead(IV), plumbic
Negative Ions
(Anions)
−
Br − Bromide OH Hydroxide
–3–
SOLUBILITY OF COMMON COMPOUNDS IN WATER
The term soluble here means > 0.1 mol/L at 25°C.
+
All Ammonium ion: NH 4 Soluble
−
Nitrate, NO3 All Soluble
Chloride,Cl −
All others Soluble
or
−
Bromide, Br
or
+ +
Iodide, I − 2+
Ag , Pb , Cu Low Solubility
All others Soluble
2−
Sulphate, SO4
+ 2+ 2+ 2+ 2+
Ag , Ca , Sr , Ba , Pb Low Solubility
Alkali ions, H + , NH 4 + , Be2+ , Mg2+ , Ca2+ , Sr2+ , Ba2+ Soluble
2−
Sulphide, S
Alkali ions, H + , NH 4 + , Sr 2+ Soluble
Hydroxide, OH −
3− + +
Phosphate, PO4 Alkali ions, H , NH 4 Soluble
or
2−
Carbonate, CO 3
or
2−
Sulphite, SO 3
All others Low Solubility
–4–
SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANTS AT 25°C
Name Formula K sp
–5–
RELATIVE STRENGTHS OF BRØNSTED-LOWRY ACIDS AND BASES
in aqueous solution at room temperature.
+ −
Hydriodic HI → H +I very large
+ −
Hydrobromic HBr → H + Br very large
+ −
Hydrochloric HCl → H + Cl very large
+ −
Nitric HNO 3 → H + NO 3 very large
+ −
Sulphuric H 2 SO 4 → H + HSO 4 very large
Hydronium Ion H 3O + → +
← H + H2O 1.0
WEAK
Iodic HIO → +
← H + IO
3
−
3 1.7 × 10 −1
Oxalic H2C2O4 → +
← H + HC 2 O 4
−
5.9 × 10 − 2
Sulphurous (SO 2 + H 2 O) H 2 SO 3 → +
← H + HSO 3
−
1.5 × 10 − 2
Hydrogen sulphate ion HSO − → +
← H + SO
4
2−
4 1.2 × 10 − 2
Phosphoric H 3 PO 4 → +
← H + H 2 PO 4
−
7.5 × 10 − 3
Fe(H 2 O)6 ← H + Fe(H 2 O)5 (OH)
3+ → + 2+
Hexaaquoiron ion, iron( III ) ion 6.0 × 10 − 3
Citric H 3C 6 H 5 O 7 → +
← H + H 2 C 6 H 5O 7
−
7.1 × 10 − 4
Nitrous HNO → +
← H + NO 2
−
2 4.6 × 10 − 4
STRENGTH OF ACID
Hydrofluoric HF → +
← H +F
−
3.5 × 10 − 4
Methanoic, formic HCOOH → +
← H + HCOO
−
1.8 × 10 − 4
Cr(H 2 O)6 ← H + Cr(H 2 O)5 (OH)
3+ → + 2+
Hexaaquochromium ion, chromium( III ) ion 1.5 × 10 − 4
Benzoic C H COOH → +
← H + C H COO
−
6.5 × 10 − 5
STRENGTH OF BASE
6 5 6 5
→ +2− 3−
2.2 × 10 −13
Monohydrogen phosphate ion HPO 4 ← H + PO 4
STRONG
Water H2O → +
← H + OH
−
1.0 × 10 −14
Hydroxide ion OH − ← H + + O 2 − very small
+ −
Ammonia NH 3 ← H + NH 2 very small
–6–
ACID-BASE INDICATORS
–7–
STANDARD REDUCTION POTENTIALS OF HALF-CELLS
Ionic concentrations are at 1M in water at 25°C.
WEAK
← 2SO 4 2 − + 2.01
STRONG
H 2 O 2 + 2H + + 2e − → ← 2H 2 O +1.78
MnO 4 − + 8H + + 5e − → ← Mn 2 + + 4 H 2 O +1.51
Au 3 + + 3e − → ← Au ( s ) +1.50
BrO 3 − + 6H + + 5e − → ←
1
2
Br2( l ) + 3H 2 O +1.48
ClO 4 − + 8H + + 8e − → ← Cl − + 4 H 2 O +1.39
Cl 2( g ) + 2 e − →
← 2Cl − +1.36
Cr2 O 7 2 − + 14 H + + 6e − → ← 2Cr 3 + + 7H 2 O +1.23
1
O
2 2( g )
+ 2H + + 2e − → ← H2O +1.23
MnO 2( s ) + 4 H + + 2 e − → ← Mn 2 + + 2 H 2 O +1.22
IO 3 − + 6H + + 5e − → ←
1
I
2 2( s )
+ 3H 2 O +1.20
Overpotential
Br2( l ) + 2 e − →← 2 Br−
+1.09
Effect
AuCl 4 − + 3e − → ← Au ( s ) + 4Cl −
+1.00
NO − + 4 H + + 3e − →
3 ← NO ( g ) + 2 H 2 O + 0.96
Hg 2 + + 2 e − →
← Hg ( l ) + 0.85
1
O
2 2( g ) ( )
+ 2 H 10 −7 M + 2 e − →
+
← H2O + 0.82
2 NO 3 − + 4 H + + 2 e − →
← N 2 O 4 + 2H 2 O + 0.80
Ag + + e − →← Ag (s) + 0.80
1
2
Hg 2 2 + + e − →
← Hg ( l ) + 0.80
Fe 3 + + e − →
O 2( g ) + 2 H + + 2e − →
← H2O2 + 0.70
MnO 4 − + 2 H 2 O + 3e − →← MnO 2( s ) + 4OH
−
+ 0.60
I + 2e − →
←
2( s ) 2 I −
+ 0.54
Cu + + e − →← Cu ( s ) + 0.52
H 2 SO 3 + 4 H + + 4e − →← S( s ) + 3H 2 O + 0.45
Cu 2 + + 2 e − →
← Cu (s) + 0.34
SO 4 2 − + 4 H + + 2 e − →
← H 2 SO 3 + H 2 O + 0.17
Cu 2 + + e − →← Cu
+
+ 0.15
4+ − → 2+
Sn + 2 e ← Sn + 0.15
S( s ) + 2 H + + 2 e − →
← H 2 S( g ) + 0.14
2H + + 2e − → ← H 2( g ) + 0.00
Pb 2 + + 2 e − →
← Pb ( s ) − 0.13
Sn 2 + + 2 e − →
← Sn (s) − 0.14
Ni 2 + + 2 e − →
← Ni ( s ) − 0.26
H 3 PO 4 + 2 H + + 2 e − →
← H 3 PO 3 + H 2 O − 0.28
Co 2 + + 2 e − →
← Co (s) − 0.28
Se ( s ) + 2 H + + 2 e − →
← H 2 Se − 0.40
Cr 3 + + e − →
← Cr
2+
− 0.41
2H 2 O + 2e − → − −7
← H 2 + 2OH 10 M ( ) − 0.41
2+ − →
Fe + 2 e ← Fe (s) − 0.45
Overpotential Ag 2 S( s ) + 2 e − →
← 2 Ag (s) + S
2−
− 0.69
Effect Cr 3 + + 3e − → − 0.74
← Cr (s)
Zn 2 + + 2 e − → ← Zn (s) − 0.76
Te ( s ) + 2 H + + 2 e − →
← H 2 Te − 0.79
2H 2 O + 2e − → ← H 2( g ) + 2OH
−
− 0.83
2+ − →
Mn + 2 e ← Mn (s) −1.19
Al 3 + + 3e − →
← Al ( s ) −1.66
Mg 2 + + 2 e − →
← Mg (s) − 2.37
Na + + e − → ← Na ( s ) − 2.71
Ca 2 + + 2 e − →
← Ca (s) − 2.87
Sr 2 + + 2 e − →
← Sr( s ) − 2.89
STRONG
Ba 2 + + 2 e − →
← Ba ( s ) − 2.91
K+ + e− → ← K (s) − 2.93
WEAK
Rb + + e − →
← Rb ( s ) − 2.98
Cs + + e − →
← Cs( s ) − 3.03
Li + + e − →
← Li (s) − 3.04
–8–